Neil deGrasse Tyson: The Brutal Truth About Astrology! Our Breath Contains Molecules Jesus Inhaled!

0:00:02 – Surveys find that roughly 80% of Gen Z
0:00:03 believe in astrology,
0:00:06 and many allow it to influence major life decisions.
0:00:09 – But what would be sad is if that number got to 100%,
0:00:11 then the civilization just goes back to the cave,
0:00:14 where everything that happened in the natural world
0:00:17 was created by forces beyond our knowledge and understanding.
0:00:19 So if you wanna think you’re not in control of your fate,
0:00:21 because the sun, moon, and planets are,
0:00:22 it’s a free country.
0:00:25 But I’m creating meaning in my life,
0:00:26 ’cause I can control that.
0:00:28 – But is there anything that the universe does
0:00:30 to influence us? – Yes.
0:00:32 – Really? – Yeah, and I’ll tell you how.
0:00:33 Ready?
0:00:36 – Neil deGrasse Tyson is one of the most recognizable voices
0:00:37 in modern science,
0:00:40 who turns the mysteries of the universe into simple truths,
0:00:42 and simple truths into life lessons.
0:00:44 – As a scientist, it’s disturbing
0:00:46 how easily people divide each other
0:00:48 based on skin color, religion, what food you eat,
0:00:49 what language they speak,
0:00:51 and then they find some other philosophy that differs
0:00:52 and then they go to war.
0:00:54 But when I step back with a cosmic perspective,
0:00:56 you realize how ridiculous it is.
0:00:57 – Give me the cosmic perspective.
0:00:59 – Well, there’s nothing that we can put on the table
0:01:01 that can rival the measurements of the universe.
0:01:03 And we are literally composed of stardust.
0:01:05 So when people think they’re different,
0:01:07 they have DNA in common with all of the life forms on Earth.
0:01:11 Like you have 20% identical genes to a banana.
0:01:12 – Excuse me?
0:01:14 – Okay, we all do, not just you.
0:01:15 And that’s not all.
0:01:19 There are molecules that went in and out of your lungs that are in China being breathed by people now.
0:01:20 And go further back.
0:01:21 Jesus inhaled them.
0:01:21 So how’s that?
0:01:23 The oneness with others.
0:01:24 – That can’t be true.
0:01:25 – And that’s the next problem.
0:01:30 People value what they think is true more than what is true.
0:01:33 That’s a recipe for the unraveling of civilization as we know it.
0:01:35 But as a scientist, show me the data.
0:01:38 And as someone that knows so much about the universe and objective truth,
0:01:39 I’ve got a lot of questions.
0:01:43 So what do you think is the probability of me getting to another planet in my lifetime?
0:01:47 And then could you make the case that the universe is simulated by some sort of advanced life form?
0:01:50 And also, did humans evolve at some point to believe?
0:01:52 And do you think you would be happier if you believed in God?
0:01:55 – Oh, so you’re going to spice this up a bit.
0:01:58 Okay, so…
0:02:00 – Just give me 30 seconds of your time.
0:02:01 Two things I wanted to say.
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0:02:07 It means the world to all of us.
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0:02:16 But secondly, it’s a dream where we feel like we’re only just getting started.
0:02:22 And if you enjoy what we do here, please join the 24% of people that listen to this podcast regularly
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0:02:37 And we’re going to continue to keep doing all of the things you love about this show.
0:02:38 Thank you.
0:02:46 I’ve been watching a lot of videos of yours, I think because I’ve reached the stage in my life where
0:02:49 I’ve become really existentially curious.
0:02:52 I think we all do at some point.
0:02:59 And especially the more you’ve lived, the more it all sort of – you ask, what does it all mean?
0:02:59 Yeah.
0:03:00 How does it all come together?
0:03:03 What will it mean to me in five years, ten years?
0:03:08 I don’t know if you’re old enough to think about your mortality.
0:03:23 But that’s a thing when you have fewer years left than the years you’ve lived and you can – I think the way they say it is there’s – you can have a good expectation to live as long as your parents did.
0:03:26 I lost both of them in the last five years.
0:03:30 So that’s my horizon.
0:03:40 And the fact that we die has a capacity to bring focus into the remaining time you’re alive.
0:03:42 Because think about it.
0:03:57 If knowing you’re going to die brings focus and purpose and resolve and action, then if you live forever, what’s your hurry?
0:04:04 For me, knowing I’m going to die gives meaning to my remaining life.
0:04:11 Whereas if I’m never going to die, then mathematically that would mean I’d lead a life of no meaning at all.
0:04:17 Because there’s no way to focus an infinity amount of time into anything and have it be meaningful.
0:04:25 So I’m taking mortality as a very serious force operating on happiness, productivity.
0:04:27 Can you do something for the world?
0:04:36 And on my tombstone, what I want to say – what I want it to say is a quote from Horace Mann.
0:04:41 Be ashamed to die until you have won some victory for humanity.
0:04:44 I want to have made a difference in the world.
0:04:46 I want the world to have been better off because I lived in it.
0:04:50 Is that too much to ask of any of us, really?
0:04:52 We’re all capable of good deeds.
0:05:02 So if the world is better off, I’ve played my part as a citizen of planet Earth.
0:05:06 And this all sort of dovetails into this new book that you’ve written.
0:05:12 I call it a new book, but it’s really a revision of a very successful book that I
0:05:16 I think the first copy was published in 1998 called Just Visiting the Planet, Further Scientific
0:05:20 Adventures of Merlin from Amnissia.
0:05:22 Amnissia, yeah.
0:05:35 When I think about these bigger questions about the universe, meaning, purpose, death, why am I here, religion, all these things, so often I think about them through the context and information that I find in your work.
0:05:45 Because when I think of the world being so big, as you talk about in this book, and so infinite, and all these stars, I feel meaningless in a nice way sometimes.
0:05:49 I feel like the shit that I worry about no longer matters.
0:05:50 But then when you talk about…
0:05:52 You feel meaningless in a happy way.
0:05:53 Yeah, yeah.
0:05:58 I feel like the things that cause me suffering don’t matter as much as I thought they did.
0:06:06 And then you talked about shortening time by realizing that you’re going to live for 90 years or 80 years, creating great amounts of meaning.
0:06:08 And it feels somewhat like a…
0:06:09 I don’t know.
0:06:16 Yes, the universe is huge in size, in age, in contents.
0:06:23 There’s nothing we can put on the table that can rival those measurements that we make of the universe.
0:06:25 However…
0:06:26 How big?
0:06:34 Well, there’s the light from the most distant galaxies has been traveling for nearly 14 billion years.
0:06:40 10 billion years more than Earth has even existed.
0:06:42 If you want to get a sense of that.
0:06:44 And so…
0:06:47 But think about it a whole other way.
0:06:56 That if you look at the ingredients of life, not just human life, but life on Earth, you can rank the elements.
0:06:59 What’s the number one element in life?
0:07:01 We mentioned the human body.
0:07:03 Number one element is hydrogen.
0:07:15 That’s contained in the H2O of the water content of your body, which depending on how chubby you are, anywhere from a half to three quarters of your body weight is water.
0:07:21 And, all right, what’s the next most abundant element in your body?
0:07:22 It’s oxygen.
0:07:24 Attached to the water.
0:07:25 Okay?
0:07:30 Two O, and both the H and the O appear in many, many other molecules in our body.
0:07:33 In the DNA, and in your muscle tissue, all of this.
0:07:35 And in the blood.
0:07:36 Okay.
0:07:38 What’s third?
0:07:39 Carbon.
0:07:43 Which you would have thought had to be somewhere on the list, because you know we’re carbon-based life.
0:07:46 Fourth is nitrogen.
0:07:47 Okay?
0:07:50 Fifth, I’ll put them all together and just say other.
0:07:50 Okay?
0:07:52 So, that’s the sequence of elements.
0:07:57 And now you say, what are the sequence of elements in the universe?
0:07:58 The number one is hydrogen.
0:08:02 The number two is helium, but that’s chemically inert.
0:08:04 You might remember from high school chemistry.
0:08:06 You can’t do anything with it anyway.
0:08:07 Helium.
0:08:08 Next in the universe, oxygen.
0:08:10 Next, carbon.
0:08:11 Next, nitrogen.
0:08:14 Next, other.
0:08:20 Okay, so we are one for one, matched to the ingredients of the universe.
0:08:31 And one of the gifts of 20th century astrophysics is gifts to civilization, is where those ingredients came from.
0:08:37 We trace those ingredients, the hydrogen, to the Big Bang itself.
0:08:45 And all these heavier elements to stars that manufactured those elements in their core, in the crucible that is their core.
0:08:46 They lived out their lives.
0:08:54 They exploded, scattered that enrichment into gas clouds, so that the next generation of stars would have planets.
0:08:59 And at least one of them have life, as we know it.
0:09:00 Life on Earth.
0:09:11 So that we, you can think of us not just figuratively, but literally composed of stardust.
0:09:16 And so that it’s not that we are alive in the universe.
0:09:17 Yes, that’s true.
0:09:21 But the universe is alive within us.
0:09:26 So we’re special because we’re the same as the universe.
0:09:31 Often when people think they’re special, I want to be different from it.
0:09:31 No.
0:09:42 We’re the same because we have human DNA on an Earth where we have DNA in common with all other animals, all other life forms on Earth.
0:09:53 Do you realize we, we and mushrooms have more in common with each other than either we or mushrooms have with green plants?
0:10:02 The common ancestor between fungus and animals split later in the tree of life than its common ancestor split with green plants.
0:10:08 You, you have 20% identical genes to a banana.
0:10:10 Excuse me.
0:10:12 Okay, we all do, not just you.
0:10:12 Not just you.
0:10:13 I was going to say.
0:10:15 You have that.
0:10:24 So when you consider all of this, it’s not just that we’re alive in the universe.
0:10:28 The universe is alive within us.
0:10:33 And that discovery borders on the spiritual.
0:10:34 Yeah.
0:10:35 And it’s a scientific result.
0:10:40 So when I look up at night, I never feel small.
0:10:42 I feel large.
0:10:47 I feel as large as the universe itself because that’s where we came from.
0:10:53 We’re a participant in a great unfolding story of cosmic evolution.
0:10:59 The minute you said that, I thought of all these Eastern traditions and religions that say we are one.
0:11:05 And from a scientific perspective, as you say, we very much are one.
0:11:06 Yeah.
0:11:15 It’s, what’s interesting is one of my deep concerns about the world is many philosophies or religions that say we are one.
0:11:18 They find some other philosophy that differs and then they go to war.
0:11:19 Yeah.
0:11:25 I don’t mean to laugh at that, but it’s, we’re not good at feeling oneness with everyone.
0:11:28 It’s easy to feel oneness with our tribe.
0:11:36 Our tribe could be skin color, religion, who you sleep with, who you don’t sleep with, what food you eat, what rituals you perform.
0:12:04 And so those people choose sides based on so many factors that it’s actually, to me, just as a scientist, it’s disturbing how easily and quickly we will divide each other without, and make that the reason for how you interact rather than see what we have in common and make that the reason for why we would come together.
0:12:07 This has been really front of mind for me for the last 24 hours.
0:12:13 There’s been a lot of things that have happened in the news that have thrown the conversation around division to the very front of my mind.
0:12:21 And that, you know, in the UK, we’ve got all these people that are marching next week, I believe, through London because of, you know, various political things.
0:12:25 And I was saying to my friends last night, I said, I think actually that the root cause isn’t this or that.
0:12:27 It’s the division itself.
0:12:30 Yeah, you can overanalyze.
0:12:45 I mean, if you look deeper than whatever people are saying is the reason they are marching or arguing, if you just, you know, park the curtains and unpack it all, at the bottom of that is there’s a tribe here and a tribe here.
0:12:55 And they think this way and never the twain meet unless we rethink how we interact with one another.
0:12:59 It’s, I mean, think about it.
0:13:12 You know, with the race, the race friction that existed around the world, but especially in colonial Europe and the slave trade and all of this.
0:13:16 And, and, and, and, okay, that’s not good.
0:13:18 It’s bad.
0:13:24 And, and, all right, but then you look at World War I and World War II.
0:13:29 That’s white people fighting white people, slaughtering them in great numbers.
0:13:39 So you can divide by skin color, but apparently people find plenty of reasons to divide and conquer, to divide and kill, to divide and oppress.
0:13:50 And, and, and skin color is one in a long list of all the reasons people have given to religious wars, to worshiping the different God or worshiping the God differently.
0:13:52 These are human beings.
0:14:02 And, you know, I wrote a whole book, one, I think one of those books in your stash there, that one, yeah, Cosmic Perspectives on Civilization, one in your left hand there.
0:14:14 That one is, is what conflict in the world looks like when you are scientifically literate and you have a dose of cosmic perspective on top of it.
0:14:16 Give me the cosmic perspective, please.
0:14:27 It’s, you’re fighting over that line in the sand when I’m out here at the moon looking at Earth, this fragile ecosystem.
0:14:35 Do you realize Earth’s atmosphere is to Earth what the skin of an apple is to an apple in terms of thickness?
0:14:41 So I see people trashing the planet, fighting one another.
0:14:50 Again, just based on who’s on what side of the line in the sand or who they worship, who they don’t worship or what their skin color is or where they were born, what language they speak, what accent they have.
0:15:00 And I step back, and from orbit, it’s ocean, land, clouds.
0:15:05 From the moon, there’s Earth suspended there in space.
0:15:19 I almost don’t want to zoom in on it because people value what they think is true more than what is true.
0:15:32 There are objective truths out there, but it’s almost as though people fight and argue more vehemently the less evidence there is to support what it is they think is true.
0:15:39 There’s an old saying, if an argument lasts more than five minutes, then both sides are wrong.
0:15:47 It’s true probably 80, 90% of the time, but it’s something, definitely something to think about.
0:15:56 How have your spiritual and religious beliefs evolved throughout the course of your career based on all that you’ve come to know about the objective nature of the universe?
0:15:57 Has there been an evolution?
0:15:59 It depends on what you mean by evolution.
0:16:01 I was raised Catholic.
0:16:01 Yeah.
0:16:07 But we were raised basically in a secular household, even though we would go to church every weekend.
0:16:10 What I mean by that is we come home at no time.
0:16:12 Do either of my parents say, don’t do that.
0:16:13 Jesus is watching.
0:16:15 You keep that up, you’ll go to hell.
0:16:17 Do this because it’ll please God.
0:16:22 Never was there such a conversation as that in the household.
0:16:33 So the household was driven by objective truths or life experience, as would be brought from elders to the next generation.
0:16:39 Something that was more common in that generation than in the current generation, because now elders don’t know anything about anything.
0:16:45 You know, your kid comes up to you and say, mommy, daddy, I want to be a YouTube influencer.
0:16:46 And you’re saying, what?
0:16:47 Go back to school.
0:16:48 No.
0:16:50 And then they become a YouTube influencer and they out-earn you.
0:16:57 So the divide is greater than ever before between one generation and the next, for sure.
0:17:03 But by the time I turned eight, I found the religious teachings less and less convincing.
0:17:13 And so by the time I was nine, when I discovered the universe, or really the universe discovered me, a first visit to my local planetarium.
0:17:16 So, yeah, I wouldn’t call it an evolution, but I will say this.
0:17:18 You didn’t ask this, but it relates.
0:17:24 Before I was more recognized, you know, I’d be on an airplane.
0:17:25 What do you do?
0:17:25 What do you do?
0:17:25 Okay.
0:17:27 They find out I do astrophysics.
0:17:29 Then out come the questions.
0:17:30 Okay.
0:17:34 Well, tell me about black holes, relativity, the Big Bang, aliens.
0:17:34 Okay.
0:17:38 And would always land on God.
0:17:46 And I used to give pretty straight, unforgiving answers to that question, to that inquiry.
0:17:47 But then I thought, that’s not fair.
0:17:50 There are people whose lives pivot.
0:17:52 Around their religious beliefs and their spirituality.
0:18:02 And just because I’ve been discounting it since I was eight, I shouldn’t use that as a force against them.
0:18:07 I should at least understand where they’re coming from.
0:18:14 So I systematically acquired religious books of all kinds.
0:18:15 So I have the Torah.
0:18:17 I have multiple copies of the Koran.
0:18:21 Joseph Smith’s account that led to the Mormons.
0:18:30 I have multiple bits of literature from Jehovah’s Witnesses, because they’ll come to your door and they want to hand you.
0:18:31 So I acquired all these books.
0:18:33 So I acquired all these books and I mostly read them.
0:18:38 I’ve skimmed all of them and read some of them with a little more intensity than others.
0:18:39 All right.
0:18:50 On doing so, that enabled me, empowered me to have more meaningful conversations with people who were religious.
0:18:53 Much more meaningful and more informed.
0:18:54 That’s the key.
0:18:59 I don’t want to speak about a religion unless I know as much as I can about it.
0:19:03 As an academic, that should be what would be true of any subject.
0:19:04 You’re an academic.
0:19:05 You care what’s true.
0:19:07 Not what you think is true.
0:19:07 What is true.
0:19:09 Or what people think.
0:19:10 All right.
0:19:18 And there’s no doubt that religion has been one of the greatest forces operating on civilization ever since civilization.
0:19:29 When you look at as a source of people’s behavior, what they eat, like I said, who they sleep with, where they sleep, where they worship, who they worship, all around the world.
0:19:44 From animistic native peoples, where there’s a spirit energy imbued in the mountain, in the brook, in the wind, to the monotheistic religions, to the polytheistic religions.
0:19:52 We don’t call them that to put distance between us, but the Greek gods, it was their religion.
0:19:53 We call it mythology.
0:19:58 It was their religion, the Greek gods, the Roman gods.
0:20:10 So I’m conversational in all of this, so that when someone says, how do I feel, what do I think, I can do that without just being obnoxious.
0:20:15 And so, and have a meaningful conversation.
0:20:16 I haven’t done that.
0:20:17 You haven’t?
0:20:18 No, I haven’t.
0:20:18 I haven’t.
0:20:23 But it’s such a good idea to do that, especially as someone in my position that does a lot of talking with people and asking questions.
0:20:27 But the first thing that sprung to mind was, there’s actually two questions that sprung to mind.
0:20:37 The first was, how did that change you, reading all those books, outside of you being able to relate with those, well, being able to talk to them in a different way?
0:20:41 And the second question, because I’ve watched Cosmos, I’ve watched it several times.
0:20:48 It’s one of my, me and my partner’s favorite things to watch is you going from the very beginnings of time through the universe into where we are.
0:20:50 You’ve got to love that calendar, too.
0:20:50 Oh, my God.
0:20:50 The Cosmic calendar.
0:20:51 It’s my favorite thing.
0:20:53 And I try and persuade everybody to watch that.
0:21:05 My question was about, because I watched that and I watched how the universe has evolved over time, or at least our understanding of it and how it came to be, is did humans evolve at some point to believe?
0:21:07 Are we meant to believe?
0:21:14 Well, so the best way to ask that is, let’s go back to the earliest humans we have fossil records of.
0:21:18 And we can go back to Neanderthal, for example.
0:21:24 Neanderthal is a branch of hominids that went extinct, basically.
0:21:35 There’s some crossbreeding, and there’s Neanderthal DNA in many humans today, but as a branch of the hominids, they went extinct.
0:21:38 So the Neanderthal, then there’s Cro-Magnon.
0:21:43 We’re, you know, Homo sapiens coming after Cro-Magnon.
0:21:57 And so when you look at burial grounds, the Neanderthal buried their dead with things, with parts of their life of the person who died.
0:22:06 Now, why would you do that unless you had some belief that there was something more to come for that person?
0:22:12 I mean, probably the people who took it to the limit were the Egyptians, all right?
0:22:13 For the Egyptian royalty.
0:22:16 I mean, they bury you with all kinds of stuff.
0:22:21 And in fact, in Greece, I read this.
0:22:31 It’s not that I researched it, and I’m not a scholar in this, but that when they buried you, they put a coin in your mouth or in your hand, somewhere on your body.
0:22:40 So that when you got into Hades, you can tip the ferry boat driver to cross the river Styx to get into Hades.
0:22:46 You might even say that’s the beginning of what it was to be human when people started thinking that way about dying.
0:22:54 You might even invert the question and say it’s not when did we start?
0:23:07 It’s we existed in all the ways we know what ourselves to be when that ritual came upon our ancestors.
0:23:09 And the survival benefit in believing?
0:23:10 I don’t know.
0:23:11 Really?
0:23:12 Yeah.
0:23:13 I don’t know.
0:23:19 We’re pretty sure there’s a survival benefit of groupthink.
0:23:25 And religion is groupthink, if there ever was.
0:23:34 It was, we will all believe this in this way, and we will behave in that way on those occasions, and you will not deviate from it.
0:23:43 And part of that package of beliefs includes statements about the afterlife and how you should behave in this life.
0:23:46 Otherwise, you don’t go to heaven, you go to hell.
0:23:52 I don’t think Judaism has a hell, but you’re not as rewarded as you’d otherwise be.
0:23:59 Now that forms a corpus of beliefs that can be highly binding of a people’s.
0:24:08 And especially if some other peoples come up and they do other things and you don’t understand it, you don’t know what it is, and they’re a threat.
0:24:16 And so you keep them out, you do whatever you can to preserve your traditions relative to theirs.
0:24:21 Ultimately, the worst, that in its worst manifestation is all out war.
0:24:24 We just kill people who don’t believe the way you do.
0:24:33 So maybe religion is kind of what defined humans in the fossil record.
0:24:37 I mean, like I said, that’s an interesting inversion of that question.
0:24:39 Not when did humans begin being religious.
0:24:49 You define who we are as humans as when religion showed up in the burial grounds of cavemen.
0:24:53 You just talked about us being bound there by certain shared beliefs and ideas.
0:24:53 Yes.
0:24:54 And I think…
0:24:59 I think ritual is one of the strongest binding forces of society that we have.
0:25:03 And I think that people are maybe unbinding.
0:25:07 You can, if you look at the narrative in society, it’s about be your own boss, stand on your own two feet.
0:25:13 More people are lonely, living alone, having less kids, working freelance and remotely.
0:25:18 So it feels like, in a weird way, we’re becoming more independent.
0:25:20 And there’s somewhat of a cost to that.
0:25:27 And actually, my friends that are struggling the most in their lives are those that have the least dependence on a village.
0:25:39 So I always wonder if we need to ladder up to the universe, i.e. me, my family, maybe my village, maybe my country, the planet, the universe, and God.
0:25:39 Metaverse?
0:25:40 Yeah.
0:25:41 And like God.
0:25:41 The multiverse?
0:25:41 Yeah.
0:25:44 Yeah, so let me just react to that.
0:25:56 There have been studies about the psychological effects of this kind of life, basically the social media too early in one’s life force that operates.
0:25:59 But I, so I don’t know.
0:26:03 I don’t want to be the person who says, in my day, we did it right.
0:26:05 And you youngins don’t know what you’re doing.
0:26:21 And you’re all going to, I mean, I’ve seen the films of people, of officials smashing pinball machines with sledgehammers saying it will be the death of the next generation because it’s, they’re not studying, they’re, they’re, it’s gambling.
0:26:24 They, I’ve seen, you’ve seen, you’ve seen people burning rock and roll records.
0:26:31 You know, you’ve seen, we’ve seen this and I, I’m, I don’t want to be that guy.
0:26:40 I’d rather be the person that says, they’re going to create a whole other reality that was not my reality growing up.
0:26:44 And I don’t know that I can or should value judge that.
0:26:47 When they come up in the ranks, they’ll be mature adults.
0:26:51 They’ll figure out what the rhythms are of that world.
0:26:57 And I will say, however, that if you go far enough back, no one ever traveled anywhere.
0:27:03 You’d spend your whole life not going more than 30 miles from your hometown, a couple of hundred years back.
0:27:11 So now people do actually communicate with countless thousands of people around the world.
0:27:13 So that’s, it’s different.
0:27:16 Again, I’m not value judging it, but it’s different.
0:27:19 And you’re exposed to different ideas.
0:27:23 Maybe it tribalizes you more or maybe it softens you.
0:27:25 It has the power to do both.
0:27:32 What concerns me is because when I post to social media, I’ve learned the art of not expressing an opinion.
0:27:35 Because I don’t care what your opinion is.
0:27:38 I don’t care that you have my opinion.
0:27:48 What I care about as an educator, and especially as a scientist, is that your opinion is based on objective reality, objective truths.
0:27:52 If you have an opinion where the foundation of it is, what do you, what?
0:27:54 Then you’re just floating.
0:28:06 There’s no, and then if you rise to power of laws and legislation, and then you shape a society based on what you think is true or want to be true, rather than what is objectively true.
0:28:10 That’s a recipe for the unraveling of civilization as we know it.
0:28:15 So this loneliness bit, I don’t know how to comment on that.
0:28:17 I don’t have the expertise.
0:28:24 But I do know that I don’t want to be the person on the rocking chair, get off my lawn, you know.
0:28:32 And I guess I’ve been trying to figure out if I need to try and make sure my life ladders upwards.
0:28:34 Oh, let me get back to that.
0:28:47 So it may be that the most important role of church wasn’t to give a specific recipe for how you pray or, again, who you pray to or when you pray.
0:28:49 Maybe that wasn’t its greatest value.
0:28:53 Maybe its greatest value was the community that it created.
0:29:00 Everyone comes together, and they’re all in one room at the same time.
0:29:03 That’s not happening today, like you said.
0:29:06 People are less religious today than ever before.
0:29:12 Many people who were once religious would today, statistically, would today say they’re spiritual,
0:29:22 which means they’re separated from the rules and regulations that typically dictate how you behave within a religion.
0:29:24 But the fact is you’re talking about going upwards.
0:29:34 So you have your city, your community, your neighbors, and your church, your synagogue, your mosque, your temple.
0:29:47 Whatever is the place where you gather with some frequency, that surely has value because we need each other.
0:29:53 I’m jealous when I, you know, you drive down the country road and there’s a deer just walking around.
0:29:57 And I’m thinking, you know, society collapsed.
0:29:58 That deer is just fine.
0:30:01 The deer was born in the woods.
0:30:03 It’s finding food.
0:30:04 It’s growing up.
0:30:09 Whereas I need other people to survive in this world.
0:30:10 I don’t know how to hunt.
0:30:12 I don’t know how to skin game.
0:30:21 I don’t know how, you know, I like knowing that there’s a quart of milk waiting for me on the grocery store and, you know, ready to eat cereals.
0:30:25 That’s, we have an interdependence as never before.
0:30:30 And how do we maintain that without scattering to the winds?
0:30:35 You said you lost both your parents in the last five years.
0:30:35 Yeah.
0:30:43 As someone that knows so much about the universe and objective truth and reality, how do you contend with grief in that scenario?
0:30:45 But also, how does that, does that change you in any way?
0:30:47 It did, a little bit.
0:30:49 Not as much as I thought it might have.
0:30:52 My father was 89 when he died.
0:30:53 That was five years ago.
0:30:57 My mother was two days shy of her 95th birthday.
0:31:01 So that’s what, so I’m putting myself like right between them in my life expectancy.
0:31:02 I think I’ll get to 92.
0:31:05 It’s the average of those two, you know.
0:31:13 So when you die at that age, it’s sad, but it’s not tragic.
0:31:16 So I, that’s an important distinction for me.
0:31:29 Tragic life is a life that could have been lived, but through act of war or negligence or, or negligence of the person or of others, the life is cut short.
0:31:33 Then that’s tragic.
0:31:36 It’s a life not fully lived.
0:31:41 But if you live the full life, they were married 50 something years.
0:31:45 It’s sad, but it’s not tragic.
0:31:46 In fact, it’s not even sad.
0:31:48 It’s something to celebrate.
0:31:52 And so I miss them.
0:31:55 I miss them more than I thought I would.
0:31:58 Because they carried quite a bit of wisdom with them.
0:32:00 My father was active in the civil rights movement.
0:32:03 My mother was a gerontologist.
0:32:06 So they both cared very deeply about the plight of others.
0:32:09 And I’m their son, the astrophysicist.
0:32:15 But, so I go off with my head in the sky, but I was anchored into the human condition.
0:32:20 And anchored to think about it, to care about it.
0:32:30 And when I encountered things in modern life, I wonder what my mother would say about that.
0:32:32 I wonder what insights my father, and they’re not there.
0:32:34 I don’t have them for that.
0:32:48 So the way it’s changed me is, it has put a greater expectation of me on myself to make sure I have wisdom that I can share with my kids, my two kids.
0:32:51 The kind of wisdom that I glean from my parents.
0:33:00 So that, again, this is not wisdom of what car to buy or what job to have, because they have other values.
0:33:02 They have other expectations of society.
0:33:14 But in terms of human-to-human interaction, in terms of love, in terms of challenges in life and overcoming them,
0:33:27 some of those are timeless, some of those are how to navigate difficult people, how to appreciate nature so you don’t take it for granted.
0:33:36 One of the things I liked about Joyce Kilmer’s poem on a tree, it’s about a tree.
0:33:39 And we’ve all seen trees.
0:33:42 So why does this matter?
0:33:48 Because it takes an artist, a poet, a writer, a sculptor, a painter.
0:34:01 For me, the artist’s job is to encourage us, stimulate us, to pay attention to things we might otherwise take for granted.
0:34:11 Because so much of life is what you might just walk by and not even give it any thought.
0:34:17 And so I don’t walk by trees without thinking something about that poem.
0:34:18 What is the poem?
0:34:24 I think that I shall never see a poem lovely as a tree.
0:34:30 A tree whose hungry mouth is pressed against the earth’s sweet flowering breast.
0:34:36 A tree that looks at God all day and lifts her leafy arms to pray.
0:34:42 A tree that may in summer wear a nest of robins in her hair.
0:34:46 Upon whose bosom snow has lain.
0:34:50 Who ultimately lives with rain.
0:34:53 Poems are made by fools like me.
0:34:57 But only God can make a tree.
0:35:04 But only God can make a tree.
0:35:10 I spend so long these days thinking and talking to people about what all of this means.
0:35:12 And I’ve got more and more.
0:35:14 I saw you talking about the simulation theory once or twice.
0:35:18 And I started to fall into that whole of thinking.
0:35:27 No, you’ve got to, you know, step outside every now and then and, you know, smell the roses.
0:35:33 But you said you wouldn’t be surprised if people found out the universe is simulated by some sort of advanced life form.
0:35:38 Yeah, given what we can now compute, throw in quantum computing on top of that.
0:35:41 We don’t have this power yet.
0:35:47 But to make a world in our computer where the characters in that world believe they have free will.
0:35:53 And then they conduct themselves and then they invent computers and then they make a world inside of their computer.
0:35:57 And where their characters think they have free will.
0:36:01 And then they, so then it’s this simulated universe is all the way down.
0:36:05 And close your eyes and throw a dart.
0:36:10 Which of these, are you going to get the first universe that invented the simulated universe?
0:36:12 Or the zillion ones that followed?
0:36:15 The dart’s likely to hit one of the others.
0:36:27 But my escape hatch from that is since we do not yet know or have the power to make a perfectly simulated world,
0:36:34 it means we are either the first universe that’s real that hasn’t created one yet,
0:36:40 or we’re the last universe that hasn’t evolved yet to have created one of its own.
0:36:43 Because all the middles have the power to create one.
0:36:49 So that takes it, you know, a zillion to one against us to maybe 50-50.
0:36:50 Oh, interesting.
0:36:51 I’ve never heard that before.
0:36:54 So I’m a little more comfortable that way.
0:36:56 Comfortable.
0:36:58 Yeah, I sleep a little better at night.
0:37:00 But I guess it wouldn’t matter anyway.
0:37:02 Actually, it wouldn’t matter.
0:37:04 If we’re completely simulated, what do you care?
0:37:06 You’re living your life.
0:37:10 I know we don’t want to believe that there are puppet strings on us.
0:37:14 Part of me thinks that, though.
0:37:20 You know, just when Earth is kind of, everything on Earth is kind of stable.
0:37:22 Oh, COVID shows up.
0:37:26 Oh, so this is the programmer saying, you know, the Earth is too boring now.
0:37:28 We got to spice it up a bit.
0:37:29 They throw in a pandemic.
0:37:30 Okay.
0:37:32 A once-in-a-century pandemic.
0:37:35 Now we’re entertaining for them.
0:37:36 What do we do?
0:37:36 Who gets vaccinated?
0:37:37 Who doesn’t?
0:37:38 Who’s going to fight?
0:37:39 Who dies?
0:37:39 Who lives?
0:37:42 Okay, so then we kind of get through that.
0:37:43 We get the vaccine.
0:37:45 Okay.
0:37:47 We’re just calming down off of that.
0:37:54 And they said, oh, let’s make a billionaire real estate developer from New York City the most powerful person in the world.
0:37:56 Let’s stir the pot again.
0:37:59 And so now the whole other set of pot stirring that’s going on.
0:38:11 So that’s kind of consistent with a snot-nosed alien kid in the parent’s basement programming our existence.
0:38:14 That’s what I would do.
0:38:15 I would throw in interest.
0:38:18 There’s a game, Sim City.
0:38:18 Yeah.
0:38:19 I played that.
0:38:20 That’s how old I am.
0:38:21 Sim City.
0:38:23 So you are mayor of this city.
0:38:26 And people can vote you out of office.
0:38:29 So you have to do things that make them happy.
0:38:31 And there’s an opinion poll that’s there.
0:38:34 And if you spend too much money here, you’re not spending money on the schools.
0:38:35 That’s bad.
0:38:37 But then this crime goes up.
0:38:38 And you’re realizing, oh, my gosh.
0:38:44 And even this simple simulation, so many interdependent phenomenon are taking place.
0:38:52 Then things that happen, then Godzilla steps through and plows through the city.
0:38:52 Okay.
0:38:53 Now, Godzilla’s not real.
0:38:56 But it kind of is.
0:38:58 Because that would be a disaster.
0:38:59 Is it a flood?
0:39:01 Is it fires?
0:39:04 It’s a thing that nobody saw coming.
0:39:05 Okay.
0:39:09 We are recording this interview on September 11th.
0:39:12 I live four blocks from ground zero.
0:39:15 That’s Godzilla walking through the city.
0:39:17 How do you respond to that?
0:39:20 What’s, you know, you didn’t know that was going to happen the day before.
0:39:28 So realizing that in this game, it’s only interesting to play when disastrous things happen.
0:39:31 Not too many in a row because you have to be able to recover.
0:39:39 So when I look at our world, I’m thinking the best argument I have for being in a simulation is how often some big disaster takes place.
0:39:42 When it was the first World War.
0:39:44 And then after that, the peace.
0:39:45 Oh, pandemic.
0:39:46 Okay.
0:39:48 The 1918 flu pandemic.
0:39:50 And then we get out of that.
0:39:50 Oh.
0:39:51 No.
0:39:53 Second World War.
0:39:54 Okay.
0:39:55 We get out of that.
0:39:57 The Cold War.
0:39:59 Nuclear Holocaust.
0:39:59 Okay.
0:40:05 So that’s my, that’s me looking over the shoulder of the programmer.
0:40:08 Oh, God.
0:40:12 I think I prefer the world where I feel like I have free will and there’s not.
0:40:17 Does it make a difference if you believe you have free will, even if you don’t?
0:40:18 No, because I’ll never know.
0:40:26 And, you know, the fun, the fun answer to that, ask me, say, do you have free will?
0:40:26 Ask me that.
0:40:29 Do you have, do we have free will?
0:40:29 Do you have free will?
0:40:32 What choice do I have?
0:40:40 Well, if you don’t have free will, then you don’t even have an option to say you don’t.
0:40:47 So I, so you just live life, just live your life so that the world is better off for you having lived in it.
0:40:49 And what does that mean for you?
0:40:52 Like, it means people are better off.
0:40:55 The institutions are better off.
0:41:04 People are happier, healthier, wealthier, safer, better fed.
0:41:11 That rationality matters in politics and lawmaking.
0:41:19 And that helps to, will help to ensure stability of anything you build going forward.
0:41:22 But, yeah, that’s all I mean.
0:41:23 It’s not, it’s not complicated.
0:41:25 And you were talking about meaning before.
0:41:37 I stopped looking for meaning decades ago because I realized I, we, any of us, has the power to make meaning in life.
0:41:41 If you’re going to look for meaning, are you looking under a rock, behind a tree?
0:41:46 What, it’s as though meaning is sitting there waiting for you to find it.
0:41:47 Oh, I found meaning.
0:41:48 There it is.
0:41:50 Now my life is complete.
0:41:54 That feels so, so powerless.
0:41:57 On your own destiny.
0:42:05 Whereas, I make meaning, I want to learn something today that I didn’t know yesterday.
0:42:13 I want to lessen the suffering of someone today compared with however that person was living yesterday.
0:42:24 I want to, I want to use what I learned to well up within me and manifest as wisdom.
0:42:30 Because information is not really useful until it becomes knowledge.
0:42:32 And then knowledge is good.
0:42:34 You can show off if you have a lot of knowledge.
0:42:35 That’s what these game shows do.
0:42:41 But in the end, the best use of knowledge is when it becomes wisdom.
0:42:47 And wisdom, people say, I don’t like getting older.
0:42:48 I want to be young again.
0:42:49 I don’t want to be young again.
0:42:51 When I was 30, I was an idiot.
0:42:53 Even when I was 30, I thought I was brilliant.
0:42:54 Right?
0:43:01 So, don’t get older unless you have wisdom to show for it.
0:43:06 It’s when you don’t have something to show for your age, you want to be younger.
0:43:10 You’re just getting old with nothing to show for it.
0:43:13 But I continue to learn things every day.
0:43:15 Passively and actively.
0:43:18 Passively is you just notice.
0:43:22 You know, open your eyes sometimes and see what’s happening.
0:43:23 Where things are headed.
0:43:24 What they’re doing.
0:43:25 You learn.
0:43:27 Not all things you learn are good.
0:43:33 And if they’re bad or need adjustment or need help, do something about it, if you can.
0:43:36 So, that’s how I derive meaning.
0:43:38 Hence my tombstone.
0:43:42 Be ashamed to die unless you’ve scored some victory for humanity.
0:43:43 There’s the meaning for you.
0:43:46 There’s a whole class of billionaires that are trying to live forever now.
0:43:51 And I think we are on the verge of being able to extend life potentially indefinitely.
0:43:53 Yeah, we’re looking for the date.
0:43:54 It’s called the escape velocity.
0:43:56 Do you know about that phrase?
0:43:58 It exists in astrophysics, of course.
0:44:03 But the escape velocity for Earth, for example, is seven miles per second.
0:44:13 So, escape velocity in astrophysics is the speed that you launch something so that it never comes back no matter how hard the gravity tries.
0:44:16 So, every object has an escape velocity.
0:44:34 The escape velocity in aging is the idea is there is a generation yet to be born, but in the very near future, who will not only live longer than the previous generation.
0:44:39 So, here’s a cleaner way to say this.
0:44:49 Every year, you can expect to live one month longer because knowledge about human physiology has gotten better.
0:44:50 Okay.
0:44:50 Okay?
0:44:51 Just think about it that way.
0:44:52 Yeah.
0:45:00 And so, we know what to eat, what not to eat, how to exercise, how to not over-exercise, how to maintain your health and physiology.
0:45:01 All right.
0:45:12 There will come a day where every year that you’re alive, medicine has figured out a way for you to live an extra year.
0:45:15 That’s the escape velocity.
0:45:19 So, every year, you live another year.
0:45:22 And after that, it could be every year you live two years.
0:45:24 So, that’s the escape velocity.
0:45:27 So, it’s not just everybody lives forever today.
0:45:30 It sort of works its way into the population.
0:45:34 And, yeah, I don’t want to live forever.
0:45:36 I don’t.
0:45:39 Take me off this earth.
0:45:51 Provide—I mean, I still have more to give, more books to write that, in my judgment, would make the world better than it currently is.
0:45:57 So, I don’t want to die before I get as much of that done as I can.
0:45:59 But are you scared of death?
0:46:00 No.
0:46:04 Although, that’s easy to say because I’m not at death’s door.
0:46:11 And I had someone rationalize with me, which is—they made a potent argument.
0:46:20 It’s—I can say now, with another 20 years life expectancy, 15, 20 years, that I don’t fear death.
0:46:26 But if I’m on my deathbed and someone says, if I can wave my hand and you can live another year, would you?
0:46:29 The answer is probably going to be yes.
0:46:40 And at the end of that year, if they—so, I don’t know if my sentiments about life and death will change on my deathbed.
0:46:47 I know my mother, there’s a point where she couldn’t swallow, and she didn’t want to feed tube.
0:46:49 And she said, my time has come.
0:46:53 They put me in palliative care and then hospice.
0:46:55 And she was dead 10 days later.
0:46:59 So, she was in charge of her.
0:47:02 They could have fed her with a tube.
0:47:06 And she would have been completely healthy for another, you know, five years, perhaps.
0:47:16 But, you know, she raised two kids, three kids, you know, 50-year marriage, happy life, stable life.
0:47:20 And, yeah, I’m good with that.
0:47:23 So, the billionaires, you know, that’s ego, for sure.
0:47:30 If you live forever, there are other people who you’re taking resources from who would come behind you.
0:47:36 That’s one, but two, are you still contributing to the world?
0:47:41 Should you give another person a chance who’s in school now, who might be the next genius,
0:47:48 that’ll figure out the energy problem, the poverty problem, the pollution problem, the—are you figuring that out?
0:47:48 No.
0:47:53 You’re in the last—you’re 90 years old, and you’re just living on your yacht.
0:48:07 So, there’s the problem that the last years of your life are not the most creative, the most ambitious, the most irreverent.
0:48:10 It’s irreverence that where new ideas come.
0:48:14 You know, you’ve perhaps seen episodes of Shark Tank.
0:48:17 You know, half or more of those people are 30 and under.
0:48:19 They got ideas, fresh ideas.
0:48:20 Everyone else is entrenched.
0:48:34 So, if people start living forever, they’re living forever in the part of their life that is least useful to the progress and advance of culture and civilization.
0:48:39 And so, all of civilization will stagnate.
0:48:43 Do you think, in your lifetime, you said you’ve got a 20-year life expectancy?
0:48:45 Well, 15 to 20.
0:48:46 15 to 20-year life expectancy.
0:48:49 Based on my age now and the age when my parents died.
0:48:50 Yeah.
0:48:55 But, I mean, you’ve done a lot of neurological work and laid down a lot of good foundations with all these books you’ve written.
0:48:57 So, maybe it’ll be the upper end of that.
0:48:58 It’s food for AI.
0:48:59 It was true.
0:49:00 Food for chat GPT.
0:49:00 It was true.
0:49:02 What do you make of AI?
0:49:03 What’s your – what are your –
0:49:04 I love it.
0:49:04 Yeah.
0:49:05 I love it.
0:49:09 But I’m – it’s – by the way, it’s been here for a while.
0:49:17 It really spooked people when it started writing your term paper and composing your painting and your set design.
0:49:17 All right.
0:49:20 That – the whole other category of people got spooked by that.
0:49:26 Meanwhile, AI has been harnessed and being fully used in my field and in most of the physical sciences.
0:49:28 It’s doing work.
0:49:32 If you can do the work and I can go to the Bahamas, let it do the work.
0:49:43 We have telescopes coming online that could not exist without the intervention of AI to access the data, reduce the data, analyze the data, make a decision about whether it should go back to the thing that it just observed.
0:49:47 Because that was weird compared to the last time it was observed.
0:49:51 This is the Vera Rubin telescope that I’m literally describing now.
0:49:54 And so we’re living with it.
0:49:59 What it means is it ups – it’ll have to up the game of people who say they are creative.
0:50:10 And what I mean by that is I can say, Chet, GPT, take this picture of us and say, Chet, GPT, paint this scene in the style of Van Gogh.
0:50:12 It’ll come back.
0:50:14 The colors will be just right.
0:50:15 It’ll have the swirly lines.
0:50:16 It’ll be perfect.
0:50:18 If Van Gogh were standing there, that’s what Van Gogh would have painted.
0:50:24 If I say, Chet, GPT, paint us in the style of no artist who has ever lived.
0:50:29 I don’t know what it’s going to give us, but it’ll probably suck, okay?
0:50:37 And so true creativity is not aping what has happened before and making adjustments.
0:50:40 True creativity – yes, you always build on others.
0:50:42 I’m not in denial of that.
0:50:49 But true creativity takes leaps that most people don’t even know can be taking.
0:51:02 And so the artist – so that gap, I think, is what AI in the arts world is going to force creative people to reach for.
0:51:15 Otherwise, you’re replaced by a simple request in the input line of a large language model or of an art.
0:51:22 I was just wondering then, if I watch Cosmos in 30, 40 years’ time, let’s say 100 years’ time,
0:51:30 I was wondering if this is the moment where humans and computers in the story of humanity become one and intertwine.
0:51:33 If you think about things like Neuralink, which Elon’s working on to me.
0:51:38 When he first made that company, all of the narrative that he put out there was about us being able to interface with AI.
0:51:40 So we’d need like a brain chip computer interface.
0:51:45 More recently, it’s been about people that are paraplegic and disabled and helping blind people see.
0:51:48 But I think that’s a socially acceptable way to advance the technology.
0:51:59 But in his early work, he said, superintelligence is going to arrive and we’re going to need a way to basically keep up where we have better sort of latency with the technology.
0:52:02 And I’m wondering if that’s like what we’re seeing now.
0:52:11 Yeah, superintelligence, you know, if that happens, then it becomes our overlord and we become its pet.
0:52:12 Okay.
0:52:23 Now, that sounds pretty scary, but don’t we treat our pets better than we treat other humans in the world?
0:52:25 Think about it.
0:52:28 The pet is kept warm and fed and happy.
0:52:32 And would you do that for a homeless person in the street?
0:52:33 A person of your own species?
0:52:35 Probably not.
0:52:37 So if we’re the pet for the superintelligence.
0:52:39 What about the chicken?
0:52:40 How bad could it be?
0:52:43 We used to have chickens when we were younger and I watched my Nigerian mother chase that chicken around the garden.
0:52:46 Grab it, pull its head off, and cook it.
0:52:46 Wow.
0:52:47 Okay.
0:52:47 Yeah.
0:52:49 Oh, you worried that it’s going to do that for us?
0:52:50 We’re going to run around.
0:52:52 Not all my pets made it.
0:52:52 And snap.
0:52:54 Not all the pets survived.
0:52:56 Yeah.
0:52:59 It depends on whether it needs us to be alive or dead.
0:53:01 We have to be relevant to it in some way.
0:53:04 Maybe we’ll be court jesters with the entertainment.
0:53:10 Until then, I don’t know that this is some special moment.
0:53:20 I do a lot of reading of history and throughout history, most occasions, especially in the era of the industrial revolution, people think they’re living in a special moment.
0:53:27 So I’m not going to be that guy who says today is special because everyone has thought they were in a special moment.
0:53:31 And what do you think is the probability of me getting to another planet in my lifetime?
0:53:34 Zero.
0:53:35 Really?
0:53:36 Yeah.
0:53:38 You want to know why?
0:53:41 Yes.
0:53:42 Please.
0:53:43 Yeah, it’s just zero.
0:53:46 I thought SpaceX, going to go to Mars.
0:53:50 I have an unorthodox view on this, so you don’t have to believe me.
0:54:08 My read of history tells me that we only do big, expensive things if there’s a geopolitical reason for it, either an economic reason or a defense reason, not just because it’s the next thing to do.
0:54:27 And when we went to the moon, you realize in 1961, May 25th, President Kennedy, it’s the six weeks after Yuri Gagarin flew around the Earth in orbit, and we didn’t have a ship that wouldn’t blow up on the launch pad that could carry humans yet.
0:54:48 He calls a joint session of Congress and says, if the events of recent weeks, couldn’t even utter the man’s name, the events of recent weeks, and I paraphrase, are any indication of the impact of this adventure on the minds of men everywhere, then we need to show the world the path of freedom over the path of tyranny.
0:54:55 It’s a battle cry against communism, the godless Russians, everyone in the whole Soviet Union.
0:55:06 We were losing a technological race, and that was the battle cry that prompted Congress to write the check.
0:55:15 Oh, later on, he says, oh, it’ll be, put a man on the moon and return him to safely earth, and oh, that’s so beautiful, let’s hold hands, that’s so beautiful.
0:55:22 No one ever spent scads of money just because it was a cool thing to do.
0:55:23 That has never happened, ever.
0:55:27 So, we go to the moon.
0:55:37 People forgetting why we went to the moon say, while we’re on the moon, at this rate, we’ll be on Mars by 1985.
0:55:42 That’ll be the next ambitious goal we’ll take on.
0:55:44 No.
0:55:48 Because we didn’t just go to the moon because that was the next thing to do.
0:55:56 We went to the moon to beat the Russians, and when we got to the moon, and we looked over our shoulder and the Russians weren’t there, we canceled the Apollo program.
0:56:00 19 said, we haven’t been back to the moon in 53 years.
0:56:03 We canceled it.
0:56:05 Apollo 18 was ready to fly.
0:56:10 It’s now in captivity in Huntsville, Alabama, in a museum on its side.
0:56:12 It’s fascinating to walk the full length of it.
0:56:15 All rocket flight-ready parts.
0:56:16 It never flew.
0:56:17 We ended at Apollo 17.
0:56:27 No, we didn’t go to Mars because we didn’t have geopolitical reasons to do so, neither economic nor for defense reasons.
0:56:35 Historically, people explored, did expensive things for the glory of God and royalty.
0:56:37 Very expensive.
0:56:38 The pyramids.
0:56:39 The honor of royalty.
0:56:40 Okay?
0:56:42 The church building.
0:56:43 Cathedral building.
0:56:48 All of these activities were in the glory of power.
0:56:51 Deity and royalty.
0:56:53 None of that happens today.
0:56:55 We’re past that.
0:56:57 The power of kings and gods.
0:56:58 That doesn’t happen.
0:57:07 Nobody dislodges major resources, capital resources of a nation in the interest of a god or a king anymore.
0:57:08 Okay?
0:57:09 It’s secular.
0:57:14 And secular means it’s money or it’s war because you feel threatened.
0:57:15 Okay.
0:57:18 So, you know we’re going back to the moon now.
0:57:19 Yeah.
0:57:19 Project Artemis.
0:57:22 Did you ever think to stop and ask why?
0:57:25 Why didn’t we stay on the moon in 1972?
0:57:30 Why don’t we go back in 1980 or 1990, 2000, 2010?
0:57:32 Oh, all of a sudden, let’s go back to the moon.
0:57:33 Wouldn’t that be cool?
0:57:35 Do you know when Artemis began?
0:57:36 In the late teens?
0:57:42 Right about when China says, we’re going to put taikonauts on the moon.
0:57:45 Taikonauts.
0:57:46 Yeah, Chinese astronaut.
0:57:47 Taikonaut.
0:57:49 All right?
0:57:51 That’s when we say, let’s go back to the moon.
0:57:52 What a good idea.
0:57:53 Let’s do that.
0:57:55 Really?
0:57:57 Because it’s just a good idea?
0:58:09 Because we’re a little bit spooked by a friendly foe around the world might get the glory of that exercise.
0:58:12 And once again, it’s a godless country.
0:58:13 Okay?
0:58:19 Communism is godless by design, by construct.
0:58:22 So, here we are, going back to the moon.
0:58:22 All right.
0:58:27 What motivation do we have to go to Mars?
0:58:29 Are there oil wells there?
0:58:32 Is there, you know, diamond mines?
0:58:34 We’re not going to Mars.
0:58:36 We’re just not.
0:58:42 Unless China says they want to put military bases on Mars.
0:58:44 We’re going to be on Mars in 10 months.
0:58:48 One month to design, build, and fund the thing.
0:58:49 And nine months to get to Mars.
0:58:52 A geopolitical force operating.
0:58:55 Oh, and by the way, NASA doesn’t have a rocket that’ll get us to Mars.
0:58:57 They think they do, but they don’t really have one yet.
0:59:01 Time to do that and say, well, does anybody have a rocket?
0:59:02 Elon says, I have a rocket.
0:59:07 So, if Elon rocket goes to Mars, it’s not because he sends it there.
0:59:09 It’s because taxpayers sent it there.
0:59:14 By the way, he could go there on a vanity project.
0:59:15 But there’s no business case.
0:59:20 He can fly to Mars, team up with Jeff Bezos.
0:59:22 They can send people to Mars.
0:59:24 It’s not a business case.
0:59:28 And if you are an investor in his company, you would not agree to do that.
0:59:29 You wouldn’t.
0:59:32 But he doesn’t need investors because he’s very wealthy.
0:59:33 He could do it on his own.
0:59:36 Are you going to Mars as a tourist?
0:59:39 Is that a business case?
0:59:42 It’s a trillion dollars to get to Mars, first.
0:59:44 Second will be a little less.
0:59:47 I don’t see that happening.
0:59:48 A trillion dollars?
0:59:50 About that, yeah.
0:59:59 If Earth were a schoolroom globe, with your fist, show me where you think the moon is.
1:00:00 This is Earth.
1:00:04 Take your fist and put it at the distance the moon is.
1:00:06 Your fist is about the right size compared.
1:00:07 Okay.
1:00:08 I mean.
1:00:09 Right there?
1:00:10 Yeah.
1:00:11 Okay.
1:00:11 Not too bad.
1:00:13 It’s 30 feet away.
1:00:14 It’s in the next room.
1:00:15 Okay.
1:00:16 Okay.
1:00:17 30 feet away.
1:00:17 Okay.
1:00:18 That’s the moon.
1:00:20 Let’s keep going.
1:00:26 How far away from Earth did the Bezos-Branson rockets go?
1:00:27 Oh, not far.
1:00:32 The thickness of two dimes above the surface of the Earth.
1:00:34 How far away is Mars?
1:00:36 It’s a mile away.
1:00:37 From here?
1:00:38 Yes.
1:00:39 From this Earth.
1:00:40 It’s a mile away.
1:00:42 It’s the central part.
1:00:43 The moon, 30 feet away?
1:00:45 Mars a mile away.
1:00:47 Yeah, it’s a trillion dollars to Mars.
1:00:47 Yes.
1:00:48 How long?
1:00:49 Nine months.
1:00:58 And you have to wait until the planets are configured so that when you travel, you arrive where Mars
1:00:59 will be when you get there.
1:01:01 And that’s a minimum energy orbit.
1:01:05 If you have filling stations along the way, you can just fill up with fuel and get there
1:01:06 as fast as you want.
1:01:08 But minimum energy orbit takes about nine months.
1:01:13 And then to come back, you have to wait until it’s configured again a few years later.
1:01:16 So a round trip to Mars is three to five years, easily.
1:01:19 So there’s not an economic case.
1:01:21 I’m not saying we don’t know how to get to Mars.
1:01:26 We have an SUV-sized rover there now, all right, discovering potential life from a billion
1:01:27 years ago.
1:01:28 It’s not like we don’t know how to get to Mars.
1:01:31 This is not a technological statement I’m making.
1:01:32 I’m talking about a practical statement.
1:01:34 So no.
1:01:37 My read of history tells me no.
1:01:41 I thought you were going to also add to that, that even if Elon wanted to do it as a vanity
1:01:45 project because he makes all this money and manages to use Starlink as a way to fund it,
1:01:48 whatever, that the problem is Elon’s going to die.
1:01:53 He’s going to die in the next couple of decades, which means the vanity element that comes from
1:01:57 his childhood situation where he wanted to get out there and explore the stars because
1:02:01 he read that book has got 30 years, 40, 50 years left on it.
1:02:03 Well, that would make him want to hurry, wouldn’t it?
1:02:04 Yeah.
1:02:06 Yeah.
1:02:08 And plus he said, I don’t want to die on Earth.
1:02:09 I want to die on Mars.
1:02:12 I’m paraphrasing, but that’s the idea.
1:02:14 So that’s a goal.
1:02:15 Sure.
1:02:19 But don’t tell me it’s a business case.
1:02:23 I can see a tourist case going into orbit and even possibly visiting the moon.
1:02:24 It’s three days there, three days back.
1:02:27 That’s a week’s vacation that you would take.
1:02:35 And I would save up five years, 10 years of vacation money if that was the amount that it
1:02:37 would take to go to the moon for one week.
1:02:39 That would be a really fun bucket list item for me.
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1:03:41 No way.
1:03:45 You know, you’ve written this, you’ve revised this book.
1:03:47 Oh, yeah.
1:03:47 Just visiting this plan.
1:03:48 Yeah.
1:03:53 I wrote a column, a question and an answer column for like 10 years, 15 years.
1:03:56 Where people just ask me questions from the public.
1:03:58 And I had a pen name called Merlin.
1:04:03 And Merlin was friends with Newton and Galileo and Marie Curie and all these people.
1:04:06 So if you ask Merlin, dear Merlin, I don’t quite understand gravity.
1:04:10 Merlin would say, oh, Merlin had a conversation with Isaac Newton in his backyard.
1:04:13 And here’s how he answers that.
1:04:18 I think in the book you talk about a golf ball sized black hole would weigh more than earth
1:04:21 and swallow it whole, leaving behind something the size of a lime.
1:04:22 Yeah, slightly bigger.
1:04:23 Right.
1:04:28 What is, you’ve been asked this so many times, but I still don’t know the answer.
1:04:29 What is a black hole?
1:04:31 And how do we even know if they’re real?
1:04:32 If no one’s ever been to one?
1:04:34 Well, you can know things without visiting them.
1:04:41 I mean, that’s the methods and tools and machines of science are remarkable in their ability to learn
1:04:46 something without actually having to see it with your eyes or hear it with your ears or
1:04:48 to touch it with your fingers.
1:04:57 We have, in fact, science didn’t take off until these machines became a fundamental part of how
1:05:00 we investigated the world, replacing our five senses.
1:05:06 Because there’s nothing more feeble in this world than you thinking you understand reality
1:05:07 through your five senses.
1:05:09 I don’t want to call it feeble.
1:05:11 I would call it error prone.
1:05:13 Error prone.
1:05:16 Remember I told you about escape velocity of earth?
1:05:16 Yeah.
1:05:18 You remember what I, the value I said it was?
1:05:20 Seven miles per minute.
1:05:22 Pay attention per second.
1:05:22 Per second.
1:05:23 That’s very fast.
1:05:24 Seven miles per second.
1:05:26 So the adage, what goes up must come down.
1:05:29 It’s not true.
1:05:35 It’s true for almost anything you would experience, but you can launch something at seven miles per
1:05:35 second.
1:05:36 It’ll never, ever come back.
1:05:38 That’s the escape velocity for earth.
1:05:39 Okay.
1:05:47 If earth had more mass and the gravity were stronger, the escape velocity is higher.
1:05:49 That would make sense.
1:05:51 Because there’s more gravity that you have to escape.
1:05:55 Let’s keep up that exercise.
1:05:58 Cram in more and more mass.
1:06:00 Just keep doing that.
1:06:02 Escape velocity keeps going up.
1:06:06 Eventually, the escape velocity hits the speed of light.
1:06:10 At that point, light can’t even escape.
1:06:13 Light is the fastest thing in the universe.
1:06:16 If light can’t escape, if you fall in, you don’t escape either.
1:06:20 There’s no better description of a hole than that.
1:06:25 And worse yet, it’s a hole in any direction you approach it.
1:06:29 Not just a hole in the street or in the floor.
1:06:32 It’s a three-dimensional hole.
1:06:34 And how do we know it’s there?
1:06:38 Because it distorts the fabric of space and time around it.
1:06:46 We see galaxies behind concentrations of matter, black holes, and the shape of the galaxy is distorted.
1:06:51 Because Einstein tells us that gravity distorts the fabric of space and time.
1:06:53 That’s one way we discover black holes.
1:06:57 Another way is most stars in the night sky are binary in multiple star systems.
1:06:58 Most of them.
1:07:02 You can’t see it because you just have human vision.
1:07:07 You whip out a telescope, you see, oh my gosh, there are two stars, not just one.
1:07:20 If there’s a pair of stars, and one of them becomes a black hole, and this one ages, it expands, and some of its material spills onto and orbits around the event horizon of the black hole.
1:07:28 This swirling material gets hotter and hotter and hotter, and it radiates X-rays and ultraviolet.
1:07:34 We have X-ray and ultraviolet telescopes that see every one of these in the night sky.
1:07:36 They’re all black holes.
1:07:38 And it’s created from an explosion?
1:07:49 There’s a star that wants to explode, but it has so much mass, the explosion doesn’t overcome the gravity, and the star collapses down on itself to make a black hole.
1:07:51 That’s one way to make a black hole.
1:07:53 So our sun, when that runs up?
1:07:54 That’s not going to become a black hole.
1:07:56 It’s pretty wimpy in that department.
1:08:00 It’ll still kill us, but for different reasons.
1:08:07 So the mass of the object is so big that it can’t actually explode because the gravitational pattern inwards is so strong.
1:08:07 Correct.
1:08:09 That’s above a certain threshold.
1:08:16 Within there, there’s the stars that the explosion is greater than what the gravity can contain, and it makes a supernova.
1:08:23 And those are the stars that spread heavy elements across the galaxy, enabling us to even exist.
1:08:25 So I’m going to read this again.
1:08:31 A golf ball-sized black hole would weigh more than earth and swallow it whole, leaving behind something the size of a lime.
1:08:34 Yeah, so when black holes eat, they get bigger.
1:08:38 So a lime is bigger than a golf ball, but not by very much.
1:08:40 You can calculate what the size is.
1:08:42 Where would everything go?
1:08:43 It’s in there.
1:08:46 It’s compressed down inside the hole.
1:08:50 And everything near it is going to get pulled in there as well.
1:08:51 If it comes too close, right.
1:08:52 If it comes too close.
1:08:54 Yeah, you can keep your distance.
1:08:57 Black holes, they’re not giant sucking devices.
1:09:02 I mean, if you keep your distance, if the sun became a black hole right now, we would still orbit it.
1:09:04 The gravity we feel at our distance is no different.
1:09:14 You say that if the sun suddenly shut off, we’d freeze at minus 462 Fahrenheit, which is the background temperature of the universe.
1:09:14 Yes.
1:09:16 Once the stored energy ran out.
1:09:16 Yeah.
1:09:18 Once the stored energy wear ran out.
1:09:21 Well, so there’s the sun’s energy.
1:09:24 If the sun blotted out.
1:09:27 But Earth has energy inside of itself as well.
1:09:31 This is what gives us volcanoes and continental drift and all the rest of this.
1:09:38 So if you don’t have a sun, you want to live near a volcano or something that is a source of energy for you.
1:09:42 And then you’ll live on Earth until the Earth’s energy died out.
1:09:44 Ideally, by then, you just go to another planet.
1:09:46 I mean, why not?
1:09:48 How long has our sun got left?
1:09:49 About another 5 billion years.
1:09:50 How would we know?
1:09:52 It’s a good question.
1:09:55 That’s the product of 20th century modern astrophysics.
1:09:57 Then it was modern.
1:09:58 I think of it as modern.
1:10:01 Where you say, what kind of star is this?
1:10:04 You look around the universe for other stars that are just like it.
1:10:09 And then you see those stars in their stages of evolution.
1:10:13 Stars being born, living out their lives, and dying.
1:10:17 And the star changes its properties from birth to death.
1:10:22 And so you can line up where the sun is in that chart.
1:10:25 And then, plus, we know how old Earth is.
1:10:28 So we directly measure the age of the Earth.
1:10:36 And so there’s no reason to think that Earth did not form at the same time the sun did.
1:10:39 Another really fascinating one was,
1:10:44 every breath you take contains molecules once inhaled by every human in history.
1:10:45 Yep.
1:10:47 That can’t be true.
1:10:50 Chat GPT it.
1:10:52 No, so here it is.
1:10:53 You ready?
1:10:53 Yeah.
1:11:00 There are more molecules of air in a single breath of air
1:11:08 than there are breaths of air in Earth’s entire atmosphere.
1:11:14 So, if you breathe in and then breathe out,
1:11:17 there’s enough molecules that you breathed out
1:11:24 to populate every breath that anyone will ever again take on this Earth.
1:11:27 And air mixes rather quickly.
1:11:29 Okay?
1:11:31 So, it has to mix.
1:11:33 It’s not immediately, give it some time.
1:11:34 But you give it some time,
1:11:38 there are molecules that went in and out of your lungs
1:11:40 that are in China being breathed by people there
1:11:43 when enough time has elapsed.
1:11:44 You can calculate that.
1:11:46 It’s years, 10 years, something like that.
1:11:49 There’s tremendous mixing of air.
1:11:53 So, how’s that for feeling kinship with others?
1:11:55 Same with water.
1:11:56 You drink water.
1:11:59 There are more molecules of water in a glass of water.
1:12:00 This is a mug of water.
1:12:04 Then there are mugs of water in all the world’s oceans.
1:12:07 So, you drink a mug of water
1:12:11 and then it comes out of you in any one of a half dozen different ways.
1:12:17 There’s enough molecules to scatter into every other mug of water in the world.
1:12:19 So, if someone gets a mug of water,
1:12:24 your molecules will be plenty more, plenty of molecules to go.
1:12:26 So, if I do a big inhale,
1:12:29 I’m inhaling air that contains molecules
1:12:33 that all of my living relatives once inhaled.
1:12:34 Yes.
1:12:35 And go further back.
1:12:36 Jesus inhaled them.
1:12:37 Muhammad.
1:12:40 With every breath?
1:12:41 Yes, every breath.
1:12:44 This is the oneness of it all.
1:12:46 That’s why it’s a beautiful thing.
1:12:48 Astrophysics.
1:12:51 I wouldn’t live without it.
1:12:53 Do you think it makes us kinder,
1:12:55 learning about the universe?
1:12:57 Or do you think it makes us more nihilistic and narcissistic?
1:13:00 No, if you learn about it, as you should,
1:13:01 you shouldn’t be nihilistic.
1:13:03 There’s no force of nihilism
1:13:06 in the knowledge, wisdom, and insight you get
1:13:07 by studying the universe.
1:13:10 You will never find marching armies
1:13:12 led by astrophysicists
1:13:13 to go slaughter one another.
1:13:18 The cosmic perspective prevents that.
1:13:23 The cosmic perspective.
1:13:24 Yeah.
1:13:26 By the way, if you look at the chapter titles in there,
1:13:28 they’re each pairs of words
1:13:30 that we’ve all used,
1:13:32 but we’ve argued over,
1:13:32 many of them,
1:13:34 over our Thanksgiving dinner.
1:13:36 I don’t know if there’s a version of Thanksgiving
1:13:37 in the UK.
1:13:38 Maybe it’s just Christmas,
1:13:39 everybody gathers,
1:13:41 and the crazy uncles and aunts come in,
1:13:44 and you’ve got to argue with them about,
1:13:45 you know,
1:13:46 and then you’re reminded
1:13:48 why you only see them once a year.
1:13:49 Because,
1:13:50 no,
1:13:51 there are topics in there,
1:13:52 color and race is in there,
1:13:53 law and order,
1:13:55 body and mind,
1:13:57 meatarians and vegetarians,
1:13:59 life and death.
1:14:02 A lot of reflective moments in there.
1:14:03 So this book,
1:14:05 though it’s all these topics
1:14:06 that people fight about,
1:14:08 its goal is to say,
1:14:09 you think that and you think that,
1:14:10 you’ve got to look at it this way.
1:14:13 It’s not meat in the middle.
1:14:15 No.
1:14:18 It’s meat on a plane of existence
1:14:19 above what you’re arguing.
1:14:21 And you’ll look down on what you’re arguing
1:14:22 and realize how ridiculous it is.
1:14:24 That’s the goal of that book.
1:14:27 Chapter 10 of the book says,
1:14:29 human physiology may be overrated.
1:14:30 Yeah.
1:14:32 What do you mean by that?
1:14:33 Well,
1:14:35 you know,
1:14:36 we like to think of ourselves
1:14:37 at the top of
1:14:39 evolutionary
1:14:41 properties,
1:14:42 but it’s really
1:14:43 your mind,
1:14:44 surely,
1:14:44 but
1:14:46 not much else.
1:14:48 You know,
1:14:48 we,
1:14:52 it’s odd because we always imagine
1:14:53 aliens having humanoid bodies.
1:14:54 Yeah.
1:14:56 And there’s no reason for that.
1:14:58 If they come from another planet,
1:14:59 most life on earth
1:15:00 doesn’t have a humanoid body.
1:15:03 The banana doesn’t have a humanoid body
1:15:05 and you have DNA in common with it.
1:15:07 You don’t have any DNA in common
1:15:08 with an alien from another planet.
1:15:09 Yet it’s walking around with a neck,
1:15:10 eyes,
1:15:10 nose,
1:15:11 mouth,
1:15:11 head,
1:15:12 ears,
1:15:12 shoulders,
1:15:13 arms,
1:15:14 fingers,
1:15:15 kneecaps,
1:15:16 feet.
1:15:17 Really?
1:15:18 Is that,
1:15:19 is that,
1:15:20 is that your best imagination
1:15:21 that you can come up with?
1:15:24 Alien from another planet?
1:15:26 Is the,
1:15:27 is the universe
1:15:28 infinite?
1:15:29 I’ve often wondered that.
1:15:29 Does it just go on forever?
1:15:31 Or is there a sea?
1:15:32 We’re not given reason
1:15:33 to think it doesn’t,
1:15:35 but our horizon
1:15:35 has an edge.
1:15:37 What we can see.
1:15:37 Yeah,
1:15:39 but there’s no reason to think,
1:15:40 so you’re,
1:15:41 you’re a ship at sea
1:15:43 and you have a horizon.
1:15:44 Are you saying,
1:15:45 well,
1:15:46 that’s the extent of the ocean?
1:15:47 No,
1:15:49 because if you sail towards the horizon,
1:15:50 more horizon shows up
1:15:52 and you keep that up
1:15:53 until you hit land.
1:15:56 So,
1:15:58 in the universe,
1:15:59 we have our horizon
1:16:01 and
1:16:03 if we went to that horizon,
1:16:04 we’d have a whole other horizon
1:16:05 beyond that.
1:16:07 If we traveled to that horizon,
1:16:08 there’d be a whole other horizon there.
1:16:09 The question is,
1:16:10 how,
1:16:12 how far does that go?
1:16:13 We don’t know.
1:16:17 We have no idea.
1:16:20 It’s simpler mathematically
1:16:21 to think it goes forever.
1:16:23 It’s curious how
1:16:24 there’s some equations
1:16:25 where infinities
1:16:27 work just fine
1:16:28 in the equation.
1:16:29 So,
1:16:29 we don’t know.
1:16:31 We can talk about
1:16:32 to our own horizon,
1:16:32 that’s it.
1:16:34 There’s so many people
1:16:35 saying that they’ve seen aliens.
1:16:37 We had someone on this podcast
1:16:38 actually that said
1:16:39 they’d seen aliens.
1:16:40 Not they’d seen aliens,
1:16:41 but they had evidence
1:16:42 that aliens existed.
1:16:44 And they worked in the military
1:16:44 and said that they’d,
1:16:46 you know,
1:16:47 some of these spacecraft footage
1:16:48 that you see from the…
1:16:48 Did they
1:16:51 show you the alien?
1:16:52 No,
1:16:53 but you see the videos
1:16:53 of the things
1:16:54 bouncing around in the sky.
1:16:55 fuzzy videos.
1:16:56 Fuzzy videos.
1:16:56 Fuzzy videos.
1:16:56 So,
1:16:57 those are UFOs.
1:16:58 They’re not aliens.
1:16:59 UFOs, yeah.
1:17:00 There’s a difference.
1:17:00 Oh, yeah.
1:17:02 Many people equate the two.
1:17:03 But if you see something
1:17:03 in the sky
1:17:04 and you don’t know
1:17:05 what it is,
1:17:07 it’s a UFO.
1:17:08 And what does the U
1:17:08 stand for?
1:17:10 Unidentified.
1:17:13 Until you can identify it,
1:17:14 it’s a UFO.
1:17:16 And because it does things
1:17:17 that you don’t understand,
1:17:20 you cannot equate that
1:17:21 with it being
1:17:22 an alien.
1:17:24 You just said
1:17:24 you don’t know
1:17:25 what it is.
1:17:27 Wow, that’s amazing.
1:17:28 I don’t know what it is.
1:17:29 Therefore,
1:17:30 it must be an alien.
1:17:32 Once you just said
1:17:33 you don’t know what it is,
1:17:34 that’s the end
1:17:34 of the sentence.
1:17:36 You can’t go on
1:17:36 and say,
1:17:37 therefore,
1:17:38 it must be anything.
1:17:39 You can be impressed
1:17:40 with videos
1:17:42 that have no explanation.
1:17:44 I don’t have a problem
1:17:44 with that.
1:17:46 But you want to turn around
1:17:47 and say it’s aliens?
1:17:48 You want to say
1:17:49 it’s a government cover-up?
1:17:50 Do you really think
1:17:50 the government
1:17:51 is that competent?
1:17:54 Often the same people
1:17:54 who say there’s
1:17:55 a masterminded government cover,
1:17:56 the same people
1:17:57 who complain
1:17:58 that the government
1:17:59 is a bloated bureaucracy,
1:18:00 inefficient bureaucracy
1:18:02 that should be replaced
1:18:03 by private enterprise.
1:18:04 There’s the same people
1:18:05 making those same statements.
1:18:08 So I love the aliens.
1:18:10 I want to meet them too.
1:18:11 My people,
1:18:13 the astrophysics community
1:18:13 has been searching
1:18:14 for aliens for decades.
1:18:15 And you’ve never found
1:18:16 evidence of any?
1:18:17 Not.
1:18:23 So the community
1:18:24 of amateur astronomers
1:18:25 in the world,
1:18:26 okay?
1:18:27 Amateur astronomy is,
1:18:28 that’s a badge of honor
1:18:29 because it means you know
1:18:30 the night sky
1:18:30 and you own a telescope.
1:18:32 And it’s not like
1:18:33 amateur neurosurgeon,
1:18:34 okay?
1:18:36 You don’t want to go
1:18:37 to an amateur neurosurgeon.
1:18:38 But you want to know
1:18:38 the night sky,
1:18:39 go to an amateur astronomer.
1:18:40 Amateur astronomers
1:18:42 know the night sky.
1:18:42 They know what the sun,
1:18:43 moon,
1:18:43 and stars are doing
1:18:44 every night.
1:18:45 They know
1:18:46 they’re very good
1:18:48 at climate and weather
1:18:48 because that affects
1:18:50 whether things are visible.
1:18:51 So they know
1:18:52 when weather systems
1:18:53 come in and go out
1:18:54 and what things look like.
1:18:56 You would think
1:18:58 if aliens were
1:18:59 about,
1:19:01 up and about,
1:19:02 that amateur astronomers
1:19:03 would have seen
1:19:03 more of them
1:19:04 than anyone else.
1:19:06 But they’ve seen less.
1:19:08 Because we know
1:19:09 what we’re looking at.
1:19:12 It’s kind of that simple.
1:19:14 The moment you know
1:19:15 what you’re looking at,
1:19:15 it’s an IFO,
1:19:16 isn’t it?
1:19:17 Yeah.
1:19:17 It’s not a UFO.
1:19:19 And so,
1:19:20 yeah,
1:19:21 I want to meet the aliens,
1:19:23 but you’re going to show me
1:19:23 fuzzy video,
1:19:24 or you’re going to say
1:19:25 you have an alien,
1:19:27 but it’s in a locked box
1:19:28 and you’re not going to show it.
1:19:30 If you have an alien
1:19:31 in a locked box
1:19:32 and you’re not going to show it,
1:19:33 that’s the same thing
1:19:34 to a scientist
1:19:36 as not having an alien at all.
1:19:38 Could you make the case
1:19:39 for why aliens
1:19:40 probably do exist
1:19:41 and also the case
1:19:42 for why they probably
1:19:42 don’t exist?
1:19:43 No.
1:19:44 No,
1:19:45 they surely exist
1:19:46 in this universe.
1:19:49 The universe is 14 billion years old
1:19:50 and the ingredients
1:19:51 of life on Earth
1:19:52 are the most common ingredients
1:19:53 in the universe.
1:19:55 And life began on Earth
1:19:56 almost as quickly
1:19:57 as it possibly could have.
1:20:00 When Earth finally cooled down
1:20:02 after it being formed,
1:20:03 it was about 200 million years
1:20:05 for signs of single-celled life.
1:20:08 So even though we can’t
1:20:09 duplicate that yet,
1:20:10 we don’t know how,
1:20:11 that’s a frontier of biology,
1:20:12 Earth didn’t seem
1:20:13 to have problems
1:20:14 getting the job done
1:20:16 within 200 million years.
1:20:17 That’s Earth.
1:20:20 Now you have exoplanets
1:20:21 everywhere across the galaxy
1:20:23 to suggest that life on Earth
1:20:25 is alone in the universe.
1:20:26 You’d have to have
1:20:28 some point of philosophy
1:20:29 that requires you believe that
1:20:31 because it’s not derived
1:20:33 from actual evidence
1:20:34 or observations
1:20:36 of the universe itself.
1:20:39 So aliens,
1:20:40 usually people mean
1:20:41 intelligent aliens,
1:20:42 but we’re happy
1:20:43 to find any kind of life
1:20:44 at all.
1:20:45 Bacterial life.
1:20:47 That would transform biology.
1:20:49 What about in our galaxy,
1:20:50 in the Milky Way galaxy?
1:20:51 Yeah, the galaxy is the most
1:20:52 sensible place to…
1:20:54 So we’ve looked for exoplanets.
1:20:55 What’s that?
1:20:57 A planet orbiting another star
1:20:58 because if you’re going to look
1:20:58 for life,
1:21:01 we presume it’s going to be
1:21:01 on a planet.
1:21:03 So if this table is the galaxy
1:21:06 and the solar system
1:21:07 would be about right there,
1:21:09 we’ve searched a circle
1:21:10 about this big
1:21:12 for exoplanets.
1:21:13 And what’s the solar system
1:21:13 versus the galaxy?
1:21:15 It’s just the sun
1:21:15 and its planets.
1:21:16 Oh, okay.
1:21:17 Yeah, solar system.
1:21:20 And then that’s our solar system there
1:21:21 and we are part of
1:21:23 several hundred billion stars
1:21:25 in the galaxy.
1:21:27 And this galaxy is
1:21:29 one of perhaps as many
1:21:31 as a trillion galaxies
1:21:33 galaxies in the observable universe.
1:21:35 So to say we’re alone,
1:21:36 that’s just you being
1:21:39 philosophically irresponsible.
1:21:42 So this table is the galaxy?
1:21:43 Yeah.
1:21:44 If it were the galaxy…
1:21:45 And we’ve searched a coin…
1:21:46 Coin…
1:21:47 Yes, that’s a good word to use.
1:21:49 A coin-sized volume
1:21:49 of this galaxy.
1:21:51 We’ve searched for exoplanets
1:21:53 and by association life.
1:21:57 So folks at the SETI Institute
1:21:58 to search for
1:21:59 extraterrestrial intelligence,
1:22:01 they come up with an analogy
1:22:03 but there are people who have said,
1:22:04 well, we haven’t found life yet
1:22:05 so maybe there’s no life anywhere.
1:22:07 And we say, no,
1:22:08 take a cup
1:22:09 and scoop it into the ocean.
1:22:12 That’s like saying,
1:22:14 hmm,
1:22:17 the ocean has no whales in it.
1:22:20 Is that the equivalent?
1:22:20 Yeah, it’s equivalent
1:22:22 in terms of the space
1:22:23 of searching
1:22:24 because it’s not only
1:22:26 in physical space
1:22:28 but it’s in time.
1:22:30 suppose the aliens
1:22:31 sent radio signals to us
1:22:33 and they arrived
1:22:34 2,000 years ago.
1:22:36 Do the Romans
1:22:37 have radio telescopes?
1:22:37 No.
1:22:39 But we would all
1:22:40 count them as intelligent.
1:22:42 So,
1:22:43 communication requires
1:22:44 intelligence and technology.
1:22:46 How long have we had
1:22:47 technology
1:22:48 to do that?
1:22:49 80 years.
1:22:52 On the chance of probability,
1:22:52 do you think
1:22:53 there are aliens
1:22:54 in the Milky Way galaxy?
1:22:54 Yeah.
1:22:55 Oh, sure.
1:22:56 You think there are?
1:22:57 I don’t see why not.
1:22:59 It’s a calculation you can do.
1:23:01 I did it with two colleagues of mine.
1:23:02 We have about 100 civilizations
1:23:04 in the galaxy
1:23:05 alive now.
1:23:07 That’s not many
1:23:08 out of the total number of stars
1:23:09 but again,
1:23:10 a civilization
1:23:11 has to evolve
1:23:12 out of whatever it was
1:23:13 and it’s a tiny little
1:23:14 slice of time
1:23:16 relative to how long
1:23:17 the planet has been there.
1:23:19 a hundred different
1:23:21 living.
1:23:22 Yeah, civilization.
1:23:22 I pause on the word living
1:23:23 because living can mean
1:23:24 many things.
1:23:25 Well, I mean,
1:23:27 Mars might have had
1:23:28 life
1:23:29 but it would be dead today
1:23:30 on the surface.
1:23:31 So,
1:23:32 we’re looking for
1:23:33 living civilizations.
1:23:35 And does that excite you?
1:23:36 Yes, completely.
1:23:37 But,
1:23:39 you want to now tell me
1:23:40 it has visited you
1:23:43 with fuzzy lights
1:23:43 in the sky
1:23:45 and
1:23:46 no one has like
1:23:47 brought forth an alien
1:23:49 I need better evidence
1:23:50 because you’re making
1:23:51 an extraordinary claim.
1:23:53 Human’s fascination
1:23:54 with meeting these aliens
1:23:55 when we’ve got
1:23:55 crazy species
1:23:56 we’ve never met
1:23:57 on our own planet.
1:23:58 That’s a good point.
1:23:59 And plus,
1:23:59 what do we need
1:24:00 real aliens for
1:24:01 when we have Hollywood?
1:24:05 The funny part to me is
1:24:06 we have no
1:24:07 knowledge
1:24:09 that aliens
1:24:10 want to harm us
1:24:12 but we do have
1:24:12 knowledge
1:24:14 that humans
1:24:15 want to harm humans.
1:24:17 And any encounter
1:24:18 between an advanced
1:24:18 civilization
1:24:19 and one that was
1:24:20 less advanced
1:24:22 in the history
1:24:23 of exploration
1:24:24 has never
1:24:25 boded well
1:24:26 for the less advanced
1:24:27 civilization.
1:24:28 So,
1:24:29 for me,
1:24:31 we are describing
1:24:31 aliens
1:24:34 not
1:24:35 as we
1:24:36 think
1:24:36 they
1:24:37 would be
1:24:38 but as
1:24:39 we know
1:24:40 we are
1:24:42 to one another.
1:24:44 It’s a mirror.
1:24:45 And we’ve only got to play out
1:24:46 what we would do
1:24:47 as well
1:24:47 if we found
1:24:48 an alien civilization.
1:24:49 What would humans do?
1:24:50 I mean,
1:24:52 I think we’d go
1:24:52 and try and
1:24:53 steal some of them
1:24:55 and bring them here.
1:24:56 Well,
1:24:56 no,
1:24:56 they’re probably
1:24:57 smarter than us.
1:25:00 That’s like
1:25:01 worms saying,
1:25:02 oh,
1:25:02 we found some humans.
1:25:03 What should we do
1:25:03 with them?
1:25:04 Should we corral them?
1:25:05 No.
1:25:07 If aliens came here,
1:25:08 they clearly
1:25:09 are more advanced
1:25:09 than we are
1:25:11 because we haven’t
1:25:12 left low Earth orbit
1:25:14 in 53 years.
1:25:15 So,
1:25:16 if they cross the galaxy
1:25:17 to visit us,
1:25:18 oh,
1:25:19 we’re going to
1:25:20 shoot a gun at them?
1:25:21 They’ll laugh at us.
1:25:24 You know,
1:25:26 in all the movies
1:25:27 that we beat them.
1:25:28 That’s so funny.
1:25:29 I’ve never thought
1:25:29 about that before,
1:25:30 that,
1:25:30 yeah,
1:25:30 we just shoot guns at them.
1:25:31 You shoot guns at them.
1:25:32 And did it really
1:25:33 make a difference?
1:25:33 You know.
1:25:35 We put like Brad Pitt
1:25:35 or whoever
1:25:37 in like a Tom Cruise.
1:25:38 What’s your favorite
1:25:39 space movie?
1:25:40 Space movie?
1:25:44 Well,
1:25:44 sci-fi
1:25:45 is The Matrix.
1:25:46 Why?
1:25:48 I love everything about it.
1:25:49 The story is tight.
1:25:50 There’s one physics error
1:25:51 in it,
1:25:52 but without it,
1:25:53 they don’t have a movie.
1:25:53 So,
1:25:53 you got to give it,
1:25:54 I can write them
1:25:55 a hall pass.
1:25:56 which I feel
1:25:58 that I have the power
1:25:59 to do.
1:26:00 What was the error?
1:26:01 Everyone’s going to be
1:26:02 wondering what the error
1:26:02 was in the Matrix.
1:26:02 Oh,
1:26:03 it’s not an error.
1:26:03 It’s just,
1:26:05 they got,
1:26:07 it’s bad physics in it.
1:26:07 Okay.
1:26:08 so,
1:26:08 so,
1:26:08 so,
1:26:08 so,
1:26:08 so,
1:26:08 so,
1:26:08 so,
1:26:08 so,
1:26:08 so,
1:26:08 so,
1:26:09 if you,
1:26:09 if you remember,
1:26:14 the AI computer
1:26:16 that’s running everything
1:26:18 needs an energy source.
1:26:19 And so,
1:26:19 so,
1:26:19 so,
1:26:19 so,
1:26:19 so,
1:26:20 they’re growing humans
1:26:21 in these pods,
1:26:22 in these pods,
1:26:23 you know,
1:26:24 knowing that each human
1:26:26 radiates at about 80 watts.
1:26:27 They didn’t give that number,
1:26:28 but it’s a true fact.
1:26:30 80 watts,
1:26:31 like an 80 watt bulb.
1:26:32 That’s how much energy
1:26:33 you are consuming
1:26:34 and using.
1:26:35 It’s an energy rate.
1:26:37 Okay.
1:26:38 So,
1:26:38 they,
1:26:40 and one of the writers
1:26:40 must have known that
1:26:41 and said,
1:26:42 that’s kind of cool.
1:26:42 Let’s use humans
1:26:43 as an energy source
1:26:44 for the machines.
1:26:45 All right.
1:26:45 So,
1:26:46 there are these pods
1:26:46 of humans
1:26:48 and they grow the humans
1:26:48 from childhood
1:26:49 to adulthood
1:26:52 and they put in their head
1:26:54 a world that they’re living in
1:26:55 which is just in their head
1:26:57 and they think it’s real,
1:26:58 but it’s not.
1:27:00 That’s the Matrix.
1:27:00 Okay.
1:27:02 But wait a minute.
1:27:04 How do the humans
1:27:04 get their energy?
1:27:08 They feed the humans food.
1:27:11 Well,
1:27:12 why are you feeding food
1:27:13 to humans
1:27:14 and then using the energy
1:27:15 from the humans
1:27:15 to the machine?
1:27:17 Bypass the middleman
1:27:19 and just feed the machine.
1:27:21 Something called
1:27:21 the second law
1:27:22 of thermodynamics,
1:27:23 first or second law
1:27:23 of thermodynamics,
1:27:26 anytime energy changes
1:27:27 from one form to another,
1:27:30 it’s not 100% efficient.
1:27:31 You drive a car,
1:27:32 if you drive
1:27:33 a combustion engine car,
1:27:34 you drive it,
1:27:35 50 miles,
1:27:35 get out,
1:27:36 the engine’s hot.
1:27:39 Where’d the heat come from?
1:27:41 That’s wasted energy
1:27:43 converting chemical energy
1:27:44 of the gasoline
1:27:46 to kinetic energy
1:27:46 of your car.
1:27:49 is never 100% perfect.
1:27:51 So they are losing energy
1:27:53 with this middleman
1:27:53 and they should just
1:27:54 feed themselves
1:27:55 whatever the food
1:27:56 they’re feeding the humans.
1:28:00 And if they’re smart,
1:28:01 they would not have humans
1:28:02 at all.
1:28:04 But then there’s no movie.
1:28:05 So that’s my point.
1:28:07 wrote him a hall pass.
1:28:08 You’re okay with that.
1:28:09 Are you an easy person
1:28:10 to watch movies like this?
1:28:11 Yeah, I’m not.
1:28:13 I’m not the guy
1:28:13 you think I am.
1:28:14 I will watch it
1:28:15 and silently,
1:28:15 yes,
1:28:18 I’ll gather a list of,
1:28:19 but I’m silent about it.
1:28:20 And if you’re interested,
1:28:21 I will tell you later.
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1:30:08 for all of us
1:30:09 even if we don’t have
1:30:10 the technical prowess
1:30:11 to design great things.
1:30:12 So if you want to start
1:30:13 compounding both your reach
1:30:14 and your knowledge
1:30:15 like I did at 24 years old,
1:30:16 then head to
1:30:19 adobe.ly slash Stephen
1:30:20 and get started
1:30:21 with Adobe Express.
1:30:24 That’s adobe.ly slash Stephen.
1:30:27 What’s the one outstanding question
1:30:28 if there is one
1:30:30 that you’re desperate
1:30:31 to know the answer to?
1:30:33 That I don’t live life that way.
1:30:33 Really?
1:30:34 Yeah.
1:30:35 It’s a sensible question
1:30:36 that you’re asking me.
1:30:37 I don’t want to diminish
1:30:39 the sensibility of it
1:30:40 but I want to say
1:30:42 that that’s not how
1:30:43 I view the world.
1:30:45 the world is not
1:30:47 there’s the one question
1:30:47 I need answered.
1:30:49 The world is
1:30:52 what do I need to learn
1:30:54 so that I’m standing
1:30:55 in a place
1:30:57 I can yet imagine
1:30:59 asking a question
1:31:00 I have yet to think of?
1:31:04 In other words,
1:31:06 as the area of our knowledge grows,
1:31:09 so too does the perimeter
1:31:10 of our ignorance.
1:31:13 And so you say
1:31:14 what one question?
1:31:14 No, there’ll be
1:31:15 a bunch of questions.
1:31:18 The area grows some more.
1:31:19 I’m standing in a new place.
1:31:20 Now there’s a question
1:31:21 I didn’t even think
1:31:24 could be asked before
1:31:25 and that’s the question
1:31:26 that matters there and then.
1:31:28 But then there’s another question
1:31:29 later on
1:31:30 as this frontier
1:31:31 continues to advance.
1:31:33 So I don’t think
1:31:34 about the one question
1:31:35 or the two questions
1:31:36 that matter.
1:31:38 I think about questions
1:31:40 yet to be dreamt of
1:31:42 that we don’t even see
1:31:44 because we haven’t
1:31:45 taken the frontier
1:31:46 to that vista yet.
1:31:48 And so yeah,
1:31:50 some of that’s unknowable
1:31:51 but I kind of like that.
1:31:54 There’s the German poet
1:31:55 Rainer Maria Rilke.
1:31:56 One of the poems,
1:31:58 I don’t remember all the lines
1:31:59 but the one that matters to me
1:32:00 most is
1:32:02 learn to love
1:32:03 the questions themselves.
1:32:05 You’re trying to find answers
1:32:07 and I’m trying to find
1:32:08 the questions.
1:32:10 Learn to love
1:32:11 the questions themselves.
1:32:12 This kind of brings me back
1:32:13 to the top of the conversation
1:32:14 where I was talking about
1:32:15 I’ve got a lot more
1:32:17 questions these days.
1:32:17 That’s good.
1:32:18 Love it.
1:32:19 Sometimes it’s difficult.
1:32:20 And not all questions
1:32:22 can be answered
1:32:23 given the state of knowledge.
1:32:25 Some questions
1:32:26 are illegitimate questions.
1:32:27 Not all questions
1:32:28 are legit questions.
1:32:29 For example,
1:32:31 at what temperature
1:32:33 does the number seven melt?
1:32:35 What kind of cheese
1:32:37 is the moon made out of?
1:32:39 These are
1:32:40 just because the nouns
1:32:42 and verbs are lined up
1:32:42 and there’s a question mark
1:32:43 doesn’t mean the
1:32:44 and by the way
1:32:45 when you’re
1:32:46 facing the unknown
1:32:47 you don’t know
1:32:49 if your question
1:32:50 later on
1:32:51 would look that ridiculous.
1:32:53 What separates
1:32:54 the great scientists
1:32:55 from the average scientists
1:32:56 is that they
1:32:57 hewed into
1:32:58 what questions to ask.
1:32:59 Do you think
1:33:00 we hurt ourselves
1:33:01 by asking
1:33:02 these invalid questions?
1:33:05 You don’t know
1:33:06 if it’s invalid.
1:33:07 I know
1:33:07 the moon
1:33:08 is not made out
1:33:08 of cheese
1:33:09 today.
1:33:11 I know that
1:33:12 because we’ve been there.
1:33:13 We brought back moon rocks.
1:33:14 So today
1:33:15 that question is invalid.
1:33:17 But if you never
1:33:18 imagine
1:33:19 ever going to the moon
1:33:19 and you don’t know
1:33:20 anything about physics
1:33:21 or rocks
1:33:22 and you look up
1:33:23 and it looks like
1:33:24 a hunk of cheese
1:33:24 you’re eating
1:33:25 it’s a completely
1:33:26 legit question.
1:33:27 there’s a bit of a
1:33:28 there is a bit of a
1:33:29 conversation raging
1:33:30 in my friendship cycle
1:33:30 at the moment
1:33:31 about religion
1:33:32 and meaning
1:33:33 and what’s the point.
1:33:34 Should we be arguing
1:33:36 about these things?
1:33:37 About meaning
1:33:38 religion?
1:33:39 Is there any benefit?
1:33:40 I think meaning
1:33:40 is a very personal
1:33:41 thing to people.
1:33:42 So why should you
1:33:43 jump in the middle
1:33:44 of their attempt
1:33:46 to establish meaning
1:33:46 in their life?
1:33:47 We’re all very
1:33:48 different people
1:33:50 and so meaning
1:33:51 ought to be different.
1:33:51 If meaning
1:33:52 was the same
1:33:52 for everyone
1:33:53 you just publish it
1:33:54 everyone reads it
1:33:55 and we all have
1:33:55 meaning.
1:33:56 No.
1:33:56 You gotta
1:33:59 make it yourself.
1:33:59 Some people
1:34:00 want to search for it
1:34:01 fine.
1:34:02 I don’t have a problem
1:34:02 with that.
1:34:03 I’m not searching
1:34:03 for meaning.
1:34:05 I’m creating meaning
1:34:06 in my life
1:34:07 because I can control
1:34:07 that.
1:34:09 Not that it’s important
1:34:09 to control everything
1:34:11 you know.
1:34:13 I like magic
1:34:13 as an adult
1:34:15 because it reminds me
1:34:16 I can still be fooled.
1:34:17 Okay?
1:34:18 That’s
1:34:20 so I don’t need
1:34:21 to know everything
1:34:22 I just need to
1:34:23 maintain curiosity.
1:34:25 And you’ve got kids
1:34:25 so.
1:34:27 29 and 25.
1:34:29 Is that the most
1:34:29 meaningful thing
1:34:30 you’ve done
1:34:30 in your life?
1:34:32 Raising kids?
1:34:32 Yeah.
1:34:33 It’s among the
1:34:34 most meaningful things
1:34:35 that I would say
1:34:36 they did a lot
1:34:37 of their own raising
1:34:37 because they’re
1:34:38 highly independent
1:34:40 and so
1:34:41 there’s a limit
1:34:42 to how much
1:34:43 I should take credit
1:34:44 for who and what
1:34:45 they have become.
1:34:46 There are a lot
1:34:47 of what they did
1:34:47 themselves.
1:34:50 But my wife
1:34:51 who’s a science
1:34:51 scientist
1:34:52 she’s a
1:34:53 mathematical physicist
1:34:55 we made sure
1:34:56 that both
1:34:57 our kids
1:34:57 were scientifically
1:34:58 literate
1:34:59 at an early age
1:35:01 by age 13
1:35:02 certified.
1:35:04 So at that point
1:35:04 I said
1:35:05 I don’t care
1:35:05 what grade
1:35:06 you get
1:35:06 from now on
1:35:07 I don’t care
1:35:08 I know
1:35:09 no one
1:35:09 will exploit
1:35:10 you
1:35:11 for your
1:35:12 lack
1:35:13 of curiosity
1:35:13 and knowledge
1:35:14 about the
1:35:16 objective universe.
1:35:18 And
1:35:18 you know
1:35:19 we’d be at
1:35:20 a dinner party
1:35:20 and
1:35:21 they’re like
1:35:22 in middle school
1:35:23 right
1:35:24 and someone
1:35:24 says
1:35:25 oh I had a
1:35:25 bad day
1:35:26 because Mercury
1:35:27 was in retrograde
1:35:28 and
1:35:30 my son
1:35:30 would say
1:35:32 what actually
1:35:32 happened to you
1:35:33 today?
1:35:34 Has that happened
1:35:35 on days
1:35:35 when it was
1:35:35 they know
1:35:36 how to ask
1:35:36 questions
1:35:37 okay?
1:35:38 By the way
1:35:38 if you just
1:35:39 reject what
1:35:40 someone says
1:35:41 outright
1:35:42 that’s as
1:35:43 intellectually lazy
1:35:44 as it is to
1:35:45 accept
1:35:46 what they say
1:35:47 outright.
1:35:48 What’s harder
1:35:49 but I think
1:35:50 more fun
1:35:51 is lining up
1:35:52 a series of
1:35:53 questions to
1:35:54 probe the
1:35:54 statement
1:35:56 to explore
1:35:58 what is going
1:35:58 on in the
1:35:59 thoughts
1:35:59 and in the
1:36:00 claims
1:36:01 of the person
1:36:02 with whom
1:36:02 you’re
1:36:02 conversing
1:36:04 so if
1:36:05 someone says
1:36:05 I have
1:36:05 these
1:36:05 crystals
1:36:06 and you
1:36:06 rub them
1:36:06 together
1:36:07 it’ll heal
1:36:07 you
1:36:08 my kids
1:36:09 would say
1:36:10 what are
1:36:10 the crystals
1:36:11 made of
1:36:12 and what
1:36:13 tests have
1:36:13 you made
1:36:14 for this
1:36:15 and could
1:36:16 the healing
1:36:17 have been
1:36:17 explained
1:36:18 in another
1:36:18 way
1:36:19 and in
1:36:19 what way
1:36:20 are the
1:36:20 crystals
1:36:20 and they
1:36:21 start asking
1:36:22 these questions
1:36:22 and then the
1:36:22 person will
1:36:23 probably just
1:36:23 walk away
1:36:25 because they
1:36:25 would not have
1:36:26 the answers
1:36:26 to all of
1:36:26 them
1:36:27 and then
1:36:27 you know
1:36:28 remember I
1:36:28 said
1:36:29 if an
1:36:29 argument lasts
1:36:30 more than
1:36:30 five minutes
1:36:30 then both
1:36:31 sides
1:36:31 are wrong
1:36:32 the person
1:36:32 there’s
1:36:33 nothing
1:36:33 there’s no
1:36:34 place for
1:36:34 that to
1:36:34 go
1:36:36 to the
1:36:36 truly
1:36:37 curious
1:36:37 person
1:36:38 here’s another
1:36:38 interesting
1:36:39 fact
1:36:39 crystals
1:36:40 represent
1:36:41 the lowest
1:36:41 energy
1:36:42 state
1:36:43 of the
1:36:43 atomic
1:36:44 or molecular
1:36:45 configuration
1:36:45 that is
1:36:46 comprised of
1:36:47 the lowest
1:36:47 energy
1:36:48 state
1:36:49 so people
1:36:49 say I
1:36:49 have
1:36:50 crystal
1:36:50 energy
1:36:50 no you
1:36:51 don’t
1:36:51 you have
1:36:52 the lowest
1:36:52 energy
1:36:52 state
1:36:53 of that
1:36:54 silicon
1:36:54 dioxide
1:36:55 that you’re
1:36:55 calling
1:36:56 quartz
1:36:57 there is
1:36:57 no
1:36:58 energy
1:36:59 you’re going
1:36:59 to take
1:36:59 out of
1:36:59 it
1:37:00 it is in
1:37:00 its lowest
1:37:00 energy
1:37:01 state
1:37:02 these are
1:37:03 people who
1:37:04 have never
1:37:04 had chemistry
1:37:05 and as an
1:37:06 educator I
1:37:07 don’t want to
1:37:07 make fun of
1:37:08 this but when
1:37:10 people think
1:37:10 they know
1:37:11 something and
1:37:12 are audacious
1:37:13 about it when
1:37:13 in fact they
1:37:15 don’t that
1:37:15 makes it much
1:37:16 harder for an
1:37:17 educator to
1:37:17 break through
1:37:19 horoscopes
1:37:23 yeah
1:37:23 yeah
1:37:25 well I’ve got
1:37:25 some stats
1:37:26 for you here
1:37:26 sure
1:37:26 Neil
1:37:27 surveys find
1:37:28 that roughly
1:37:28 80% of
1:37:29 Gen Z
1:37:30 believe in
1:37:30 astrology
1:37:31 to some
1:37:31 degree
1:37:33 72% of
1:37:34 those Gen Z
1:37:34 and millennials
1:37:35 allowed astrology
1:37:36 to influence
1:37:36 major life
1:37:37 decisions like
1:37:37 romance
1:37:38 health work
1:37:39 and education
1:37:41 and many
1:37:41 Gen Z’s
1:37:42 now are
1:37:42 checking their
1:37:43 horoscopes
1:37:44 weekly
1:37:44 yeah
1:37:45 we live
1:37:46 in a free
1:37:46 country
1:37:47 so I don’t
1:37:49 I’m not going
1:37:49 to try to
1:37:50 stop them
1:37:52 what would
1:37:52 be sad
1:37:53 is if that
1:37:53 number got
1:37:54 to 100%
1:37:55 and then
1:37:56 then you
1:37:56 wouldn’t be
1:37:57 generating
1:37:57 scientists
1:37:58 or engineers
1:37:59 or people
1:38:01 who the
1:38:01 objective truths
1:38:02 of the world
1:38:02 matter
1:38:04 and then
1:38:05 the civilization
1:38:06 just goes back
1:38:06 to the cave
1:38:08 where everything
1:38:08 that happened
1:38:09 in the natural
1:38:09 world was
1:38:10 mysterious
1:38:12 created by
1:38:13 forces beyond
1:38:13 our knowledge
1:38:14 and understanding
1:38:15 and
1:38:17 this is the
1:38:19 the title of
1:38:19 one of Carl
1:38:20 Sagan’s books
1:38:20 The Demon
1:38:21 Haunted World
1:38:23 Science as a
1:38:24 Candle in the
1:38:25 Dark
1:38:25 that was the
1:38:26 subtitle
1:38:27 of that book
1:38:28 so
1:38:29 if you want
1:38:30 to think
1:38:30 you’re not in
1:38:31 control of
1:38:31 your fate
1:38:32 because the
1:38:32 sun moon
1:38:32 and planets
1:38:33 are
1:38:34 it’s like
1:38:35 I said
1:38:35 it’s a free
1:38:36 country
1:38:36 is there
1:38:37 anything
1:38:37 that you’ve
1:38:37 learned
1:38:38 that the
1:38:39 universe
1:38:40 does to
1:38:40 influence
1:38:41 us
1:38:43 yeah the
1:38:43 sun rises
1:38:43 and I
1:38:44 wake up
1:38:44 because I
1:38:44 want to
1:38:45 be awake
1:38:45 during the
1:38:45 day
1:38:46 yes
1:38:47 that people
1:38:47 aren’t
1:38:48 yeah the
1:38:48 tide comes
1:38:49 in and I
1:38:49 move my
1:38:51 beach chair
1:38:52 back
1:38:53 because the
1:38:54 tide came in
1:38:55 yeah
1:38:56 there are
1:38:57 things that
1:38:57 influence my
1:38:58 behavior
1:38:59 yes
1:39:02 but it’s
1:39:02 not much
1:39:03 more than
1:39:03 that
1:39:05 earth is
1:39:05 tipped on
1:39:06 its axis
1:39:06 so we have
1:39:07 seasons
1:39:07 I buy
1:39:08 coats and wear
1:39:08 them in the
1:39:09 winter
1:39:09 that
1:39:10 influences
1:39:10 my
1:39:10 behavior
1:39:12 what’s
1:39:12 your
1:39:12 star
1:39:13 sign
1:39:15 well I
1:39:15 once had
1:39:16 someone take
1:39:16 a class
1:39:17 of mine
1:39:18 at the
1:39:18 Hayden
1:39:19 planetarium
1:39:19 that I
1:39:19 taught
1:39:20 on
1:39:21 astrophysics
1:39:22 and at the
1:39:22 end she
1:39:23 like the
1:39:23 second to
1:39:23 last class
1:39:24 she came
1:39:25 and said
1:39:25 oh thank
1:39:25 you
1:39:26 thanks for
1:39:26 the class
1:39:27 I enjoy
1:39:27 I’m enjoying
1:39:28 the class
1:39:29 but I want
1:39:29 you to know
1:39:29 I’m an
1:39:30 astrologer
1:39:31 and I’m
1:39:31 taking the
1:39:32 class so I
1:39:32 can cast
1:39:32 horoscopes
1:39:33 better
1:39:34 so I
1:39:34 said
1:39:35 it’s
1:39:35 really
1:39:35 working
1:39:36 for you
1:39:36 she said
1:39:36 yeah
1:39:36 yeah
1:39:37 yeah
1:39:37 she said
1:39:37 for example
1:39:38 what’s
1:39:38 your
1:39:38 horoscope
1:39:39 sign
1:39:40 and I
1:39:41 said
1:39:43 shouldn’t you
1:39:43 be able to
1:39:44 figure that
1:39:44 out
1:39:47 if all
1:39:47 this works
1:39:48 and you
1:39:49 cast
1:39:49 horoscopes
1:39:50 you ought to
1:39:51 tell me
1:39:51 what my
1:39:52 sign is
1:39:52 she said
1:39:53 okay
1:39:53 okay
1:39:54 she said
1:39:54 are you
1:39:55 Gemini
1:39:55 I said
1:39:55 no
1:39:58 cancer
1:39:58 I said
1:39:59 no
1:40:01 it must
1:40:01 be Leo
1:40:02 I said
1:40:02 no
1:40:03 eight
1:40:04 horoscopes
1:40:04 later
1:40:06 she gets
1:40:07 the correct
1:40:07 answer
1:40:07 and says
1:40:08 I knew
1:40:08 it
1:40:10 so
1:40:11 I’m
1:40:11 simply
1:40:12 saying
1:40:13 that
1:40:14 her
1:40:15 ninth
1:40:15 guess
1:40:16 out of
1:40:17 twelve
1:40:18 was correct
1:40:19 and she
1:40:20 declares
1:40:21 I knew
1:40:21 it
1:40:22 why do
1:40:22 people
1:40:23 want to
1:40:23 believe
1:40:24 in things
1:40:24 like this
1:40:25 I
1:40:26 I think
1:40:26 they
1:40:27 want
1:40:28 the world
1:40:29 to still
1:40:29 have
1:40:29 mysteries
1:40:30 because
1:40:30 mysteries
1:40:31 are beautiful
1:40:31 things
1:40:32 however
1:40:34 the world
1:40:34 still has
1:40:35 mysteries
1:40:35 they’re
1:40:35 just
1:40:35 different
1:40:36 mysteries
1:40:36 from
1:40:36 whatever
1:40:37 there
1:40:37 used
1:40:37 to
1:40:38 be
1:40:39 and
1:40:39 so
1:40:40 follow
1:40:40 the
1:40:40 mysteries
1:40:41 where
1:40:41 they
1:40:41 take
1:40:41 you
1:40:42 and
1:40:42 there’s
1:40:43 another
1:40:43 branch
1:40:44 of all
1:40:44 of us
1:40:45 who
1:40:45 must
1:40:45 have
1:40:45 answers
1:40:46 to
1:40:46 every
1:40:46 question
1:40:48 because
1:40:48 they’re
1:40:48 not
1:40:49 learning
1:40:49 to love
1:40:49 the
1:40:49 questions
1:40:50 they only
1:40:50 want
1:40:50 to love
1:40:51 the
1:40:51 answer
1:40:52 so
1:40:52 they
1:40:52 say
1:40:52 what
1:40:53 was
1:40:53 around
1:40:53 before
1:40:54 the
1:40:54 big
1:40:54 bang
1:40:54 I
1:40:54 said
1:40:54 I
1:40:54 don’t
1:40:55 know
1:40:55 we
1:40:55 got
1:40:55 top
1:40:55 people
1:40:56 something
1:40:56 had
1:40:56 to be
1:40:57 around
1:40:57 I
1:40:57 said
1:40:57 I
1:40:57 don’t
1:40:57 know
1:40:58 must
1:40:58 have
1:40:58 been
1:40:58 God
1:40:59 so
1:41:00 there’s
1:41:00 their
1:41:00 answer
1:41:01 then
1:41:01 they’re
1:41:01 happy
1:41:03 what
1:41:03 happens
1:41:04 after
1:41:04 death
1:41:04 well
1:41:04 it
1:41:04 looks
1:41:05 like
1:41:05 you
1:41:05 rot
1:41:05 in
1:41:05 the
1:41:06 ground
1:41:06 but
1:41:07 otherwise
1:41:07 it’s
1:41:08 got to
1:41:08 be
1:41:09 something
1:41:09 in
1:41:09 your
1:41:09 soul
1:41:10 I
1:41:10 said
1:41:11 there’s
1:41:11 got
1:41:11 to
1:41:12 heaven
1:41:13 okay
1:41:13 that’s
1:41:13 their
1:41:13 answer
1:41:14 they’ve
1:41:14 got
1:41:15 their
1:41:15 answer
1:41:16 and
1:41:16 if
1:41:16 that’s
1:41:17 your
1:41:17 answer
1:41:17 at
1:41:17 every
1:41:18 turn
1:41:18 you
1:41:19 make
1:41:19 a
1:41:19 you’re
1:41:19 not
1:41:20 as
1:41:20 good
1:41:20 an
1:41:21 investigator
1:41:21 of
1:41:22 the
1:41:22 unknown
1:41:23 because
1:41:23 you
1:41:23 just
1:41:24 invented
1:41:24 the
1:41:24 answer
1:41:25 to
1:41:25 the
1:41:25 unknown
1:41:26 you’re
1:41:26 content
1:41:27 what
1:41:27 is
1:41:27 dark
1:41:27 matter
1:41:28 dark
1:41:28 I
1:41:28 don’t
1:41:28 know
1:41:28 we
1:41:28 got
1:41:28 top
1:41:29 people
1:41:29 working
1:41:29 is
1:41:29 that
1:41:30 the
1:41:30 spirit
1:41:31 of
1:41:31 God
1:41:32 okay
1:41:35 then
1:41:35 that
1:41:35 person
1:41:36 won’t
1:41:36 walk
1:41:36 into
1:41:36 a
1:41:36 lab
1:41:36 to
1:41:37 continue
1:41:37 to
1:41:37 study
1:41:38 what
1:41:38 dark
1:41:38 matter
1:41:38 and
1:41:39 dark
1:41:39 energy
1:41:39 is
1:41:40 I
1:41:40 don’t
1:41:41 mind
1:41:41 if
1:41:41 you
1:41:41 want
1:41:41 to
1:41:41 say
1:41:41 it’s
1:41:41 God
1:41:42 but
1:41:42 don’t
1:41:42 let
1:41:42 that
1:41:42 stop
1:41:42 your
1:41:43 curiosity
1:41:44 but
1:41:44 if
1:41:44 you
1:41:44 say
1:41:44 it’s
1:41:44 God
1:41:45 and
1:41:45 then
1:41:45 you’re
1:41:45 done
1:41:47 then
1:41:47 you’re
1:41:47 not
1:41:47 very
1:41:48 useful
1:41:48 in
1:41:48 the
1:41:48 lab
1:41:50 those
1:41:50 people
1:41:50 seem
1:41:51 to be
1:41:51 happier
1:41:51 and
1:41:51 healthier
1:41:52 though
1:41:52 which
1:41:52 is
1:41:52 the
1:41:53 surprising
1:41:53 thing
1:41:53 religious
1:41:54 people
1:41:54 well
1:41:55 again
1:41:55 so
1:41:56 it
1:41:56 could
1:41:56 be
1:41:57 because
1:42:06 I
1:42:07 don’t
1:42:07 know
1:42:07 that
1:42:07 those
1:42:07 are
1:42:08 completely
1:42:08 separable
1:42:09 variables
1:42:10 there
1:42:10 are
1:42:10 people
1:42:10 who
1:42:10 they
1:42:11 love
1:42:11 and
1:42:11 care
1:42:11 about
1:42:11 that
1:42:12 they
1:42:12 see
1:42:12 every
1:42:12 week
1:42:13 which
1:42:13 is
1:42:13 not
1:42:14 happening
1:42:14 with
1:42:14 so
1:42:14 many
1:42:14 people
1:42:15 today
1:42:15 do you
1:42:15 think
1:42:15 you
1:42:16 would
1:42:16 be
1:42:16 happier
1:42:16 if
1:42:16 you
1:42:17 believed
1:42:17 in
1:42:17 God
1:42:18 I’m
1:42:18 a
1:42:19 pretty
1:42:19 happy
1:42:19 guy
1:42:20 do you
1:42:20 think
1:42:21 you’d
1:42:21 be
1:42:21 happier
1:42:23 I
1:42:23 don’t
1:42:23 know
1:42:23 I
1:42:23 see
1:42:24 people
1:42:24 I’ve
1:42:24 seen
1:42:24 very
1:42:25 happy
1:42:25 people
1:42:27 in
1:42:28 celebrating
1:42:29 their
1:42:29 version
1:42:29 of
1:42:29 God
1:42:31 but
1:42:31 then
1:42:31 there
1:42:31 are
1:42:31 other
1:42:32 people
1:42:32 who
1:42:32 are
1:42:32 really
1:42:32 happy
1:42:33 in
1:42:33 their
1:42:33 version
1:42:33 of
1:42:33 God
1:42:34 and
1:42:35 here’s
1:42:35 the
1:42:35 problem
1:42:37 deeply
1:42:38 religious
1:42:38 people
1:42:40 typically
1:42:41 find
1:42:41 other
1:42:42 religions
1:42:45 deeply
1:42:45 religious
1:42:45 people
1:42:45 will
1:42:46 declare
1:42:47 for
1:42:47 themselves
1:42:47 and
1:42:47 others
1:42:48 in
1:42:48 that
1:42:48 religion
1:42:48 that
1:42:48 all
1:42:49 the
1:42:49 other
1:42:49 religions
1:42:49 are
1:42:50 false
1:42:51 false
1:42:52 and
1:42:52 if
1:42:53 not
1:42:53 false
1:42:53 just
1:42:54 make
1:42:54 preposterous
1:42:55 claims
1:42:56 it
1:42:56 is
1:42:56 so
1:42:57 obvious
1:42:57 to
1:42:57 them
1:42:57 how
1:42:58 false
1:42:58 all
1:42:58 the
1:42:59 other
1:42:59 religions
1:42:59 are
1:43:00 now
1:43:00 you
1:43:00 go
1:43:00 to
1:43:00 this
1:43:01 religion
1:43:02 it
1:43:02 is
1:43:03 obvious
1:43:03 how
1:43:03 preposterous
1:43:04 the
1:43:04 rest
1:43:04 of
1:43:04 the
1:43:04 religions
1:43:05 are
1:43:05 you
1:43:05 go
1:43:06 around
1:43:06 religion
1:43:06 to
1:43:07 religion
1:43:09 and
1:43:11 so
1:43:12 what’s
1:43:12 really
1:43:12 going on
1:43:13 here
1:43:13 is
1:43:13 devout
1:43:14 people
1:43:14 in
1:43:14 so
1:43:14 many
1:43:15 of
1:43:15 these
1:43:15 religions
1:43:16 are
1:43:16 atheists
1:43:17 to
1:43:18 every
1:43:18 religion
1:43:19 but
1:43:19 their
1:43:19 own
1:43:22 every
1:43:22 religion
1:43:22 but
1:43:22 their
1:43:23 own
1:43:24 okay
1:43:25 how
1:43:25 can
1:43:25 a
1:43:25 mountain
1:43:26 move
1:43:26 to
1:43:26 Muhammad
1:43:27 that
1:43:27 can’t
1:43:27 be
1:43:28 okay
1:43:29 oh
1:43:29 but
1:43:29 yes
1:43:30 the
1:43:30 creator
1:43:30 of the
1:43:30 universe
1:43:31 impregnated
1:43:32 a woman
1:43:32 in the
1:43:32 Middle
1:43:32 East
1:43:34 2000
1:43:34 years
1:43:34 ago
1:43:35 that’s
1:43:36 more
1:43:36 believable
1:43:36 than
1:43:37 anything
1:43:38 in the
1:43:38 Quran
1:43:38 for this
1:43:39 person
1:43:40 okay
1:43:41 and then
1:43:41 the
1:43:41 Jews
1:43:41 are you
1:43:41 saying
1:43:42 Jesus
1:43:42 is the
1:43:43 son
1:43:43 of
1:43:43 God
1:43:44 are you
1:43:45 crazy
1:43:45 where’d
1:43:45 you get
1:43:46 that
1:43:46 from
1:43:46 he’s a
1:43:46 good
1:43:46 Jew
1:43:47 nice
1:43:47 prophet
1:43:48 but
1:43:48 son
1:43:48 of
1:43:49 God
1:43:49 you’re
1:43:49 going
1:43:49 too
1:43:50 far
1:43:50 so
1:43:51 everybody’s
1:43:52 saying
1:43:52 what’s
1:43:52 not
1:43:52 true
1:43:53 so
1:43:54 the
1:43:54 atheist
1:43:54 for
1:43:55 every
1:43:55 other
1:43:56 they
1:43:56 just
1:43:56 don’t
1:43:56 believe
1:43:57 any
1:43:57 other
1:43:57 religion
1:43:58 whereas
1:43:58 an
1:43:59 actual
1:43:59 atheist
1:44:00 just
1:44:00 has
1:44:00 one
1:44:00 more
1:44:01 religion
1:44:01 to
1:44:01 that
1:44:02 category
1:44:04 it’s
1:44:04 your
1:44:04 religion
1:44:06 the
1:44:07 atheist
1:44:07 agrees
1:44:07 with
1:44:07 you
1:44:07 that
1:44:08 all
1:44:08 the
1:44:08 other
1:44:08 religions
1:44:08 are
1:44:09 preposterous
1:44:10 in
1:44:10 their
1:44:10 claims
1:44:12 but
1:44:12 they
1:44:12 also
1:44:12 believe
1:44:13 they
1:44:13 also
1:44:14 think
1:44:14 your
1:44:14 religion
1:44:15 is
1:44:16 preposterous
1:44:17 and
1:44:17 people
1:44:17 don’t
1:44:18 accept
1:44:18 that
1:44:18 they
1:44:19 don’t
1:44:19 it
1:44:19 doesn’t
1:44:20 land
1:44:20 well
1:44:21 so
1:44:21 I
1:44:21 don’t
1:44:21 have
1:44:21 any
1:44:22 problems
1:44:22 with
1:44:22 people
1:44:22 being
1:44:22 religious
1:44:23 I
1:44:23 don’t
1:44:23 have
1:44:23 any
1:44:24 issues
1:44:24 with
1:44:24 that
1:44:25 it’s
1:44:26 I
1:44:27 don’t
1:44:27 try
1:44:27 to
1:44:28 impose
1:44:28 my
1:44:29 other
1:44:30 people
1:44:30 try
1:44:30 to
1:44:30 do
1:44:30 it
1:44:31 I’ve
1:44:32 seen
1:44:32 them
1:44:32 do
1:44:32 this
1:44:33 I
1:44:33 have
1:44:33 a
1:44:34 quote
1:44:35 where
1:44:35 I’m
1:44:35 misquoted
1:44:36 just
1:44:37 because
1:44:37 they
1:44:37 want
1:44:38 me
1:44:38 on
1:44:38 their
1:44:38 side
1:44:39 okay
1:44:40 you
1:44:40 ready
1:44:40 it’s
1:44:40 a
1:44:40 simple
1:44:41 quote
1:44:45 if
1:44:45 every
1:44:46 time
1:44:46 I
1:44:46 tell
1:44:46 you
1:44:47 science
1:44:48 doesn’t
1:44:48 understand
1:44:48 it
1:44:49 and
1:44:49 you
1:44:49 say
1:44:49 well
1:44:49 God
1:44:49 must
1:44:50 be
1:44:50 that
1:44:51 God
1:44:51 made
1:44:51 the
1:44:52 universe
1:44:52 because
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1:44:52 don’t
1:44:53 God
1:44:53 made
1:44:53 life
1:44:54 because
1:44:54 we
1:44:54 don’t
1:44:54 know
1:44:54 how
1:44:54 to
1:44:54 make
1:44:54 life
1:44:55 yet
1:44:55 God
1:44:56 if
1:44:56 that’s
1:44:57 if
1:44:57 that
1:44:58 is
1:44:58 your
1:44:58 definition
1:44:59 and
1:44:59 understanding
1:44:59 of
1:45:00 God
1:45:02 then
1:45:02 as
1:45:02 science
1:45:03 progresses
1:45:04 it
1:45:04 will
1:45:05 solve
1:45:05 these
1:45:05 questions
1:45:09 pushing
1:45:09 the
1:45:09 God
1:45:10 back
1:45:11 outward
1:45:13 to
1:45:13 places
1:45:13 that
1:45:13 have
1:45:14 yet
1:45:14 to
1:45:14 be
1:45:15 discovered
1:45:16 and
1:45:16 so
1:45:16 the
1:45:17 quote
1:45:17 is
1:45:18 if
1:45:18 to
1:45:18 you
1:45:19 God
1:45:19 is
1:45:20 where
1:45:20 science
1:45:20 has
1:45:20 yet
1:45:21 to
1:45:21 tread
1:45:23 then
1:45:24 God
1:45:24 is
1:45:24 an
1:45:24 ever
1:45:25 receding
1:45:26 pocket
1:45:27 of
1:45:27 scientific
1:45:28 ignorance
1:45:30 that
1:45:32 references
1:45:32 what
1:45:33 philosophers
1:45:33 are called
1:45:33 God
1:45:34 of the
1:45:34 gaps
1:45:35 it
1:45:35 goes
1:45:35 way
1:45:36 back
1:45:36 thousands
1:45:37 of
1:45:37 years
1:45:38 we
1:45:38 don’t
1:45:38 understand
1:45:38 it
1:45:38 there’s
1:45:38 a
1:45:39 God
1:45:39 the
1:45:40 storm
1:45:40 is
1:45:40 Poseidon
1:45:41 okay
1:45:42 lightning
1:45:42 boat
1:45:42 struck
1:45:43 it’s
1:45:43 Zeus
1:45:44 right
1:45:45 that’s
1:45:45 God
1:45:45 of
1:45:45 the
1:45:45 gaps
1:45:46 God
1:45:46 of
1:45:46 the
1:45:46 gaps
1:45:46 is
1:45:46 a
1:45:47 time
1:45:47 honored
1:45:48 exercise
1:45:49 in
1:45:49 human
1:45:50 civilization
1:45:51 and
1:45:51 all
1:45:51 I’m
1:45:51 saying
1:45:52 is
1:45:53 that
1:45:53 statement
1:45:55 is
1:45:56 objectively
1:45:57 true
1:45:57 because
1:45:57 it’s
1:45:57 an
1:45:58 if
1:45:58 statement
1:45:59 if
1:46:00 to
1:46:00 you
1:46:01 God
1:46:01 is
1:46:01 where
1:46:02 science
1:46:02 has
1:46:02 yet
1:46:02 to
1:46:02 tread
1:46:03 then
1:46:03 as
1:46:04 science
1:46:04 continues
1:46:04 to
1:46:05 tread
1:46:05 you’re
1:46:05 a
1:46:06 pocket
1:46:06 a
1:46:06 shrinking
1:46:07 pocket
1:46:07 of
1:46:08 scientific
1:46:08 that’s
1:46:09 your
1:46:09 God
1:46:10 okay
1:46:11 it’s
1:46:11 not
1:46:11 an
1:46:12 opinion
1:46:12 that’s
1:46:13 a
1:46:13 statement
1:46:14 of
1:46:14 an
1:46:14 if
1:46:14 statement
1:46:15 the
1:46:15 consequences
1:46:15 of
1:46:15 an
1:46:16 if
1:46:16 statement
1:46:16 I’ve
1:46:16 had
1:46:16 people
1:46:17 take
1:46:17 the
1:46:17 second
1:46:18 half
1:46:18 and put
1:46:18 it
1:46:18 on
1:46:18 a
1:46:18 t-shirt
1:46:21 God
1:46:21 is
1:46:21 an
1:46:21 ever
1:46:22 receding
1:46:22 pocket
1:46:22 of
1:46:23 scientific
1:46:24 ignorance
1:46:25 Neil deGrasse Tyson
1:46:26 is not
1:46:26 what I
1:46:26 said
1:46:28 that’s
1:46:29 half
1:46:29 of what
1:46:29 I
1:46:29 said
1:46:30 and
1:46:30 that’s
1:46:31 only
1:46:31 true
1:46:31 if
1:46:32 to
1:46:32 you
1:46:32 God
1:46:33 is
1:46:33 where
1:46:34 science
1:46:34 has
1:46:34 yet
1:46:34 to
1:46:34 tread
1:46:35 but
1:46:35 to
1:46:35 pull
1:46:36 that
1:46:36 out
1:46:36 and
1:46:36 make
1:46:36 that
1:46:36 the
1:46:37 truth
1:46:37 no
1:46:38 I
1:46:38 would
1:46:39 never
1:46:39 make
1:46:39 such
1:46:39 a
1:46:40 statement
1:46:41 ever
1:46:42 you’re
1:46:42 66
1:46:43 right
1:46:44 hang on
1:46:45 hang on
1:46:47 I will
1:46:48 be 67
1:46:49 in a month
1:46:50 in a month
1:46:50 okay
1:46:51 so
1:46:51 a month
1:46:51 from this
1:46:52 recording
1:46:52 so I’m
1:46:53 33
1:46:53 okay
1:46:54 half my age
1:46:55 exactly
1:46:55 half
1:46:57 I was
1:46:57 wondering
1:46:58 you’re a
1:46:59 very wise
1:46:59 man
1:47:00 what is
1:47:01 the advice
1:47:02 that you
1:47:02 wish
1:47:02 someone had
1:47:03 said to
1:47:03 you
1:47:04 at
1:47:05 33
1:47:06 that
1:47:06 you
1:47:06 could
1:47:06 give
1:47:06 to
1:47:06 me
1:47:07 now
1:47:08 I
1:47:08 have
1:47:09 no
1:47:09 such
1:47:10 advice
1:47:10 and
1:47:10 I’ll
1:47:10 tell
1:47:10 you
1:47:10 why
1:47:12 if
1:47:12 you’re
1:47:13 alert
1:47:14 and
1:47:14 you’re
1:47:14 smart
1:47:15 alert
1:47:16 meaning
1:47:16 you
1:47:16 notice
1:47:16 things
1:47:17 and
1:47:17 you’re
1:47:17 smart
1:47:19 and
1:47:19 you
1:47:20 you
1:47:21 learn
1:47:28 living
1:47:28 life
1:47:29 itself
1:47:30 is
1:47:30 the
1:47:31 lesson
1:47:34 so
1:47:34 so
1:47:34 a
1:47:35 version
1:47:35 of
1:47:35 what
1:47:35 you
1:47:35 just
1:47:36 asked
1:47:36 is
1:47:37 what
1:47:37 given
1:47:37 what
1:47:38 you
1:47:38 know
1:47:38 today
1:47:38 what
1:47:39 would
1:47:39 you
1:47:39 tell
1:47:40 yourself
1:47:40 if
1:47:40 you
1:47:40 met
1:47:41 yourself
1:47:41 when
1:47:41 you
1:47:41 were
1:47:42 15
1:47:42 20
1:47:43 25
1:47:43 30
1:47:43 whatever
1:47:44 and
1:47:45 I
1:47:45 said
1:47:45 I
1:47:45 wouldn’t
1:47:45 tell
1:47:45 him
1:47:46 anything
1:47:47 because
1:47:48 if
1:47:48 I
1:47:48 gave
1:47:49 a bit
1:47:49 of
1:47:49 wisdom
1:47:51 I
1:47:51 said
1:47:52 you’re
1:47:52 about
1:47:52 to
1:47:52 do
1:47:53 that
1:47:53 but
1:47:53 don’t
1:47:53 do
1:47:54 that
1:47:55 okay
1:47:57 there’s
1:47:57 no
1:47:57 better
1:47:58 lesson
1:47:58 than
1:47:59 doing
1:47:59 something
1:48:00 and
1:48:00 learning
1:48:00 that
1:48:01 you
1:48:01 shouldn’t
1:48:01 do
1:48:01 it
1:48:02 that’s
1:48:02 the
1:48:03 best
1:48:03 lesson
1:48:05 we
1:48:05 don’t
1:48:05 live
1:48:05 life
1:48:05 because
1:48:06 there’s
1:48:06 a list
1:48:06 of
1:48:06 things
1:48:07 that
1:48:07 other
1:48:07 people
1:48:07 said
1:48:08 don’t
1:48:08 do
1:48:08 you’re
1:48:08 going
1:48:08 to
1:48:09 explore
1:48:09 your
1:48:10 life
1:48:10 that’s
1:48:11 what
1:48:11 you’re
1:48:11 going
1:48:11 to
1:48:11 do
1:48:12 and
1:48:13 some
1:48:13 things
1:48:13 are
1:48:13 great
1:48:13 and
1:48:14 some
1:48:14 things
1:48:14 you
1:48:14 don’t
1:48:14 want
1:48:14 to
1:48:14 do
1:48:15 again
1:48:15 some
1:48:15 things
1:48:15 you’re
1:48:16 bad
1:48:18 that’s
1:48:18 where
1:48:18 the
1:48:19 wisdom
1:48:19 comes
1:48:20 from
1:48:25 it’s
1:48:26 the
1:48:28 strongest
1:48:28 kind
1:48:29 of
1:48:29 wisdom
1:48:29 you
1:48:29 can
1:48:29 have
1:48:30 provided
1:48:30 you
1:48:31 learn
1:48:31 from
1:48:31 a
1:48:31 mistake
1:48:32 if
1:48:32 you’re
1:48:32 just
1:48:33 an
1:48:33 idiot
1:48:33 and
1:48:33 you
1:48:33 just
1:48:34 keep
1:48:34 making
1:48:34 the
1:48:34 mistake
1:48:35 my
1:48:36 advice
1:48:36 for you
1:48:36 is
1:48:37 don’t
1:48:37 make
1:48:37 the
1:48:37 same
1:48:37 mistake
1:48:38 twice
1:48:38 but
1:48:39 you’ll
1:48:39 need
1:48:39 me
1:48:40 for
1:48:40 that
1:48:42 so
1:48:42 you’ll
1:48:42 make
1:48:42 a
1:48:43 decision
1:48:43 about
1:48:43 this
1:48:44 podcast
1:48:44 or
1:48:44 some
1:48:44 business
1:48:45 decision
1:48:45 and
1:48:45 no
1:48:46 it
1:48:46 didn’t
1:48:46 turn
1:48:46 out
1:48:46 right
1:48:47 here’s
1:48:47 a
1:48:48 better
1:48:48 example
1:48:48 of
1:48:48 this
1:48:48 ready
1:48:50 this
1:48:50 very
1:48:50 American
1:48:51 kind
1:48:51 of
1:48:51 story
1:48:51 I’m
1:48:51 about
1:48:52 to
1:48:52 tell
1:48:53 immigrant
1:48:53 comes
1:48:53 over
1:48:55 back
1:48:55 when
1:48:55 that
1:48:55 was
1:48:55 a
1:48:56 thing
1:48:56 you
1:48:56 could
1:48:56 do
1:48:57 comes
1:48:57 to
1:48:57 the
1:48:57 United
1:48:58 States
1:48:59 and
1:48:59 they
1:48:59 work
1:49:00 hard
1:49:01 very
1:49:01 hard
1:49:02 working
1:49:03 they
1:49:04 first
1:49:04 sweep
1:49:05 the
1:49:05 street
1:49:05 in front
1:49:06 of a
1:49:06 store
1:49:06 front
1:49:07 and
1:49:07 then
1:49:07 they’re
1:49:07 in
1:49:07 the
1:49:08 store
1:49:08 and
1:49:08 they
1:49:08 learn
1:49:08 the
1:49:09 trade
1:49:09 and
1:49:09 then
1:49:10 the
1:49:10 owner
1:49:10 dies
1:49:11 and
1:49:11 they
1:49:11 take
1:49:11 over
1:49:11 the
1:49:12 trade
1:49:12 and
1:49:12 they’re
1:49:13 working
1:49:13 hard
1:49:13 and
1:49:13 they’re
1:49:14 scrapping
1:49:20 he
1:49:20 lives
1:49:21 in
1:49:21 a
1:49:21 big
1:49:21 house
1:49:21 and
1:49:22 he
1:49:22 has
1:49:22 kids
1:49:23 okay
1:49:25 and
1:49:25 he
1:49:25 says
1:49:25 to
1:49:26 himself
1:49:29 when
1:49:29 I
1:49:29 was
1:49:30 your
1:49:30 age
1:49:31 I
1:49:31 had
1:49:31 to
1:49:33 scrounge
1:49:33 for
1:49:34 food
1:49:35 and
1:49:35 I
1:49:35 had
1:49:35 to
1:49:35 sweep
1:49:36 things
1:49:36 and
1:49:36 I
1:49:37 want
1:49:37 to
1:49:37 make
1:49:37 sure
1:49:38 my
1:49:38 kids
1:49:39 don’t
1:49:39 have
1:49:39 to
1:49:39 do
1:49:39 that
1:49:41 I
1:49:41 want
1:49:41 to
1:49:41 make
1:49:42 sure
1:49:42 they
1:49:42 don’t
1:49:42 have
1:49:42 to
1:49:42 do
1:49:42 that
1:49:43 okay
1:49:44 so
1:49:45 you
1:49:45 provide
1:49:46 things
1:49:47 for
1:49:47 them
1:49:48 so
1:49:49 they
1:49:49 don’t
1:49:49 have
1:49:49 to
1:49:49 do
1:49:49 this
1:49:50 and
1:49:50 now
1:49:50 they
1:49:51 grow
1:49:51 up
1:49:51 and
1:49:51 they’re
1:49:52 adults
1:49:54 and
1:49:54 they’re
1:49:55 deadbeats
1:49:57 they have
1:49:57 no
1:49:57 motivation
1:49:58 they have
1:49:58 no
1:49:59 ambition
1:50:00 they have
1:50:00 no
1:50:01 vision
1:50:02 statement
1:50:03 because
1:50:03 everything
1:50:04 got
1:50:04 handed
1:50:04 to
1:50:04 them
1:50:05 and
1:50:05 what
1:50:05 does
1:50:05 the
1:50:06 adult
1:50:06 say
1:50:06 to
1:50:06 the
1:50:07 kids
1:50:08 where
1:50:08 did
1:50:09 I
1:50:09 go
1:50:09 wrong
1:50:10 I
1:50:10 gave
1:50:10 you
1:50:11 everything
1:50:11 I
1:50:12 didn’t
1:50:12 have
1:50:14 that’s
1:50:14 where
1:50:14 they
1:50:14 went
1:50:15 wrong
1:50:16 because
1:50:16 they
1:50:16 gave
1:50:16 the
1:50:17 kids
1:50:17 everything
1:50:17 you
1:50:17 didn’t
1:50:17 have
1:50:18 and
1:50:18 what
1:50:18 made
1:50:19 that
1:50:19 person
1:50:20 was
1:50:20 what
1:50:20 they
1:50:21 struggled
1:50:21 the
1:50:22 decisions
1:50:22 they had
1:50:23 to make
1:50:23 the
1:50:23 decisions
1:50:23 they got
1:50:24 right
1:50:24 the decisions
1:50:25 they got
1:50:25 wrong
1:50:26 who
1:50:26 they met
1:50:27 how they
1:50:27 treated
1:50:27 people
1:50:28 this is
1:50:29 life
1:50:29 experience
1:50:31 and
1:50:31 it
1:50:31 and it
1:50:31 doesn’t
1:50:31 come
1:50:32 on a
1:50:32 bumper
1:50:32 sticker
1:50:33 doesn’t
1:50:34 come
1:50:34 on a
1:50:34 what’s
1:50:35 the
1:50:35 secret
1:50:37 it’s
1:50:37 like
1:50:37 going
1:50:37 to
1:50:37 someone’s
1:50:38 home
1:50:38 and
1:50:38 one
1:50:38 of
1:50:39 the
1:50:40 hosts
1:50:41 is
1:50:42 actually
1:50:42 a
1:50:42 trained
1:50:42 chef
1:50:43 right
1:50:43 and
1:50:43 maybe
1:50:44 worked
1:50:44 in a
1:50:44 restaurant
1:50:44 and
1:50:45 they
1:50:45 prepared
1:50:45 this
1:50:46 exquisite
1:50:46 meal
1:50:48 and
1:50:48 you
1:50:48 said
1:50:48 this
1:50:48 is
1:50:49 delicious
1:50:50 what’s
1:50:50 your
1:50:51 secret
1:50:53 oh
1:50:53 the
1:50:53 secret
1:50:54 I
1:50:55 went
1:50:55 to
1:50:55 chef
1:50:55 school
1:50:55 for
1:50:56 six
1:50:56 years
1:50:57 that’s
1:50:57 the
1:50:57 secret
1:50:59 you’re
1:50:59 thinking
1:50:59 this
1:50:59 is
1:50:59 one
1:51:00 sentence
1:51:00 I
1:51:00 could
1:51:01 tell
1:51:01 you
1:51:01 and
1:51:01 then
1:51:02 that’ll
1:51:02 make
1:51:02 everything
1:51:03 better
1:51:04 no
1:51:05 no
1:51:07 just
1:51:07 stay
1:51:08 alert
1:51:09 learn
1:51:09 new
1:51:09 stuff
1:51:09 every
1:51:10 day
1:51:11 and
1:51:11 learn
1:51:11 from
1:51:12 your
1:51:12 mistakes
1:51:13 because
1:51:13 those
1:51:14 lessons
1:51:14 are
1:51:14 greater
1:51:16 than
1:51:16 someone
1:51:16 just
1:51:17 telling
1:51:17 you
1:51:17 to
1:51:17 not
1:51:18 do
1:51:18 it
1:51:20 then
1:51:20 you
1:51:20 have
1:51:21 no
1:51:21 such
1:51:21 life
1:51:22 experience
1:51:22 to
1:51:22 build
1:51:23 into
1:51:23 the
1:51:23 wisdom
1:51:24 that
1:51:24 you
1:51:24 want
1:51:25 to
1:51:25 acquire
1:51:26 in
1:51:26 the
1:51:26 years
1:51:26 to
1:51:27 come
1:51:27 my
1:51:28 last
1:51:28 question
1:51:28 for
1:51:28 you
1:51:29 is
1:51:29 I
1:51:29 hear
1:51:30 it
1:51:30 I
1:51:30 didn’t
1:51:30 think
1:51:30 you’d
1:51:30 ever
1:51:31 have
1:51:31 a
1:51:31 last
1:51:31 question
1:51:33 no
1:51:34 yeah
1:51:34 I
1:51:34 mean
1:51:34 for
1:51:34 now
1:51:34 I
1:51:35 should
1:51:35 say
1:51:35 my
1:51:35 last
1:51:35 question
1:51:35 for
1:51:36 now
1:51:36 but
1:51:36 my
1:51:37 last
1:51:37 question
1:51:37 for
1:51:37 now
1:51:38 and
1:51:38 I
1:51:38 hear
1:51:38 it
1:51:39 in
1:51:39 between
1:51:39 some
1:51:39 of
1:51:39 the
1:51:40 things
1:51:40 you
1:51:40 say
1:51:41 is
1:51:41 and
1:51:41 I
1:51:41 moved
1:51:42 here
1:51:42 so
1:51:42 I
1:51:42 moved
1:51:42 to
1:51:43 Los
1:51:43 Angeles
1:51:43 how
1:51:44 do
1:51:44 you
1:51:44 feel
1:51:44 about
1:51:45 America
1:51:45 right
1:51:45 now
1:51:47 well
1:51:48 you
1:51:48 know
1:51:48 it’s
1:51:48 a
1:51:48 free
1:51:49 country
1:51:49 and
1:51:49 we
1:51:49 vote
1:51:49 in
1:51:50 our
1:51:50 leaders
1:51:51 and
1:51:52 right
1:51:52 now
1:51:52 there’s
1:51:52 a whole
1:51:53 set
1:51:53 of
1:51:53 people
1:51:53 in
1:51:53 charge
1:51:55 that
1:51:55 are
1:51:55 doing
1:51:55 different
1:51:56 things
1:51:56 from
1:51:56 what
1:51:56 had
1:51:56 happened
1:51:56 in
1:51:57 previous
1:51:59 years
1:52:00 leaders
1:52:01 even
1:52:01 previous
1:52:02 leaders
1:52:02 of
1:52:02 that
1:52:03 same
1:52:03 political
1:52:03 party
1:52:04 what’s
1:52:05 going
1:52:05 on
1:52:05 is
1:52:05 very
1:52:05 different
1:52:06 from
1:52:07 anything
1:52:07 that I
1:52:07 think
1:52:08 people
1:52:08 would
1:52:08 have
1:52:08 predicted
1:52:09 a lot
1:52:09 of
1:52:10 people
1:52:10 like
1:52:12 complaining
1:52:12 about
1:52:13 leadership
1:52:14 but
1:52:15 we live
1:52:15 in a
1:52:15 country
1:52:15 where
1:52:16 we
1:52:16 choose
1:52:16 our
1:52:16 leaders
1:52:17 so
1:52:17 we’re
1:52:17 going
1:52:18 to
1:52:18 complain
1:52:18 about
1:52:18 the
1:52:18 leadership
1:52:19 you
1:52:19 should
1:52:19 be
1:52:20 complaining
1:52:20 about
1:52:20 the
1:52:20 people
1:52:22 about
1:52:22 the
1:52:22 electorate
1:52:23 I’m
1:52:23 an
1:52:24 educator
1:52:24 I’ve
1:52:25 never
1:52:26 I’ve
1:52:27 never
1:52:30 complained
1:52:31 about
1:52:31 politicians
1:52:33 they
1:52:33 represent
1:52:34 people
1:52:35 I
1:52:36 was
1:52:36 once
1:52:36 in
1:52:36 the
1:52:37 Rayburn
1:52:37 office
1:52:38 building
1:52:39 Washington
1:52:40 D.C.
1:52:40 in the
1:52:41 science
1:52:41 committee’s
1:52:42 room
1:52:43 beautifully
1:52:43 decorated
1:52:43 with
1:52:44 science
1:52:46 art
1:52:46 and
1:52:47 sculptures
1:52:47 and
1:52:47 things
1:52:48 one
1:52:48 of
1:52:48 the
1:52:48 members
1:52:48 of
1:52:49 the
1:52:49 science
1:52:49 committee
1:52:49 back
1:52:50 then
1:52:51 was
1:52:51 a
1:52:51 young
1:52:51 earth
1:52:52 creationist
1:52:54 young
1:52:55 earth
1:52:55 creationist
1:52:56 universe
1:52:57 created
1:52:57 in
1:52:57 six
1:52:58 days
1:52:58 earth
1:52:58 created
1:52:58 in
1:52:59 6,000
1:52:59 years
1:53:00 at
1:53:00 most
1:53:01 10,000
1:53:01 years
1:53:02 and I
1:53:02 knew he
1:53:03 was going
1:53:03 to be
1:53:03 there
1:53:04 and I
1:53:04 thought
1:53:04 to
1:53:04 myself
1:53:05 do I
1:53:06 grab him
1:53:06 by the
1:53:06 lapels
1:53:07 and say
1:53:07 what do
1:53:07 you
1:53:07 think
1:53:08 you
1:53:08 on a
1:53:08 science
1:53:08 committee
1:53:09 and I
1:53:09 thought
1:53:10 no
1:53:11 no
1:53:13 if he
1:53:14 thinks
1:53:14 that
1:53:16 presumably
1:53:17 so does
1:53:17 his
1:53:18 electorate
1:53:19 they
1:53:19 voted
1:53:20 him
1:53:20 in
1:53:22 and
1:53:22 this
1:53:22 electorate
1:53:22 of
1:53:23 fellow
1:53:23 citizens
1:53:24 as am
1:53:24 I
1:53:25 in
1:53:25 this
1:53:25 country
1:53:27 so I
1:53:27 can’t
1:53:27 indict
1:53:28 him
1:53:28 let me
1:53:29 go have
1:53:29 a
1:53:29 conversation
1:53:29 with
1:53:30 the
1:53:30 folks
1:53:30 who
1:53:30 voted
1:53:31 for
1:53:31 him
1:53:32 I
1:53:32 said
1:53:32 why do
1:53:32 you
1:53:33 think
1:53:33 this
1:53:33 and
1:53:34 consider
1:53:34 this
1:53:34 and
1:53:35 that’s
1:53:35 my
1:53:35 duty
1:53:36 as an
1:53:36 educator
1:53:37 not to
1:53:37 hit
1:53:37 anybody
1:53:37 on the
1:53:38 head
1:53:38 who’s
1:53:38 in
1:53:39 Washington
1:53:39 so
1:53:39 so
1:53:39 so
1:53:39 we
1:53:40 blame
1:53:40 the
1:53:40 educators
1:53:40 and
1:53:40 the
1:53:41 media
1:53:41 people
1:53:41 like
1:53:42 you
1:53:42 know
1:53:42 people
1:53:42 like
1:53:42 me
1:53:42 that
1:53:44 no
1:53:44 that’s
1:53:45 the
1:53:46 blame
1:53:46 game
1:53:46 is
1:53:47 I
1:53:47 don’t
1:53:48 feel
1:53:48 that
1:53:48 way
1:53:50 my
1:53:50 parents
1:53:51 when
1:53:51 we
1:53:51 they
1:53:52 showed
1:53:52 us
1:53:52 the
1:53:52 images
1:53:54 of
1:53:54 the
1:53:55 dogs
1:53:55 and
1:53:55 the
1:53:56 water
1:53:56 hoses
1:53:56 on
1:53:57 the
1:53:57 protesters
1:53:58 in
1:53:58 the
1:53:58 south
1:53:59 American
1:53:59 south
1:54:01 they
1:54:01 were
1:54:01 never
1:54:02 bitter
1:54:03 they
1:54:03 said
1:54:04 these
1:54:04 people
1:54:05 don’t
1:54:05 know
1:54:05 any
1:54:06 better
1:54:06 they
1:54:07 don’t
1:54:07 know
1:54:07 any
1:54:07 differently
1:54:08 have
1:54:08 to
1:54:09 talk
1:54:09 to
1:54:09 them
1:54:09 and
1:54:11 you
1:54:11 know
1:54:11 teach
1:54:11 them
1:54:13 that’s
1:54:13 very
1:54:13 different
1:54:13 from
1:54:14 saying
1:54:15 holding
1:54:15 up
1:54:15 your
1:54:15 fist
1:54:16 saying
1:54:16 I’m
1:54:16 going
1:54:16 to
1:54:17 fight
1:54:17 them
1:54:17 because
1:54:17 they’re
1:54:18 my
1:54:18 enemy
1:54:19 it’s
1:54:20 I
1:54:20 want
1:54:20 to
1:54:20 teach
1:54:21 them
1:54:21 because
1:54:21 they’re
1:54:21 my
1:54:22 fellow
1:54:23 citizens
1:54:24 and
1:54:24 that’s
1:54:24 how
1:54:24 I
1:54:25 feel
1:54:26 so
1:54:27 my
1:54:27 worry
1:54:28 is
1:54:28 that
1:54:29 there
1:54:29 are
1:54:29 decisions
1:54:30 made
1:54:30 that are
1:54:30 not in
1:54:31 the
1:54:31 best
1:54:31 interest
1:54:31 of
1:54:31 the
1:54:32 people
1:54:32 who
1:54:32 voted
1:54:32 for
1:54:33 those
1:54:33 decisions
1:54:34 the
1:54:34 longer
1:54:34 term
1:54:35 implications
1:54:38 could be
1:54:38 devastating
1:54:38 if you
1:54:39 cut
1:54:39 basic
1:54:40 science
1:54:41 basic
1:54:42 science
1:54:42 feeds
1:54:43 engineering
1:54:43 engineering
1:54:44 feeds
1:54:44 economies
1:54:46 and so
1:54:46 if you
1:54:46 don’t
1:54:46 think
1:54:47 basic
1:54:47 science
1:54:47 matters
1:54:48 because
1:54:48 you
1:54:48 don’t
1:54:49 either
1:54:49 understand
1:54:50 the title
1:54:50 of the
1:54:50 research
1:54:51 or
1:54:51 the
1:54:52 scientist
1:54:52 didn’t
1:54:52 communicate
1:54:53 it
1:54:53 interestingly
1:54:54 enough
1:54:54 whatever
1:54:55 and you
1:54:56 say
1:54:56 this is
1:54:56 a waste
1:54:57 of money
1:54:57 take it
1:54:57 all out
1:54:58 let’s
1:54:58 just do
1:54:58 the
1:54:59 engineering
1:55:00 you’ll
1:55:00 be
1:55:01 ossified
1:55:01 in place
1:55:02 and is
1:55:02 that
1:55:02 what’s
1:55:02 happened
1:55:03 we are
1:55:04 on the
1:55:04 brink
1:55:04 of that
1:55:04 happening
1:55:05 right now
1:55:05 that’s
1:55:05 correct
1:55:05 the
1:55:06 average
1:55:06 person
1:55:06 has
1:55:06 no
1:55:06 idea
1:55:07 about
1:55:07 this
1:55:07 I’ve
1:55:07 tried
1:55:08 to
1:55:08 you
1:55:09 know
1:55:10 illuminate
1:55:10 the
1:55:11 public
1:55:11 about
1:55:12 it
1:55:13 it’s
1:55:13 easy
1:55:13 to say
1:55:14 that
1:55:14 basic
1:55:14 science
1:55:15 doesn’t
1:55:15 matter
1:55:15 or
1:55:15 can’t
1:55:15 matter
1:55:16 or
1:55:16 will
1:55:16 never
1:55:16 matter
1:55:18 because
1:55:18 we
1:55:19 don’t
1:55:19 know
1:55:19 yet
1:55:21 right
1:55:21 now
1:55:21 it’s
1:55:21 the
1:55:22 centennial
1:55:22 decade
1:55:24 so let’s
1:55:24 go back
1:55:24 to the
1:55:25 1920s
1:55:25 where
1:55:25 quantum
1:55:26 physics
1:55:27 was
1:55:27 developed
1:55:29 if you
1:55:29 were around
1:55:30 back then
1:55:30 what would
1:55:30 you say
1:55:31 why are
1:55:31 you studying
1:55:31 atoms
1:55:32 you can’t
1:55:32 even
1:55:32 see
1:55:33 atoms
1:55:34 don’t
1:55:34 waste
1:55:34 your
1:55:34 time
1:55:34 you’re
1:55:35 a
1:55:35 brilliant
1:55:35 person
1:55:35 go
1:55:36 work
1:55:36 on
1:55:36 this
1:55:36 other
1:55:36 problem
1:55:37 that
1:55:37 we
1:55:37 have
1:55:37 in
1:55:38 society
1:55:39 and
1:55:41 it
1:55:41 would
1:55:41 take
1:55:42 decades
1:55:44 but
1:55:45 the
1:55:46 information
1:55:48 technology
1:55:48 revolution
1:55:52 has
1:55:53 as
1:55:53 its
1:55:53 core
1:55:55 the
1:55:55 creation
1:55:56 storage
1:55:56 and
1:55:57 retrieval
1:55:57 of
1:55:57 digital
1:55:58 information
1:55:58 that
1:55:59 can
1:55:59 only
1:56:00 happen
1:56:01 with
1:56:01 the
1:56:02 exploitation
1:56:02 of
1:56:02 the
1:56:02 quantum
1:56:04 so
1:56:04 this
1:56:05 decade
1:56:05 of
1:56:06 science
1:56:06 physics
1:56:07 that
1:56:07 was
1:56:07 discovered
1:56:08 by
1:56:09 the
1:56:10 1950s
1:56:10 it
1:56:10 was
1:56:10 like
1:56:11 whoa
1:56:11 this
1:56:11 is
1:56:11 some
1:56:12 important
1:56:12 physics
1:56:12 here
1:56:13 no
1:56:13 one
1:56:13 would
1:56:14 have
1:56:14 known
1:56:14 that
1:56:14 at
1:56:14 the
1:56:15 time
1:56:16 why
1:56:18 let
1:56:18 me
1:56:18 keep
1:56:19 going
1:56:19 was
1:56:19 it
1:56:20 1876
1:56:22 Philadelphia
1:56:23 Expo
1:56:25 Alexander
1:56:25 Graham
1:56:26 Bell
1:56:26 showcases
1:56:27 his
1:56:27 new
1:56:28 contraption
1:56:29 the
1:56:30 telephone
1:56:32 and
1:56:32 people
1:56:32 say
1:56:32 wow
1:56:33 this
1:56:33 is
1:56:33 kind
1:56:33 of
1:56:33 cool
1:56:34 you
1:56:34 should
1:56:34 read
1:56:34 what
1:56:35 people
1:56:35 wrote
1:56:35 about
1:56:35 it
1:56:36 this
1:56:36 is
1:56:36 a
1:56:36 great
1:56:37 invention
1:56:37 I
1:56:37 can
1:56:37 imagine
1:56:38 there
1:56:38 might
1:56:38 be
1:56:39 one
1:56:39 in
1:56:39 every
1:56:39 city
1:56:39 in
1:56:40 the
1:56:40 future
1:56:44 in
1:56:45 this
1:56:45 book
1:56:47 that
1:56:47 one
1:56:47 yeah
1:56:48 there’s
1:56:48 a
1:56:48 whole
1:56:48 chapter
1:56:49 called
1:56:49 science
1:56:49 and
1:56:50 technology
1:56:51 where
1:56:51 I
1:56:52 chronicle
1:56:54 I
1:56:54 chronicle
1:56:56 how
1:56:56 people
1:56:57 think
1:56:57 about
1:56:57 the
1:56:58 technology
1:56:58 of
1:56:58 their
1:56:58 day
1:56:59 and
1:57:00 how
1:57:00 they
1:57:00 always
1:57:00 get
1:57:00 it
1:57:01 wrong
1:57:01 when
1:57:01 they
1:57:01 predict
1:57:01 the
1:57:02 future
1:57:04 because
1:57:06 foundational
1:57:06 science
1:57:07 comes in
1:57:07 at
1:57:07 the
1:57:07 bottom
1:57:07 and
1:57:07 you
1:57:08 don’t
1:57:08 see
1:57:08 that
1:57:08 coming
1:57:09 and
1:57:09 it
1:57:09 gurgles
1:57:09 its
1:57:10 way
1:57:10 up
1:57:10 clever
1:57:11 engineers
1:57:11 apply
1:57:11 it
1:57:12 and
1:57:12 then
1:57:14 you
1:57:14 have
1:57:14 an
1:57:15 iPad
1:57:19 Neil
1:57:19 thank
1:57:19 you
1:57:19 so
1:57:20 much
1:57:20 well
1:57:20 thanks
1:57:20 for
1:57:21 having
1:57:21 me
1:57:21 back
1:57:22 this
1:57:22 is
1:57:22 our
1:57:22 second
1:57:22 time
1:57:23 together
1:57:23 you
1:57:24 brought
1:57:24 out
1:57:24 the
1:57:24 bookstore
1:57:25 here
1:57:25 what
1:57:25 did
1:57:25 you
1:57:25 do
1:57:25 yes
1:57:25 we
1:57:26 wanted
1:57:26 to
1:57:26 come
1:57:27 prepared
1:57:27 you
1:57:27 write
1:57:27 the
1:57:28 most
1:57:29 incredible
1:57:29 books
1:57:31 and
1:57:31 you
1:57:31 talk
1:57:31 in
1:57:31 the
1:57:31 most
1:57:32 incredible
1:57:32 ways
1:57:32 I
1:57:32 said
1:57:32 this
1:57:32 to
1:57:32 you
1:57:33 last
1:57:33 time
1:57:33 but
1:57:33 you
1:57:33 you
1:57:36 make
1:57:37 something
1:57:37 which
1:57:37 is
1:57:38 I
1:57:38 really
1:57:38 didn’t
1:57:38 have
1:57:38 a
1:57:38 huge
1:57:38 amount
1:57:38 of
1:57:39 interest
1:57:39 in
1:57:39 school
1:57:40 suddenly
1:57:40 interesting
1:57:41 to
1:57:41 us
1:57:41 as
1:57:42 adults
1:57:42 which
1:57:42 is
1:57:42 a
1:57:43 remarkable
1:57:43 thing
1:57:44 so
1:57:44 thank
1:57:44 you
1:57:44 for
1:57:45 doing
1:57:45 what
1:57:45 you
1:57:45 do
1:57:45 have
1:57:45 a
1:57:45 closing
1:57:46 tradition
1:57:46 where
1:57:46 the
1:57:46 last
1:57:46 guest
1:57:47 leaves
1:57:47 a
1:57:47 question
1:57:47 for
1:57:47 the
1:57:47 next
1:57:48 guest
1:57:48 oh
1:57:48 is
1:57:48 that
1:57:48 right
1:57:49 yes
1:57:49 okay
1:57:49 and
1:57:50 they
1:57:50 don’t
1:57:50 know
1:57:50 who
1:57:50 they’re
1:57:50 leaving
1:57:50 it
1:57:50 for
1:57:51 the
1:57:51 question
1:57:52 left
1:57:52 for
1:57:52 you
1:57:52 is
1:57:52 how
1:57:53 good
1:57:53 are
1:57:53 you
1:57:54 at
1:57:54 knowing
1:57:56 what
1:57:57 you
1:57:57 will
1:57:58 regret
1:57:58 and
1:57:59 is
1:57:59 there
1:57:59 anything
1:57:59 you
1:57:59 do
1:58:00 regret
1:58:01 yeah
1:58:01 I
1:58:01 think
1:58:02 regrets
1:58:02 are
1:58:02 things
1:58:03 that
1:58:03 you
1:58:03 only
1:58:04 realize
1:58:05 when
1:58:05 it’s
1:58:05 too
1:58:05 late
1:58:06 otherwise
1:58:06 you
1:58:07 would
1:58:07 have
1:58:07 preempted
1:58:07 it
1:58:08 and
1:58:08 not
1:58:08 have
1:58:09 to
1:58:09 regret
1:58:09 it
1:58:10 so
1:58:12 I
1:58:12 don’t
1:58:12 know
1:58:12 that
1:58:13 I’m
1:58:13 any
1:58:13 better
1:58:14 than
1:58:14 anyone
1:58:14 else
1:58:15 at
1:58:15 it
1:58:16 because
1:58:16 if
1:58:16 you’re
1:58:16 good
1:58:16 at
1:58:16 it
1:58:17 you’ll
1:58:17 never
1:58:17 be
1:58:17 in a
1:58:18 position
1:58:18 to
1:58:18 have
1:58:18 to
1:58:19 do
1:58:19 something
1:58:19 that
1:58:19 you
1:58:19 would
1:58:20 regret
1:58:21 the
1:58:21 fact
1:58:21 is
1:58:21 you
1:58:22 went
1:58:22 past
1:58:22 something
1:58:23 that
1:58:23 you
1:58:24 did
1:58:24 and
1:58:24 said
1:58:24 damn
1:58:24 I
1:58:25 shouldn’t
1:58:25 have
1:58:25 that
1:58:25 I
1:58:25 got
1:58:25 to
1:58:26 regret
1:58:26 that
1:58:27 so
1:58:27 to
1:58:28 be
1:58:28 good
1:58:28 at
1:58:29 knowing
1:58:29 in
1:58:29 advance
1:58:29 that
1:58:30 you’re
1:58:30 going
1:58:30 to
1:58:30 regret
1:58:31 something
1:58:31 that’s
1:58:32 almost
1:58:32 an
1:58:33 impossible
1:58:33 scenario
1:58:35 if
1:58:35 I’m
1:58:35 good
1:58:35 at
1:58:35 seeing
1:58:36 it
1:58:36 then
1:58:36 I
1:58:36 would
1:58:36 never
1:58:36 have
1:58:37 to
1:58:37 regret
1:58:37 anything
1:58:37 because
1:58:37 I
1:58:38 would
1:58:38 have
1:58:38 preempted
1:58:38 it
1:58:40 so
1:58:40 for
1:58:40 all
1:58:40 of
1:58:40 us
1:58:41 the
1:58:41 fact
1:58:41 that
1:58:41 we
1:58:41 have
1:58:41 regrets
1:58:42 is
1:58:42 we
1:58:42 moved
1:58:42 past
1:58:43 something
1:58:44 that
1:58:44 we
1:58:44 did
1:58:44 and
1:58:44 was
1:58:45 like
1:58:45 damn
1:58:45 I
1:58:46 regret
1:58:46 that
1:58:47 after
1:58:47 the
1:58:48 fact
1:58:48 do
1:58:48 you
1:58:48 have
1:58:48 any
1:58:49 regrets
1:58:50 I
1:58:51 was
1:58:51 a
1:58:52 a
1:58:54 in
1:58:55 college
1:58:56 I
1:58:57 majored
1:58:57 in
1:58:57 physics
1:58:58 and
1:58:58 I
1:58:58 think
1:58:58 I
1:58:58 was
1:58:58 a
1:58:58 junior
1:58:59 there
1:58:59 were
1:59:00 students
1:59:00 that
1:59:00 came
1:59:00 in
1:59:01 from
1:59:03 other
1:59:03 schools
1:59:04 for
1:59:04 a
1:59:04 summer
1:59:05 program
1:59:05 okay
1:59:06 high
1:59:06 school
1:59:06 seniors
1:59:07 I
1:59:07 think
1:59:07 they
1:59:07 were
1:59:08 they
1:59:08 might
1:59:09 have
1:59:09 been
1:59:09 freshmen
1:59:09 in
1:59:09 their
1:59:10 college
1:59:10 but
1:59:10 I
1:59:10 think
1:59:10 they
1:59:10 were
1:59:10 high
1:59:10 school
1:59:11 students
1:59:12 and
1:59:12 I
1:59:12 was
1:59:13 not
1:59:13 a
1:59:13 mentor
1:59:14 but
1:59:14 I
1:59:14 would
1:59:14 guide
1:59:14 them
1:59:15 in
1:59:15 these
1:59:15 research
1:59:16 projects
1:59:17 then
1:59:17 at
1:59:17 the
1:59:17 end
1:59:17 we
1:59:17 had
1:59:17 to
1:59:18 write
1:59:19 an
1:59:25 evaluation
1:59:25 that
1:59:27 was
1:59:28 accurate
1:59:29 but
1:59:32 unnecessary
1:59:36 I
1:59:36 said
1:59:37 he
1:59:39 pretends
1:59:39 he knows
1:59:40 things
1:59:40 that he
1:59:40 doesn’t
1:59:41 and
1:59:42 he’s
1:59:43 you know
1:59:44 he’s
1:59:44 faking
1:59:45 this
1:59:45 and
1:59:46 I
1:59:47 didn’t
1:59:47 yet
1:59:48 know
1:59:49 how
1:59:50 to
1:59:51 speak
1:59:52 encouragingly
1:59:53 about
1:59:53 someone
1:59:55 separate
1:59:55 from
1:59:56 just
1:59:56 speaking
1:59:57 factually
1:59:57 about
1:59:57 someone
2:00:00 so
2:00:01 is
2:00:01 that
2:00:01 an
2:00:02 art
2:00:02 is
2:00:02 it
2:00:02 a
2:00:03 science
2:00:03 to
2:00:03 do
2:00:03 that
2:00:03 I
2:00:03 don’t
2:00:04 know
2:00:04 but
2:00:04 I
2:00:04 know
2:00:04 I
2:00:04 didn’t
2:00:05 have
2:00:05 it
2:00:05 at
2:00:05 the
2:00:06 time
2:00:06 I
2:00:06 just
2:00:06 simply
2:00:07 described
2:00:07 what
2:00:07 I
2:00:08 saw
2:00:09 and
2:00:09 I
2:00:10 said
2:00:10 he
2:00:10 you
2:00:10 know
2:00:11 this
2:00:11 is
2:00:11 not
2:00:11 going
2:00:11 to
2:00:12 work
2:00:12 he
2:00:12 this
2:00:12 is
2:00:13 it
2:00:14 was
2:00:14 very
2:00:16 deflating
2:00:17 to
2:00:18 him
2:00:20 and
2:00:22 I
2:00:23 considering
2:00:23 that
2:00:24 at
2:00:24 the
2:00:24 time
2:00:24 I
2:00:25 I’m
2:00:25 majoring
2:00:25 in
2:00:25 physics
2:00:26 at
2:00:27 Harvard
2:00:27 he’s
2:00:28 coming
2:00:28 from
2:00:28 some
2:00:30 high
2:00:30 school
2:00:30 somewhere
2:00:32 and
2:00:32 I’m
2:00:32 a
2:00:33 Harvard
2:00:33 student
2:00:33 telling
2:00:33 him
2:00:34 that
2:00:34 you
2:00:34 know
2:00:35 he
2:00:35 ain’t
2:00:35 shit
2:00:36 and
2:00:37 I
2:00:37 should
2:00:37 not
2:00:37 have
2:00:38 done
2:00:38 that
2:00:38 did
2:00:38 he
2:00:40 contact
2:00:40 you
2:00:40 later
2:00:41 no
2:00:42 he
2:00:42 might
2:00:42 have
2:00:42 taken
2:00:42 him
2:00:43 up
2:00:43 another
2:00:43 field
2:00:44 I
2:00:44 don’t
2:00:44 know
2:00:45 but
2:00:45 so
2:00:45 I
2:00:46 regret
2:00:46 that
2:00:46 but
2:00:46 it
2:00:47 would
2:00:47 take
2:00:47 me
2:00:47 four
2:00:48 years
2:00:48 to
2:00:49 realize
2:00:49 that
2:00:49 was
2:00:49 a
2:00:50 regrettable
2:00:50 thing
2:00:50 because
2:00:51 I
2:00:51 didn’t
2:00:52 know
2:00:52 how
2:00:52 to
2:00:53 you
2:00:53 know
2:00:54 as
2:00:54 an
2:00:54 educator
2:00:54 you
2:00:55 want
2:00:55 to
2:00:56 encourage
2:00:56 people
2:00:56 you
2:00:57 see
2:00:57 where
2:00:57 the
2:00:57 weaknesses
2:00:58 are
2:00:58 and
2:00:58 figure
2:00:58 out
2:00:58 ways
2:00:59 to
2:01:00 have
2:01:00 that
2:01:00 person
2:01:02 eradicate
2:01:02 them
2:01:02 improve
2:01:03 upon
2:01:03 them
2:01:04 rather
2:01:04 than
2:01:04 just
2:01:05 say
2:01:05 this
2:01:06 is
2:01:06 not
2:01:06 working
2:01:07 go
2:01:07 home
2:01:08 why
2:01:08 so
2:01:08 I
2:01:09 regret
2:01:09 that
2:01:09 and
2:01:10 that’s
2:01:10 probably
2:01:10 the
2:01:10 thing
2:01:10 I
2:01:11 regret
2:01:11 most
2:01:12 in
2:01:12 life
2:01:12 really
2:01:13 yeah
2:01:14 because
2:01:14 it
2:01:15 was
2:01:16 who
2:01:16 knows
2:01:16 what
2:01:17 consequences
2:01:17 that
2:01:18 has
2:01:18 on
2:01:18 that
2:01:18 person’s
2:01:19 life
2:01:19 and
2:01:19 you
2:01:19 remembered
2:01:20 that
2:01:20 oh
2:01:20 yes
2:01:21 oh my
2:01:21 gosh
2:01:22 yes
2:01:23 what
2:01:24 how
2:01:24 do
2:01:24 you
2:01:25 remember
2:01:25 that
2:01:25 because
2:01:26 you
2:01:26 write
2:01:26 it
2:01:26 down
2:01:27 in
2:01:27 his
2:01:27 report
2:01:27 card
2:01:27 or
2:01:27 whatever
2:01:28 his
2:01:28 assessment
2:01:29 time
2:01:30 goes
2:01:30 on
2:01:30 does
2:01:31 something
2:01:31 happen
2:01:31 for you
2:01:31 to
2:01:31 think
2:01:32 back
2:01:32 to
2:01:32 what
2:01:32 you
2:01:32 wrote
2:01:35 well
2:01:35 I’ve
2:01:35 written
2:01:35 many
2:01:36 letters
2:01:36 of
2:01:37 reference
2:01:37 for
2:01:37 people
2:01:38 more
2:01:38 than
2:01:38 I
2:01:38 can
2:01:38 count
2:01:39 so
2:01:40 I
2:01:40 think
2:01:40 every
2:01:41 time
2:01:41 I
2:01:41 write
2:01:41 a
2:01:41 letter
2:01:42 of
2:01:42 reference
2:01:42 I
2:01:42 think
2:01:43 about
2:01:43 how
2:01:43 I
2:01:44 could
2:01:44 have
2:01:44 written
2:01:44 that
2:01:44 letter
2:01:45 back
2:01:45 then
2:01:46 that’s
2:01:46 a
2:01:47 regret
2:01:48 and
2:01:48 I
2:01:48 live
2:01:49 with
2:01:49 that
2:01:50 I
2:01:50 can
2:01:50 see
2:01:50 you
2:01:50 live
2:01:50 with
2:01:51 it
2:01:51 yeah
2:01:53 so
2:01:53 I
2:01:53 think
2:01:53 I
2:01:53 made
2:01:53 up
2:01:53 for
2:01:54 it
2:01:55 just
2:01:55 in
2:01:55 how
2:01:55 many
2:01:56 people
2:01:56 and
2:01:56 there
2:01:56 are
2:01:57 other
2:01:57 people
2:01:57 who
2:01:57 needed
2:01:58 help
2:01:59 and
2:01:59 so
2:01:59 you
2:01:59 find
2:01:59 out
2:02:00 how
2:02:00 they
2:02:00 can
2:02:00 improve
2:02:00 it
2:02:01 and
2:02:01 advise
2:02:01 on
2:02:02 that
2:02:02 so
2:02:02 that
2:02:03 everybody
2:02:03 lifts
2:02:04 up
2:02:05 that’s
2:02:05 how
2:02:05 you
2:02:05 make
2:02:05 a
2:02:05 better
2:02:06 world
2:02:06 and
2:02:07 it
2:02:07 goes
2:02:07 back
2:02:07 to
2:02:07 what
2:02:07 you
2:02:07 said
2:02:07 at
2:02:07 the
2:02:08 start
2:02:08 you
2:02:08 wanted
2:02:08 on
2:02:08 your
2:02:09 tombstone
2:02:10 which
2:02:10 is
2:02:10 certainly
2:02:11 something
2:02:11 you’ve
2:02:11 already
2:02:11 done
2:02:12 in
2:02:12 droves
2:02:13 more so
2:02:13 than
2:02:13 I
2:02:15 can
2:02:15 die
2:02:15 now
2:02:15 is
2:02:16 that
2:02:16 what
2:02:16 you
2:02:16 just
2:02:17 said
2:02:17 that
2:02:17 it
2:02:20 it’s
2:02:20 up to
2:02:28 loves
2:02:28 your
2:02:28 work
2:02:28 and
2:02:29 you’re
2:02:29 both
2:02:29 the
2:02:30 reason
2:02:31 that
2:02:31 I
2:02:32 well
2:02:33 I
2:02:34 let go
2:02:34 of
2:02:34 my
2:02:34 religious
2:02:34 belief
2:02:35 at
2:02:35 18
2:02:35 years
2:02:35 old
2:02:36 and
2:02:36 don’t
2:02:36 blame
2:02:37 me
2:02:37 for
2:02:37 that
2:02:37 I
2:02:41 let go
2:02:41 of
2:02:41 my
2:02:41 religious
2:02:41 belief
2:02:41 at
2:02:42 18
2:02:42 years
2:02:42 old
2:02:42 and
2:02:42 I
2:02:42 became
2:02:43 atheist
2:02:44 agnostic
2:02:44 then I
2:02:44 became
2:02:45 really
2:02:45 agnostic
2:02:45 but
2:02:45 then I
2:02:46 fell in
2:02:46 love
2:02:46 with
2:02:46 the
2:02:47 universe
2:02:49 because
2:02:49 of
2:02:49 you
2:02:49 and
2:02:50 because
2:02:50 of
2:02:50 Cosmos
2:02:50 which
2:02:50 is
2:02:50 one
2:02:50 of
2:02:51 my
2:02:51 favorite
2:02:51 things
2:02:51 ever
2:02:51 to
2:02:52 watch
2:02:52 and
2:02:53 I
2:02:53 found
2:02:53 all
2:02:53 the
2:02:54 curiosity
2:02:54 and
2:02:54 awe
2:02:54 and
2:02:55 magic
2:02:56 that
2:02:56 I
2:02:56 needed
2:02:56 to
2:02:57 find
2:02:57 by
2:02:57 reading
2:02:58 your
2:02:58 work
2:02:58 and
2:02:58 watching
2:02:59 the
2:02:59 wonderful
2:03:00 movies
2:03:00 that
2:03:00 you’ve
2:03:00 made
2:03:00 so
2:03:01 thank
2:03:01 you
2:03:01 so much
2:03:01 for that
2:03:01 well
2:03:02 universe
2:03:02 is a
2:03:02 rich
2:03:03 repository
2:03:05 of
2:03:07 spiritual
2:03:08 fulfillment
2:03:09 yeah
2:03:09 if I
2:03:10 may
2:03:10 yes
2:03:11 to say
2:03:11 the
2:03:11 least
2:03:11 yeah
2:03:12 wow
2:03:12 and
2:03:13 your
2:03:13 book
2:03:13 is
2:03:13 exactly
2:03:13 that
2:03:14 I
2:03:14 highly
2:03:14 recommend
2:03:14 everybody
2:03:15 goes
2:03:15 and
2:03:15 checks
2:03:15 it
2:03:15 out
2:03:16 it’s
2:03:16 out
2:03:16 on
2:03:16 I
2:03:16 think
2:03:16 the
2:03:17 21st
2:03:17 of
2:03:17 October
2:03:18 oh
2:03:18 yeah
2:03:18 yeah
2:03:18 the
2:03:19 next
2:03:19 installment
2:03:20 in
2:03:20 Merlin
2:03:20 yeah
2:03:20 in
2:03:21 October
2:03:21 yeah
2:03:21 I’ll
2:03:22 link it
2:03:22 on the
2:03:22 screen
2:03:23 oh
2:03:23 thank
2:03:23 you
2:03:23 link it
2:03:24 below
2:03:24 highly
2:03:24 recommended
2:03:25 it’s called
2:03:25 just
2:03:25 visiting
2:03:25 this
2:03:26 planet
2:03:26 so
2:03:27 so
2:03:28 I
2:03:28 lied
2:03:28 before
2:03:28 I
2:03:29 can
2:03:29 give
2:03:29 you
2:03:29 some
2:03:29 advice
2:03:30 please
2:03:30 yeah
2:03:31 this
2:03:31 is
2:03:32 67
2:03:32 year
2:03:32 old
2:03:33 advice
2:03:33 yeah
2:03:34 at
2:03:34 no
2:03:34 time
2:03:37 should
2:03:37 you
2:03:39 over
2:03:40 value
2:03:43 your
2:03:43 own
2:03:44 thoughts
2:03:48 you
2:03:48 should
2:03:49 you
2:03:49 should
2:03:51 you
2:03:51 should
2:03:52 allow
2:03:52 yourself
2:03:54 to be
2:03:54 humbled
2:03:55 daily
2:03:56 with
2:03:56 new
2:03:57 ideas
2:03:58 that
2:03:58 challenge
2:03:58 any
2:03:59 or
2:03:59 everything
2:04:00 that
2:04:00 you
2:04:00 currently
2:04:00 think
2:04:04 that’s
2:04:05 wisdom
2:04:06 I
2:04:06 think
2:04:07 how do
2:04:07 I
2:04:07 know
2:04:07 who
2:04:07 I
2:04:08 am
2:04:08 if
2:04:09 I
2:04:09 don’t
2:04:09 have
2:04:09 one
2:04:09 to
2:04:10 maybe
2:04:10 you
2:04:11 only
2:04:11 are
2:04:12 who
2:04:12 you
2:04:12 are
2:04:12 on
2:04:12 your
2:04:12 death
2:04:12 bed
2:04:13 because
2:04:14 then
2:04:14 you
2:04:14 would
2:04:14 have
2:04:14 completed
2:04:15 your
2:04:15 life
2:04:16 you
2:04:16 are
2:04:16 still
2:04:17 in
2:04:17 progress
2:04:19 you
2:04:19 are
2:04:19 33
2:04:20 so
2:04:20 last
2:04:20 year
2:04:21 when
2:04:21 you
2:04:21 were
2:04:21 31
2:04:22 you
2:04:22 would
2:04:22 have
2:04:23 lived
2:04:23 your
2:04:23 billionth
2:04:24 second
2:04:26 okay
2:04:26 and if
2:04:26 you
2:04:27 if
2:04:27 you
2:04:27 lead
2:04:27 a
2:04:27 healthy
2:04:28 life
2:04:28 you
2:04:28 should
2:04:28 get
2:04:29 3
2:04:29 billion
2:04:29 seconds
2:04:29 out
2:04:29 of
2:04:30 it
2:04:30 you
2:04:30 get
2:04:30 to
2:04:31 93
2:04:32 at
2:04:32 least
2:04:32 that
2:04:33 so
2:04:34 time
2:04:35 passes
2:04:36 if you
2:04:36 learn
2:04:36 something
2:04:36 new
2:04:37 every
2:04:37 day
2:04:37 that
2:04:38 forces
2:04:39 extra
2:04:39 context
2:04:39 for
2:04:40 extra
2:04:41 perspective
2:04:42 new
2:04:42 perspective
2:04:42 on
2:04:43 whatever
2:04:43 you
2:04:43 knew
2:04:44 yesterday
2:04:45 you
2:04:45 have
2:04:45 to
2:04:45 stay
2:04:45 open
2:04:46 to
2:04:46 that
2:04:47 and
2:04:48 I
2:04:48 read
2:04:48 old
2:04:49 science
2:04:49 books
2:04:50 because
2:04:50 I
2:04:51 watch
2:04:51 people’s
2:04:52 confidence
2:04:52 that they
2:04:52 had
2:04:52 in
2:04:53 what
2:04:53 they
2:04:53 thought
2:04:53 they
2:04:53 knew
2:04:54 it
2:04:54 can
2:04:54 can
2:04:54 be
2:04:55 embarrassing
2:04:55 in
2:04:55 some
2:04:56 cases
2:04:56 and
2:04:56 it’s
2:04:56 very
2:04:57 humbling
2:04:58 to
2:04:58 look
2:04:58 back
2:04:59 at
2:05:00 people
2:05:00 writing
2:05:00 about
2:05:00 their
2:05:01 own
2:05:01 world
2:05:02 there’s
2:05:02 a book
2:05:03 from
2:05:03 1899
2:05:04 the guy
2:05:04 said
2:05:04 on
2:05:05 the
2:05:05 sun
2:05:05 and
2:05:05 it
2:05:05 says
2:05:06 we’ve
2:05:06 learned
2:05:07 so much
2:05:07 about
2:05:07 the
2:05:07 sun
2:05:08 in
2:05:08 the
2:05:08 last
2:05:08 three
2:05:08 years
2:05:08 I
2:05:08 had
2:05:09 to
2:05:09 up
2:05:09 the
2:05:09 edition
2:05:10 of
2:05:10 the
2:05:10 book
2:05:11 I
2:05:11 wrote
2:05:11 three
2:05:11 years
2:05:12 ago
2:05:12 and
2:05:13 I’m
2:05:13 saying
2:05:13 you
2:05:14 don’t
2:05:14 know
2:05:14 shit
2:05:14 about
2:05:15 the
2:05:15 sun
2:05:15 okay
2:05:25 it
2:05:26 keeps
2:05:26 me
2:05:26 humble
2:05:27 on
2:05:27 the
2:05:27 frontier
2:05:28 on
2:05:29 this
2:05:29 perimeter
2:05:29 of
2:05:30 ignorance
2:05:31 because
2:05:31 there’s
2:05:31 way
2:05:31 more
2:05:31 to
2:05:32 discover
2:05:33 than
2:05:33 anything
2:05:33 you
2:05:34 already
2:05:34 learned
2:05:36 maybe
2:05:36 that’s
2:05:36 the
2:05:37 antidote
2:05:37 in
2:05:37 medicine
2:05:38 that
2:05:38 society
2:05:38 needs
2:05:38 right
2:05:39 now
2:05:39 too
2:05:40 I
2:05:40 think
2:05:40 so
2:05:41 because
2:05:41 everybody
2:05:42 is
2:05:42 running
2:05:42 things
2:05:43 thinking
2:05:43 they
2:05:43 know
2:05:43 better
2:05:43 than
2:05:44 everybody
2:05:44 else
2:05:55 you