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  • #220 Outliers: James Dyson — Against the Odds

    AI transcript
    0:00:06 What I’ve learned from running is that the time to push hard is when you’re hurting like crazy and you want to give up.
    0:00:09 Success is often just around the corner.
    0:00:16 That is an excerpt from James Dyson’s autobiography, Against the Odds, the book and story we’re going to talk about today.
    0:00:35 Welcome to the Knowledge Project Podcast. I’m your host, Shane Parrish.
    0:00:42 This podcast helps you master the best of what other people have already figured out.
    0:00:48 If you want to take your learning to the next level, consider joining our membership program at fs.blog.com.
    0:00:56 As a member, you’ll get early access to episodes, no ads, including this, exclusive content, hand-edited transcripts,
    0:01:01 access to the repository, which has highlights from all my favorite books,
    0:01:04 including Dyson’s autobiography, which we used to make this episode.
    0:01:07 Check out the link in the show notes for more.
    0:01:12 Behind every revolutionary product lies a moment of everyday frustration.
    0:01:18 For James Dyson, it was watching his vacuum cleaner lose suction as its bag filled with dust,
    0:01:22 a problem millions around the world simply accepted as inevitable.
    0:01:25 What happened next defies conventional wisdom.
    0:01:34 Five years, 5,126 failed prototypes, near financial ruin, and a kitchen floor covered in cardboard and masking tape.
    0:01:41 Today, we explore how a self-described misfit transformed frustration into a multi-billion dollar empire
    0:01:43 by embracing an uncomfortable truth.
    0:01:48 Failure isn’t just a step on the path to success, it is the path itself.
    0:01:54 We’ll unpack Dyson’s philosophy, why experts are often the biggest obstacles to innovation,
    0:01:58 how losing control of his first company shaped his future business decisions,
    0:02:02 the standard of excellence, and why action leads to progress.
    0:02:07 Whether you’re building a business, solving complex problems, or simply trying to navigate uncertainty,
    0:02:15 Dyson’s journey offers powerful insights on turning disadvantages into advantages and building something truly original.
    0:02:20 And make sure you stick around at the end for my lessons you can take away from Dyson and apply to your own life.
    0:02:23 And check out our website for key takeaways from the episode.
    0:02:26 It’s time to listen and learn.
    0:02:31 This podcast is for entertainment and informational purposes only.
    0:02:40 Picture this, a cold October night in 1978 in a modest English kitchen.
    0:02:47 A 31-year-old man kneels amid scraps of cardboard masking tape and the gutted carcass of a vacuum cleaner,
    0:02:50 like the aftermath of a kindergarten project gone rogue.
    0:02:53 Upstairs, his wife and three young children sleep,
    0:02:57 unaware their home has become ground zero for what, after 15 years,
    0:03:03 5,126 prototypes will become a multi-billion dollar revolution.
    0:03:07 The man, James Dyson, has just committed a household crime.
    0:03:12 He’s torn the bag off the family’s reconditioned Hoover Jr. vacuum cleaner.
    0:03:15 This isn’t a tantrum, although Dyson was certainly angry.
    0:03:22 For months, he quietly simmered over a frustration so mundane that most accepted it as inevitable.
    0:03:25 Vacuum cleaners lose suction as their bags fill.
    0:03:27 Most people simply buy new bags.
    0:03:30 James Dyson isn’t most people.
    0:03:32 He dismantles the entire machine.
    0:03:39 Now armed with cardboard tape and an insight borrowed from an industrial sawmill’s dust extraction system,
    0:03:45 he’s about to cobble together something vacuum manufacturers worldwide had insisted was impossible.
    0:03:48 A vacuum cleaner that doesn’t lose suction.
    0:03:51 A vacuum cleaner without a bag.
    0:03:53 And while that might seem common today,
    0:03:58 for a while, James Dyson was the only person in the world with a bagless vacuum cleaner.
    0:04:03 He couldn’t have known then that his journey of kitchen floor experiments would lead to years of struggle,
    0:04:05 thousands of failed prototypes,
    0:04:06 near financial ruin,
    0:04:08 countless people saying no,
    0:04:09 lawsuits,
    0:04:14 and it would ultimately culminate in the transformation of an entire industry.
    0:04:16 When Dyson showed people his prototype,
    0:04:19 industry experts quickly offered their verdict.
    0:04:20 If a better vacuum were possible,
    0:04:24 Hoover or Electrolux would have invented it already.
    0:04:25 This dismissive logic,
    0:04:27 that if something were possible,
    0:04:29 industry giants would have already done it,
    0:04:33 is the comfortable assumption incumbents have relied on throughout history,
    0:04:37 right until an outsider proves them catastrophically wrong.
    0:04:41 It’s the same reasoning that led to Western Union to dismiss the telephone,
    0:04:44 or IBM to scoff at personal computers,
    0:04:47 or Kodak to overlook the digital camera.
    0:04:48 For Dyson,
    0:04:50 their skepticism became fuel.
    0:04:54 The certainty he was onto something precisely because people said he wasn’t.
    0:04:57 This is the story of James Dyson,
    0:04:59 a man who turned dust into possibility,
    0:05:01 failure into discovery,
    0:05:03 and frustration into revolution.
    0:05:12 That kitchen floor epiphany in 1978 was the culmination of a lifetime of swimming against the current.
    0:05:16 But to understand how James Dyson came to be kneeling there,
    0:05:18 surrounded by cardboard and tape,
    0:05:21 we need to go back three decades to where his story begins.
    0:05:27 James was born in a seaside town of Cromer, Norfolk on May 2nd, 1947,
    0:05:30 the third child to Alec and Mary Dyson.
    0:05:35 Alec was a classics teacher, respectable, but far from wealthy.
    0:05:38 The family lived in comfortable middle-class circumstances,
    0:05:41 the kind that provided security without excess.
    0:05:44 But that security would prove fragile.
    0:05:47 When James was just nine years old, tragedy struck.
    0:05:49 His father died of cancer,
    0:05:54 leaving behind a widow and three children suddenly facing precarious financial circumstances.
    0:05:57 This moment would have derailed many families,
    0:06:00 closing doors of opportunity and narrowing horizons.
    0:06:04 For young James, though, it created the most powerful of motivational forces,
    0:06:09 the sense of being an underdog that would stay with him throughout his entire life.
    0:06:11 His death, he would later reflect,
    0:06:14 put me at a great disadvantage compared to the other boys.
    0:06:16 It made me feel like an underdog,
    0:06:19 someone who was always going to have things taken away from him.
    0:06:25 Dyson’s reflections on his father’s death reveal something more nuanced than simply hardship.
    0:06:26 As Dyson said,
    0:06:40 This tension between vulnerability and a sense of being different would become a creative engine for Dyson throughout his life.
    0:06:45 Dyson also found himself constantly tested in ways that would forge his competitive spirit.
    0:06:46 He recalled,
    0:06:52 Everyone in the house, my mother, my brother, my sister, and all the other children were older than I was.
    0:06:55 So when we played games like Bulldog and Lurkey,
    0:06:59 I was always up against people who were bigger and stronger than I was.
    0:07:02 Rather than being crushed by this constant disadvantage,
    0:07:08 young James developed a tenacity that would serve him well in later battles against industrial giants.
    0:07:14 It raised my standards in that I was not prepared to lose everything all the time just because I was the youngest
    0:07:19 and taught me that I could take on something much bigger than I was and win.
    0:07:23 That phrase, raise my standards, sticks out to me here.
    0:07:27 One of the greatest benefits of reading biographies and studying the best in any field
    0:07:30 is that you discover what your standards could be.
    0:07:36 We start life with whatever luck hands us, our parents, our family, our school, our friends.
    0:07:38 Their standards become our standards over time.
    0:07:43 But if life doesn’t luckily put us into an environment with high standards,
    0:07:46 we’ve got to set our own as high as possible.
    0:07:49 And there’s no better way than learning from outliers like Dyson,
    0:07:53 people who refuse to settle to lift our own trajectory.
    0:07:55 Now let’s go back to his story.
    0:08:00 Dyson makes an unexpected but telling connection between these childhood contests
    0:08:02 and his future business conflicts.
    0:08:06 Combined with the loss of my father, this made me very competitive.
    0:08:10 And in the wider picture, there is really not so great a difference between
    0:08:13 a rampaging industrial giant trying to sue you at a business
    0:08:18 and a hulking great 15-year-old trying to knock you off a rock or duck you in the sea.
    0:08:22 The headmaster of Gresham School, where James boarded,
    0:08:25 saw something in the fatherless boy worth investing in.
    0:08:30 He offered James and his brothers a generous bursary to continue their education
    0:08:33 and bored at the school despite their changed financial circumstances,
    0:08:35 allowing their mother to go out and work.
    0:08:39 Years later, as one of the country’s wealthiest individuals,
    0:08:44 Dyson would remember this critical intervention pouring millions into educational philanthropy
    0:08:49 with the knowledge that one opportunity at the right moment can change everything
    0:08:52 for not only a person but an entire family.
    0:08:56 At Gresham’s, James found a quiet obsession, cross-country running.
    0:09:03 While most boys chased team sports or short sprints, he thrived in the solitary grind of distance.
    0:09:08 He trained relentlessly, rising early or running late on Norfolk’s sand dunes.
    0:09:10 You would think he loved running.
    0:09:11 You’d be wrong.
    0:09:13 It wasn’t joy that drove him.
    0:09:17 The act of running itself was not something I enjoyed, he admits.
    0:09:21 The best you could say for it was that it was lonely and painful.
    0:09:24 But as I started to win by greater and greater margins,
    0:09:28 I did it more and more because I knew the reason for my success
    0:09:33 was that out on the sand dunes, I was doing something no one else was doing.
    0:09:35 Let’s stop here for a moment.
    0:09:36 Two things stand out.
    0:09:43 First, while most avoid discomfort, Dyson leans into it, a rare trait that sets him apart.
    0:09:46 Second, being different isn’t just an advantage.
    0:09:47 It’s necessary.
    0:09:49 Joseph Tussman put it well.
    0:09:54 If you do what everyone else is doing, you’re going to get the same results everybody else gets.
    0:09:57 But difference for its own sake isn’t enough.
    0:09:59 It has to be the right kind, the kind that wins.
    0:10:01 That’s advantageous divergence.
    0:10:08 Both of these qualities, the ability to embrace discomfort and the ability to be different
    0:10:11 and do something different, fuel his future triumphs.
    0:10:12 Now back to his story.
    0:10:15 Dyson ran alone on those dunes, knowing he stood apart.
    0:10:18 Going along with the crowd didn’t interest him.
    0:10:21 In fact, it likely would have dulled his drive.
    0:10:25 He thrived knowing he’d forged his own course, a pattern that would define his career.
    0:10:30 Those solitary runs weren’t just physical, they were mental prep for innovation’s marathon.
    0:10:36 In business, the ability to take pain often makes the difference between success and failure.
    0:10:39 Around him, post-war Britain hummed with possibility.
    0:10:42 Britain still sat comfortably on top of the pile.
    0:10:45 At least, that’s how it felt to us then, he recalls.
    0:10:48 Britain’s national mood was one of possibility and achievement.
    0:10:51 As Dyson put it, there was a coronation.
    0:10:53 We conquered Everest.
    0:10:57 We regained the ashes and beat all comers in test matches.
    0:10:59 We broke the four-minute mile.
    0:11:03 There was the festival of Britain and the Morris miners being exported all over the world.
    0:11:08 The message to a child seemed to be that Britain was the center of the universe
    0:11:12 and that you as an individual could conquer the world.
    0:11:18 This subtle environmental influence would later inform Dyson’s willingness to challenge global industrial powers
    0:11:23 and make strong statements about the state of Britain’s entrepreneurial and manufacturing spirit,
    0:11:24 which we’ll get to later.
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    0:11:59 When the time came to choose a path after Gresham’s school,
    0:12:01 Dyson made a decision that seemed to defy logic.
    0:12:06 This mathematically talented student chose art over engineering.
    0:12:13 In 1965, he enrolled at the Byam Shaw School of Art in London during what was typically a post-high school gap year,
    0:12:19 seemingly shunning the technical fields where his analytical mind might have shined naturally.
    0:12:25 This unconventional choice was partly driven by Dyson’s rejection of artificial divisions in education,
    0:12:28 something that would later inform his approach to hiring and talent.
    0:12:34 It’s the roaring inequity of our system that children face such decisions at a feckless age,
    0:12:35 he’d fumed.
    0:12:40 I went for humanities because I couldn’t see the point in all of those formula you got in science,
    0:12:46 and I have spent the rest of my life not only attempting to turn the woolly-headed artist who left Gresham’s into a scientist,
    0:12:51 but cursing the wrongheadedness of a system that forces students into such choices.
    0:12:59 Dyson’s critique extended beyond the humanities sciences divide to what he saw as the deadening of creativity in the technical subjects,
    0:13:05 commenting that in woodworking class, if you didn’t make the matchbox holder exactly as the teacher instructed,
    0:13:06 you’d get a clip around the ear.
    0:13:13 Fortunately, his instructors at the Byam Shaw School, particularly the painter Maurice de Sossmanes,
    0:13:14 recognized something unique in Dyson,
    0:13:20 an unusual blend of seeing both form and function, beauty and utility.
    0:13:25 His teacher became a critical influence, opening Dyson’s eyes to design as a potential career
    0:13:29 and encouraging him to consider the Royal College of Art as the next step.
    0:13:31 Even before fully embracing engineering,
    0:13:37 Dyson was already developing the mindset that would define his approach to innovation.
    0:13:40 A willingness to challenge conventions and pursue his own vision.
    0:13:46 A telling incident occurred when he designed programs for a school production of Sheridan’s The Critic.
    0:13:52 Rather than accepting the standard format for programs always printed at the local press on folded A4 sheets
    0:13:54 and were extremely dull and nasty,
    0:13:58 Dyson chose to create scrolls on aged vellum effect paper.
    0:14:01 His housemaster’s reaction was swift and harsh.
    0:14:04 This is absolutely ridiculous.
    0:14:09 How dare you insult the great tradition of drama at the school with this, this folly?
    0:14:13 When Dyson defended his choice as rather suitable and in the flavor of the period,
    0:14:14 the response was telling,
    0:14:17 programs Dyson should be flat.
    0:14:22 This early clash between innovation and convention left a lasting impression.
    0:14:23 Dyson says,
    0:14:29 I was doing what I felt to be logical, current, original, unusual, and it was in the spirit of the production.
    0:14:36 And he was this bloody mass teacher telling me that I was wrong for no better reason than that the program should be flat.
    0:14:51 It was an early artistic rebuff by a bean counter and in the years since then I have developed a little more resistance to the reactionaries who put down whatever is new and unfamiliar.
    0:14:59 In 1966, Dyson advanced to the Royal College of Art, initially studying furniture and interior design, as per his teacher’s suggestion.
    0:15:07 Soon, his interest gravitated towards industrial engineering, a shift that might have been blocked in a more rigid academic environment.
    0:15:15 Fortunately, his professor at the time, Sir Hugh Kasson, recognized Dyson’s talents and interests defied conventional categorization,
    0:15:18 giving him the freedom to explore an unconventional path.
    0:15:23 Through it all, Dyson reinforced a pivotal lesson that would shape his entrepreneurial journey.
    0:15:28 Real innovation requires the courage to trust your instincts, even when others dismiss you as foolish.
    0:15:34 At the RCA, two mentors emerged that would profoundly shape Dyson’s approach to innovation.
    0:15:42 The first was Anthony Hunt, a structural engineer and visiting tutor who encouraged Dyson’s emerging fascination with engineering principles.
    0:15:50 The second, and more consequential, was Jeremy Fry, a successful British inventor and entrepreneur who recognized in Dyson a kindred spirit.
    0:15:57 Fry offered Dyson real-world engineering work while still a student, tapping into what he called Dyson’s desire for making things.
    0:16:02 For a young man who had lost his father, this vote of confidence from an established figure came at a critical moment.
    0:16:09 It validated Dyson’s unconventional approach and provided practical experience that formal education alone couldn’t deliver.
    0:16:13 So began my association with Jeremy Fry, Dyson later recalled.
    0:16:23 A mentor as important to me as any of the engineering heroes of the past, with the great advantage of being alive and keen to nurture such talents as I possessed.
    0:16:28 What Dyson found most liberating about Fry’s approach was his disdain for conventional expertise.
    0:16:34 He had no regard for experts from other fields, always teaching himself whatever he needed to know as he went along.
    0:16:42 And he was an engineer interested in building things that derived not only excellence from their design, but elegance as well.
    0:16:53 Though initially intimidated by Fry’s status as a millionaire industrialist, Dyson was quickly won over by his self-confidence and willingness to take chances upon unproven talent.
    0:16:55 Here was a man who was not interested in experts.
    0:16:59 He meets me, he thinks to himself, here’s a bright kid, let’s employ him.
    0:17:00 And he does.
    0:17:03 He risks little with the possibility of gaining much.
    0:17:07 This approach would later influence Dyson’s own hiring practices.
    0:17:10 It is exactly what I now do at Dyson Appliances.
    0:17:18 Take on unformed graduates to throw youthful ideas around until they have given all they can and are ready to move on to new things.
    0:17:25 Fry’s method of problem solving contrasted sharply with the academic approach Dyson had encountered at school and university.
    0:17:30 He did not, when an idea came to him, sit down and process it through pages and pages of calculation.
    0:17:33 He didn’t argue through it with anyone.
    0:17:34 He just went out and built it.
    0:17:38 This hands-on, trial-and-error approach was liberating for the young designer.
    0:17:43 When Dyson would approach Fry with an idea, the response was simply, you know where the workshop is, go and do it.
    0:17:48 If Dyson protested about needing specialized knowledge or equipment, Fry had a direct solution.
    0:17:50 Well then, go get a welder and weld it.
    0:17:52 Dyson found this approach revolutionary.
    0:17:56 Now, this was not a modus operandi that I had encountered before.
    0:17:59 College had taught me to revere experts and expertise.
    0:18:02 Fry ridiculed all of that.
    0:18:07 As far as he was concerned, with enthusiasm and intelligence, anything was possible.
    0:18:10 It’s worth pausing here for a second.
    0:18:16 This just-go-build-it attitude that Fry instilled in him reminds me of what Richard Hamming,
    0:18:20 this brilliant mathematician who worked at Bell Labs during his golden era, used to talk about.
    0:18:24 Hamming gave this now-famous lecture called You and Your Research,
    0:18:29 where he essentially challenged how most of us get trapped in endless preparation mode.
    0:18:33 We’re always getting ready to do the thing instead of just doing the thing.
    0:18:36 We’re always talking about doing the thing instead of doing the thing.
    0:18:40 What’s striking about both Hamming and what Dyson learned from Fry
    0:18:45 is this refreshing lack of reverence for credentials and formal expertise.
    0:18:48 Hamming described watching colleagues who would say,
    0:18:52 well, I need to go read one more paper, or I need to understand this concept better before I start.
    0:18:57 Meanwhile, the people who make breakthroughs just jumped in and started building.
    0:18:59 They’d figure it out along the way.
    0:19:01 Hamming’s colleague, John Tukey, was like that.
    0:19:03 He didn’t theorize endlessly.
    0:19:04 He just went out and built it.
    0:19:08 And that’s exactly what Fry was pushing Dyson to do when he’d say,
    0:19:12 you know where the workshop is, or, well then, get a welder and weld it.
    0:19:17 This mindset appears consistently across different fields and eras.
    0:19:20 Hamming had this great line that I think about all the time.
    0:19:25 The particular thing you do is luck, but that you do something is not.
    0:19:28 And that perfectly applies to Dyson.
    0:19:32 Was it luck that he specifically invented a bagless vacuum cleaner?
    0:19:33 Maybe.
    0:19:36 But was it luck that he ended up building something significant?
    0:19:37 Not at all.
    0:19:41 Once you adopt this mindset of building rather than just thinking about building,
    0:19:44 creating rather than just planning to create,
    0:19:48 it becomes almost inevitable that you’ll eventually create something meaningful.
    0:19:54 The vacuum was just what happened to be in front of him when all of these lessons clicked in place.
    0:19:59 For his final year project, Dyson abandoned the expected path of interior design students
    0:20:04 and instead collaborated with Fry to design a high-speed flat-bottom boat called the Sea Truck.
    0:20:09 Rather than submitting theoretical drawings, Dyson built a working prototype,
    0:20:13 something that could be tested, refined, and ultimately commercialized.
    0:20:18 This leap from theory to practice marked Dyson’s entrance into the world of invention.
    0:20:21 He had no prior boat building or welding experience.
    0:20:24 He simply learned by doing, often testing prototypes on weekends.
    0:20:30 It was a baptism by fire into the world of engineering, and it suited his temperament perfectly.
    0:20:33 The Sea Truck proved commercially viable.
    0:20:35 Fry’s company manufactured it.
    0:20:38 And they were soon selling approximately 200 units annually.
    0:20:42 For a student project to become a profitable product was remarkable,
    0:20:46 and it taught Dyson early lessons about the relationship between design,
    0:20:51 manufacturing, and commerce that many inventors, let alone students, never learned.
    0:20:55 After graduation, Dyson became the sole salesperson for the Sea Truck,
    0:20:59 developing unique insights that would serve him well in his later business ventures.
    0:21:04 Selling back then was really pretty easy because I believed in what I was trying to push.
    0:21:09 As with selling anything, it was about seeing how the boat would fit into the life of the customer,
    0:21:12 not about mouthing off about how great it was.
    0:21:17 This customer-centric approach would become a cornerstone of Dyson’s business philosophy.
    0:21:20 You find out what your man wants, and when he comes to you,
    0:21:23 he is buying it as soon as he starts talking, before you even start to sell.
    0:21:27 It is not about the right adjectives or shouting your mouth off.
    0:21:29 It’s about discovering a need and satisfying it.
    0:21:33 Not creating a need, by the way, as many of your cynical marketing men would have it.
    0:21:38 When selecting distributors for the Sea Truck, Dyson made an unconventional choice.
    0:21:41 Without exception, the best agents were the ones who,
    0:21:45 quite irrespective of their business or financial sense,
    0:21:48 saw the boat for what it was and loved it for it.
    0:21:53 While the temptation and board pressure was to hire established boat distributors
    0:21:56 who knew the market and would order vast numbers,
    0:21:59 I was determined to choose people who were mad keen on it.
    0:22:01 And his reasoning was sound.
    0:22:05 They were the only ones who would be able to overcome all the obstacles
    0:22:10 and difficulties of selling an entirely new concept and making a real business of it.
    0:22:15 The Sea Truck project also taught Dyson hard lessons about the dangers of trying to be
    0:22:17 all things to all customers.
    0:22:22 When approached by driving companies or oil corporations or the British military,
    0:22:26 Dyson would suggest that the Sea Truck could be modified to meet their specific requirements.
    0:22:30 I convinced not a single one of them, he admitted.
    0:22:31 People do not want all purpose.
    0:22:34 They want high-tech specificity.
    0:22:39 This insight would later influence his approach to marketing the dual cyclone vacuum cleaner,
    0:22:43 where he focused specifically on its superiority as a vacuum,
    0:22:46 rather than diluting the message with all the other features.
    0:22:53 One of the most illuminating incidents from the Sea Truck era came during a trip to Egypt in 1973.
    0:22:58 Dyson arrived in Cairo expecting that the Egyptians wanted modifications to the boat,
    0:23:01 such as armoring it like all the other militaries had requested.
    0:23:03 The reality surprised him.
    0:23:07 Oh, no, that is the last thing we want, he was told by the Egyptians.
    0:23:10 We sent one of our men out in a Sea Truck and tried to shoot him.
    0:23:12 We shot at him for hours and we couldn’t make a mark.
    0:23:15 The boat rides so low in the water that it cannot be hit.
    0:23:19 This contrasted sharply with the approach taken by the British Navy,
    0:23:23 which according to Dyson had spent two years trying to make the Sea Truck suit their needs.
    0:23:29 By the time they had spent an absolute fortune on armor plating and special diesel engines to power,
    0:23:35 they had turned my lovely launch craft into an iron behemoth that couldn’t manage more than about 10 miles an hour.
    0:23:39 Dyson saw in this a cultural difference between problem solving.
    0:23:44 The trial and error approach of the Egyptians, on the other hand, had been pure Edison.
    0:23:46 Rather than over-engineering the solution,
    0:23:51 they had tested the product in real-world conditions immediately and discovered an inherent advantage.
    0:23:57 As Dyson’s involvement with the Sea Truck began to wane, he observed another critical principle of innovation.
    0:24:00 But when difficulties arose, they just shelved the whole thing,
    0:24:05 something that always seemed to happen when the original designer does not stay on his project.
    0:24:08 This self-belief is not there to press on through the hard times.
    0:24:14 This insight would later fuel Dyson’s determination to maintain control over his inventions,
    0:24:19 seeing them through from concept to market despite setbacks and opposition.
    0:24:25 Most significantly, Dyson was developing a philosophy about innovation that would guide him throughout his career.
    0:24:31 He embraced the willingness to question basic assumptions and pursue solutions that established experts dismiss.
    0:24:36 This mindset would eventually lead him to look at a sawmill cyclone dust extractor and wonder,
    0:24:40 could this replace the vacuum cleaner that everyone takes for granted?
    0:24:44 Well, the industry experts assumed that if a better vacuum cleaner were possible,
    0:24:47 manufacturers would have already made it by then.
    0:24:54 This self-awareness about his unconventional approach would become a defining characteristic of Dyson’s innovation philosophy.
    0:24:57 Looking back on his journey, he reflected,
    0:25:03 I have been a misfit throughout my professional life, and that seems to have worked to my advantage.
    0:25:10 Misfits are not born or made, they make themselves, and a stubborn, opinionated child desperate to be different and right
    0:25:15 encounters only smaller refractions of the problem he will always experience,
    0:25:18 and he carries the weight of that dislocation forever.
    0:25:28 This self-awareness that his misfit status was both a burden and a blessing explains Dyson’s resilience in the face of rejection and criticism.
    0:25:35 His early experiences taught him that being different, while often uncomfortable, could also be a source of great strength.
    0:25:41 As Dyson’s early career took shape, he was developing principles that would guide his future endeavors.
    0:25:45 One crucial insight came from a seemingly modest business venture.
    0:25:52 My only business venture until now had been selling cheap wine that a friend of mine was importing from Tarragona in southern Spain.
    0:25:59 Wine was beginning to catch on in Britain in the late 60s, and this unlabeled plonk had a certain cachet among the arty.
    0:26:05 From this experience, Dyson extracted a principle that would become central to his business philosophy.
    0:26:10 The only way to make real money is to offer the public something entirely new that has style as well as substance,
    0:26:13 and which they cannot get anywhere else.
    0:26:20 This commitment to creating something genuinely new, rather than merely improving on existing products,
    0:26:25 would drive Dyson to pursue innovations that others dismissed as impossible or unnecessary.
    0:26:29 I didn’t want to put the icing on other people’s creations, he declared.
    0:26:31 I wanted to make things.
    0:26:37 As the 1970s began, Dyson was poised to apply these lessons and principles to new challenges.
    0:26:42 He had experienced the thrill of bringing the sea truck from concept to market,
    0:26:46 absorbed Jeremy Fry’s unorthodox approach to problem solving,
    0:26:52 and begun developing his own philosophy about the intersection of art, design, and engineering.
    0:26:57 I discovered the confidence and the stupidity to start doing things differently, he reflected.
    0:27:04 A simple statement that captures the paradoxical mix of self-assurance and risk-taking that characterizes innovation.
    0:27:08 Armed with this confidence and the lessons learned from the sea truck project,
    0:27:13 Dyson was about to turn his attention into something far more mundane than high-speed boats,
    0:27:15 yet potentially more revolutionary.
    0:27:17 The humble wheelbarrow.
    0:27:26 The gardeners of England in the mid-1970s had no idea that they were inspiring a revolution.
    0:27:32 As they struggled with their conventional wheelbarrows fighting to keep the narrow wheels from sinking into the wet soil,
    0:27:38 James Dyson was watching with the calculating eye of someone who sees not what is, but what could be.
    0:27:41 For centuries, the wheelbarrow had remained essentially unchanged.
    0:27:45 A container perched precariously on a single narrow wheel,
    0:27:50 a design that made it perpetually unstable and virtually useless on soft ground.
    0:27:56 Most people accepted these limitations as inevitable, the unavoidable physics of a simple tool.
    0:28:01 But Dyson, fresh from his experience with the sea truck, saw these frustrations differently,
    0:28:07 not as immutable facts of life, but as a design problem waiting to be solved.
    0:28:10 The solution he developed was elegant in its simplicity.
    0:28:12 Replace the wheel with a ball.
    0:28:17 A sphere distributes weight across a wider surface area, preventing sinking.
    0:28:23 It also allows movement in any direction without having to lift and reposition the barrel.
    0:28:25 The idea seemed obvious in retrospect,
    0:28:29 raising the question that would become familiar throughout Dyson’s career.
    0:28:31 Why hadn’t nobody thought of this before?
    0:28:34 In 1974, he unveiled the ball barrel,
    0:28:39 a reinvention that replaced the traditional wheel with a large orange plastic sphere.
    0:28:44 The ball distributed weight more evenly and crucially wouldn’t sink into soft soil or mud.
    0:28:49 Its wider footprint provided stability that the conventional wheelbarrow couldn’t match.
    0:28:52 Dyson gave it bright colors and a modern form,
    0:28:56 turning a utilitarian tool into something with aesthetic appeal.
    0:29:01 The ball barrel wasn’t just different for difference sakes, it genuinely worked better.
    0:29:05 When featured on BBC’s Tomorrow World technology program,
    0:29:08 it introduced viewers to Dyson’s fundamental approach.
    0:29:10 Identify a common frustration.
    0:29:12 Question assumption.
    0:29:15 And engineer a solution from first principle.
    0:29:20 Within a year of launch, the company was selling 45,000 ball barrels annually.
    0:29:25 A remarkable success for a product category most people considered fully mature.
    0:29:29 But commercial success masked a looming disaster.
    0:29:35 In setting up the ball barrel company, Dyson had made what would prove to be a crucial error.
    0:29:38 In 1974, when I had wanted to do the ball barrel,
    0:29:41 my brother-in-law generously offered to part-fund it.
    0:29:46 I had rather stupidly assigned the patent of the ball barrel not to myself, but to the company,
    0:29:48 Dyson later confessed.
    0:29:52 This seemingly innocuous decision would prove catastrophic.
    0:29:59 To launch the ball barrel, Dyson and his partners borrowed £200,000, about $275,000,
    0:30:07 at a punishing 24% interest rate, a reflection of Britain’s troubled economy in the mid-1970s.
    0:30:12 As the business expanded, they needed more capital, which meant bringing in new investors.
    0:30:16 Each round of investment diluted Dyson’s personal ownership stake.
    0:30:20 The business grew to an annual turnover of £600,000.
    0:30:24 It captured more than half of the UK garden wheelbarrow market, Dyson recalled.
    0:30:26 But even so, we didn’t make any money.
    0:30:30 The ball barrel had become the most frustrating of business scenarios,
    0:30:34 a popular product that couldn’t turn into a profitable business.
    0:30:39 The situation deteriorated when a former employee defected to a competing American company
    0:30:42 that had previously discussed licensing the ball barrel.
    0:30:46 Soon, a knockoff version appeared in the US market with a brazen competitor
    0:30:50 even using photos of the original ball barrel in their marketing materials.
    0:30:54 It was corporate betrayal at its most flagrant.
    0:30:56 And the company’s board, against Dyson’s wishes,
    0:31:00 opted to pursue expensive legal action against the American imitator.
    0:31:06 This drained resources and created yet another financial crisis requiring additional investment,
    0:31:09 further diluting Dyson’s ownership stake,
    0:31:12 while shifting the company’s focus from improving their product.
    0:31:15 Meanwhile, Dyson’s interests were already shifting.
    0:31:18 What I really wanted to do was make the vacuum cleaner I had in mind
    0:31:21 rather than fight the plagiarist in Chicago,
    0:31:23 as the board was keen on doing, he explained.
    0:31:27 This divergence in priorities foreshadowed the coming rupture.
    0:31:34 In February of 1979, the other shareholders unceremoniously forced Dyson out of his own company.
    0:31:39 I couldn’t have been more surprised when my fellow shareholders booted me out, Dyson recalled.
    0:31:41 There was no apparent reason for this.
    0:31:47 He later discovered that the son of the other major shareholder had orchestrated the coup to take control of the business.
    0:31:50 The ejection was professionally devastating.
    0:31:53 I had lost five years of my work by not valuing my creation.
    0:31:58 I had failed to protect the one thing that was most valuable to me, Dyson reflected.
    0:32:03 If I had kept control, I could have done what I wanted to do and avoided a big interest bill.
    0:32:09 The final insult was that the company lawyer, the very person who might have protected Dyson’s interests,
    0:32:11 was the one who delivered the termination.
    0:32:17 I was now without a lawyer, I was clueless about compensation for loss of office, and my shares were worthless.
    0:32:24 This bitter experience taught Dyson several crucial lessons that would shape his future business decisions.
    0:32:29 First, he learned the paramount importance of maintaining control of his intellectual property.
    0:32:35 In his words, I learned very much the hard way that I should have held on to the Balbaro patent and licensed the company.
    0:32:39 In the event, I lost the license, the patent, and the company.
    0:32:47 Second, he developed a deep aversion to outside shareholders who could dictate company direction, or worse, push him out.
    0:32:53 From now on, though, I was determined not to let go of my own inventions, patents, and companies, he vowed.
    0:33:00 This commitment to maintaining ownership would become a defining characteristic of Dyson’s future business approach.
    0:33:03 He also gained hard-won insights about commercial strategy.
    0:33:18 In retrospect, the very idea of selling against a utility product was a mistake, Dyson concluded.
    0:33:22 The product was good, but the commercial proposition was a bad idea.
    0:33:27 This painful episode also reinforced Dyson’s developing philosophy about business itself
    0:33:32 that stood in stark contrast to the prevailing corporate culture of the 1970s in Britain.
    0:33:36 In his view, something fundamental had changed in how companies were being run.
    0:33:40 Car companies used to be run by people who loved cars, he observed.
    0:33:45 They knew how to make the cars themselves, and they were always trying to make them better.
    0:33:48 Retail companies were run by people who knew how to sell.
    0:33:53 Now they’re run by accountants and marketing people who don’t understand the product or the customer.
    0:33:58 This shift from product-centered to finance-centered management troubled Dyson deeply.
    0:34:03 He saw it as the root cause of declining British manufacturing and innovation.
    0:34:06 Engineering and design is not about that.
    0:34:10 It is a long-term way of regenerating a company, and by extension, a country.
    0:34:17 If the city, fat cats, and their banks, and the monsters, the Thatcher revolution made into prime movers,
    0:34:21 demand an instant return, we just sell our products better.
    0:34:22 We don’t improve them.
    0:34:30 As he faced an uncertain future in 1979, Dyson had no idea that his next project would not only transform his fortunes,
    0:34:32 but an entire industry.
    0:34:36 And it would begin with the most ordinary of household irritations.
    0:34:39 A vacuum cleaner that kept losing suction.
    0:34:47 Before we get to Dyson’s next project, we need to travel back in time a bit to understand the history of the vacuum cleaner.
    0:34:48 The year is 1901.
    0:34:56 Queen Victoria’s reign is coming to an end, and in a London office, an engineer named Hubert Sissel Booth is conducting a peculiar experiment.
    0:35:03 He’s on his hands and knees pressing his handkerchief against the carpet and sucking through it with all of his might.
    0:35:07 After a moment, he examines the cloth and finds it impregnated with dust.
    0:35:13 This impromptu experiment conducted after witnessing a failed American cleaning demonstration confirmed his theory.
    0:35:17 Suction, not blowing, was the key to effective cleaning.
    0:35:21 Booth would go on to create the first powerful vacuum cleaner,
    0:35:27 a massive horse-drawn contraption that parked outside of homes with long hoses that were fed into windows and doors.
    0:35:33 It was a sensation among London’s elite, who threw parties to show off this marvelous new cleaning method.
    0:35:39 Even King Edward VII was impressed, ordering machines for Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle,
    0:35:43 making the British monarchy the first royal owners of vacuum cleaners.
    0:35:47 But the true commercialization of the vacuum would happen across the Atlantic.
    0:35:53 In 1908, a struggling Ohio leather and saddle maker named W.H. Boss Hoover,
    0:35:57 looking to diversify as automobiles replace horses,
    0:36:03 purchased the rights to an electric carpet sweeper invented by an asthmatic janitor,
    0:36:04 James Murray Sprinkler.
    0:36:11 This device, essentially an electric fan that sucked dust into a pillowcase attached to a broomstick,
    0:36:14 would become the prototype for virtually all vacuums to follow.
    0:36:20 For the next seven decades or so, vacuum cleaners would change remarkably little in their fundamental design.
    0:36:22 Yes, there were some improvements.
    0:36:26 The Electrolux introduced the cylinder models in 1913,
    0:36:30 and in 1936, the Hoover Jr. added rotating brushes.
    0:36:34 But the central technology remained essentially unchanged,
    0:36:39 a motor-driven fan sucking air and dust through a cloth paper bag that would filter out the dirt.
    0:36:42 And this is where James Dyson enters,
    0:36:47 because what nobody seemed to notice or perhaps care about was a fundamental flaw in the design.
    0:36:49 The moment you started using these vacuums,
    0:36:54 they began to lose suction as the pores in the bags clogged with fine dust particles.
    0:36:59 Dyson was experiencing the suction issue with his own Hoover Jr.
    0:37:04 when he recalled a pivotal moment in the Balbaro manufacturing process that he was working on.
    0:37:09 Dyson had encountered a problem with the powder coating plant used to paint the Balbaro frames.
    0:37:12 The process they were using created a significant amount of waste.
    0:37:18 When spraying the metal frames, much of the powder would miss its target and would need to be collected.
    0:37:24 The initial solution was a huge cloth screen that acted as a filter with a powerful fan behind it to create suction.
    0:37:29 But the screen would clog within an hour, halting production while workers cleaned it.
    0:37:35 Exactly the same problem that plagued vacuum cleaners worldwide, just on an industrial scale.
    0:37:41 When Dyson inquired about how larger factories solved this problem, he was told they used something called a cyclone.
    0:37:47 A huge canonical device that used centrifugal force to separate particles from the air without filters or screens.
    0:37:56 Intrigued but unable to afford this 75,000 pound machine, he was quoted to install Dyson did what innovators have done throughout history.
    0:37:58 He decided to simply build his own.
    0:38:06 One night, he drove up to a nearby sawmill that had one of their cyclones installed, parked a distance away, and under the cover of darkness, climbed the fence.
    0:38:14 By moonlight, he examined and sketched the 30-foot cone, trying to understand exactly how it worked and what its proportions were.
    0:38:22 The next day, a Sunday, Dyson and his team wielded together a 30-foot cyclone from sheets of steel, cut a hole in the factory roof, and installed their creation.
    0:38:26 When they started the production line, the results were immediate and dramatic.
    0:38:34 The powder that missed the frames was sucked up, spiraled through the cyclone, and collected into a bag at the bottom, while the clean air escaped through the tub.
    0:38:37 No stoppages, no clogging.
    0:38:40 And that’s when the connection suddenly clicked in Dyson’s mind.
    0:38:43 That evening, driving home through a storm, his thoughts raced.
    0:38:51 If industrial cyclones could separate dust from air without filters, why couldn’t the same principle work in miniature in a household vacuum cleaner?
    0:38:54 Arriving home, Dyson immediately set to work.
    0:38:57 He tore the bag off as Hoover Jr. and tried vacuuming without it.
    0:39:00 The result was a horrible spray of dust blown into the room.
    0:39:07 Next, he fashioned a foot-long cone from cardboard, covered it in tape to make it airtight, and attached it to the cleaner.
    0:39:13 He connected the outlet to the machine where the bag had been to the top of his makeshift cyclone.
    0:39:17 When he flipped the switch, instead of the dust storm he half-expected, the vacuum ran smoothly.
    0:39:25 After a few minutes, he disconnected his cardboard construction and peered inside to find a deposit of dust in the bottom of the cone.
    0:39:32 He proceeded to vacuum his entire house, repeatedly checking his creation to confirm that it wasn’t a dream.
    0:40:00 What Dyson didn’t know that October night was that his moment of inspiration would lead to five years of obsessive and painstaking development and refinement.
    0:40:09 His initial cardboard prototype demonstrated the principle, but creating a practical, efficient, and manufacturable product would prove far more challenging.
    0:40:15 As Dyson tells it, after that initial eureka, it was a long haul to the dual cyclone.
    0:40:22 So-called because the outer cyclone rotating at 200 miles per hour removes large debris and most of the dust,
    0:40:33 while an inner cyclone rotating at 924 miles per hour creates huge gravitational force and drives the finest dust, even particles of cigarette smoke, out of the air.
    0:40:38 This five-year period tested not only Dyson’s engineering acumen, but his personal resilience.
    0:40:49 The family lived on his wife’s modest income as an art teacher, while James obsessively worked on prototype after prototype in his workshop, while racking up ever-increasing amounts of debt.
    0:40:56 These were lean years, with young children to raise and a mortgage to pay, and interest rates among the highest they’ve ever been.
    0:41:01 Yet Dyson remained fixated on solving this single problem.
    0:41:04 In one sense, it was all a bit of a disaster, he admitted.
    0:41:07 I had no job, no income, and a sizable mortgage to pay off.
    0:41:12 Yet, this moment of apparent crisis was actually the beginning of his greatest work.
    0:41:19 What’s remarkable about Dyson’s process wasn’t just the sheer number of prototypes, though that number has become legendary,
    0:41:26 But the methodical approach to each iteration, every failure pointed to a specific problem that needed solving.
    0:41:32 The airflow wasn’t right, the cyclone’s proportions were off, the dust separation wasn’t efficient enough.
    0:41:38 By the time he had achieved a working design in 1983, with the launch of the G-Force in Japan,
    0:41:47 Dyson had created 5,127 prototypes, a number that has become mythical in innovation circles.
    0:41:53 I made 5,127 prototypes of my vacuum before I got it right, he famously stated.
    0:41:59 That means there were 5,126 failures, but I learned from each one.
    0:42:00 That’s how I came up with a solution.
    0:42:02 So I didn’t mind failure.
    0:42:08 This embrace of failure as a teaching tool rather than a dead end places Dyson in the tradition of Thomas Edison,
    0:42:13 who reportedly found 10,000 ways not to make the light bulb before finding one that worked.
    0:42:15 Edison’s famous quote,
    0:42:21 I have not failed, I’ve just found 10,000 ways that won’t work, could just as easily have come from Dyson’s math.
    0:42:24 Indeed, Dyson later articulated a similar philosophy.
    0:42:26 Enjoy failure and learn from it.
    0:42:28 You never learn from success.
    0:42:34 With a working prototype finally in hand, after five years, Dyson thought the hardest part was over.
    0:42:37 Little did he know, it was just beginning.
    0:42:45 He pitched the established vacuum manufacturers a no-brainer, a bagless vacuum cleaner that never lost suction.
    0:42:47 It wasn’t theory, he could show them a prototype.
    0:42:50 But the response was like a door slamming in his face.
    0:42:57 James, if there were a better kind of vacuum cleaner, Hoover or Electrolux would have invented it, they scoffed.
    0:43:01 It’s the smug dismissal you hear in entrepreneurial lore.
    0:43:05 The assumption that if it’s possible, the big dogs would have already done it.
    0:43:08 Western Union said the same thing about the telephone.
    0:43:11 IBM shrugged about the personal computer.
    0:43:13 Kodak about the digital camera.
    0:43:17 For Dyson, this didn’t kill his drive.
    0:43:17 It lit a fire.
    0:43:21 This is Clayton Christensen’s innovation dilemma in action.
    0:43:31 Successful companies locked into their current customers and profits miss disruptive innovations that seem inferior at first, but eventually upend everything.
    0:43:34 The vacuum giants weren’t just blind, they were trapped.
    0:43:40 Because their business model ran on the razor and blades model, cranking out high margin replacement bags.
    0:43:45 A bagless vacuum didn’t just challenge their technology, it threatened their whole way of business.
    0:43:52 The established players weren’t merely overlooking Dyson’s invention, they were actively protecting their golden goose.
    0:43:57 They’d optimize everything from manufacturing and marketing and distribution, all to sell bags.
    0:44:00 Why risk that for some unproving gizmo?
    0:44:03 It’s the rational call until it’s not.
    0:44:05 The pattern is predictable.
    0:44:07 First, they ignore the innovation.
    0:44:08 It can’t work.
    0:44:09 Then they dismiss it.
    0:44:10 It’s not important.
    0:44:12 And then they panic when it’s too late.
    0:44:15 Elon Musk hit this wall with Tesla.
    0:44:17 Steve Jobs smashed through it with the iPod.
    0:44:21 Incumbents all over the world can’t imagine a different future.
    0:44:24 And that’s the crack that disruptors exploit.
    0:44:28 Charlie Munger calls it commitment and consistency bias.
    0:44:33 Once you’re all in on a path, changing feels impossible, even when the evidence screams otherwise.
    0:44:38 This psychological trap transforms market leaders into sitting ducks.
    0:44:43 For Dyson, the rejection meant going solo, building and selling his invention without the big players.
    0:44:44 Daunting, sure.
    0:44:46 But he’d come too far to quit.
    0:45:01 Unable to find an existing manufacturer in the UK willing to produce his vacuum, Dyson turned to Japan, where a licensing deal with a company called Apex allowed the GeForce Cleaner to be marketed as a luxury item, selling for the equivalent of $2,000.
    0:45:11 Although this high-end positioning didn’t reflect Dyson’s original vision for wide market adoption, it provided two crucial things, income and validation.
    0:45:16 It proved that people, at least in Japan, were willing to pay a premium for a breakthrough in cleaning technology.
    0:45:23 Royalties from Japan soon began flowing back to Britain, enabling Dyson to take bold steps that many had warned were foolish.
    0:45:28 He had tried to find a partner to manufacture this with him, but he couldn’t find one.
    0:45:31 So he decided that he was going to open his own manufacturing facility.
    0:45:39 And by 1993, he introduced the Dyson DC-01 to the UK market, an unapologetically unusual machine.
    0:45:50 With bright colors, transparent dustbins, and an exposed cyclone system, the vacuum’s design flew in the face of every convention that had been defined in the industry.
    0:45:55 As Dyson would later remarked, going against established expert thinking was a huge risk.
    0:45:59 No one could confirm that what we were doing was a good idea.
    0:46:02 Everyone, in fact, confirmed the reverse.
    0:46:09 If, however, we had believed the science and not trusted our instincts, we would have ended up following the path of dull conformity.
    0:46:13 Dyson believed in himself, even though nobody else believed in him.
    0:46:21 The Dyson DC-01’s central selling point, the only vacuum cleaner that doesn’t lose suction, wasn’t just a clever tagline.
    0:46:29 It laid bare what Dyson viewed as the fundamental flaw of the bag-based vacuums, a loss of performance the moment the bag began filling.
    0:46:34 That indictment of the entire industry didn’t just intrigue curious homeowners.
    0:46:38 It challenged competitors who could no longer claim bags were good enough.
    0:46:48 Dyson’s approach quickly drew attention, and initial sales, though modest, began to surge as word spread about the machine’s staggering suction power and ease of emptying.
    0:46:56 By 1995, it had become the best-selling vacuum cleaner in the UK, topping the very brands that had once dismissed Dyson’s idea.
    0:47:05 Meanwhile, the industry’s knee-jerk reaction was to hastily develop bagless technologies of their own, a scramble that validated the cyclone-based system.
    0:47:14 But thoughtfully, Dyson had safeguarded his inventions with over 100 patents, a legal moat that forced his rivals to tread very carefully.
    0:47:19 When Hoover released a suspiciously similar product, Dyson stood his ground in court.
    0:47:26 He won over 4 million British pounds in damages, reinforcing the message that real innovation can and should be protected.
    0:47:31 As he would insist, by its very nature, pioneering will not always be successful.
    0:47:35 We don’t start these ventures with the inevitability of success.
    0:47:38 We are too aware that we may well fail.
    0:47:43 But I also think if we fail, better drown than duffers.
    0:47:51 What began in a cramped kitchen amid cardboard prototypes and relentless late-night tinkering evolved into a global empire.
    0:48:01 Dyson’s story extended well beyond vacuums, branching into hand dryers, vans, hair care, and even the ambitious foray into electric vehicles.
    0:48:07 Yet the products themselves were less significant than the spirit of invention they represented.
    0:48:13 The real legacy was Dyson’s determined belief that everyday objects could and should be rethought from the ground up.
    0:48:19 In his view, following the path of dull conformity is precisely how incumbents remain stuck.
    0:48:24 His success not only caused manufacturers to re-examine their own design assumptions,
    0:48:31 but it also planted a broader realization where people find persistent frustrations they can and should innovate.
    0:48:37 For James Dyson, that conviction, honed through adversity in the UK and validated in Japan,
    0:48:42 transformed one man’s frustration with a vacuum bag into a multi-billion dollar business
    0:48:47 and ultimately a model for re-imagining the objects we use every day.
    0:48:55 But late 1990s, with his vacuum cleaners flying off the shelves and the Dyson name fast becoming synonymous with vacuums,
    0:49:00 James Dyson faced the standard menu of options awaiting any successful entrepreneur.
    0:49:06 Sell to a larger company, take the business public, or perhaps just ease into a comfortable role as chairman.
    0:49:09 Delegate the hard work and enjoy the fruits of your labor.
    0:49:12 It was, after all, what everyone expected.
    0:49:15 Everyone, that is, except for James Dyson.
    0:49:18 Instead, he did something that left business analysts scratching their heads.
    0:49:22 He plowed enormous amounts of money back into research and development.
    0:49:27 While competitors were typically allocating 2-3% of revenue to research and development,
    0:49:31 Dyson was routinely investing 20% or more.
    0:49:34 This wasn’t just an abstract commitment to innovation.
    0:49:39 It was a fundamental challenge to the conventional wisdom of how to run a business.
    0:49:46 I’m not interested in appearing on some rich list, Dyson remarked with characteristic dismissiveness toward the trapping of wealth.
    0:49:54 What’s far more satisfying is seeing something you’ve designed on someone’s kitchen counter or hearing someone talk about their Dyson as if it’s a family member.
    0:50:00 In a business landscape dominated by the relentless quarterly results focus of publicly traded companies,
    0:50:06 Dyson’s passion-driven approach stood out like one of his vacuum cleaners in a sea of beige appliances.
    0:50:09 By keeping the company private and maintaining control,
    0:50:15 he ensured that engineering excellence, not shareholder demands, drove the decision-making.
    0:50:22 The irony, this stubborn refusal to focus on profit ultimately proved more profitable than a profit-first strategy would have been.
    0:50:26 By creating better products rather than just better marketed ones,
    0:50:32 Dyson built a brand that commanded premium prices and inspired unusual loyalty amongst its customers.
    0:50:36 Achievements that no amount of clever advertising could accomplish.
    0:50:45 In 2006, if you had walked into a public restroom and seen someone seemingly karate chopping the air beneath a strange metal contraption mounted on the wall,
    0:50:51 you would have witnessed one of Dyson’s newest converts experiencing the Airblade hand dryer for the first time.
    0:50:55 The traditional hand dryers had worked on a simple but ineffective principle.
    0:50:59 Blow warm air over wet hands and hope for evaporation.
    0:51:06 The process was slow, energy inefficient, and often left hands damp enough that most people would give up and wipe them on their pants.
    0:51:11 The Airblade, in typical Dyson fashion, attacked the problem from a completely different angle,
    0:51:18 using sheets of high-velocity, unheated air to physically scrape water from hands,
    0:51:22 drying them in just 10 to 12 seconds instead of the typical 30 to 45.
    0:51:26 This wasn’t just a marginally better hand dryer.
    0:51:29 It was a fundamental rethinking of what hand dryers could be.
    0:51:34 And like the vacuum before it, it solved an everyday frustration most people had simply accepted as normal.
    0:51:43 Then in 2009 came perhaps the most visually striking Dyson innovation, the Air Multiplier, also known as the bladeless fan.
    0:51:48 With its distinctive ring design, it eliminated the chopping blades of traditional fans,
    0:51:52 making them safer and easier to clean while delivering smoother airflow.
    0:51:58 The product’s alien appearance became instantly iconic, a physical manifestation of Dyson’s philosophy
    0:52:03 that when function is properly executed, distinctive form follows naturally.
    0:52:09 In testing the Air Multiplier, Dyson engineers sometimes found themselves sticking their heads through the empty ring,
    0:52:14 a demonstration that would later become a staple of Dyson’s public appearances with the product.
    0:52:19 It was also emblematic of the company’s playful approach to serious engineering.
    0:52:25 Eight years later, Dyson tackled an appliance that hadn’t seen meaningful innovation since the 1960s,
    0:52:27 the hairdryer.
    0:52:32 Traditional models were loud, heavy, and prone to overheating, and often damaged the hair.
    0:52:37 The supersonic, with its miniaturized motor in the handle rather than the head,
    0:52:41 addressed all of these issues while exemplifying another Dyson principle.
    0:52:46 Sometimes the most significant innovations come from solving the least glamorous problem.
    0:52:53 To create the supersonic, engineers tested 1,010 miles of hair to crack and heat damage.
    0:52:57 Hundreds of prototypes later, they shrunk the motor into the handle.
    0:53:02 Throughout these expansions, Dyson maintained his characteristic approach to product development,
    0:53:05 expressed in his oft-quoted observation.
    0:53:09 Everything can be improved, you just have to look for the frustration.
    0:53:14 This simple yet profound insight cuts to the heart of Dyson’s innovation philosophy.
    0:53:17 Rather than starting with market research or competitor analysis,
    0:53:20 the standard playbook for product development,
    0:53:26 Dyson products began with identifying everyday frustrations that people have come to accept as normal.
    0:53:29 Each new product category followed the same pattern.
    0:53:32 Find a common device that doesn’t work as well as it could,
    0:53:34 and reimagine it from first principles.
    0:53:40 It’s a philosophy that seems obvious in retrospect, yet remains strikingly rare in practice.
    0:53:46 Visit Dyson’s headquarters and you won’t find the standard corporate divisions between thinkers and doers.
    0:53:52 Unlike many companies where engineers design and technicians build and testers evaluate,
    0:53:56 Dyson engineers are involved throughout the entire process,
    0:53:59 a reflection of Dyson’s own hands-on approach.
    0:54:04 Our engineers build their own prototypes and test them so we understand how and why they might fail,
    0:54:05 Dyson explains.
    0:54:08 This isn’t just a nice philosophical stance.
    0:54:14 It’s a practical recognition that those designing products need intimate knowledge of their real-world
    0:54:14 performance.
    0:54:20 The tighter the feedback loop between design and function, the faster innovation happens.
    0:54:23 This philosophy extends to Dyson’s hiring practices,
    0:54:26 where the company often recruits engineers straight from universities.
    0:54:30 The preference for fresh minds, unencumbered by industry conventions,
    0:54:34 over-experienced professionals who might reflexively say that’s not how we do it,
    0:54:36 isn’t just about youthful energy.
    0:54:41 It’s about maintaining the company’s ability to question basic assumptions.
    0:54:45 When developing a new product, Dyson teams are encouraged to build and test rapidly,
    0:54:47 embracing failure as an education.
    0:54:53 Just as James Dyson did with his 5,127 vacuum prototypes.
    0:54:58 The company’s laboratories have evolved into a testing wonderland, featuring everything from
    0:55:04 acoustic chambers from measuring noise to robotic arms that simulate years of usage in accelerated
    0:55:04 time.
    0:55:10 Marketing considerations will not ignore, take a clear backseat to engineering excellence.
    0:55:16 Stories are abound of Dyson rejecting market-ready products because some aspect of their performance
    0:55:21 didn’t meet his exacting standards, often to the frustration of the company’s commercial
    0:55:23 teams eager to meet launch deadlines.
    0:55:29 We were criticized for the short runtime, Dyson notes, about their first battery-powered devices,
    0:55:34 a decision that went against conventional wisdom but proved correct as battery technology improved.
    0:55:39 The company’s willingness to make unpopular short-term decisions in service of a long-term vision
    0:55:44 is perhaps its most distinctive characteristic, in an industry typically driven by immediate
    0:55:45 sales considerations.
    0:55:48 This approach isn’t without its cause.
    0:55:53 Dyson products are notoriously expensive to develop and consequently command premium prices.
    0:55:58 But this alignment of higher costs with genuinely superior performance has created a virtuous cycle.
    0:56:04 Customers willing to pay more for better products fuel the R&D that creates the next generation
    0:56:05 of innovations.
    0:56:09 It’s a business model that feels almost quaint in its straightforwardness.
    0:56:14 Make things that work better, charge more for them, and use the profits to make even more
    0:56:14 better things.
    0:56:22 If innovation is the lifeblood of Dyson’s business, then patents are its immune system.
    0:56:26 And James Dyson has proven himself just as tenacious in defending his intellectual property
    0:56:29 as he was in developing it in the first place.
    0:56:35 The most famous of these legal battles was Dyson’s 1999 lawsuit against Hoover for patent infringement.
    0:56:41 After Dyson’s vacuum cleaner became a clear market success, Hoover introduced its own bagless
    0:56:43 model using similar cyclone technology.
    0:56:49 Dyson sued, and after a five-year legal battle, won damages of 4 million British pounds.
    0:56:55 This victory wasn’t significant just financially, but it was really symbolically significant for
    0:57:00 Dyson, establishing that even a relatively new company could successfully defend its intellectual
    0:57:02 property against an industry giant.
    0:57:08 It sent a clear message that Dyson wouldn’t be intimidated by larger competitors attempting
    0:57:09 to copy his innovation.
    0:57:15 For Dyson, patents aren’t merely legal instruments, but essential safeguards that make innovation
    0:57:17 economically viable.
    0:57:22 Without patent protection, the enormous investments required to develop truly new technologies would
    0:57:28 be financially unjustifiable as competitors could simply copy successful products without bearing
    0:57:30 the R&D costs.
    0:57:32 This dance hasn’t been without controversy.
    0:57:37 Critics argue that aggressive patent enforcement can stifle innovation by preventing others from
    0:57:39 building on existing ideas.
    0:57:45 But Dyson counters that genuine innovation means creating something truly new, not incrementally
    0:57:46 modifying something.
    0:57:52 In my view, Dyson argues, patents need a longer life to reflect today’s long research and development
    0:57:52 cycles.
    0:57:57 It’s a perspective that places him somewhat at odds with the open source movement and those
    0:58:01 who believe that looser intellectual property restrictions would accelerate innovation.
    0:58:04 Yet it’s hard to argue with the results.
    0:58:09 Without the protection of patents, would Dyson have been able to sustain the massive R&D investments
    0:58:12 that produced such a stream of innovative products?
    0:58:18 This question really cuts to the heart of how societies balance incentives for individual innovators
    0:58:21 against the broader benefits of shared knowledge.
    0:58:28 Perhaps the most distinctive aspect of Dyson’s business trajectory is his steadfast refusal to sell the
    0:58:31 company or take it public, despite numerous lucrative offers.
    0:58:37 This decision has allowed him to maintain complete control over the company’s direction and priorities,
    0:58:40 a luxury few entrepreneurs enjoy in the long term.
    0:58:46 In an era where founders often exit their companies through acquisition or IPO within a decade of
    0:58:52 starting them, Dyson’s 44-year tenure as the leader and sole owner of his company is remarkable.
    0:58:58 This longevity has enabled him to pursue a consistent vision without the pressures that come from
    0:59:02 external shareholders demanding quarterly results or strategic pivots.
    0:59:07 The benefits of this approach are evident in Dyson’s ability to make decisions that might appear
    0:59:10 counterintuitive in the short run, but align with his long-term vision.
    0:59:16 For example, when Dyson decided to invest $2.5 billion in developing an electric car,
    0:59:19 a project that was ultimately abandoned in 2019,
    0:59:25 he did so without having to justify the massive expenditure to shareholders or a board of directors.
    0:59:29 This freedom comes with a significant financial trade-off.
    0:59:33 By keeping the company private, Dyson delayed his own financial gratification for decades.
    0:59:37 While his contemporaries who founded and sold companies became wealthy,
    0:59:43 much earlier in their careers, Dyson’s wealth remained largely on paper until much later in life.
    0:59:48 The lesson here isn’t that every entrepreneur should keep their company ownership indefinitely.
    0:59:52 That path isn’t realistic or desirable for a lot of ventures.
    0:59:56 Rather, it’s that maintaining sufficient control to pursue your vision
    0:59:59 can be worth more than maximizing short-term financial returns.
    1:00:03 In Britain, where entrepreneurs at the earliest opportunity often
    1:00:05 sell out to take their companies public,
    1:00:08 Dyson’s approach stands out as particularly unusual.
    1:00:11 He has commanded that his tenacity to cash out quick
    1:00:14 suggests either a lack of passion for the business itself
    1:00:18 or a fear of losing everything before having a chance to profit.
    1:00:22 By contrast, Dyson’s unwillingness to relinquish control
    1:00:25 reflects a fundamentally different relationship to his creation.
    1:00:28 Not merely as a vehicle for wealth generation,
    1:00:31 but a platform for continuing innovation and impact.
    1:00:38 Let’s recap Dyson’s path from art school graduate to billionaire inventor and industrialist.
    1:00:42 What’s most striking here is the consistency of his approach
    1:00:45 across more than four decades of dramatic change.
    1:00:49 From the loss of his father at a young age through his education in design
    1:00:53 rather than engineering to his early career working under Jeremy Fry,
    1:00:57 these formative experiences shaped the unconventional approach
    1:00:59 that would later define his business career.
    1:01:02 The ball barrel represented his first commercial success,
    1:01:04 but also his first harsh business lesson
    1:01:07 when he lost control of the company to his partners.
    1:01:13 This experience informed his later insistence on maintaining ownership and control of Dyson,
    1:01:18 a decision that would prove critical to his ability to pursue long-term innovation.
    1:01:24 The development of the Cyclonic vacuum cleaner with its famous 5,127 prototypes
    1:01:29 over five years exemplifies the persistence that became Dyson’s hallmark.
    1:01:33 Unable to interest existing manufacturers in his invention,
    1:01:35 he was forced to commercialize it himself,
    1:01:40 first through licensing in Japan and later through direct manufacturing and sales.
    1:01:43 After achieving success in vacuum cleaners,
    1:01:47 Dyson systematically applied his engineering principles to other categories,
    1:01:50 hand dryers, fans, hair dryers, air purifiers,
    1:01:55 each time reimagining products that had seen little fundamental innovation for decades.
    1:01:58 Throughout this journey, Dyson maintained a consistent philosophy,
    1:02:03 identify everyday frustrations, question conventional solutions,
    1:02:06 iterate relentlessly toward better alternatives,
    1:02:09 and never compromise on engineering excellence.
    1:02:18 What appears from an outsider as an overnight success was in reality a 15-year journey from initial insight to commercial triumph.
    1:02:24 It was five years before the G-Force, but it was 15 before he really took off in the UK.
    1:02:29 And there’s a whole section in the book about how his partners in Japan sort of swindled him a bit,
    1:02:31 which it’s worth reading for sure.
    1:02:36 James Dyson is a reminder that genuine innovation often requires a time horizon
    1:02:40 longer than most businesses or investors are willing to contemplate.
    1:02:46 Those long runs that he did so early on in life served as great training ground for going through the grind.
    1:02:53 This philosophy extends beyond products to Dyson’s approach to education, intellectual property, and business ownership.
    1:02:59 A comprehensive vision of how innovation should work, not just within his company, but within society as a whole.
    1:03:06 It’s a vision that challenges conventional wisdom at nearly every turn, yet has proven remarkably effective in practice.
    1:03:09 In a world increasingly dominated by short-term thinking,
    1:03:13 Dyson stands out as a testament to the power of playing the long game.
    1:03:19 And a reminder that the most revolutionary innovations begin with nothing more than a willingness to ask,
    1:03:21 isn’t there a better way?
    1:03:34 Okay, let’s go over my reflections and some of the lessons learned from James Dyson’s incredible story.
    1:03:37 So the first, persistence is key.
    1:03:39 His story isn’t about genius.
    1:03:40 It’s really about persistence.
    1:03:42 The same as Estee Lauder.
    1:03:47 He built 5,127 prototypes over five years to launch the G-Force in Japan,
    1:03:52 and then spent another decade perfecting the DC-01 for the world.
    1:03:56 Innovation meant questioning experts, embracing failure, and owning his vision.
    1:03:59 He was told no over and over again.
    1:04:00 He was sued.
    1:04:04 He was nearly bankrupt with debt, yet he didn’t give up.
    1:04:06 Two, master your circumstances.
    1:04:10 Dyson learned early that losing control can sink you.
    1:04:13 With the C-truck, he watched shareholders sell out when times got tough.
    1:04:17 With the ball barrow, he was ousted despite his breakthroughs.
    1:04:23 These mishaps taught him to master his fate, keeping an ironclad control over IP and the company itself.
    1:04:26 It’s a hidden key to Berkshire Hathaway’s success, too.
    1:04:28 Own your destiny or others will.
    1:04:39 At dinner one night, I was talking with Charlie Munger, and I asked him for the unconventional sort of things that people don’t appreciate as much about Berkshire Hathaway’s success as he might think that they should.
    1:04:45 And one of the things that he mentioned to me was, he said, Warren and I have rarely been forced into a bad decision.
    1:04:47 And I took that to think about positioning a lot.
    1:04:59 You know, if an outside shareholder can come in and start dictating what you do or where you save money or what you do with the cash on your balance sheet and change your strategy, you can’t play out your vision.
    1:05:00 You can’t play the long game.
    1:05:01 You’re instantly playing the short game.
    1:05:06 And so I think that is a really underappreciated aspect of Berkshire Hathaway’s success.
    1:05:10 I also think it’s a really underappreciated aspect of Dyson’s success.
    1:05:20 He’s maintained this company now since the 1970s, and he’s been able to execute on his vision because nobody can come in and tell him what to do.
    1:05:22 Three, capacity to take pain.
    1:05:25 Behind any great achievement lies the capacity to take pain.
    1:05:28 If you want to see your vision through to the end, there’s going to be ups and downs.
    1:05:30 There’s not only going to be financial pain.
    1:05:32 There’s going to be emotional and psychological pain.
    1:05:34 You have to be willing to look different.
    1:05:36 You have to be willing to do things different.
    1:05:46 And, you know, Dyson, from the solitary long runs as a kid to legal battles, mounting debt, prototypes, numerous rejections, he just took the lumps and kept going.
    1:05:48 This isn’t to say that he didn’t have ups and downs.
    1:05:53 And I suspect, although the book didn’t lean into it a lot, that his partner played a key role here, too.
    1:05:58 And your partner plays a really big role in your psychology and whether you keep going or whether you…
    1:06:04 And the key here is believing in yourself, even when others don’t or won’t.
    1:06:06 Four, the standard was excellent.
    1:06:10 He didn’t release a product until it was perfect.
    1:06:16 He didn’t flinch at charging more for a vacuum cleaner or plowing 20% of revenue into R&D.
    1:06:18 Seven times the industry norm.
    1:06:20 He bet on excellence, not shortcuts.
    1:06:22 Profits naturally follow excellence.
    1:06:25 Five, he didn’t dilute the message.
    1:06:28 People don’t want a product that does 10 things with average ability.
    1:06:32 They want a product that does one thing with above average ability.
    1:06:36 Exceptionally good at one thing is better than average at a lot of things.
    1:06:40 When it was time to market the dual cyclone, he focused on its unmatched suction.
    1:06:41 Nothing else.
    1:06:43 He didn’t dilute the message.
    1:06:46 Six, action leads to progress.
    1:06:48 Dyson didn’t just dream.
    1:06:53 He built from rigging a cyclone for the Balbaro factory to testing countless prototypes himself.
    1:06:55 He learned to go build it and see.
    1:06:58 Progress comes from starting.
    1:07:02 Seven, founders should run companies or at least people that deeply care.
    1:07:08 It’ll be interesting to see what Dyson does with his legacy, but I suspect he won’t be passing the business over to an MBA,
    1:07:15 but rather an engineer who cares deeply about the product, about innovation, about the people working for the company.
    1:07:19 Eight, there are billion-dollar ideas in common frustrations.
    1:07:22 Forget market research or copying competitors.
    1:07:23 Dyson started with what annoyed him.
    1:07:25 His vacuum cleaner losing suction.
    1:07:28 Wheelbarrows tipping over and getting stuck.
    1:07:29 Hand dryers failing.
    1:07:34 From the Balbaro to the Airblade, he reimagined the ordinary from first principles up.
    1:07:36 If you’re looking for ideas, look at where you’re frustrated.
    1:07:38 Nine, play the long game.
    1:07:45 At nearly every opportunity where Dyson can make a choice between the short-term and the long-term, he chooses the long-term.
    1:07:49 I hope you loved this book as much as I did.
    1:07:53 I think James Dyson is such an incredible character and person.
    1:07:55 Hopefully we can get him on the podcast.
    1:07:56 That would be amazing.
    1:07:59 If not, if you’re looking to learn more about him,
    1:08:02 I highly recommend you pick up his autobiography, Against the Odds.
    1:08:04 James Dyson is a force of will.
    1:08:06 He’s a model of persistence.
    1:08:08 And I want to see him keep going.
    1:08:10 Thanks for listening and learning.
    1:08:35 For a complete list of episodes, show notes, transcripts, and more, go to fs.blog slash podcast, or just Google The Knowledge Project.
    1:08:43 The Farnham Street blog is also where you can learn more about my new book, Clear Thinking, turning ordinary moments into extraordinary results.
    1:08:52 It’s a transformative guide that hands you the tools to master your fate, sharpen your decision-making, and set yourself up for unparalleled success.
    1:08:56 Learn more at fs.blog slash clear.
    1:08:57 Until next time.

    How do you turn 5,127 failures into a multi-billion-dollar empire? James Dyson turned dust into possibility, failure into discovery, and frustration into revolution.  

     

    Dyson didn’t just build a better vacuum; he redefined a whole industry. Facing thousands of failed prototypes, crushing financial setbacks, and a dismissive industry that insisted a superior vacuum was impossible, Dyson transformed doubt into fuel that created an empire he still owns and operates today.

    Dyson’s genius stretched far beyond engineering. He was a contrarian thinker whose natural state was to defy the experts. From reinventing hand dryers to fans and hairdryers, Dyson repeatedly turned mundane frustrations into game-changing products. His relentless curiosity and willingness to fail publicly set new standards for innovation. When competitors mocked him, he stayed focused. When patents were threatened, he defended fiercely. Dyson’s story is one of unwavering persistence, unorthodox creativity, and the courage to trust his own instincts—even when everyone else doubted.   

     

    This is the story of James Dyson. Learn how one decision can change everything for a whole family. 

     

    This episode is for informational purposes only and is based on Against the Odds: An Autobiography by James Dyson. Quotes from Against the Odds and James Dyson’s Invention: A Life 

    (02:35) Prologue: The Kitchen Floor Experiment

    PART 1 – EARLY SPARKS OF TENACITY

    (05:05) A Childhood of Resilience and Determination

    (08:19) Gresham’s School

    (11:25) From Art to Engineering: A Defiance of Convention

    (14:58) A Mentor: Jeremy Fry

    (17:37) Just Build It

    (19:23) The Sea Truck

    (22:16) Lessons From The Egyptians

    (24:16) Misfit Mentality

    PART 2: FIRST INVENTIONS AND HARD LESSONS

    (26:48) Reinventing The Wheel(barrow)

    (28:54) Popular Not Profitable

    (30:56) Leaving Ballbarrow with Nothing

    (34:09) History of the Vaccuum

    (36:23) Cyclone in a Sawmill

    (39:17) 5,127 Prototypes

    (41:57) Industry Rejection

    (44:14) Building the Business

    PART 3: BUILDING AN EMPIRE

    (48:15) Passion Over Profit

    (50:04) Beyond Vacuums

    (53:08) R&D Culture & Iterative Design

    (55:44) Patent Wars & Legal Battles

    (57:49) Value of Keeping Ownership

    (59:59) Recap of Dyson’s Journey

    (01:02:55) SHANE’S REFLECTIONS

    Upgrade — If you want to hear my thoughts and reflections at the end of all episodes, join our membership: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠fs.blog/membership⁠⁠ and get your own private feed.

    Newsletter – The Brain Food newsletter delivers actionable insights and thoughtful ideas every Sunday. It takes 5 minutes to read, and it’s completely free. Learn more and sign up at fs.blog/newsletter

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  • Raging Moderates: How Social Security and Education Are Being Reshaped

    AI transcript
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    0:01:14 Sometimes much to their surprise that desire is still there.
    0:01:17 That, you know, sexual function is still there.
    0:01:20 Is there a middle-aged sexual renaissance afoot?
    0:01:23 And should 50-somethings be crediting 20-somethings for it?
    0:01:26 That’s this week on Explain It To Me.
    0:01:30 New episodes every Sunday morning, wherever you get your podcasts.
    0:01:36 Welcome to Raging Moderates.
    0:01:37 I’m Sky Galloway.
    0:01:38 And I’m Jessica Tarlov.
    0:01:43 Jess, we are literally bigger than the NVIDIA conference.
    0:01:46 We’re maybe even bigger than Taylor Swift.
    0:01:57 We have sold out in minutes the 900-seat auditorium at the literally the Cathedral of Wokeism, the 92nd Street.
    0:01:57 Why?
    0:02:00 We are sold out, Jessica Tarlov.
    0:02:01 I know.
    0:02:02 We are sold out.
    0:02:04 I’m, on the one hand, super excited about that.
    0:02:09 And on the other hand, upset because people can’t get tickets anymore to come.
    0:02:10 And I’m getting a lot of…
    0:02:10 StubHub.
    0:02:11 That’s what…
    0:02:14 Do you think the secondary market is going to be huge for us?
    0:02:14 Well, I don’t know.
    0:02:17 But I reserve 50 tickets and Daddy needs new shoes.
    0:02:17 So we’ll see.
    0:02:20 Daddy needs new shoes.
    0:02:21 So you sold us out, basically.
    0:02:23 Yeah, let’s be honest.
    0:02:24 No, no, no, no, no, no, no, no.
    0:02:25 One of us is quirky and interesting.
    0:02:27 The other is smart and hot.
    0:02:29 I’m going with smart and hot sold us out.
    0:02:31 And I hope that doesn’t trigger our feminist followers.
    0:02:34 But yeah, I’ve done a lot of these events.
    0:02:38 I’ve never had it sold out for this big an auditorium this quickly.
    0:02:40 And I think you’re the variable here.
    0:02:43 Anyways, we can’t say who we have, but we have someone who’s probably a likely contender
    0:02:45 for president and a huge power player.
    0:02:47 I didn’t want a guest.
    0:02:47 Just did.
    0:02:49 I thought we could carry the thing.
    0:02:52 I want more opportunities to talk about me.
    0:02:56 And he’ll take some of the oxygen or she, he or she will take some of the oxygen out of
    0:02:59 the room because they’re a player, a player.
    0:03:00 But you wanted a guest.
    0:03:09 I wanted to have a broad discussion that made plenty of time for us, more for you than for
    0:03:11 me, because one of us needs more of that than the other.
    0:03:18 And I also wanted to cement our place in the Beltway relevancy, I guess.
    0:03:20 And I think it’s super cool.
    0:03:23 And there will be tons of opportunities also for us to do this.
    0:03:30 I was talking with producer David that maybe we would do a little touring around the midterms
    0:03:31 or something like that.
    0:03:34 And we can go selling out theaters across the country.
    0:03:35 What do you think?
    0:03:39 So I’m dying to be relevant in Miami and New York and L.A.
    0:03:41 I could give a shit about being relevant in the Beltway.
    0:03:45 I think the Beltway is literally the name of cool bar in D.C.
    0:03:47 First off, the people aren’t that hot.
    0:03:50 Secondly, no good bars, nowhere to go out after midnight.
    0:03:55 I mean, I could literally give a shit how relevant I am in the Beltway.
    0:03:59 I mean, they literally decide everything that affects your life there.
    0:04:00 I understand.
    0:04:01 I mean, and I’m just not a D.C. person.
    0:04:06 I’m sure there is a cool D.C. bar in like one of the hotels or something.
    0:04:07 Not even the hotels are that cool.
    0:04:08 The hotels are lame.
    0:04:09 It’s inspiring.
    0:04:10 It’s where you take your kids.
    0:04:14 But if you want to roll, if you want to have some fun, if you want to meet super interesting people.
    0:04:17 Yeah, the people from D.C.
    0:04:21 Anyone who’s lived in D.C. for longer than 10 years, pro tip, they brighten up a room by leaving it.
    0:04:26 Anyways, we have we have someone important showing up to the 90 Seconds Reye.
    0:04:30 Yeah, thank you for just totally crapping on the entire premise of this.
    0:04:31 Anyway, it’s going to be great.
    0:04:33 And most of the people are from different districts.
    0:04:35 So they’re from different areas.
    0:04:35 Right.
    0:04:37 So they’re they’re cool back home.
    0:04:41 But once they get there, it starches them of all their cool once they get there.
    0:04:45 Uplifting promo for our talk at the 90 Seconds Reye.
    0:04:46 Anyway, we’re really excited.
    0:04:46 Clearly.
    0:04:47 All right.
    0:04:52 Today, in our episode of Raging Moderates, we’re discussing what’s going on with the Social
    0:04:53 Security Administration.
    0:05:00 Trump tries to dismantle the Department of Education and the 2024 presidential election autopsy
    0:05:00 report.
    0:05:01 All right.
    0:05:02 Let’s bust into it.
    0:05:07 The head of the Social Security Administration, Leland Dudek, threatened to shut down the entire
    0:05:12 agency over a court ruling, only to walk it back after a federal judge called him out for
    0:05:13 misinterpreting her order.
    0:05:18 This all started when the agency gave Doge broad access to Social Security data to supposedly
    0:05:19 root out fraud.
    0:05:23 A judge stepped in, saying that was a major privacy violation.
    0:05:28 And Dudek responded by claiming that limiting Musk’s team also meant limiting his own employees,
    0:05:31 essentially making it impossible to run Social Security.
    0:05:33 The judge wasn’t buying it.
    0:05:35 And now Dudek has backed down.
    0:05:40 But this whole situation raises big questions about what’s really going on with Social Security
    0:05:42 under the Trump administration and Musk’s involvement.
    0:05:49 Meanwhile, protesters, retirees and union members are sounding the alarm about potential cuts and
    0:05:50 disruptions to benefits.
    0:05:56 As Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick suggested that only fraudsters would actually notice if Social
    0:05:58 Security checks just didn’t go out one month.
    0:06:03 I can’t even get past that statement without saying, Jesus Christ, talk about winner of head
    0:06:03 up your ass.
    0:06:06 That statement, as you can imagine, did not go over well.
    0:06:08 Let’s have a listen.
    0:06:13 Let’s say Social Security didn’t send out their checks this month.
    0:06:18 My mother-in-law, who’s 94, she wouldn’t call and complain.
    0:06:20 She just wouldn’t.
    0:06:23 She thinks something got messed up and she’ll get it next month.
    0:06:31 A fraudster always makes the loudest noise, screaming, yelling and complaining.
    0:06:40 My dad is 95, he’s struggling, and he is in hospice, he no longer recognizes anybody, including
    0:06:41 his son and his daughter.
    0:06:45 If his Social Security check didn’t show up, I’m pretty sure he would come to and head down
    0:06:46 and protest.
    0:06:56 The notion that this wouldn’t immediately cause massive panic for anyone whose son isn’t the
    0:07:00 head of an investment bank and magnificently rich, I couldn’t get over it.
    0:07:04 This was tone deaf even for the Trump administration.
    0:07:05 Your thoughts?
    0:07:05 Yeah.
    0:07:07 And they’re setting a new standard, right?
    0:07:13 When you have 13 billionaires in the government, which, and again, I’m not anti-billionaire.
    0:07:18 I think capitalism is a wonderful thing, but I think that there are good billionaires and
    0:07:19 there are bad billionaires.
    0:07:22 And the bad ones shouldn’t be in charge of our government.
    0:07:32 And Lutnick has been on a tour of asinine commentary in the last few weeks.
    0:07:35 I mean, it’s not just this, which I think will kind of be in the Hall of Fame.
    0:07:41 And if he is out of a job soon, which I’ve spoken to a number of Republicans who feel like
    0:07:45 he will be the first to go just because he is embarrassing the administration right, left,
    0:07:50 center, this comment will obviously be atop the list of why that happened.
    0:08:00 But I’m wondering how somebody can have such little aptitude for self-reflection to understand
    0:08:05 that your mother-in-law, by virtue of being your mother-in-law, is also a billionaire and
    0:08:09 is probably actually claiming a Social Security check that she doesn’t need.
    0:08:10 And I don’t begrudge her that.
    0:08:12 Social Security, we paid into the system.
    0:08:14 It’s your money that you’re getting out of it.
    0:08:16 They’re acting like that this is a handout.
    0:08:18 It’s absolutely not the case.
    0:08:25 But it’s like every time they talk about one of these departments, they expose themselves
    0:08:31 to be not only mean, but also incredibly lazy, that they don’t want to do the work to understand
    0:08:33 what it is that the government is actually doing.
    0:08:38 And I think that that’s one of the most potent arguments against them, that A, there’s an
    0:08:45 evilness to this, and there’s a derisiveness and a nastiness that is really important.
    0:08:51 Like, I understand he’s not a candidate for president, but I was reflecting back on Hillary
    0:08:55 Clinton saying about half of Trump supporters go in this basket of deplorables, right?
    0:09:00 And I don’t, there were a lot of different factors that ended up causing her to lose the
    0:09:04 election, and the Comey letter was the number one cause of that, a la Nate Silver.
    0:09:08 But she made that comment, which was obviously really bad if you’re going to an election.
    0:09:14 And then you think about someone like the Commerce Secretary, which is not the most important
    0:09:17 job, but it’s still, you know, a pretty good cabinet position saying something like this.
    0:09:26 That exposes them for having zero respect for anyone, certainly not in the top 1%, right?
    0:09:33 And no understanding of how the system works, and that they’re proud of it, too.
    0:09:40 Like, if I felt that way about the vast majority of Americans, I would be embarrassed, and I would
    0:09:48 try to be in private as much as possible when I was espousing these offensive, nasty views.
    0:09:51 And they’re just letting it all hang out, right?
    0:09:56 Like, they’re mansplaining and manspreading all over every kind of media outlet that will
    0:10:00 have them, these views that are completely un-American.
    0:10:05 And if you ask him, well, what is Social Security to you?
    0:10:08 He certainly wouldn’t say it’s the greatest anti-poverty program that we’ve ever had in
    0:10:08 American history.
    0:10:13 But that’s actually what Social Security is, keeping millions of seniors out of poverty.
    0:10:18 And not only that, but returning their own money to them, it floored me.
    0:10:20 And then he just sat there.
    0:10:24 And then also the hosts and the All In podcast, that was the one he was on, just went, mm-hmm.
    0:10:30 And I understand you have a guest, and it is sometimes difficult to tangle with them, right?
    0:10:32 And you don’t want to make it controversial.
    0:10:34 You don’t want to be pushing back that hard.
    0:10:41 How do you not mention the fact that most people actually rely on their Social Security?
    0:10:44 Any stats, I mean, these people are supposed to be good at finance, right?
    0:10:48 The economy, understanding what’s going on, saying, like, this is actually what’s keeping
    0:10:51 seniors above water in most cases.
    0:10:55 And it’s really nice that your mother-in-law has a great life because her daughter married
    0:10:55 well.
    0:10:59 But the rest of the world doesn’t work like this.
    0:10:59 Yeah.
    0:11:00 I mean, there’s so much here.
    0:11:05 First off, one of the things that’s really disappointing was, I think, in the first Trump
    0:11:11 administration, he did find really talented, bright people and surrounded himself with talented
    0:11:11 and bright people.
    0:11:13 And I don’t think that’s the case here.
    0:11:16 I think the litmus test is, will you do anything I say?
    0:11:18 Well, are you willing to go out and lie?
    0:11:21 Are you willing to go out and just speak non-truths?
    0:11:26 He’s looking for acolytes and cult members, not for competent professionals.
    0:11:32 I mean, just looking at the last Commerce Secretary under Biden, Gina Marie Raimondo, she was a venture
    0:11:34 capitalist, a lawyer, the governor of Rhode Island.
    0:11:36 She was outstanding.
    0:11:41 And anyone who dealt with her thought, this is someone who does an outstanding job of representing
    0:11:43 U.S. commerce interests domestically and internationally.
    0:11:47 And this guy’s going off and saying that just stupid shit.
    0:11:51 First off, if you’re guilty of Social Security fraud, I doubt you’re going to complain.
    0:11:52 I think you’d probably want to stay under the radar.
    0:11:58 And if there’s anything Doge has proven is that there’s a lot less fraud and waste than it
    0:12:00 initially theorized, including Democrats.
    0:12:04 They’re having trouble finding fraud and waste.
    0:12:07 And just a few things about Social Security.
    0:12:11 It arguably is the most successful social program in American history.
    0:12:17 It’s taken senior poverty from about, they think it would be somewhere around 38 percent,
    0:12:20 and it’s taken it to below 10 percent.
    0:12:22 So it’s been hugely effective.
    0:12:28 Now, what I will say is, and we might differ a little bit on this, and I’m looking for points
    0:12:33 of friction because we’re usually in sort of violent agreement, I do believe, well, you said
    0:12:35 that you paid into it, it’s yours.
    0:12:36 I don’t agree with that.
    0:12:40 I don’t, I think the reason they call it a Social Security tax, not the Social Security
    0:12:45 pension fund, is I don’t think you or me have rights to Social Security when we hit 65.
    0:12:51 And the notion that I paid into it, I should get my money back, actually, the majority of
    0:12:53 people take out well more than they actually put in.
    0:13:01 And if we’re going to, I believe that nobody over the age of 65, or maybe even under the
    0:13:04 age of 65, should be live in poverty.
    0:13:10 And I’m absolutely not against cutting Social Security benefits for anyone who needs it.
    0:13:15 I believe somewhere between 10 and 30 percent of people who get Social Security right now should
    0:13:17 not receive it because they don’t need it.
    0:13:21 And that is the wealthiest generation in the history of this planet, our senior citizens,
    0:13:26 and the fact that every year we affect a $1.2 trillion transfer from young people who are
    0:13:31 not doing as well as they have in past generations to the wealthiest generation in history means
    0:13:32 something is wrong.
    0:13:36 And I do think that the initial instinct around reforming Social Security is a good one.
    0:13:42 It’s something I would like to see someone take on because I think when the program was
    0:13:45 started, people were living on average 10 to 15 years.
    0:13:47 They were dying much earlier.
    0:13:48 They weren’t making as much money.
    0:13:49 They weren’t working as long.
    0:13:57 So to means test it and slowly but surely increase the age limit or the age qualification,
    0:13:59 we just need to do it.
    0:14:03 There used to be, I think when the program was initially conceived, there were 12 young people
    0:14:05 paying into the system for every one person taking money out.
    0:14:06 Now it’s three to one.
    0:14:11 And if you were really serious about this, this is how outrageous our economy has become
    0:14:12 in terms of the transfer from young to old.
    0:14:16 So it’s a program that should keep seniors out of poverty.
    0:14:21 It shouldn’t continue to be a wealth transfer from the young to the old who are already, as
    0:14:23 an aggregate, the wealthiest generation in history.
    0:14:25 We need serious reform.
    0:14:28 We need to dramatically cut the cost.
    0:14:31 It’s been way too politically dangerous to get near.
    0:14:34 $40 billion child tax credit gets stripped out of the infrastructure bill.
    0:14:36 Old people have figured out a way to vote themselves.
    0:14:37 More and more money.
    0:14:38 It needs to stop.
    0:14:45 A good, I’ll go as high as a third of senior citizens should not be getting social security.
    0:14:46 Your thoughts?
    0:14:49 Well, I appreciate the effort to get us to disagree.
    0:14:51 I want to keep up with that.
    0:14:53 But it’s pretty persuasive.
    0:14:57 And I know, like, my dad, before he passed away, he didn’t claim his social security.
    0:15:00 He said, I don’t need this.
    0:15:01 You know, I’m doing fine.
    0:15:06 And maybe there should be some type of means testing mechanism.
    0:15:11 I think Democrats would be smart to be having a more kind of responsible conversation about
    0:15:19 the fact that social security is going to go insolvent and, you know, not far down the road, down the road at a time that we’re going to be able to see that.
    0:15:30 The issue is, is that what the Trump administration is doing makes that kind of conversation impossible because they’re trying to ruin social security for people who actually need it.
    0:15:33 So not the third of seniors that you’re talking about.
    0:15:36 They’re talking about it for the two thirds of seniors that desperately need it.
    0:15:40 So they’re doing things like closing social security offices all over the country.
    0:15:50 They’re also cutting back on the employees that answer the phones and making it impossible for seniors to be able to talk to anyone and to collect their benefits.
    0:16:00 And, you know, you have a 95 year old father who is not going anywhere on his own anyway, has to send someone, I presume, to go and do things for him.
    0:16:05 But when you say to people, oh, just come down to our office, oh, just kidding, that office is closed.
    0:16:12 Oh, just kidding, the next closest office can be up to 120 miles away from where that senior citizen lives.
    0:16:16 You’re essentially saying a huge F you, right, to them.
    0:16:20 But also we’re doing away with social security, whether you like it or not.
    0:16:22 They’re also doing crazy stuff.
    0:16:25 And this goes back to Lednick talking about the quote unquote fraudsters.
    0:16:36 And I just want to add to the conversation that apparently the level of social security payments that are erroneous is under zero point zero zero six to five percent.
    0:16:37 Yes. No one.
    0:16:38 So no one.
    0:16:39 Basically no one.
    0:16:43 And what they did to a man in Seattle, they decided he was dead.
    0:16:45 He is very much alive.
    0:16:48 They canceled his social security payments and also his Medicare payments.
    0:16:53 So he can’t get health care and he can’t get the money that he lives on.
    0:16:57 And he was able to, with the help of family, claw it back.
    0:16:58 Right.
    0:16:59 And now everything is fine.
    0:17:01 And they do this collective.
    0:17:02 So what?
    0:17:04 Oh, so you were a little inconvenienced.
    0:17:06 I get this all the time on the five for my colleagues.
    0:17:13 Talk about an American man who was detained in Chicago for 10 hours that luckily the guy was carrying his social security card.
    0:17:19 So once they gave him back his stuff, after they cuffed him and threw them in an ICE detention center, could say, excuse me.
    0:17:22 And not only I wasn’t just naturalized, I was born here.
    0:17:24 They say, oh, well, everything was fixed.
    0:17:25 No big deal.
    0:17:29 You tell me, are you comfortable if I throw you in the back of an ICE truck?
    0:17:33 And 10 hours later, I say, oh, no, you’ll still make your dinner reservation.
    0:17:34 You can go.
    0:17:37 Or someone who needs their social security payments.
    0:17:39 And we just say, well, it was rectified.
    0:17:40 That’s Elon’s thing.
    0:17:43 He says, oh, we cut, you know, an AIDS funding program.
    0:17:44 That was a mistake.
    0:17:45 We turned it back on.
    0:17:48 How is this an OK way to do governance?
    0:17:51 That’s where it really falls down.
    0:18:03 And because they’re doing it at a warp speed and at this level of inaccuracy or stupidity, it makes it impossible to have any sort of adult conversation like the one that you were trying to have.
    0:18:07 So I don’t know if that counts as disagreeing with you a little bit, but that’s all I got.
    0:18:11 I have a as usual, I always enjoy incorporating my own personal parables into all of this.
    0:18:16 When my mom passed away, I handled all her, you know, only son.
    0:18:23 And so we had her bank account and I kept it open for a while such that we could pay any remnant bills.
    0:18:29 And I just left the money in there for a few years, mostly because I was too lazy to figure out what to do with it.
    0:18:30 And it wasn’t a ton of money.
    0:18:38 And when I was reviewing it after year one, I noticed that $3,600 or something had been just taken out.
    0:18:39 And I said, what was this?
    0:18:40 Did we pay this?
    0:18:41 And it said it had some government thing on it.
    0:18:48 And it ended up that the Social Security Administration had continued to pay her Social Security for three months post her death.
    0:18:50 And they recognized it.
    0:18:52 They have some system of figuring out.
    0:18:54 They look at death certificates or something.
    0:18:57 And then they just went in very cleanly and then pulled it right back out.
    0:19:04 So they were pretty efficient and immediately figured out she was no longer living nor entitled to Social Security payments.
    0:19:19 And Geico, her insurance company, obviously I’m not very meticulous, I noticed something like two or three years later, I kept saying, what is this $120 payment that keeps going out of her account every month?
    0:19:23 And Geico continued to take money out of her account for her car insurance.
    0:19:25 And so I called them and said, okay, my mom died.
    0:19:27 It might have been in four years.
    0:19:29 I’m like, my mom died years ago.
    0:19:31 I sold the car years ago.
    0:19:36 And you have been taking money out for her auto insurance for years.
    0:19:41 And they said, well, per your policy, it’s incumbent upon you to notify us.
    0:19:42 And they wouldn’t give me the money back.
    0:19:48 So there’s Geico, private sector, and there’s government.
    0:19:53 One of them is corrupt, amoral, and inefficient, right?
    0:19:56 That makes the government the other guys.
    0:19:59 They were honest, very efficient.
    0:20:04 So the notion somehow, people got to stop shitposting government, right?
    0:20:10 And what I figured out is you can shitpost everyone in government unless they’re carrying an assault weapon.
    0:20:15 We’re like, we’re pretty benign towards cops or an axe, firemen.
    0:20:19 And if you’re carrying an M-15 with a uniform, then all those people are heroes.
    0:20:22 And everyone else working for government is incompetent.
    0:20:25 Well, how can that be possible, folks?
    0:20:29 And we just don’t give enough credit to the rank and file.
    0:20:34 And one of the things that’s most discouraging about all of this is that in the next administration,
    0:20:37 which I’m convinced is going to be a Democrat, because I think people-
    0:20:39 That makes me feel better, because I’m very scared.
    0:20:42 Well, and I usually get this wrong, so let’s be-
    0:20:42 Oh, good news.
    0:20:43 I should caveat that.
    0:20:50 But I think that essentially Trump and the clown car here is revealing itself every day.
    0:20:54 And I think even, not even moderate Republicans, but I think Republicans are like, Jesus Christ,
    0:20:56 we did not bargain for this.
    0:21:03 And I think the next administration will fill their administration with talented people.
    0:21:04 People want to serve.
    0:21:06 They can attract really talented people.
    0:21:13 We’ll have no problem should we retake the White House in three years, in nine months, to get competent people.
    0:21:20 The hard part is the millions of employees that work in the engine room and make this shit work.
    0:21:27 Because when you fire the people overseeing your nuclear stockpile, and then you ask them to come back, a lot of them don’t.
    0:21:29 And guess who doesn’t come back?
    0:21:33 The people with the most external opportunities, which is Latin for the best people.
    0:21:37 Imagine you were running- I can’t even imagine.
    0:21:39 I’ve run organizations my whole life.
    0:21:43 If I said to the entire tech team, you’re fired.
    0:21:43 I did it via email.
    0:21:44 I don’t care how long you’ve worked.
    0:21:45 You’re fired.
    0:21:45 Go off.
    0:21:46 Your email’s been turned off.
    0:21:49 And then a couple weeks later, I said, oh, I fucked up.
    0:21:51 I realize we do need technology.
    0:21:52 You’re rehired.
    0:21:57 They just, most of the most talented ones would not come back.
    0:21:59 They’d be like, no, I’m, sorry, boss.
    0:22:03 You can reach me at, you know, lisam at google.com.
    0:22:04 I’m now at Google.
    0:22:23 So the hollowing out of what is, in my view, the most impressive organization in history, and that is the U.S. government, specifically, I would argue it’s probably the U.S. military, but in general, the U.S. government, that gives delivered unbelievable prosperity, rule of law, rights, for what are some of the lowest taxes in history.
    0:22:24 You just look at it as a product.
    0:22:29 The shit you get from America, from the U.S. government, and how much you pay for it.
    0:22:33 This is the best product for the price in history.
    0:22:37 And you have to credit some of the people in the engine room doing this.
    0:22:41 And we are essentially saying to them, this is a bad place to work.
    0:22:46 And it’s going to be very hard to bring back the morale, the standard.
    0:22:47 How are you going to get young people?
    0:22:49 How are you going to convince the breast and brightest?
    0:22:55 Some of our government agencies, specifically our security apparatus, recruits out of my class at NYU.
    0:22:59 I don’t think a lot of them are going to want to go to work for the government any longer.
    0:23:01 I’m like, I don’t want to get summarily fired for no reason.
    0:23:04 I want to be overseas and find out.
    0:23:08 I just heard, I don’t know if I told you this, a great kid, Greg Townsend, who was in my fraternity.
    0:23:11 I hadn’t heard from him in 30 years, 40 years.
    0:23:17 Anyways, and he said, I’ve been working for the UN and I basically, he’s in Switzerland and then he was in Africa.
    0:23:20 And he said, I hunt down and prosecute war criminals.
    0:23:23 And he makes a good living, not a great living.
    0:23:25 He made much more living in private practice as a lawyer.
    0:23:27 Met a woman, fell in love.
    0:23:28 She does something similar.
    0:23:32 And he said, overnight, a few weeks ago, all payments were stopped.
    0:23:33 None of them are getting paid.
    0:23:36 And they’ve decided to continue to do this work.
    0:23:46 And if you think about, you know, it’s probably a good idea that if people decide to go into remote villages and start killing women and children, that there might be a price to be paid down the road.
    0:23:48 That’s a good incentive system to have in place.
    0:23:51 And we’ve just decided to remove that incentive system.
    0:23:58 And when Greg finds another job, which he will, because he’s a very talented guy, and at some point he has an obligation to support his family.
    0:24:10 If we call him back in four years and say, you know, we’re sorry, we’re firing up whatever it is, the UN Rights Commission on, or the, I forget what organization it is.
    0:24:13 Are they going to get people like Greg Townsend back involved in the government?
    0:24:22 So this is, this is yet another example of how we are not thinking, how we are taking, we have taken for granted what an outstanding organization.
    0:24:33 And people are so angry that they don’t understand that organizations like this, the culture, the engine room is really hard to replace.
    0:24:35 It’s not like turning off and on a switch.
    0:24:43 Even if we get the right people back in charge, the damage here is going to be, is going to be lasting for a while.
    0:24:44 Any thoughts?
    0:24:45 No, I agree with you.
    0:24:52 And we also took away a central plank of why government work appeals to people, which is the consistency.
    0:24:59 And that you are someone at least protected by being part of the government, right?
    0:25:17 This is a place where you can make a good living, you can set up camp, like you said, you can meet someone, fall in love, have kids, live in a pretty nice place, and also know that you should be able to continue to be employed as you go through your career, that you can be there 10, 20, 30, 40 years.
    0:25:22 And it was a real career in the sense that I feel like folks don’t have anymore.
    0:25:27 I remember when I was graduating college, my dad was like, okay, well, what do you want to do?
    0:25:30 I ended up going to grad school, but I was looking around at all these different fields.
    0:25:36 And he said, it doesn’t appeal to you at all to go work at a big American company.
    0:25:42 Like, you don’t want to go get in on one of those programs, right, where you start off, you do the first two years.
    0:25:49 But he said, even though I wasn’t into, you know, working in defense that way, he’s like, it doesn’t appeal to go work at a company like Boeing, right?
    0:25:55 They’re doing super interesting things and that could be a great career and you can bop around within it.
    0:25:57 You know, I have friends who are at like Pepsi or Coke, right?
    0:25:59 And they’re there for decades.
    0:26:04 And I was like, no, it doesn’t really appeal to me that way.
    0:26:13 And I ended up having a career thus far where I have hopped around from a bunch of different things, not only just media companies, but, you know, in academia, then out of academia.
    0:26:15 I aspire one day to go back to academia.
    0:26:24 But working in public service is picking that straight line, right, that you want to be somewhere.
    0:26:25 You want to be dedicated to it.
    0:26:27 You want to understand the ins and outs of it.
    0:26:30 And you also want to fundamentally help people.
    0:26:41 And it’s been really interesting from more of a political point of view on this to see what’s going on in these town halls, because I feel like the American public is now separated into two buckets.
    0:26:44 You’re either outraged or you’re not.
    0:26:48 And it doesn’t really have a party ID connected to it.
    0:26:58 So there was a Washington Post editorial, and she went to dueling town halls, one Republican, Mike Lawler, one Democrat, Pat Ryan, who we had on the show and we really like.
    0:27:07 But Mike Lawler, a moderate, someone who’s spoken out against the Trump administration, someone who folks talk about as maybe being able to run for governor of New York.
    0:27:11 And the town halls were essentially the same.
    0:27:17 Those are their Hudson Valley districts side by side because everybody is just outraged.
    0:27:20 And these are folks who voted for a Democrat and folks who voted for a Republican.
    0:27:26 Social Security, the Department of Education, which we’re going to talk about in a little bit, atop the list there.
    0:27:29 How does Doge have access to all this information?
    0:27:30 We didn’t talk about that.
    0:27:37 That’s the central problem with what Doge is doing, that they’re getting access to private information that actually leads to fraud.
    0:27:44 If you’re concerned about fraudsters, look at the 19-year-olds that Musk has with their hands in everything that’s precious to us.
    0:27:51 And I think that that is going to be the basic premise for the political landscape over the course of the next three to four years.
    0:27:55 Are you outraged or are you fined with what’s going on?
    0:28:00 And you’re going to have a lot more people on the outrage side of things than those who think that it’s okay,
    0:28:03 even if they think that we are directionally going in the right direction.
    0:28:12 Right. Like, is it directionally correct that we are getting undocumented people in our country who are part of a Venezuelan gang that kills Americans?
    0:28:14 Yes. Is that right?
    0:28:20 But are we outraged that there are innocent people who, you know, claimed asylum through a legal port of entry?
    0:28:23 Like, this story about the gay barber from Venezuela.
    0:28:26 Tim Miller’s been great on this.
    0:28:27 I agree.
    0:28:43 There was a time journalist that got into the El Salvadorian prison camp that they sent him to and documented this young man who had a legal asylum claim having his head shaved, crying out for his mother.
    0:28:43 His mother?
    0:28:43 Yeah.
    0:28:47 Go to his Instagram page and decide if you think he’s a Venezuelan gang member.
    0:28:53 If gangs were filled with people like this man, I think the face of gang warfare would be changing a lot.
    0:28:55 So are you outraged over that?
    0:29:01 I know a lot of people who agree with Trump’s immigration plans and know that we need to fix the border.
    0:29:08 Even Bernie Sanders was on with Jonathan Karl over the weekend, and he said that he thinks that Trump has done net-net a good job on immigration,
    0:29:11 that we don’t have this massive flow of illegal immigration anymore.
    0:29:14 But are you outraged about something like that?
    0:29:17 Or the 54-year-old guy, American, that I talked about who was detained?
    0:29:18 Yeah.
    0:29:20 And that will hopefully unite more people.
    0:29:21 Yeah.
    0:29:28 So I couldn’t get past your career journey from academia to the private sector, and now you’re on The Five and doing a pod with me.
    0:29:29 What went wrong?
    0:29:31 What went wrong?
    0:29:31 Okay.
    0:29:33 Let’s take a quick break.
    0:29:34 Stay with us.
    0:29:40 Support for the show comes from SelectQuote.
    0:29:43 We can spend a lot of time worrying about our family’s financial security.
    0:29:48 And while we work, invest, and save, not everything is predictable or even under our control.
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    0:30:51 Today Explained, Sean Ramos from here with Nadira Goff, staff writer at Slate.
    0:30:54 Nadira, Disney’s got a new movie coming out this week.
    0:30:55 Is everyone enchanted?
    0:30:56 No.
    0:31:04 I think that there is a lot of confusion and a lot of controversy around Snow White.
    0:31:06 Magic mirror on the wall.
    0:31:08 Who is the fairest of them all?
    0:31:12 But, yeah, it’s safe to say that not everyone is enchanted.
    0:31:14 This was my father’s kingdom.
    0:31:16 A place of fairness.
    0:31:20 But the queen changed everything.
    0:31:25 Now, I have to ask, as a student of the Brothers Grimm, how many controversies are there?
    0:31:27 Well, you’re in luck.
    0:31:32 You’re so lucky today is your lucky day because there happens to be about seven.
    0:31:33 Oh, my goodness!
    0:31:37 It’s a human!
    0:31:38 What did you think I was?
    0:31:39 Nothing goes!
    0:31:43 Snow White and the seven controversies on Today Explained.
    0:31:44 Come have some fun with us.
    0:31:46 You deserve it.
    0:31:48 Welcome back.
    0:31:52 President Trump signed an executive order to begin dismantling the Department of Education,
    0:31:54 a long-held conservative goal.
    0:31:59 While he needs Congress to fully eliminate the agency, his administration is already moving key functions,
    0:32:04 student loans to the Small Business Administration and special education programs to health and human services.
    0:32:08 critics argue this will gut protections for students, especially those with disabilities,
    0:32:12 while supporters say it will cut bureaucracy and return control to the states.
    0:32:18 Jess, what immediate impact do you think this will have on students, schools, and families,
    0:32:22 especially with layoffs hitting the Department of Education?
    0:32:26 It’s going to, as with everything that they’re trying to do, make it harder to use.
    0:32:30 So there’s this chart that’s floating around social media.
    0:32:37 It starts with claim it’s broken, goes to justify cuts to it, cut essential services, make it harder to use.
    0:32:42 And they want to make the government impossible to use.
    0:32:49 And because I guess it doesn’t affect them personally, even though I assume they just haven’t spoken to anyone
    0:32:56 who might have a kid with disabilities or that they know anyone who’s poor, as Howard Lutnick has demonstrated,
    0:33:02 they don’t understand some of the good that the Department of Education does.
    0:33:06 And they are, again, to go back to the idea that they are mean and lazy.
    0:33:11 I do wonder how many people who are saying that they want to get rid of the Department of Education
    0:33:15 thinks that the Department of Education is the one that sets the curriculum, because they aren’t.
    0:33:17 That’s done on the state level.
    0:33:18 Yeah, they don’t do that.
    0:33:18 Exactly.
    0:33:24 But when they talk about critical race theory or DEI in your classrooms, exactly.
    0:33:31 They are throwing everything that they don’t like into this bucket, even though it’s completely irrelevant to it.
    0:33:35 And you listen to people like Sarah Huckabee Sanders, the governor of Arkansas,
    0:33:44 Arkansas, which has one of the lowest rated education systems in the country, talking about the DOE as if it’s not actually her fault that the kids in her state.
    0:33:50 Have like the 48th or 49th worst, you know, educational attainment.
    0:33:57 So I think this is an opportunity, going back to what you were saying about Social Security, for Democrats to do something positive.
    0:34:07 So there’s an education function here that you need to talk to people about how the DOE is actually a funding and civil rights enforcement agency, that this is not about setting the curriculum.
    0:34:15 But to do that, you need to also own the fact that education, public education in this country is not up to standard.
    0:34:31 And I thought it was really interesting to see the change in how the public views education in this country and who they think would be best to manage it.
    0:34:35 Because Democrats used to have a double digit advantage and now it’s essentially tied.
    0:34:39 Maybe they have a one or two point advantage based on the poll.
    0:34:48 And you saw this in Glenn Youngkin’s election to be the governor of Virginia when Terry McAuliffe came out there and said, basically, your kids aren’t yours.
    0:34:49 They belong to the teachers.
    0:34:49 No one likes that.
    0:34:51 Parental rights is really important.
    0:34:53 And in New Jersey, it was a huge issue.
    0:34:56 And Phil Murphy, you know, barely got elected there.
    0:34:57 I think it was four or five points.
    0:34:59 It should have obviously been much bigger.
    0:35:03 So Democrats really need to find a way to own this space better.
    0:35:07 And that will include admitting some of your own failings.
    0:35:14 And frankly, I think going after Randy Weingarten and the teachers unions, at least to some degree, obviously not saying we want to break up the union.
    0:35:18 Unions are an incredible force for good in people’s lives.
    0:35:20 And they built out the middle class.
    0:35:22 You don’t have a middle class without them.
    0:35:35 But I think that there has to be more ownership of what happened during COVID, that these schools, the public schools, especially the ones that serve, are least fortunate and needed them to be open the most, were closed when we needed them.
    0:35:38 And now we’ve lost, I mean, I’m sure you’ve seen these stats.
    0:35:44 There are millions of kids that are just lost, that disappeared from the public school system and never came back.
    0:35:51 Yeah, I went into ChatGPT and I asked if you wanted to destroy America or undermine democracy, what would you do?
    0:36:00 And it gave me, it was really interesting the things that came back with, including have algorithms on social media to get people fighting with each other over non-important issues.
    0:36:06 But one of the things that came up was said, slowly erode public education such that people aren’t critical thinkers.
    0:36:12 And I’m like, I started reading all these things and it was sort of frightening that, okay, that kind of feels like what we’ve done the last 20 years.
    0:36:15 So I’m of two minds on this.
    0:36:17 First, just a bit of a tangent on unions.
    0:36:21 I acknowledge that unions are an important part in American history.
    0:36:25 I think they’ve become ineffective with a sprinkle of corruption.
    0:36:27 I don’t think we should have unions.
    0:36:29 I think they are a failed construct.
    0:36:33 I’m not, people have the right to organize, but I think they’re ineffective.
    0:36:37 And the states that allow them are the states that need them the least.
    0:36:39 And the states that don’t allow them are the ones that need them the most.
    0:36:44 We should have one union, it should be the federal government, $25 an hour minimum wage, get rid of all the corruption, the waste.
    0:36:47 UAW, current CEO, super smart.
    0:36:50 First, last CEO in jail, one before him in jail.
    0:36:59 And Randy Weingarten, in my opinion, used teachers as drug mules to try and exploit schools during the weakest moments during COVID rather than focusing on the kids.
    0:37:02 Anyway, thank you for my union TED Talk.
    0:37:07 The Department of Education, I would argue, needs to be radically reformed and possibly reduced.
    0:37:10 And it’s about 4,500 people right now.
    0:37:13 It’s in charge of enforcing civil rights laws.
    0:37:16 And there are some really important things here.
    0:37:23 If your kid’s disabled, the Department of Education makes sure that a bus that’s handicap accessible will show up and get that kid to school.
    0:37:28 They ensure that there are the laws enforced that a kid will get a hot line.
    0:37:30 I mean, they do important work.
    0:37:33 They also oversee student loans.
    0:37:35 I would argue that system needs to be reformed.
    0:37:44 I think one of the reasons you’ve seen an escalation in student tuition at 4X, the price of inflation is the access to cheap capital.
    0:37:51 And I know that sounds harsh, but I think offering kids cheap, easy credit for shitty schools does not have good outcomes.
    0:38:00 And then suspending student loan payments just creates moral hazard where a nice lady in a pantsuit with a logo behind her saying, you always get a return when you invest yourself.
    0:38:02 Just sign here because they get a check right away.
    0:38:10 And not putting schools on the hook for student loans has resulted in just a massive escalation in tuition costs.
    0:38:18 So I think the Department of Education, I mean, I’m torn here because I’m also the beneficiary of Pell Grants, and that kind of saved my ass.
    0:38:23 I came from a household that was in the lowest or lower quartile or lowest quartile of income, so I got unfair advantage.
    0:38:24 I got grants.
    0:38:41 And so I feel some obligation, but the DOE of all of these or many of these institutions, I would argue, if you have a thoughtful argument for pushing funds out to low-income areas that needed help, okay, I get it.
    0:38:43 And getting rid of federal bureaucracy.
    0:38:49 And also, the Department of Education oversees this mandatory national testing, which was a good idea, and it ended up not working.
    0:38:50 Teachers hate it.
    0:38:51 Parents hate it.
    0:38:52 Students hate it.
    0:38:54 It kind of isn’t working.
    0:38:58 And it’s taking valuable time away from just trying to lift kids up.
    0:39:04 So I do think that’s a department that warrants a radical audit.
    0:39:07 The problem is they, you don’t trust them.
    0:39:08 They’re bad actors.
    0:39:09 They’re not trying to help kids.
    0:39:24 They’re trying to just gut the system and do away and implement their own sort of, and they say they’re going to replace it with vouchers, which is nothing but a transfer of wealth from the lower middle-income households to you and me who don’t need money for our kids to go to school.
    0:39:37 It even reminds me of the debate on a woman’s rights to pregnancy where we’re not even willing to have a conversation around whether there should be restrictions in the third trimester because, like, we can’t trust the other side.
    0:39:40 They’re using that just as a cudgel to outlaw all of it.
    0:39:54 And the Department of Education, in my opinion, is probably a department that if they put in place more local assurances around funding, especially in low-income areas, you could see, quite frankly, doing away with it.
    0:39:55 But no one trusts them.
    0:39:58 No one thinks you’re actually concerned about our children.
    0:40:07 No one says, all right, are you really being an honest broker here around ensuring our kids have access to some decent education?
    0:40:15 And again, the mother of all own goals, the districts that need this the most are the ones that are, like, rooting them on.
    0:40:28 It’s like, I mean, I hate to say it, but look at what happens when you’re no longer getting your Medicaid, there’s no longer a school within driving distance, and there’s no one to enforce it.
    0:40:34 Your kid that is severely autistic, there to enforce that this kid has a place to go to school.
    0:40:39 It’s like, folks, be careful what you’re asking for here.
    0:40:47 So I don’t, I feel like the Department of Education was ripe for reform, that this is just people who aren’t sincere about helping kids.
    0:40:52 Yeah, well, that’s the theme, right, of everything that’s going to go on for the next few years.
    0:41:02 If you have bad actors in positions of power, I’m going to dig in and say you can’t have access to anything because you’re not going to be doing this in a responsible, well-intentioned way.
    0:41:11 And the Department of Education is already one of the smallest cabinet departments, $268 billion a year, 4% of the U.S. budget.
    0:41:16 McMahon, Linda McMahon, who is in charge of it, wants to cut staff by 50%.
    0:41:25 So I don’t know what the right number is in terms of cuts to keep it functioning, or at least the key things that it does functioning.
    0:41:27 But that feels really scary to me.
    0:41:38 And when they say, oh, we’ll just shift the things that we do that are important, like Title I funding, or making sure that we’re protecting disabled kids to other departments, they say, oh, we’ll send that over to the DOJ.
    0:41:44 No thank you to Pam Bondi being in charge of these kinds of policies.
    0:41:46 I don’t know her personally.
    0:41:48 Maybe she’s perfectly nice.
    0:42:00 But I don’t get the vibe off of her that she cares at all or that there’s anyone in a kind of top lieutenant role that understands how important it is that those dollars get to those kids.
    0:42:12 In February, there was a group of top education officials from GOP-controlled states that took a meeting with Linda McMahon, and they want this money as block grants, right?
    0:42:15 They want to say, send it back to the states, and we’ll deal with it.
    0:42:17 So your point about vouchers is well taken.
    0:42:29 And we talked about this a few weeks ago, and I got some really thoughtful feedback from people who live in red states explaining to me what would actually happen if we moved to a voucher system where they are.
    0:42:47 So not only would kids not have a school option anywhere near them, and they’d end up priced out of the private schools anyway, but that it was a move to get people into religious schools to be able to turn, you know, one nation, quote unquote, under God into the policy across all areas of life.
    0:43:02 And I hadn’t seen this quote before, this is from Betsy DeVos, who was the former Trump education secretary, who openly called it advancing God’s kingdom, that that was the plan for how they wanted to do education in this country.
    0:43:21 So I hear that, and then I think about even what I was saying about vouchers, like, should there be some optionality, especially during a once-in-a-century global health pandemic, that you should be able to get $78,000 to be able to go to the Catholic school down the street, or to the temple down the street that has a good program.
    0:43:25 And that scares the living daylights out of me.
    0:43:36 The Oklahoma superintendent wanted $3 or $4 million to buy Trump Bibles, because, of course, everything is branded and everything’s a grift, to put those in the schools in Oklahoma.
    0:43:52 And so if you hand the keys over to these religious zealots that have demonstrated no care or concern for the children who need a good public education the most, I feel that I can’t abide by that.
    0:44:00 And I’m going to become even more dug in about the Department of Education, which probably does need some level of reform.
    0:44:02 And this has been going on since Reagan, right?
    0:44:07 It went in under Jimmy Carter or became through the act of Congress that it was created.
    0:44:08 And we should note, it can’t be abolished.
    0:44:11 That has to go through Congress, and that will never happen.
    0:44:15 But starting just a year later, Reagan is crusading on this.
    0:44:21 And every Republican since then has been making its goal to abolish it.
    0:44:29 But Trump is clearly showing that he will spend his last term or, you know, hopefully his last term.
    0:44:38 I don’t know what he’s certainly going to declare something funky can go on at the end of this, but to destroy every aspect of the federal government.
    0:44:43 I think the kind of the strategy or the thing that unifies everything they’re doing is the following.
    0:44:49 I think they’re trying to turn America into an operating system that just transfers wealth from the bottom 99 to the top 1 percent.
    0:45:05 And this is yet another example, because if you send your kids to private school, you want to literally starve all public education of all funds such that you have more money for other things that you benefit from, whether it’s tax cuts or investments in technology or investments in infrastructure.
    0:45:12 So I think about 10 percent of U.S. households send their kids to private schools, which is probably less than most people think.
    0:45:19 But once you get into the top 1 percent, see above the tail wagging every dog here, about half those households send their kids to private schools.
    0:45:29 And that’s even misleading, because if you’re a household in Woodside, if you send your kid to the public school in Woodside or in Portola Valley, it’s a private school, folks.
    0:45:30 Let’s be honest.
    0:45:49 So this is just transparently saying we don’t want to pay for anything that will primarily affect the bottom 99.
    0:45:52 And the top 1 percent, this doesn’t mean anything.
    0:45:55 Your kids don’t need a public school.
    0:46:01 Your kids, you have the resources to ensure that your kid has the special ed he or she might need.
    0:46:04 You don’t need to worry about how your kid gets to school.
    0:46:13 And literally everything they’re doing is like, OK, how do we tilt everything from the bottom 99 to the 1?
    0:46:15 I just see that as another example here.
    0:46:16 It’s the strategy behind everything.
    0:46:20 It’s the explanation behind, I think, almost every activity.
    0:46:30 It’s the decided America is an underlying engine to try and create prosperity or more prosperity for the top 1 percent, which, folks, spoiler alert.
    0:46:40 I mean, the NASDAQ and the Dow Jones, which we’re obsessed with, they’re basically just a litmus test for how the top 1 percent are doing, who own 80 to 90 percent of all outstanding equities.
    0:46:40 And guess what?
    0:46:42 They keep hitting record highs.
    0:46:56 Everything we do right now, I would say, in America, and Trump, to a certain extent, encapsulates this, is how do we cut services from the bottom 99 such that we can provide more money and more opportunities for the top 1 percent?
    0:47:08 Yeah, to add to that, I saw the CBO releasing the data on the implications for the revenue we’re going to collect with the cuts to the IRS, another $500 billion into the deficit.
    0:47:11 And guess who’s not going to have to pay their taxes?
    0:47:17 The wealthy who can navigate around the system, who don’t actually need to get an IRS agent on the phone.
    0:47:24 And I don’t want to hear ever again from the right about the debt or the deficit.
    0:47:26 I’m just over it.
    0:47:42 If these tax cuts are going to go through, which is going to be trillions over several years, what is it, the $800 billion a year adding to the deficit, and things like getting rid of the IRS so we can’t even pretend that we’re going to collect money from folks who are prone to tax cheat.
    0:47:43 Just, like, save it.
    0:47:55 And Alan Simpson, who died last week, I was reading again about the Simpsons-Bulls Commission, and, like, people would be laughed off the stage if they tried to do something like that again.
    0:47:58 And, I mean, it didn’t even work when they first tried it.
    0:48:04 But now I feel like it’s just a massive joke that anyone is actually concerned about the deficit.
    0:48:07 Well, to your point about, and this is my favorite thing, taxes.
    0:48:08 Aren’t you a hoot?
    0:48:09 I know.
    0:48:10 I’m fond of parties.
    0:48:13 But what other department do you give $1 to?
    0:48:15 And within a year, they give it $12 back.
    0:48:19 And the Republicans don’t want to claim that, like, they’re harassing people.
    0:48:20 They’re not harassing anyone.
    0:48:24 IRS agents are overworked and trying to figure out a way just to get people to pay the taxes they owe.
    0:48:30 And what happens when the tax code goes from 400 pages to 7,600?
    0:48:33 Those incremental 7,200 pages are there to fuck the middle class.
    0:48:42 Because what they are is full of all sorts of loopholes and Byzantine means of corporations in the top 1% being able to engage in massive loopholes and tax avoidance.
    0:48:45 And when you have an IRS, AI will help.
    0:48:53 But AI will be able to start from the bottom and audit, in a millionth of a second, someone’s fairly simple tax return, i.e. a middle-class household.
    0:49:06 Once you get to people who are in the top 1% making $700,000 a year or have net worths of over $10 million, their tax returns purposefully get really complex.
    0:49:14 And you need highly skilled, well-resourced, and expensive groups of people to hold those people accountable.
    0:49:16 And this is what’s happened with our tax code.
    0:49:20 It’s created an incentive of the following, an incentive structure of the following.
    0:49:29 If you’re really, really wealthy or you’re a corporation, the incentive is to be absolutely as aggressive as possible.
    0:49:43 If you’ve got a parking meter in front of your house that costs $50, but the ticket is $10, you’re going to break the law or you’re going to be as aggressive as possible.
    0:49:53 And our current tax system, as it relates to the wealthiest Americans, basically incents them to be as aggressive as possible in terms of what they write off.
    0:50:03 Because A, probably there’s no sheriff in town, there’s a lack of agents, and B, even if the sheriff shows up, the penalties are fairly minimal.
    0:50:12 So the notion, and then this trope that somehow the good people of the IRS are mean or harassing people.
    0:50:13 No, they’re not.
    0:50:19 They’re trying to make sure that people pay what they’re supposed to pay, such that we can afford SNAP food payments and the Navy.
    0:50:24 So, again, another example, cutting funding from the IRS.
    0:50:27 Who does that benefit the most, cutting funding of the IRS?
    0:50:31 Does it benefit all taxpayers who are aggressive?
    0:50:31 No.
    0:50:34 It benefits the top 1%.
    0:50:35 Full stop.
    0:50:37 See above my unifying theory of everything, Jess.
    0:50:41 I do like that you’ve reduced it all to one short TED Talk.
    0:50:42 Break it down.
    0:50:43 That’s why I’m here.
    0:50:45 All right, let’s take one more quick break.
    0:50:46 Stay with us.
    0:50:54 Hit pause on whatever you’re listening to and hit play on your next adventure.
    0:50:57 Stay two nights and get a $50 Best Western gift card.
    0:50:58 Life’s a trip.
    0:51:00 Make the most of it at Best Western.
    0:51:03 Visit bestwestern.com for complete terms and conditions.
    0:51:06 Welcome back.
    0:51:06 I just want to call out.
    0:51:12 You are entering that stage with little kids where you are going to be, you’re going to have a cold for about the next 10 years.
    0:51:12 Thank you.
    0:51:18 And I apologize to our listeners that I’m just like snotting through all of our conversations.
    0:51:19 It’s crazy.
    0:51:21 We were at the pediatrician yesterday.
    0:51:27 The baby had crazy hives all over her body, but we thought it was…
    0:51:27 Oh, I’m sorry to hear that.
    0:51:28 It’s okay.
    0:51:29 Zyrtec.
    0:51:30 Kid Zyrtec.
    0:51:30 Fantastic.
    0:51:32 And she woke up without it.
    0:51:33 Basically got rid of everything.
    0:51:36 But we thought it was hand, foot, and mouth.
    0:51:39 And I was having a meltdown.
    0:51:40 Did the boys ever have that?
    0:51:43 No, but their parents had a lot of meltdown.
    0:51:46 So it’s really a…
    0:51:49 I think mothers, I think women may know this is going to happen.
    0:51:58 I don’t think most dads realize the panic and stress you’re going to feel when one of your kids is not doing well.
    0:52:00 I mean, something…
    0:52:05 God really does reach into your soul and turn on a switch that says, not only are you going to love this thing,
    0:52:11 but you are not going to be able to relax for a millisecond when your kid isn’t doing well.
    0:52:15 The few times my kids have not have had a health issue…
    0:52:20 I mean, I remember when my son had a breathing issue or a respiratory issue and we would…
    0:52:21 He would do go on this.
    0:52:22 I forget what we call it.
    0:52:26 A breathing mechanism that they would put medicine in it and he would breathe through this thing.
    0:52:30 And I was so freaked out that the medicine had gone bad and somehow I might be like…
    0:52:31 Poisoning him.
    0:52:31 Yeah.
    0:52:33 You get so paranoid, so neurotic.
    0:52:40 And I’m not someone who, at least until the last few years, was ever neurotic or worried about anything.
    0:52:47 And then Ted Sarandon’s wife wrote this book and I love this statement that grief is the receipts for love.
    0:52:53 I think anxiety is the receipts for kids because you do get a lot of joy from them.
    0:53:01 But anyways, I feel for you because I never, ever anticipated the type of crazy stress.
    0:53:06 I mean, when your kid does break out in hives, there’s no like, oh, it’ll probably be fine.
    0:53:07 It’s like, what the fuck?
    0:53:10 Like, get to the emergency room.
    0:53:13 Or even how you would treat yourself, right?
    0:53:14 I’m like, eh, no, it’s fine.
    0:53:15 I’ll just go to work, right?
    0:53:16 Whatever.
    0:53:17 Man up.
    0:53:18 I’m like, he’s big and strong.
    0:53:19 Everything’s going to be fine.
    0:53:25 And then, you know, your little almost one-year-old has these huge splotches all over her.
    0:53:28 And you’re like running around the house like a crazy person.
    0:53:29 Like, did you see this one?
    0:53:30 Did you see this one?
    0:53:34 And, you know, anyway, pediatricians are saints also.
    0:53:37 And all the nurses that work there as well.
    0:53:39 One of the lowest, actually, of course, one of the lowest paid providers.
    0:53:40 Let’s back to me.
    0:53:43 Did you know when I applied to UCLA, I thought I was going to be a pediatrician?
    0:53:44 That’s what I put in my application.
    0:53:44 Really?
    0:53:45 Yeah.
    0:53:47 And then chemistry disavowed me of that when I got a D in it.
    0:53:50 Sent me from South Campus to the North Campus.
    0:53:52 You would be such a weird pediatrician.
    0:53:54 Just your vibes.
    0:53:54 Thank you for that.
    0:53:55 I guess they would be different.
    0:53:57 I’m good with kids, actually.
    0:53:58 I’m shockingly good with kids.
    0:54:05 Anyways, but it sent me from South Campus to North Campus, where the people were much hotter
    0:54:08 and the parties were much better than the South Campus.
    0:54:09 So everything worked out for you.
    0:54:10 Everything worked out.
    0:54:13 But I actually thought, I actually believed I was going to be a pediatrician for about a year.
    0:54:19 Anyways, before we go, we’re getting clear insights into what happened in the 2024 election.
    0:54:30 Blue Rose research’s analysis shows that key voter groups, including Hispanic, Asian, young, and disengaged voters, shifted towards Trump, mainly due to his perceived strength on economic issues, including inflation and the cost of living.
    0:54:34 Despite concerns over democracy, voters felt Trump was the better option.
    0:54:40 Now, with Trump’s popularity dropping, the Democratic Party is left scrambling, unsure about their identity and next steps.
    0:54:47 The analysis reveals that if those who stayed at home had voted, Trump would have won the popular vote by almost five points.
    0:54:52 While Trump’s favorability remained steady, Vice President Harris and the Democratic Party saw significant drops.
    0:55:00 And voters cared most about issues where Dems lost trust, like the economy and inflation, though they still trusted them more on health care.
    0:55:03 Jess, this is kind of your wheelhouse.
    0:55:06 Which findings from the Blue Rose data really caught your eye?
    0:55:09 Any surprises or patterns that stood out to you?
    0:55:14 I mean, the pattern that stands out to me is that it’s real bleak.
    0:55:26 I was expecting at least something that felt like a sunny day, and it was all a torrential rainstorm of information coming down.
    0:55:32 I listened to David Shore on with Ezra Klein, and I don’t know, I guess now because of how prevalent podcasts are.
    0:55:34 And again, thank you to the listeners.
    0:55:41 It’s great that you’re paying attention to what we’re talking about, like that that’s the best way that I’m absorbing information at this point.
    0:55:45 And I was walking, listening to it.
    0:55:58 And I didn’t actually shed a tear, but I felt my ducks start to activate as David Shore kept bringing out chart after chart and saying to him, like pointing at something and saying, you see this quadrant?
    0:56:00 We have nothing in this quadrant.
    0:56:03 And it was like the success quadrant, right, of the chart.
    0:56:17 Things that stuck out in particular, the idea of if we vote, we win is now over is deeply problematic because I also don’t want to become the party who wants folks to stay at home.
    0:56:19 Like that was always the Republicans thing.
    0:56:26 And now I guess it has to be our thing, because if we all vote, we lose and we lose by a lot.
    0:56:35 I mean, the idea that Republicans could win a popular vote by 4.8 percentage points then won the popular vote in 20 plus years anyway.
    0:56:40 But like that’s our thing, right, that folks turn out to vote and we do super well.
    0:56:41 So that’s over.
    0:56:42 Everybody, please stay home.
    0:56:44 I’m for disenfranchisement now.
    0:56:46 I’m I’m just kidding.
    0:56:47 I’m not.
    0:56:50 We’ll fix it and we’ll make it so that we win back the voters.
    0:56:51 But that was deeply concerning.
    0:57:07 The one that really stood out, because I feel like it flies in the face of everything that we thought about the way Trump was campaigning and how people were receiving his message, was this change that Biden won the immigrant population vote by 27 points.
    0:57:12 And it looks like Trump won it by one this time, like that level of a swing.
    0:57:13 28 point swing, yeah.
    0:57:13 Yeah.
    0:57:18 Especially when the guy is out there, you know, they’re eating the cats and the dogs.
    0:57:26 And, you know, Puerto Rico is just a floating island of garbage and all the xenophobia.
    0:57:27 And.
    0:57:31 It didn’t matter at all.
    0:57:35 And obviously, this is different amongst, you know, various immigrant populations.
    0:57:41 And we always know that there are more conservative groups like the Cubans, for instance, have always been that way.
    0:57:44 But it feels like we’ve been going through.
    0:57:49 20, 30 years of a particular political reality.
    0:57:52 And now it has been completely upended.
    0:57:58 And this idea that we are trying to, quote unquote, rebuild the Obama coalition has to go out the door.
    0:58:08 It is dead and buried at this point when you lose, you know, some polls, you know, 12 to 24 percentage points with Latino voters.
    0:58:13 You’re not rebuilding anything, even if you get some of those folks back.
    0:58:24 So we have to do a full burn it down strategy that’s really focused on attracting working class voters back of all races and ethnicities.
    0:58:28 But I don’t know if we’re going to win national elections again.
    0:58:30 It’s going to look wildly different.
    0:58:35 And David Shore was pointing out that we did surprisingly well in the Senate map.
    0:58:38 And we had good candidates and they had bad candidates.
    0:58:44 And that has been a feature of the Trump era that he goes and he backs people that can’t win elections.
    0:58:46 And we get lucky because of that.
    0:58:51 Like Ruben Gallego, who we have on the podcast this week, actually going to interview him.
    0:58:55 He won in Arizona where Trump won Arizona by five points.
    0:58:58 Now, he was running against Cary Lake.
    0:59:00 Are they going to run Cary Lake again?
    0:59:01 I don’t think so.
    0:59:04 Or a Cary Lake adjacent type person.
    0:59:10 And a lot of that is for what the world looks like in a post-Trump era, you know, 2028 and beyond.
    0:59:13 But deeply concerning is how I felt.
    0:59:15 How did you feel looking at the data?
    0:59:16 Well, I love this stuff.
    0:59:18 But, you know, I like to bust the solutions.
    0:59:24 In my view, even the poll is the problem with the Democratic Party’s platform.
    0:59:30 And that is, in my view, how you get Latin voters back or Hispanic voters back is you stop talking about them.
    0:59:33 The way you get black voters back is you stop talking about them.
    0:59:34 And what do I mean by that?
    0:59:40 The Democratic Party has to make it verboten to continue to engage in identity politics.
    0:59:45 And they should focus on the economy through the lens of the middle class.
    0:59:54 There’s been too much advantage crammed into the most advantage group in America right now are non-white children of rich people.
    1:00:03 Because we have based affirmative action on race and our entire politics in the Democratic Party through identity.
    1:00:07 And it made sense 20, 40, 60 years ago.
    1:00:12 The academic gap between black and white 60 years ago was double what it was between rich and poor.
    1:00:13 And now it has flipped.
    1:00:16 And the swing voters have one thing in mind.
    1:00:18 Swing voters have the economy in mind.
    1:00:25 And this is the opportunity because it’s dynamic, meaning some cycles people see Democrats as better on the economy.
    1:00:27 Some Republicans as better on the economy.
    1:00:32 And what the Democratic Party, in my view, needs to do is say, look, we are going to restore the middle class.
    1:00:36 The most prosperous nation in the world should have the following table stakes.
    1:00:46 Young people need the venues, opportunities, and means to meet someone, fall in love, and should they desire, own a home and have kids.
    1:00:53 So we’re going to have mandatory national service, more freshman seats, vocational programming, more interaction for less anxiety.
    1:01:02 We’re going to have 7 million manufactured homes in cool little areas that cost 30 to 50 percent less than homes built on site.
    1:01:03 We’re going to make it affordable.
    1:01:06 We’re going to have low interest rate loans for anyone under the age of 40.
    1:01:09 We’re going to have a tax holiday for anyone under the age of 30.
    1:01:11 We’re going to have $25 an hour minimum wage.
    1:01:15 And if you don’t want to get married and you don’t want to have kids, fine.
    1:01:17 You can spend all that money on brunch and St. Bart’s.
    1:01:28 But we are going to get out of this lens of trying to shove advantage and talk about the needs and the wants and the injustice of people based on their gender, their sexual orientation, or their race.
    1:01:32 And we’re just going to say we are here to reverse engineer everything we do to the following.
    1:01:43 The middle class in America and young people are going to have the opportunity to be able to have kids and have a home and live in relative prosperity.
    1:01:45 And these are the 8, 10, 12 programs.
    1:01:56 And stop rolling out every special interest group, which all it says to the 24 percent of people that don’t qualify for a Democratic special interest group, that we’re not going to discriminate against you.
    1:01:59 We’re about the poor and the middle class rising up.
    1:02:00 That’s it.
    1:02:01 That’s your only identity politics.
    1:02:04 Because even these polls are like, how do we get Hispanics back?
    1:02:06 No, you don’t want Hispanics back.
    1:02:08 You want the middle class back.
    1:02:12 And you want to stop telling people you should vote for me because you’re Hispanic and I’m better for you.
    1:02:15 Hispanics don’t want you to talk about them as a group.
    1:02:21 Try and group Mexican-Americans in Los Angeles into the same group as Cuban-Americans in Florida.
    1:02:23 They have entirely different priorities.
    1:02:31 And the notion that the daughter of a Taiwanese private equity billionaire needs affirmative action is just fucking stupid.
    1:02:36 All of our programs should be focused on color, specifically money.
    1:02:39 If you don’t have money in America, you need more.
    1:02:44 And corporations in the top 1 percent should be paying a lot more.
    1:02:47 Lowest taxes in history for corporations since 1939.
    1:02:51 25 wealthiest Americans paying an average tax rate of 6 percent.
    1:02:57 And everything that has happened over the last 30 years is an attempt to cram more money into the top 1 percent of corporations.
    1:03:02 But for God’s sakes, get away from these polls and this discussion of how do we get black voters back?
    1:03:04 No, how do you get the middle class back?
    1:03:06 Stop the identity politics.
    1:03:09 I want to agree with something and then I want to disagree with something.
    1:03:12 So definitely color green, most important.
    1:03:17 91 percent of voters said cost of living was their top issue.
    1:03:24 There’s an argument to be made that incumbents lost all over the globe and Kamala Harris was also an incumbent.
    1:03:34 She was Biden-Harris administration and as an interesting corollary, Mike Donilon, who’s top advisor to Joe Biden, was speaking about what happened in the election.
    1:03:38 And he said it was crazy that they pushed Biden out.
    1:03:43 I think that the party went insane and we all thought that that was crazy, right?
    1:03:52 Like that we breathe new life into the campaign, getting Kamala out there and we would have lost by, you know, he Trump could have won 400 electoral votes if it had been Biden.
    1:04:01 But the way that favorability ended when we went into Election Day, Kamala was negative six and Biden was plus six.
    1:04:04 Now, would that have drifted down further had he stayed the candidate?
    1:04:04 Possibly.
    1:04:05 But it was interesting.
    1:04:09 David George kind of entertained the premise that Mike Donilon wasn’t insane.
    1:04:13 On the identity politics front, I agree with you in general.
    1:04:21 I’m not mad about the idea that we move away from having all of these special interests conversations.
    1:04:29 But you use Black voters, for instance, where Kamala Harris was trying really hard to just have an agenda for all Americans.
    1:04:34 Her best testing ads were ones that appealed to everybody in the lower and middle classes.
    1:04:37 She wasn’t necessarily going after the wealthy voters.
    1:04:39 She said, you know, you’ll just come with me.
    1:04:41 And that is what ended up happening.
    1:04:48 But then she had to go and do a town hall with Charlemagne on the breakfast club for Black men.
    1:05:00 She had to release an agenda for Black men because she was hearing from all of her key stakeholders that Black men in particular didn’t think that she had any proposals specifically focused on them.
    1:05:07 So what do you do about that when you’re trying to run a general campaign where the economy is your central issue?
    1:05:11 These are the kind of policies that I’m implementing to help you.
    1:05:12 I want to build more housing.
    1:05:14 I want to go after price gouging.
    1:05:17 Those hugely popular policies.
    1:05:22 And yet a target demo comes back to you and says, well, what’s in it for me?
    1:05:27 You haven’t told me specifically with my name on it, like the Black man agenda.
    1:05:29 What do you do?
    1:05:30 I think you have your sister soldier moment.
    1:05:32 And I say, you grow the fuck up.
    1:05:34 I’m not here to play identity politics.
    1:05:36 I’m here for young people.
    1:05:42 Programs to focus on young people would right now disproportionately impact and benefit young men who are struggling.
    1:05:47 It would disproportionately impact young men of color who are really struggling.
    1:05:55 And look, Democrats need to come out of the closet and acknowledge the following data and truth in America.
    1:05:56 And that’s the following.
    1:05:59 You would rather be born today.
    1:06:02 And this is a victory we should celebrate.
    1:06:07 You’d rather be born today, non-white or gay than poor.
    1:06:09 And that’s great.
    1:06:11 That’s a sign of our victory.
    1:06:13 So who are we going to help?
    1:06:18 We’re going to help the poor and we’re going to help young people.
    1:06:28 And by the way, the way you calm special interest groups down who are used to Democrats showing up and pandering to them is you say, folks, do the math.
    1:06:38 There’s a 70% overlap between many of the special interest groups who count on the Democratic Party to represent them and poor and middle-income households.
    1:06:46 As MLK said, if you don’t bring along the white poor, you’re never going to make that much progress because it creates resentment.
    1:06:54 It also creates accidental racism where when you’re at a school or anywhere, you immediately look at someone left and right and think, okay, did they get in?
    1:06:57 54% of gay men, 54% of gay men are attending college.
    1:06:59 It’s 38% of straight men.
    1:07:12 I mean, at some point, we just have to acknowledge the data and be the party of the middle class instead of rolling out every special interest group and having Michelle Obama, who I adore, go, who’s going to tell them this might be a black job?
    1:07:13 That is not helpful.
    1:07:13 That is not helpful.
    1:07:15 That is not helpful.
    1:07:24 And the only people that don’t parade on stage are young men, when they’re, in fact, are the ones who have probably fallen further faster than anyone.
    1:07:27 So get away from the identity politics.
    1:07:31 The discussion around how we get back Hispanics is only going to alienate more Hispanics.
    1:07:34 It’s to say we’ve made tremendous progress.
    1:07:42 We are here to lift people up who are poor and make sure the middle class is the most prosperous middle class living in the most prosperous country in the world.
    1:07:55 And here are a series of programs, and if you want me to talk about what goodies you get because of the color of your skin or your sexual orientation or whether you have indoor or outdoor plumbing, other than protecting a woman’s rights to family planning, I’m not going to engage in that conversation.
    1:07:57 I’m here for the middle class, full stop.
    1:07:59 I think that message really resonates.
    1:08:04 It gets a lot of moderates back in the fold, and it gets the white poor back in the fold.
    1:08:08 And I think a lot of non-whites are absolutely ready to have that conversation.
    1:08:15 They’re sick of being categorized and taken for granted that I’ll vote for Democratic because you’re going to throw more goodies at me because of the color of my skin.
    1:08:16 Or that the other side is racist.
    1:08:19 They don’t think that anymore.
    1:08:20 No.
    1:08:28 And Trump can point to a bunch of data from 16 to 20 that non-whites actually did okay during his administration.
    1:08:33 Now, granted, it was all debt-fueled, which is a tax on young people, but that’s the argument.
    1:08:36 We’ve got to stop these deficits.
    1:08:39 They’re going to fuck our children in 10, 20, 40 years.
    1:08:43 It doesn’t matter what color you are, what sexual orientation.
    1:08:45 If we keep running up deficits, you’re all going to be fucked.
    1:08:46 That’s the argument.
    1:08:48 Now, that’s a sexy message.
    1:08:48 Right.
    1:08:49 That’s not a bumper sticker, is it?
    1:08:50 Yeah.
    1:08:51 I can see that.
    1:08:54 That’s perfect for Galloway 2032.
    1:08:55 We sold out the why.
    1:08:57 We sold out the why.
    1:08:58 Oh, my God.
    1:08:59 I’m so excited about that.
    1:09:01 I keep rubbing it in Kara Switch’s face.
    1:09:02 I don’t know if you heard.
    1:09:02 I know.
    1:09:04 I can also hear Pivot.
    1:09:05 It is publicly available.
    1:09:13 I’m like, I don’t know if you heard, but me and the much younger Jess Harloff sold out the 90-second why in about three minutes.
    1:09:15 I’m like, we’ve never done that, have we, Kara?
    1:09:21 Well, in Kara’s defense, apparently you’re not open to doing these things.
    1:09:23 You don’t want to go to Paris with her.
    1:09:24 So I’m going to go to Paris with her.
    1:09:25 There you go.
    1:09:28 Actually, now all of a sudden I feel a little threatened and a little jealous.
    1:09:28 Do you?
    1:09:29 Yeah.
    1:09:31 I think you guys, yeah, that’s an interesting thought.
    1:09:32 Don’t get any ideas.
    1:09:35 Remember who discovered you.
    1:09:35 All right.
    1:09:37 That’s all for this episode.
    1:09:38 Actually, I think Rupert Murdoch discovered you.
    1:09:39 All right.
    1:09:40 That’s all for this episode.
    1:09:42 Thank you for listening to Raging Moderates.
    1:09:45 Our producers are David Toledo and Chinenye Onike.
    1:09:48 Our technical director is Drew Burrows.
    1:09:51 You can now find Raging Moderates on its own feed every Tuesday.
    1:09:52 That’s right.
    1:09:53 What a thrill.
    1:09:55 Its own feed.
    1:10:03 Folks, we’re doing great, but we need you to subscribe to our own feed so we can hit certain benchmarks and bring in the big advertisers.
    1:10:10 That means exclusive interviews with sharp political minds you won’t hear anywhere else if you subscribe to our distinct feed.
    1:10:12 This week, Jess, we’ll be talking with Senator Gallego.
    1:10:16 Make sure you follow us wherever you get your podcasts so you don’t miss an episode.
    1:10:20 Jess, I’m glad that your little girl is doing just fine.
    1:10:25 And again, I don’t know if you’ve heard, we’re doing an event at the 92nd Y and we’re sold out.
    1:10:26 I heard something.
    1:10:27 I also heard we’re sold out.
    1:10:27 We are.
    1:10:28 We’re sold out.
    1:10:28 Thanks, everybody.

    Jessica and Scott dive into the chaos at the Social Security Administration after its chief threatened to shut it down—only to backtrack when a federal judge shut him down. They break down the latest threats to Social Security, Trump’s push to dismantle the Department of Education, and what cuts to special education and civil rights protections could mean for students. Plus, the 2024 election autopsy is in. Why did key voter groups swing toward Trump? And what do Democrats need to do to win them back?

    Follow Jessica Tarlov, @JessicaTarlov

    Follow Prof G, @profgalloway.

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  • How AI Is Replacing Entire Dev Teams in 2025 | Vibe Coding EXPLAINED

    AI transcript
    0:00:06 Hey, welcome to the Next Wave Podcast. I’m Matt Wolfe. I’m here with Nathan Lanz, and
    0:00:12 today we’re talking vibe coding. In this episode, I’m going to break down exactly how I’ve been
    0:00:17 rebuilding the Future Tools website completely with AI and how you can build your own website.
    0:00:21 We’re going to break down a whole new business model that’s emerging because of these AI tools
    0:00:28 and show you a business that’s doing $1.4 million a year from one single creator. I’m going to
    0:00:34 break down what MCPs are, what APIs are, what all of the acronyms are, and we’re going to deep dive
    0:00:42 into how you can build your own businesses and products and different tools using this AI vibe
    0:00:47 coding concept. So let’s go ahead and jump right in. Today, we’re going to talk about vibe coding,
    0:00:55 one of the hottest buzzwords in the AI world, and it’s all about vibing and coding, I guess.
    0:00:58 How would you define vibe coding, Nathan?
    0:01:03 Actually, I know Andre Karpathy. He’s the one who coined it. I think of actually Riley Brown,
    0:01:07 because he was the first person I saw talking about vibe coding, really. He was sharing all
    0:01:11 this stuff online. We’re like, hey, I’m just chatting with Whisperflow, and then it’s transcribing
    0:01:17 what I say into text, and I feed that into cursor, and then it makes something. And he’s kind of
    0:01:21 like describing that whole process, how different that is versus you sit down and you got to code
    0:01:25 everything by hand. You got to really think it through. It’s a different process. So when I think
    0:01:29 of vibe coding, I think, you know, in theory, it’s a more relaxed process, right? You could even,
    0:01:34 in theory, be doing something else. You know, like in the evenings now, I find that when my wife is like
    0:01:38 taking her shower and getting other stuff ready and other things, I’ll be like hanging out on the couch,
    0:01:41 maybe watching something on YouTube, educational and vibe coding.
    0:01:46 Dude, I do the same thing. Yeah. So this is like become a common thing for me. We’re like now in
    0:01:50 time periods where I probably wouldn’t have been productive in the past. I’m actually productive
    0:01:54 during those time periods. Like I’m like watching some educational and making something. And it’s
    0:01:58 actually kind of fun to make stuff now because you can just chat with your computer and it does the
    0:02:03 thing. Yeah. I mean, I usually do it in my office. I got a sort of double monitor set up here,
    0:02:08 right? So typically what I’m doing is on my main monitor right in front of me. I’ve got,
    0:02:12 you know, my coding app open my IDE. I’m usually either using cursor or windsurf. I sort of switch
    0:02:17 back and forth. We’ll talk about that in a few minutes here, but I’m got my coding going here
    0:02:23 and I’ve got YouTube typically opened up on my right screen and I’ll give it a prompt of what I
    0:02:27 want it to go code for me and then hit enter. And then I’ll press play on my YouTube video,
    0:02:32 sort of watch for a minute. Notice out of the corner of my eye that the coding has sort of finished
    0:02:36 pause my YouTube video. All right, let’s check out what you did. Right. All right. It’s not quite
    0:02:42 working right. Go fix this. Enter press play on my YouTube video again, go back to watching it.
    0:02:47 And so it’s almost like you can code passively, right? Or, you know, I’ll do the same thing.
    0:02:51 I might hang out in my living room, grab my laptop and just be sitting there on my laptop doing some
    0:02:57 coding while the TV’s going. But yeah, I mean, essentially I think vibe coding is using natural
    0:03:02 language to write code. I actually looked it up on perplexity to see how perplexity would define it
    0:03:08 based on its research. And it says coined by Andre Carpathy in February, 2025. This method involves
    0:03:13 describing software ideas in natural language, allowing AI to write the code and iteratively
    0:03:20 refining it through conversation. So basically just talking to a coding app saying, here’s what I want
    0:03:25 you to create. Go do it. Letting it go and write the code. You double check it and either saying, cool,
    0:03:30 that worked or no, that didn’t work, go fix it. And just going back and forth using natural language
    0:03:35 until eventually you get the app that you wanted to get out of it.
    0:03:40 Right. And there’s been a whole conversation on X around this too. Like engineers are really skeptical
    0:03:44 of vibe coding and like turning it into a meme, like in a negative way. They’re talking about like vibe
    0:03:48 coding, you know, the systems for like how planes are flown. Like probably don’t want that, you know?
    0:03:54 Yeah, I agree. Right. I think there’s definitely critical like infrastructure areas where you don’t
    0:03:59 want to hear that it was vibe coded. Right. Yeah. I don’t want the software that the air traffic
    0:04:03 controllers use to be vibe coded. Right. Right. Right. And a lot of times right now, the AI, when it does
    0:04:07 make things, there are typically like small bugs and there’s probably things that are not the way that
    0:04:11 you would have hand coded if you were like an expert. I kind of believe over time, those things are going to
    0:04:15 just get fixed. Like the models are going to get better. You know, it’s definitely a big debate on X right now.
    0:04:19 Like engineers are kind of taking the other side of like, no, it’s always going to be bad.
    0:04:23 You’re just going to get worse and worse. Yeah. That’s called coping. I’m just going to put that
    0:04:30 out there. That’s that’s called coping. Yeah. I mean, there’s very little that I’ve wanted to get
    0:04:35 coded up that I haven’t been able to. I mean, sometimes it might take me like hours of going
    0:04:41 back and forth and having to talk to perplexity to find answers or going to grok and ask questions to get
    0:04:47 and you know, I’ll use other resources to try to help me overcome roadblocks, but there’s very
    0:04:52 little that I haven’t been able to do that I’ve wanted to get coded up, which brings me to the topic
    0:04:58 of today’s episode. I’ve actually been rebuilding the future tools website completely through vibe
    0:05:03 coding. So I wanted to sort of break down my process a little bit, talk about the whole process
    0:05:07 that I’ve been going through. We also want to talk a little bit about what Peter levels has been doing
    0:05:13 with his airplane game because that’s been pretty fascinating to watch. Yeah. But let me start with like a little
    0:05:22 bit of context. So I’ve built future tools back in 2022. So it’s been around for, you know, three ish, three
    0:05:29 plus years now. And about a year and a half ago, I started the process of overhauling it and making it
    0:05:36 better. And I started looking for developers. At first, I sort of cheaped out. This was back before I was
    0:05:40 really making any money. I sort of cheaped out, went to Fiverr and found somebody that was really
    0:05:45 good at Webflow and was trying to get them to sort of rebuild my site for me, you know, just by going
    0:05:50 back and forth and trying to get them. But that guy flaked on me. He fixed a few things, but then
    0:05:56 eventually just disappeared. I never heard from him again. Right. I probably over the whole, like maybe
    0:06:01 three or four weeks I was working with him, paid him $800 just on like doing little tasks and trying to
    0:06:05 fix things with me. Yeah. But that process was frustrating because he just sort of disappeared
    0:06:10 on me at one point and then literally never heard from him again to this day. Hopefully he’s still
    0:06:15 alive. I don’t know. Then I started the process of looking for a more, I guess, the legit developer,
    0:06:20 not the people on Fiverr aren’t legit, but I wanted somebody with more of a track record. So I started
    0:06:24 looking for recommendations. I found somebody that came highly recommended that had built some really
    0:06:29 cool websites and software for other people, brought him on board to start working on it.
    0:06:34 he mapped out this whole roadmap of what he was going to create. He actually made some new designs,
    0:06:42 gave me a whole like branding sheet with color schemes and fonts and, you know, had a whole workup
    0:06:49 for me. And I went, cool, that looks good. Let’s do it. Gave him a 50% deposit on the project. You know,
    0:06:53 the final 50% would be given to him right around the time it was being completed before he handed over
    0:06:59 all the assets. He started getting going with it. And then he sort of disappeared for like
    0:07:04 months and months and months and was stopped responding to me. And every once in a while,
    0:07:08 he would send me an update and be like, Hey, I’ve made a little bit of progress. Here’s what we’ve got.
    0:07:14 And it was like barely any movement at all, like six months in. Yeah. And then eventually he asked for
    0:07:19 final payment and was like, yeah, I’m really, really close. Can I get final payment? And then we’ll
    0:07:24 finish this thing off. And I was like, all right, finally, we’re going to finally get this thing done.
    0:07:30 I gave him the final payment. And then like, it was still barely done at all. I mean, he made some
    0:07:36 progress, but not enough progress over the time. And then I started saying, Hey, here’s some of the
    0:07:41 things that I wanted in the site. Like originally the site had a light mode and dark mode. Can you add
    0:07:46 dark mode? And he was like, Oh, that’s out of scope. That’s going to cost you this much. And I was like,
    0:07:51 but that was in the original plan. Like if you look at the original site, that was already there.
    0:07:56 That should have been in the scope because that’s what we had. I don’t want to lose features that I
    0:08:01 had. And he was like, okay, I’ll figure that out. I’ll just do it for you. And won’t charge you for
    0:08:05 that. And I was like, okay, cool. And then I mentioned another feature that was in the original
    0:08:08 site that he didn’t code into the new site. And he’s like, that’s out of scope.
    0:08:13 This is typically how it is working with engineers. Like I’ve did several startups in Silicon Valley,
    0:08:19 even with like more professional engineers, you run into the same thing. And I think this is why
    0:08:22 vibe coding is going to get more and more popular too, is because did you already have these issues
    0:08:25 before probably gonna be worse in the future? Cause they’re gonna be vibe code. You’re gonna be paying
    0:08:31 them to do the vibe code. Might as well do it yourself. Yeah, exactly. And I mean, that’s what
    0:08:36 ended up happening. I eventually just cut my losses and went, I’m not getting anywhere with this. I feel
    0:08:41 like if I keep going with this person, it’s going to be years. So I cut them loose. I actually went
    0:08:46 back to X and made a post. Hey, is there anybody out there that is really good at web flow? I’m just
    0:08:49 going to keep it on web flow to keep things simple, but I need somebody to like redesign it and rebuild
    0:08:54 it for me. Got a bunch of people to reach out and they all gave me like these insane bids. And I went, you
    0:08:59 know what? I’m just going to go try to code this thing up myself. We talked to Riley Brown, go check that
    0:09:03 episode out if you haven’t already. And we vibe coded some stuff with him. And I’m like, I bet I can
    0:09:10 rebuild this myself. And I basically managed to clone all of the existing functionality of the future
    0:09:17 tools website in like two days. And now I’m actually building new functionality on the site and actually
    0:09:22 improving the design and stuff, which is why I haven’t pushed out the new site yet, but I managed to
    0:09:28 clone what I’ve already got like super, super quick. And that’s sort of the context of why I decided to do
    0:09:35 this. Like people are out there going, Oh, AI is taking jobs. But the thing is I really, really,
    0:09:41 really struggled to actually pay people to do the job for me. Like it was really, really, really difficult
    0:09:47 for me to give people money and have them do work that I was expecting. I was trying, I was trying to
    0:09:53 not be the guy that goes, all right, I’m just going to do everything with AI. I was trying to redistribute
    0:09:58 the wealth and be like, Hey, I’ll pay people to go do this for me. But it was a nightmare. So I
    0:10:03 basically decided to go code it myself out of necessity because it was such a pain in the ass
    0:10:08 working with other developers. Right. So anyway, that’s the whole context in a slight rant.
    0:10:15 But what I wanted to do is sort of break down the process of how I did it, because I didn’t just like
    0:10:19 go into clod and say, Hey, make this for me. I’ve actually been jumping around and using a lot of
    0:10:22 different tools. So that’s kind of what I wanted to break down.
    0:10:26 Have you been mainly using cursor? Like how have you been building this? How did you get started?
    0:10:28 Like, how did you clone your existing website?
    0:10:34 Yeah. So I’ve been doing cursor and then windsurf. I’ve been sort of switching back and forth to see
    0:10:38 which one I like better, you know, cursor, I was running into problems. So I went to windsurf and
    0:10:43 then I ran into problems with windsurf. So I jumped back to cursor and I’m paying for both of them right
    0:10:48 now and jumping back and forth. But the initial starting point, here’s how I did it. I actually went to
    0:10:55 Vercels V0.dev. And this site is actually really, really good at cloning existing sites and actually
    0:11:01 improving the design for you. So I think I just fed it an image. I don’t even think I gave it a prompt.
    0:11:06 I fed it an image. I literally took a screenshot of what future tools looks like, fed it into Vercel.
    0:11:11 It looks like I didn’t even give it any text prompt at all with it. It was literally just a screenshot.
    0:11:18 And then V0 went on to say, future tools like AI directory. I’ll recreate this AI tools directory
    0:11:22 website with a clean modern design, similar to the one in the image. Let’s build a responsive
    0:11:26 landing page with all the key components. And then you could see it went through and did its thing.
    0:11:31 And what you’re seeing on the right was the design that it spit back out at me, which is a cleaner
    0:11:37 looking design than what I have now on future tools. And I went, cool. That’s good bones for it.
    0:11:40 That is so magical. We take all this for granted though, right? Like if you told somebody like
    0:11:44 three years ago that like you could just do that, it would just make the website for you. It’d copy
    0:11:49 your existing one, give you a new one, look better. And you just get the code for it. What are you
    0:11:54 talking about? Yeah, this was first try, right? Like that’s crazy. This was me throwing in a screenshot
    0:11:59 and then it went, all right, here’s a sort of nicer looking version of what you already have.
    0:12:04 It’s just cleaner. It just looks more modern and clean, but similar structure, similar bones.
    0:12:08 And all I did was screenshot it, throw it to Vercel and it gave me the code up here.
    0:12:15 And then I’m able to download a zip file. So I downloaded the zip file here and it had to,
    0:12:20 you know, these handful of files that it made for me. And I took the files that it made for me
    0:12:25 and I threw them into cursor. You know, basically you create a folder and then you open that folder
    0:12:29 inside of cursor. And so that was the sort of first step was, all right, I’ve got like the newer
    0:12:35 cleaner design that I’d like. I used V zero for that. My next step, and this is something that you
    0:12:41 and I have chatted a lot about is when you’re building with like AI coding tools, having like
    0:12:50 context in a roadmap is a really sort of key way to do this. So what I did was I went to GPT 4.0,
    0:12:54 but I literally gave it my existing URL. I said, Hey, I want to do a deep dive on everything.
    0:13:00 The website futures tools.io does. I need a detailed breakdown of the entire site and all the current
    0:13:05 existing functionality. So I literally gave it the URL and said, break down all the functionality that
    0:13:10 I’ve already got on the site. Right. I want to know everything. It asked me a few questions.
    0:13:16 I answered the questions and then you can see future tools.io website structure and functionality.
    0:13:22 And it just wrote up this entire breakdown. So we’ve got a navigation and layout breakdown,
    0:13:28 a user interaction breakdown, the search and filtering breakdown, but you can see it just broke down
    0:13:35 everything for me in this like super, super detailed report here. So what I did was I pulled that whole
    0:13:41 text document into a chat inside of cursor. And I literally asked cursor to give me a step-by-step
    0:13:48 roadmap, like break this down into steps that we can complete. Yeah. I use clod 3.7 and then we can
    0:13:54 see the roadmap that it created here. So future tools.io rebuild roadmap. And then here’s the full
    0:13:58 on roadmap. It broke it down into nine phases. I think it’s funny how it says one week, one week,
    0:14:03 three to five days, three to four weeks, two weeks. I’m already through like the first like six steps
    0:14:07 and I did it in two days. Are you saving all that as like a text file or like a markdown file or
    0:14:12 something like that? Or yeah, this is a file called roadmap.md. So you can see the roadmap here.
    0:14:16 It’s really, really detailed. You can see, I still have a lot of steps that I want to complete on it,
    0:14:20 but this is all new functionality. All of the existing functionality of future tools has already
    0:14:26 been built. This is all brand new here, but now what I can do is whenever I give it a prompt,
    0:14:32 I can come down here inside of cursor and there’s a little button that says add context. I can click on
    0:14:38 that and I can just type roadmap and you can see it gives me the option to attach my roadmap.md file,
    0:14:44 my markdown file with all of this entire roadmap here. So now every time I prompt, it has the context
    0:14:50 of my roadmap with every prompt. So it knows where we are in the process and I’m actually checking off
    0:14:55 stuff as it gets complete. So it knows what stuff has been done and what stuff it hasn’t gotten done.
    0:15:00 And it’s using that context every single time I give it a prompt and it’s getting there.
    0:15:04 Yeah. I think most people haven’t realized how powerful that is to have like a markdown file
    0:15:08 or a text file with like your plans in it while you’re working with a code base. Cause then when
    0:15:13 you use like the agent mode or whatever, the LLM automatically can look at that document to give
    0:15:18 it better context about how to help you implement something. Yeah. Right. So here’s the site. I didn’t
    0:15:23 load up every single tool in here right now. I only put 20 tools in here cause, um, the actual future
    0:15:27 tool site has about 3,500 tools. And I’m like, that’s overkill for like the testing phase.
    0:15:32 Right. Yeah. So I only put 20 tools in here to test, but as you can see, it’s got these tools here.
    0:15:38 They’re tagged. They’ve got like a sort of liking system that you can put on them. It’s pulled in all
    0:15:43 of the tool details, all of this filtering works. Now, are you still using the same backend or did you
    0:15:47 have it create some kind of new backend and you ported the data over? No. So my old backend was all
    0:15:52 webflow. Yeah. Right. So I built the whole system on webflow before. Yeah. This new one is all built
    0:15:57 built on react. Yeah. And then it’s using super base for the database. Yeah. And then I’m using
    0:16:03 wasabi for the CDN to host all of the images and, you know, uh, media files. Cool. So this one’s built
    0:16:08 from the ground up. It’s not using webflow. It’s not using any of that kind of stuff. It’s all, you
    0:16:14 know, react type script, super base and wasabi. My first goal was clone what I have. Right. So that’s
    0:16:19 kind of what it did right now. There’s going to be a new section for gadgets, which is, you know,
    0:16:23 the same as like the software tools, but it’s going to have like, you know, the rabbit R one and the
    0:16:30 meta Ray bands and, you know, physical AI tools, but everything is functioning and working exactly like
    0:16:36 it did on the other site right now. And I built this in two days. That’s insane. It’s got everything
    0:16:41 in it. I’m just still sort of putting finishing touches on it and I built it in two days, but now
    0:16:46 you’re in control of it. It’s actually yours. You can modify it however you want to. You also get the
    0:16:50 extra benefit of every single time the LLMs get better. You’ll probably improve your site
    0:16:54 automatically. Like a new version comes out and you can like, Hey, analyze my website. Look at my
    0:16:58 roadmap. How could you improve it? I’ve noticed that every time they get better, like you just show it
    0:17:03 the same code and it always discovers new things that can improve. Yeah, exactly. And you know,
    0:17:09 the other thing is like, I was having my struggles with a developer and I posted on X like, Hey,
    0:17:13 I’m rebuilding future tools. Do you guys have any ideas of like cool features to add? I’m sort of like
    0:17:18 phishing for additional functionality that might make the site even cooler. And somebody said,
    0:17:23 is it really that much easier than working with a developer? Don’t you run into like issues and bugs
    0:17:30 with the vibe coding process? And my response to it was, yeah, you do run into issues, but you can
    0:17:35 usually fix the issues within like an hour or two, where if you’re actually working with a developer
    0:17:40 that doesn’t respond very quickly, it might be two weeks before you get like a small bug fixed.
    0:17:45 Right. But now if I run into a bug and I’m like, Oh, that’s not good. I can typically fix it in like
    0:17:50 10 minutes. Sometimes they’re a little more complex and it takes me like two hours and
    0:17:55 Claude won’t do it inside of cursor. So I’ll go over to grok and ask grok, or I’ll go to like
    0:18:00 perplexity and do a search on perplexity to see if I can find this solution. So sometimes I go to some
    0:18:07 other tools to help me find the solution, but I usually get a solution within a couple hours at the
    0:18:12 very, very longest versus going back and forth with a developer, trying to explain the problem
    0:18:17 to them. Maybe they misunderstand what I’m trying to fix and they fix the wrong thing. And it’s just,
    0:18:22 yeah, the struggles I have with vibe coding are way smaller than the struggles that I have with
    0:18:27 actually hiring developers. Yeah. Like communicating with people, like what’s actually in your head is
    0:18:32 very hard, like very, very difficult, almost impossible. I think we talked about this on another
    0:18:36 episode about in game design, you know, Jonathan blows up about that, like the disconnect between
    0:18:40 a designer and a business person and an engineer working on a game or any product. There’s always
    0:18:44 a disconnect there. And it feels like with vibe coding, you can actually get closer to building
    0:18:48 what was actually in your head. That was so hard to explain to other people. You almost have this
    0:18:52 like connection with the AI where you’re going back and forth and you understand how it works and
    0:18:56 understand what you’re wanting and that’s going to get better over time. Yeah. And all the issues you’re
    0:19:00 talking about, like you’ve got bugs and things like that. It’s kind of annoying. I’ve noticed every time a new
    0:19:04 model comes out, there’s less of that. Yeah. Like a year ago when I would try this and like you’d change
    0:19:09 stuff, there’d be so many errors almost every single time that it was like, okay, I’m just not really
    0:19:13 going to do this right now. It’s not really fun. But now it’s like the errors are much less like
    0:19:18 anything I do. Like I went back to change my website, lore.com yesterday, just like add some stuff about
    0:19:23 the next wave podcast and update some numbers and some other things like that. And I literally just like
    0:19:29 talked to cursor for like two minutes and like then all of it was done. I’m like, oh, that’s crazy. I
    0:19:32 thought that was going to be like a, you know, a few hour thing for me to go do all that. No,
    0:19:36 it was literally two minutes and I was done. And the last time I tried that, it gave me errors. So
    0:19:39 they’re getting better and better. And like the errors are gonna be less and less. And like,
    0:19:42 you know, probably in a year or two, it’s like, you’re just gonna be talking to it and it’s gonna
    0:19:47 be creating things and errors are gonna be rare. Right? Yeah. Another thing that other people have
    0:19:53 said is like, well, you’re able to do this because you know about the platforms, you know, to ask it to
    0:19:59 use react, you know, about Supabase for the database, you know, about places like Amazon S3 or Wasabi for
    0:20:05 like hosting the media files. You know, you have that knowledge, so you know how to prompt it to get
    0:20:12 that stuff. And that’s BS, right? Because what I did was I went to chat GPT and said, give me a roadmap.
    0:20:18 Like, I don’t know anything about this stuff. Tell me what to build it with. Chat GPT is what
    0:20:24 recommended using react. It actually recommended using Firebase for the database portion. But when
    0:20:28 I was trying to set up Firebase, I was kind of running into some issues where the API wasn’t
    0:20:33 connecting very well. It’s more expensive too. And it’s more expensive. And so I literally went to
    0:20:39 perplexity and went, I’m having issues with Firebase. What are some alternatives? And it went, try Supabase.
    0:20:45 And I went, okay, I’ll try that. So like, I did not know to tell it to use react. I did not know to
    0:20:50 tell it to use Supabase. I did not know that stuff. Yeah, I think you’re making a great point,
    0:20:54 though. This is like what in Silicon Valley, they started calling like people who are high agency,
    0:20:59 people who will actually go do things versus just like, oh, I can’t do it. I think people have gotten
    0:21:02 used to being like that, like having lower agency because things have been so hard. And if it’s
    0:21:07 outside of their wheelhouse or their area of expertise, they’re like, well, I can’t do that. So
    0:21:11 but with AI, that’s all changing. So like, people really should be like restructuring their
    0:21:16 thinking to be like, higher agency of like, oh, I can do things because like the AI, whatever I
    0:21:20 don’t know, it just fills that gap in now. Yeah, like, Matt, you didn’t know how to do database
    0:21:23 stuff. I was gonna ask you, I was like, I bet you didn’t know anything about Supabase or how to set
    0:21:27 it up. I’ve done that before. But like, I’m not an expert at it. But you know, it’s easier than
    0:21:31 setting up your own like MySQL or whatever, but still, it’s kind of a pain. But now AI will just like
    0:21:36 either do it for you or walk you through any of this stuff. Yeah, exactly. There’s this sort of
    0:21:42 newer concept that came out that was released by Anthropic called MCP or model context protocol.
    0:21:48 And before we hit record on this episode, you were saying, oh, it’ll be super nice when the AI can
    0:21:54 just like look at your website for you and go, oh, this isn’t working very well. Let me fix that for
    0:21:59 you. Or I noticed there’s some broken images on your site. Let me go and fix that for you. MCP fixes that
    0:22:05 for you. So a lot of people go, well, isn’t MCP just like an API, right? So basically an API is
    0:22:11 there’s software tools all over the internet that you can tie into with your own software, right? So
    0:22:17 let’s say you want to use chat GPT and build chat GPT into your own product. Well, you can go and use
    0:22:23 open AI’s API and make your tool talk to open AI’s tools. Or let’s say you want to integrate with
    0:22:29 Google Calendar. You can actually make your tool connect to Google Calendar through an API, right?
    0:22:37 It’s API is how programmers make their tool talk to other tools, right? Well, the problem with APIs
    0:22:43 is every API is different. Every API has its own documentation. They’re formatted in different ways.
    0:22:49 You call upon the APIs in different ways. Everybody sort of builds their APIs in different ways. It’s not
    0:22:55 super, super standardized. The problem with that is when you ask a large language model to go and
    0:23:02 integrate with an API, it basically has to go learn how to use that API for every tool it’s trying to
    0:23:07 integrate with. You need to either feed it documentation or through trial and error, it will figure out how
    0:23:12 to connect to that API. So let’s say you’ve got like a GitHub API. You’re trying to connect cursor with
    0:23:20 GitHub and you have a Slack API and you have a local file system API, right? They’re all different
    0:23:26 and cursor’s trying to communicate with each one and it needs to do it differently every single time.
    0:23:32 Well, what MCP did is it added a different layer. It added another layer to sort of standardize it.
    0:23:39 So now all GitHub has to do is create an MCP layer which communicates with its API. All Slack has to do
    0:23:48 is create an MCP that communicates with its API. And now cursor only has to understand how MCPs work. It doesn’t
    0:23:57 have to understand how every single API works. These companies can basically tie their API to the MCP and now
    0:24:04 all of these LLMs can communicate easier because there’s a sort of standardization of the API connection.
    0:24:07 I see. So when people are saying they’re like setting up an MCP server, they’re basically setting
    0:24:12 up a server where they connect various APIs to it and show it how to use the APIs. And then the LLM just
    0:24:15 pings the one server, like one API call basically.
    0:24:21 Sort of. So basically, each one of these will have its own sort of MCP connection.
    0:24:21 Yeah.
    0:24:28 And basically, cursor can understand MCPs. It understands how to communicate with the MCP.
    0:24:35 And GitHub would have designed their MCP to connect to their API. Slack would have designed their MCP to
    0:24:41 connect to the API. So it’s a standardized way where the large language models only need to know how to
    0:24:48 communicate with MCPs in general. And then each company will create an MCP to communicate with
    0:24:49 their API, if that makes sense.
    0:24:51 Yeah. I think I get it now.
    0:24:59 Yeah. So in cursor, if I go up here to my settings, you can see that there’s an MCP setting here and you
    0:25:04 can see that I’ve got an MCP for Superbase. I’ve got an MCP for browser tools and I’ve got an MCP
    0:25:11 for GitHub. This basically means that when I’m communicating over here in my chat window, in my
    0:25:20 agent window inside of cursor, I can tell it to do something like break down the schema of my current
    0:25:25 database. Right. And I can give it that prompt. I’m going to switch it to chat mode so it doesn’t go and
    0:25:32 try to write code on me. And what it will do is it will go and use this MCP to connect directly to my
    0:25:40 Superbase account and look at the databases for me. So in the past, it would basically create SQL files
    0:25:45 and tell you to copy this SQL file over into Superbase. And then if something wasn’t working,
    0:25:49 it would look at the SQL file and try to figure it out. But it wasn’t actually looking at the database
    0:25:54 for you. Well, now this is actually looking straight into the database for me and it can break
    0:26:00 down the whole like schema for me. It can break down all of the various tables and all of the various
    0:26:05 columns that are in each table and it can break it all down by literally looking directly in my database
    0:26:13 for me. Same with the GitHub MCP. I gave it access to be able to look at my GitHub account. So instead of
    0:26:18 having to write get commands, it can literally just push and commit stuff directly into GitHub.
    0:26:24 without having to do like terminal commands and it can go and read my various files inside of GitHub.
    0:26:31 So this is the GitHub for browser tools, MCP. It’s actually a Chrome extension. So because that Chrome
    0:26:39 extension is turned on and I have the MCP installed over inside of cursor, what this will do is it gives
    0:26:44 it the ability to look at all of your console logs, look at all of your network logs. So, you know,
    0:26:50 like if you go to inspect and you have this like little sidebar here, you’ve got like console and
    0:26:57 sources and, you know, memory and all of this kind of stuff that you can view. Well, this MCP gives
    0:27:05 your LLM access to all of this. So it can go read console errors. It can go read network errors,
    0:27:12 all of that kind of stuff, but it’s also capable of capturing screenshots. So I can give it a command.
    0:27:17 I can go in there and I can say, make this change for me. And after you make the change,
    0:27:23 take a screenshot of my webpage to make sure the change worked. And so it’ll go and do all the
    0:27:28 coding, make all the changes, and then connect through the MCP, take a screenshot of my website.
    0:27:33 And then if it looks right, it’ll say, good. It looks like the changes were implemented correctly.
    0:27:38 If it doesn’t look right, it might say, oops, it looks like we’ve got some broken images and some
    0:27:43 console errors. Let me fix that for you. And then it will just keep on processing. And then it’ll
    0:27:47 process again and then write more code. And it’ll take another screenshot and look at the console
    0:27:53 logs and go, oh, it looks like we fixed it now. It’s actually working. So with these model context
    0:27:57 protocols, it can actually connect directly into my browser. Now look at the console logs,
    0:28:02 take screenshots for me, look at my super base database for me, look at my GitHub account for
    0:28:08 me and actually pull information from all of these places to sort of better inform the next decision
    0:28:14 that it makes. And it just makes everything so much easier because it spots its own errors. Now
    0:28:18 when it spots its own errors, it then goes, oops, not working. Let’s go ahead and fix it.
    0:28:21 Right. Yeah. That seems like a game changer. Cause I was always the issue is like,
    0:28:25 you’d create something with cursor, then it would make an error and it wouldn’t know. And now if I can
    0:28:29 just look at the screen and look at the console log as well and find out that there was an error
    0:28:30 and fix it.
    0:28:35 Yeah. And more and more companies are creating MCPs to be able to connect with large language models.
    0:28:41 So a Firebase has an MCP as well. Now, obviously Slack has one. We were just seeing that as one of
    0:28:42 the examples. Yeah.
    0:28:48 The GitHub MCP is really cool because I mean, you could have it go and look at a whole like
    0:28:53 GitHub repository and have it break down what’s going on in that repository for you now.
    0:28:58 Yeah. I did notice that like MCPs got really big on social media in the last week, but people were
    0:29:02 saying like the concept’s been around for like a year now or something, right? Was it just like the
    0:29:07 models were not good enough to actually be doing this or there was a not enough like MCPs out there that
    0:29:08 were actually useful.
    0:29:13 Here’s Anthropics website introducing the model context protocol. It came out November 25th,
    0:29:21 2024. The big difference though was the IDEs didn’t have model concept protocol, like direct
    0:29:22 integrations yet.
    0:29:22 Yeah.
    0:29:28 And you can actually write like some JavaScript code to make it connect, but you kind of needed
    0:29:29 to know how to do that.
    0:29:30 Right.
    0:29:35 Now they’ve just implemented them into the IDEs like cursor and windsurf and tools like that.
    0:29:41 They have like an MCP setting section now to make it a lot easier to connect. So there’s that
    0:29:48 element. And the other element is that a lot of these tools had to create MCPs that connected to
    0:29:54 their APIs, right? Like Superbase’s MCP just came out like two weeks ago. So we’ve only been able to
    0:29:58 connect directly to Superbase using the MCP a couple of weeks ago.
    0:30:01 So that makes sense. So it came out in November and then people are just now like
    0:30:03 figuring out how to build all the software to make it work.
    0:30:03 Yeah.
    0:30:07 As soon as it came out, I checked and there’s one for a Unity actually. So like there’s like one for
    0:30:08 like almost anything you can imagine.
    0:30:14 Yeah. So this model context protocol for like the browser tools one that can take screenshots and do
    0:30:17 that. We can see that it came out February 10th.
    0:30:17 Okay.
    0:30:23 It’s only been out for a month. So Superbase, you’ve only been able to connect via an MCP for two weeks
    0:30:24 or so. Yeah.
    0:30:28 The browser tools, you’ve only been able to connect to an MCP for a month now.
    0:30:28 Right.
    0:30:34 So that’s why it was never really a big deal before. It was like, it was introduced by Anthropic and
    0:30:39 they’re like, Hey, this exists now. But all of the companies that had APIs that wanted to be able to
    0:30:44 connect to large language models, then had to go and create these protocols so that people could call
    0:30:50 upon them. And the IDEs needed to make it simpler to connect to the protocols. So that’s why it got big
    0:30:53 recently is because they all just got way more accessible.
    0:30:57 It seems like this is a big moment because like almost any kind of software you can use,
    0:31:01 if they develop an MCP, you’ll be able to use it and interact with it through the LLMs now,
    0:31:01 which is awesome.
    0:31:05 Yeah. That’s why everybody’s going, Holy crap, this is pretty big.
    0:31:05 Yeah.
    0:31:11 Because like you said, you can connect it straight into Unity and it can probably push code into
    0:31:12 Unity for you, you know?
    0:31:17 I mean, so actually, you know, the LLMs already can push code into Unity, but the problem they have is
    0:31:21 like setting up the scenes and different things like that in the game is something you do in the
    0:31:27 editor. But apparently with the MCP now, you can actually create the scenes and different objects
    0:31:32 in the editor through the MCP. Super excited to try that out.
    0:31:32 Yeah.
    0:31:37 Like we’ve been talking about this episode and last week’s episode, this stuff’s just getting easier
    0:31:42 and easier. So it’s crazy how easy it’s gotten to be able to do this stuff. And the more the models
    0:31:48 get smarter, like you mentioned, the less errors it creates in the code and the more tools we can
    0:31:54 directly connect to the LLM, the better it’s able to tell if it’s doing a good job or not,
    0:31:55 essentially. Right.
    0:32:00 Yeah. And then combine all that with the models getting smarter and smarter. And then I guess
    0:32:02 you got AGI or at least what I would probably call AGI.
    0:32:08 Yeah. Yeah. I mean, it’s, it’s really wild, but yeah. So that’s how I’ve been building future tools.
    0:32:13 That’s been the process. I think the really sort of valuable part that people should know is like,
    0:32:18 you don’t really have to start from scratch, right? If, if you have a concept for a website
    0:32:23 and there’s a design out there that you like, go and find a site that you like the design of that
    0:32:30 sort of maybe has the functionality you want, pull that into V zero, let it clone it and use that as
    0:32:34 your jumping off point. Like don’t make, you know, blatant copies of other people’s sites,
    0:32:40 but use it as like a nice beginning template to start from and then use something like, you know,
    0:32:46 Google’s deep research, or I even think GPT 4.5 will work well to write up a roadmap for you. I think it
    0:32:51 would actually do a pretty good job, but you can use one of these tools to explain what you want to
    0:32:57 create. Let it write up a roadmap for you. Let it tell you what tools to use, like react and super base
    0:33:04 and all that kind of stuff. And you don’t have to figure this stuff out. The AI already knows the
    0:33:08 best tools to accomplish what you’re trying to accomplish. So if you have your starting design
    0:33:13 of what you want and you have a roadmap that, Hey, I helped you generate with the tech stack already
    0:33:18 figured out for you. Like the rest is just putting it into cursor and telling cursor to follow the
    0:33:23 roadmap. Right. Yeah. And especially now that there’s MCPs, I mean, it’s like, you’re gonna be able to
    0:33:27 do beyond just coding, right? It’s gonna be vibe everything, right? It’ll vibe anything you want.
    0:33:31 Cause it’s not gonna be limited to just coding anymore. Like I said, even like game design or
    0:33:34 almost any kind of business, you’re gonna probably have the same thing where AI will be able to help
    0:33:38 you do anything. Yeah. And it’s gonna be more and more important to be high agency. You know,
    0:33:43 you don’t have an excuse anymore to not say, Oh, I don’t know how to do that. The AI will help you
    0:33:47 figure out how to do it. Matt didn’t know how to do database stuff. He’s now a database expert
    0:33:52 through vibe coding. Yeah. It’s wild. The other topic that I think would be cool to talk
    0:33:58 about is Peter levels, right? He just built this like airplane game and it’s honestly not that
    0:34:03 impressive looking. What’s impressive about it is that he’s just like one dude that vibe coded this
    0:34:10 whole thing by himself. And he just passed a million dollars in monthly annual revenue from this one
    0:34:15 person coding up this app by themselves. If you’re listening to this, instead of watching on YouTube,
    0:34:20 it’s a very basic game he’s built. It’s like in a three GS, which is a framework that helps you
    0:34:25 build 3d stuff in the browser. It’s a simple, you know, flight simulator where you fly around. But
    0:34:28 the interesting thing about this, I think a lot of people are gonna look at like, Oh, this is just a
    0:34:33 stupid thing. It’s a fad. The game itself, I would not doubt if it dies off like in a month or two.
    0:34:39 But what’s very interesting is that this is like the ultimate example of vibe coding.
    0:34:44 Yeah, it’s like a concept. He put like a really basic demo of it. And he just shared it online.
    0:34:48 And he started talking with this community and like tweaking it based on stuff they were saying,
    0:34:52 which when you were talking about building your future tools website, it kind of reminded me of that.
    0:34:56 It’s like, Matt, you kind of revived building future tools with your community, right?
    0:35:00 Yeah, where they were giving you feedback, and you’re building your roadmap based on what they said.
    0:35:03 And then you just went off and built it. He did the same kind of thing with this game where he’s just
    0:35:09 chatting with people online, his fans, about what should he add next. And now that it’s so easy that you can
    0:35:12 actually just do that yourself versus going off and hiring an entire team, it takes all this time.
    0:35:17 No, you just chat with the AI and you just change stuff and you just push it live and then you just
    0:35:21 share it again and get more and more attention like that. And it’s almost like how people used to do
    0:35:25 stuff on Twitch, right? Live streaming. I’m kind of convinced this is gonna be like a huge trend over
    0:35:29 the next year or two, where you’re gonna have all these influencers realizing like, oh, wait a minute,
    0:35:33 I could use my audience and I could just like live build something and it doesn’t be a game. It could be
    0:35:38 software too. I’m gonna live build something and my audience is going to interact with me as I build it.
    0:35:44 I’m going to make it for them. Yeah, it’s crazy, right? So I just pulled up this tweet from Peter
    0:35:52 here. It says what you see 200 K MRR. So he’s at $200,000 a month in MRR. So that’s what 1.4 million
    0:35:58 a year. If you’re extrapolating it out, what you don’t see, it’s only Stripe fees. That’s like the only
    0:36:04 cost he has. Apparently no Apple fees. Cause it’s all web-based. He owns a hundred percent of it.
    0:36:10 He’s spent $0 on ads. Yeah. Be your own influencer, no co-founders and happy customers.
    0:36:15 Right. Right. Like that’s wild. And game designers are so pissed off. They’re all like tweeting about
    0:36:20 it. Yeah. And I mean, it’s not a great looking game. I mean, it looks like a game that came out
    0:36:26 in the nineties, the early nineties, but like the way he’s making money is see all the ads. They’re
    0:36:32 like everywhere. He literally put an ad on planets and he put an ad on a blimp and he’s got ads on like
    0:36:40 the buildings on the screen and he charges five grand for one of these ads. Yeah. A fake plane
    0:36:45 like flies past really quick. I’m like, and he tweets out their names too. That’s another element
    0:36:50 of it. Okay. Okay. He’s been tweeting out all of them. That’s probably the bigger benefit. Cause I
    0:36:55 mean, the fact that they’re like ad is in this game, it’s not even direct response. Like people aren’t
    0:37:01 like clicking on these ads to get to the website. It’s just pure branding. Right. I actually looked at it
    0:37:04 cause I’m like, Oh, maybe I’ll throw an ad up there for future tools just for fun. Cause
    0:37:09 who’s using it right now? Vibe coders and people interested in AI future tools would be great.
    0:37:13 Yeah. And then I saw five grand a month to put my name on a blimp that planes are just flying by.
    0:37:19 And I was like, eh, I don’t think I can justify that. But right. Yeah. And the people probably
    0:37:23 stopped playing it in like a month or two, but still it just conceptually the fact that you can build
    0:37:26 something and then interact with your community. Cause now it’s so easy to actually build something
    0:37:30 in near real time like that. That’s a game changer that most people are not really fully
    0:37:33 thinking through. I don’t think it’s gonna be limited to just games. You know, we’ve talked
    0:37:37 about in the past, like, okay, there’s going to be software that you just build for yourself. It’s
    0:37:41 like, yeah, but how many people are actually high agency and it will actually do that. But there may
    0:37:46 be, you know, custom tailored software for your audience that you’re building for them. They get to
    0:37:51 actually kind of see it as like almost entertainment that you’re building it for them. Like, Oh, cool.
    0:37:56 Yeah. I want that feature. And then build it for them in the next like hour. Right. And push it out.
    0:37:59 And then people are paying you. I think you’re going to see so many things like this where people
    0:38:04 are going to make tons of money building games, software, other kinds of entertainment tools.
    0:38:09 I know. This is wild. Yeah. So you actually get into the game and you have missions,
    0:38:13 missions, shoot down all the balloons, shoot down other planes, fly to space.
    0:38:18 It did not have any of this. Like when he started, he literally every feature has been people in the
    0:38:21 community, just saying stuff like, why doesn’t it have that? He’s like, cool. Yeah. And then he’ll
    0:38:26 like tweet out a link saying like, it’s up now, like a little video clip. So wild. So wild. That’s
    0:38:30 been the whole process. It’s literally him just sharing little short videos on X and then people
    0:38:36 saying, cool. Why doesn’t it have this? Yeah. We need more UFOs. We need a castle. Cool. It has that
    0:38:41 now. Yeah. Yeah. Now it has it. You know, next he’s going to be charging for planes. Cool. Here’s a
    0:38:46 stripe link. Here’s a link where you can buy planes. Buy the planes. It should have advertisements. Cool.
    0:38:51 Here’s ads. And the entire process has been that of like him vibe coding it and then just pushing it
    0:38:56 out to the community and doing it interactively. Yeah. It’s wild. I mean, we’re entering this crazy
    0:39:03 world where literally anybody can code anything they want. They can build anything they want. If you have
    0:39:08 an idea, if you’ve got a vision, go and use AI. You can use something like V0 to help you with the
    0:39:14 original design. Use something like ChatGPT or Claude or Grok3 to go and help you map out the
    0:39:19 product. The game part itself. I don’t think that’s like the main thing. I really think it’s idea of
    0:39:23 like if you’re in a business right now and you have a new idea for a product and you have a big community
    0:39:28 instead of making it super polished and like waiting years to build out the thing. Why doesn’t the one
    0:39:33 business leader who has the idea literally just push it out to social media and share a prototype
    0:39:37 and see if people have any interest and they say, Hey, why doesn’t it do this? Cool. Now it does
    0:39:42 that. And like have an iterative process with your community to build software. I think that’s a huge
    0:39:47 opportunity that people are not realizing. Yeah. I mean, essentially you’re right. Like that’s kind
    0:39:50 of what I’m trying to do with the future tools website, right? I’m just going, Oh, right now I’m
    0:39:56 building the bones, right? Like I need to get the sort of site up and live first. And then once it’s live
    0:40:01 and people are actually accessing it, I’m going to do that. Hey, you should add this feature. Hey, you should
    0:40:06 on the tools pages at this functionality. Hey, you should let me chat with natural language
    0:40:10 and then just share it when it’s up. And then like, what should I do next? And get feedback and feed that
    0:40:15 into the whole app and put it in your plan. And a hundred percent. That is my plan with it is to like
    0:40:21 literally sort of let the community steer where the website goes. I just got to get that initial launch
    0:40:26 done, right? I’m still finishing the finishing touches once it’s launched. That’s the goal. And I think
    0:40:31 it’s also great marketing because if I go and say, what do you want to see on the site? And then somebody says,
    0:40:36 Oh, you should add a natural language where I can just tell it my problem and it will recommend
    0:40:42 tools. And then I go, cool. That was added. Yeah. They’re going to be stoked that I like actually
    0:40:47 took their idea, built it in, and they’re going to help market my product for me. Yeah. Yeah. Like
    0:40:53 thousand true fans on steroids, right? Exactly. Like imagine if a game like Grand Theft Auto did that,
    0:40:58 right? Like, Oh my God, they actually built my feature in that I suggested. This is amazing. I need to go
    0:41:03 tell everybody I’m a Grand Theft Auto fan for life now, you know? Yeah. But anyway, I think that’s a
    0:41:08 good place to wrap this one up. I think, you know, this whole vibe coding concept, I’ve been nerding
    0:41:13 out about it. I’ve actually been producing less YouTube videos on my own YouTube channel lately
    0:41:18 because I’ve been so obsessed with just coding stuff. Future tools is just one thing that I’ve
    0:41:23 been building. Like I’ve been building other little apps for my own like personal helpful use.
    0:41:27 We’ve talked about this on a past episode. I love finding little bottlenecks in my business
    0:41:32 and going, can I make a little app like to build the workflow to get past that bottleneck?
    0:41:37 And I’ve made a whole bunch of little tools like that now, like a tool that easily converts any image
    0:41:42 file to a single JPEG file. Doesn’t matter what type of file I drop in converts it instantly.
    0:41:48 I created a tool with Whisper where I can take any of my short form videos, drop them in and it
    0:41:53 instantly transcribes it. And then I can take that transcription and use it as my description over on
    0:42:00 Instagram. So all of my Instagram sort of descriptions on everything is all written by AI now. I showed you
    0:42:05 on a past video when we had Matthew Berman on, I showed you this tool that I’m calling the video
    0:42:10 producer where I can throw a whole bunch of videos in and it helps me with ideas on new videos based on the
    0:42:15 videos that are in my database. And so I’m just like finding bottlenecks or things that I want to
    0:42:20 work through in my business and then using AI to build tools that solve those problems for me.
    0:42:25 And I’m doing it as a one man show just by myself. Like I’m just, yeah, I have this idea. Let’s build
    0:42:31 it. I’m not making as many videos, but like I’m obsessing over this right now. Yeah. I mean,
    0:42:34 that’s great. A new problem of like, what do you focus on? You’re going to be more and more
    0:42:38 infinite possibilities, right? With AI that it’ll be able to go off and do things for you. And it’s like,
    0:42:41 what do I focus on? I became obsessed with my game. I’m like, well, the game may not even make
    0:42:46 money. I’m like, you know, with AI and everything else, like what is it eventually even going to
    0:42:49 matter? Like as long as I enjoy it, you know, I enjoy the process of making it.
    0:42:54 I see a lot of this is like upfront work now to save me time in the future. Right. So like,
    0:43:00 maybe, yeah, I’m producing one less video this week because I made a tool that improves my workflow.
    0:43:05 But next week I have one less task on my plate because I improved this workflow. So it’s like,
    0:43:11 I’m building all these little things that ideally will free me up in the future.
    0:43:15 The problem is I keep on getting more ideas for things that will free me up in the future.
    0:43:20 So I never actually end up freeing any time because I end up building the new ideas that I have. It’s a
    0:43:21 weird place I’m in.
    0:43:25 Have you ever considered just like open sourcing all that stuff that you’re building and just like,
    0:43:29 yeah, yeah, yeah. I’ve open sourced a lot of them. Okay. Yeah. A lot of the little tools that
    0:43:32 I’ve made, like the, any image to JPEG converter. I put that up on GitHub.
    0:43:37 Have you told people on like X and YouTube or no? Yeah, I’ve mentioned it. I haven’t made a big
    0:43:42 deal about it, but I have like mentioned it in the past. Like I’ll talk about a tool that I made and
    0:43:46 people will be like, oh, that’s really cool. Can I get access to it? And I’ll be like, yep, it’s on
    0:43:51 GitHub now. Go grab it. You know? So like I’ve pointed it out, but I haven’t really like went out
    0:43:56 and megaphone announced it. Right. But yeah, as I’m building it, I’m putting everything on GitHub.
    0:44:02 Once I feel like it’s ready for other people to go use, then I make it public on GitHub and I set the
    0:44:06 license to an open source license. So anybody can go and use it. I don’t think I’ll open source future
    0:44:11 tools. There’s already too many clones of my website. I don’t know if I want to like enable more of that,
    0:44:14 but yeah, pretty much everything else I build, I open source.
    0:44:19 So what’s the key takeaway for people? Be high agency and you don’t have excuses now and go build
    0:44:24 stuff. All of that. Yeah. No excuses. You know, you get an idea, you have bottlenecks in your business,
    0:44:28 go build workflows to fix them. You want to go build a new website. You don’t need that developer anymore.
    0:44:35 You need a new business model. Maybe you can monetize your fans by collaboratively building with
    0:44:41 them and working with their ideas and helping convert them into your marketing force because you’re
    0:44:45 building with the community. Yeah. On that note, I think we should go ahead and wrap this one up.
    0:44:52 We’re definitely going to be talking a lot more about AI and coding and vibe coding and all of this
    0:44:57 cool stuff in future episodes. So if you’re not already, make sure you’re subscribed either on YouTube
    0:45:02 or wherever you listen to podcasts, preferably on both. Watch us on video and then enjoy it so much
    0:45:06 that you need to go listen to it again in your car. Just subscribe everywhere. We’d really appreciate
    0:45:11 that. And we’ll make sure more awesome episodes like this keep showing up for you. Thank you so
    0:45:15 much for tuning in and we’ll see you in the next episode. Yeah. Thank you.

    Episode 51: Is it really possible to rebuild an entire website using A.I.? Matt Wolfe (https://x.com/mreflow) and Nathan Lands (https://x.com/NathanLands) dive into the evolving world of AI-driven development, sharing their insights on the latest buzzword, vibe coding.

    In this episode, Matt discusses how he is rebuilding the Future Tools website from scratch using AI, detailing the new business model emerging from these AI tools. They take listeners through the journey of leveraging tools like V0.dev, Cursor, and Windsurf to streamline the coding process, and explore how AI can help overcome challenges even with little to no prior coding experience. With AI taking center stage, the hosts delve into how it’s revolutionizing their workflows, the concept of MCP, and the real-world application of vibe coding, like the successful venture of Pieter Levels’ airplane game.

    Check out The Next Wave YouTube Channel if you want to see Matt and Nathan on screen: https://lnk.to/thenextwavepd

    Show Notes:

    • (00:00) Vibe Coding & AI Business
    • (04:50) Future Tools Rebuild and Updates
    • (09:29) AI Over Human Workers: A Necessity
    • (12:20) Deep Dive into Website Functions
    • (14:08 Detailed Roadmap Integration Guide
    • (17:01) Self-Coding vs. Developer Challenges
    • (20:48) AI Empowering High Agency Mindset
    • (24:52) Cursor MCPs: Enhanced Database Interaction
    • (27:04) Automated Webpage Change Validation
    • (32:03) Start with Existing Designs
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  • Democrats need to do something

    AI transcript
    0:00:04 Thumbtack presents the ins and outs of caring for your home.
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    0:01:03 If I had to pick one word to really capture American politics, for most of my adult life at least,
    0:01:07 it wouldn’t be hope or change or forward or future.
    0:01:11 The word I’d choose is inertia.
    0:01:15 It doesn’t matter what the slogans are or what the speeches say.
    0:01:21 In terms of getting things done, or fundamentally changing how we do things,
    0:01:24 both parties seem slow to solve problems.
    0:01:27 Slow to build new things.
    0:01:29 Slow to change anything, really.
    0:01:33 Until now.
    0:01:39 As you know, the Trump administration has been passing executive orders
    0:01:43 and implementing new policies at a breakneck pace.
    0:01:50 Attempting to remake entire swaths of the federal government.
    0:01:53 And you might not like what they’re doing.
    0:01:54 I don’t.
    0:01:56 But they are doing something.
    0:01:59 And the Democratic opposition?
    0:02:02 Well, they don’t seem to have the answers.
    0:02:09 At the very least, they cannot articulate a different vision for America’s future that the country wants.
    0:02:11 Why is that?
    0:02:17 Why couldn’t Democrats craft a message that resonated with voters in 2024’s election?
    0:02:22 And why, in the face of Trump and Musk and Doge,
    0:02:25 in a relentless attack on American institutions,
    0:02:30 are Democrats unable to convince America that their way of governing is better?
    0:02:36 I’m Sean Elling, and this is The Gray Area.
    0:02:43 Today’s guest is Ezra Klein,
    0:02:45 the former host of this podcast,
    0:02:49 the current host of The Ezra Klein Show at The New York Times,
    0:02:52 and the co-author of a new book called Abundance,
    0:02:55 which he wrote with journalist Derek Thompson.
    0:03:04 Ezra argues that in states run by Democrats,
    0:03:07 policy failures have contributed to the rising cost of living.
    0:03:09 to address this crisis,
    0:03:12 and really any crisis America is facing,
    0:03:17 it needs to be easier to build and invent the things that America needs.
    0:03:21 And in our current system, that’s almost impossible to do.
    0:03:26 Not because we don’t have the means, the technology, or the know-how.
    0:03:28 We have all of that in spades.
    0:03:31 What we don’t have is a political economy that makes sense.
    0:03:36 Ezra believes that this idea should be the major,
    0:03:39 maybe the only focus of liberal politics in America.
    0:03:42 So I invited him onto the show, his old show,
    0:03:43 to tell me more.
    0:03:49 Ezra Klein, welcome to the show.
    0:03:53 Ah, it’s like stepping back into an old couch
    0:03:56 that you’ve sat in so much that it slightly has an imprint of your body.
    0:03:57 I finally feel like I’m back home.
    0:03:59 We’re glad to have you.
    0:04:00 I’m glad to be here.
    0:04:03 All right, let’s get to the book, Abundance.
    0:04:07 You want this book to reorient liberal thinking in America.
    0:04:10 Tell me, what are you looking to change?
    0:04:15 I think it’s important for liberals, for progressives,
    0:04:22 to recenter technology as an engine of social progress.
    0:04:25 Most liberals can tell you which five social insurance programs
    0:04:27 they’d like to create or substantially expand,
    0:04:29 but they can’t tell you which five technologies.
    0:04:32 They want the government to really organize resources and intention
    0:04:34 towards pulling in from the future into the present.
    0:04:38 So the idea of Abundance is that to have the future we want,
    0:04:41 we need to build and invent the things we need.
    0:04:44 Some of the things we need to build are things we know how to build,
    0:04:47 like housing, like clean energy, like high-speed rail.
    0:04:50 Some of the things are things we need to invent.
    0:04:52 We are not going to hit our climate targets.
    0:04:54 I mean, we’re not currently on pace to hit them at all,
    0:04:56 but we’re definitely not going to hit them
    0:04:57 if we cannot figure out things like green cement
    0:05:00 and low-carbon or low-emissions jet fuel,
    0:05:02 things we literally do not have,
    0:05:05 certainly not at an affordability point we can scale.
    0:05:09 There are problems you cannot solve without innovation.
    0:05:13 So this is really an effort to put building and innovation,
    0:05:17 the expansion of supply, at the center of liberalism.
    0:05:20 Well, one thing I do appreciate about the book
    0:05:24 is that you’re not trying to offer a suite of policy solutions.
    0:05:26 It’s more about articulating the questions.
    0:05:29 You think our politics should revolve around.
    0:05:33 Why do you think it’s important to begin with the right questions?
    0:05:35 You see what you’re looking for.
    0:05:40 And I think that American liberalism has learned to look
    0:05:42 for opportunities to subsidize.
    0:05:44 Health insurance is too expensive.
    0:05:45 Can we make it subsidized?
    0:05:49 If people need housing, we give them a rental voucher, sometimes.
    0:05:53 If they need to go to college, we give them a Pell Grant.
    0:05:55 If they need food, we give them SNAP.
    0:06:00 If they need income as a retiree or as an elderly person,
    0:06:01 we give them Social Security, right?
    0:06:06 We know how to look for opportunities to do money or voucher-like things.
    0:06:07 That’s really important.
    0:06:12 But we do not look for opportunities to expand supply.
    0:06:13 And that creates two problems.
    0:06:18 One is that if you subsidize something and you don’t have enough supply of it, you will just
    0:06:20 have price increases or rationing.
    0:06:25 The other is that they’re just things you need that if you don’t increase the supply of them,
    0:06:26 you’re just not going to have.
    0:06:31 And look, I’m a Californian, and when I look around my home state where I lived for much
    0:06:35 of the writing of the book, and I think, what has deranged Californian politics?
    0:06:40 Why can Gavin Newsom not run for president in 2028 as he wants to do and say, elect me,
    0:06:42 and you can all have the California dream?
    0:06:44 Because nobody thinks it’s a dream.
    0:06:45 It’s losing people.
    0:06:46 And why is it losing people?
    0:06:47 Because the cost of living is too high.
    0:06:49 And why is the cost of living too high?
    0:06:50 We don’t have enough of the things we need.
    0:06:53 We don’t have enough supply of housing, child care, et cetera.
    0:06:59 And so you will get different answers to the question of how to expand different things.
    0:07:03 If you ask me why it’s hard to lay down transmission lines, that is a different answer
    0:07:06 than why is it hard to build affordable housing in San Francisco.
    0:07:10 But just simply asking the question of how do we get more of the thing we want,
    0:07:15 that I think is a more productive place to start and one that just honestly a lot of
    0:07:18 liberal governance is going to ride by not centering.
    0:07:24 Well, you know, people will hear these kinds of complaints and they will immediately think
    0:07:26 of all the ways the other side is to blame.
    0:07:34 But you do say pretty early on that some of these outcomes reflect an ideological conspiracy
    0:07:35 at the heart of our politics.
    0:07:37 What’s the argument here?
    0:07:43 So I think that liberals, frankly, conservatives too, are comfortable with the narrative that
    0:07:49 we had a conservative movement that arose in the latter half of the 20th century, has attained
    0:07:54 yet more power in the 21st, that is anti-government, that wants to, as Governor Norquist famously
    0:07:56 put it, strangle government in a bathtub.
    0:08:03 That doesn’t really explain, though, why governance in places where conservative Republicans have
    0:08:08 functionally no power, California, Illinois, New York, is pretty bad.
    0:08:14 And to understand that, you have to start looking at something else that does not get as much
    0:08:19 narrative weight in our politics, which is starting in, again, the back half of the 20th
    0:08:26 century, there was a liberalism, the new left, that arose in response to the New Deal left.
    0:08:30 And what New Deal liberalism put at its center was growing to build things.
    0:08:32 We had a rapidly expanding population.
    0:08:34 We were this, you know, new superpower.
    0:08:36 And we went on this orgy of building.
    0:08:37 And we often built recklessly.
    0:08:39 We built in ways that damaged the environment.
    0:08:44 We, you know, I grew up outside of Los Angeles at a time when you would have that curtain of
    0:08:47 smog descend and your eyes would water and people would cough.
    0:08:49 And it was really bad for kids and, frankly, adults.
    0:08:55 And so this sort of liberalism emerged that was about making it harder to build, that was
    0:09:00 about making sure government couldn’t do what, say, Robert Moses did in New York and cut
    0:09:02 a freeway right through, you know, a marginalized community.
    0:09:07 And frankly, more than that, it ended up being a liberalism that really made it impossible to
    0:09:09 cut a freeway through an affluent community.
    0:09:13 And a lot of this was not just well-intentioned.
    0:09:14 It worked.
    0:09:15 We cleaned up the environment.
    0:09:17 We cleaned up the air.
    0:09:18 We cleaned up water.
    0:09:22 We did make it harder for government to do stupid things or act without thinking about
    0:09:22 its actions.
    0:09:26 Over time, those things grew and grew and grew.
    0:09:30 Those statutes, those processes, those movements, liberals became more affluent.
    0:09:31 They had more to defend.
    0:09:36 And so in places even where you didn’t really have a strong conservative movement, what you
    0:09:44 did develop was a way of doing government that was so coalitional, that had so many opportunities
    0:09:50 for veto, had so many opportunities for individuals or nonprofits to sue the government, that you
    0:09:51 just couldn’t get shit done.
    0:09:57 And so construction productivity has been functionally falling in America for a very long time or stagnating
    0:09:58 in some areas.
    0:10:03 And so as the years have gone by, we’ve gotten really good at building in the digital world.
    0:10:07 We can make cryptocurrencies and AI and this whole expansive internet and really quite
    0:10:09 shitty at building in the real world.
    0:10:17 Look, I think rattling off a bunch of numbers isn’t awesome, but I have to just at least mention
    0:10:21 a couple here because it just illustrates the problem, right?
    0:10:22 So this is from your book.
    0:10:29 It cost about $609 million to build a kilometer of high-speed rail in the U.S.
    0:10:31 $609.
    0:10:32 Just rail, not high-speed.
    0:10:34 Oh, even better.
    0:10:37 In Germany, it’s $384.
    0:10:39 In Canada, $295.
    0:10:41 Japan, $267.
    0:10:44 And in Portugal, fuck, they’re really doing something right.
    0:10:46 It’s only $96 million.
    0:10:48 How is that even real?
    0:10:53 So one thing to note about that is that conservatives will say, yeah, the government sucks.
    0:10:54 Don’t use it.
    0:10:56 But those countries have governments.
    0:11:00 Those countries actually have higher union density than the U.S. does.
    0:11:04 So there is something about the way we do government here, the way we do building here.
    0:11:06 And there’s a bunch of different answers to that.
    0:11:10 One of the big ones is we are very focused on adversarial legalism, as it’s called.
    0:11:17 We make it the primary way we let people constrain the government is by suing it.
    0:11:19 Suing it takes a long time.
    0:11:24 I mean, and, you know, at this moment, people are glad we have a way to sue the government under Donald Trump.
    0:11:27 So the point is not that it is always and everywhere bad.
    0:11:36 But nevertheless, there is a dimension where we have made it so hard for the government to act, so slow for it to act, that it just functionally can’t act.
    0:11:43 And one thing about those numbers that you then see is that we just don’t do as many big infrastructure projects anymore for all kinds of reasons.
    0:11:47 We’re very afraid of doing anything that requires tunneling in a way they’re not in other countries.
    0:11:50 The Second Avenue subway in New York City is like a total nightmare.
    0:11:55 And we have just created ways of building that don’t work.
    0:11:57 I wish they did.
    0:11:58 What’s the Second Avenue subway?
    0:12:07 Oh, it’s a subway extension in New York that has been planned for a very, very long time that was supposed to be much more ambitious than it will now be.
    0:12:15 Look, when they began building the New York subways, they opened the first 28 stations, I think it was, in four years, if I’m not wrong.
    0:12:20 It takes decades now to do anything, to do like one station.
    0:12:44 You would think, with the advances in machinery we have, with the advances in imaging we have, with the advances in 3D computerized drafting that we have, I mean, you would think, with everything we have built, advanced machinery-wise, since 1908, we would make things bigger, better, faster, right?
    0:12:46 We would be just way better at building things than we were then.
    0:12:48 But we’re just not.
    0:12:50 I mean, we are safer at building them.
    0:12:53 There are things we were better at planning for when we build them.
    0:12:55 I don’t want to suggest that no advancement has happened.
    0:12:58 But they built the Empire State Building in a year.
    0:12:59 A year.
    0:13:01 We just can’t do that anymore.
    0:13:04 And the reason isn’t that we have forgotten technique.
    0:13:11 And the reason isn’t that we haven’t had things advance in terms of machinery and building.
    0:13:13 The reason is we’ve made the politics of building very, very difficult.
    0:13:16 And we’ve made the process of building very, very cumbersome.
    0:13:21 I talk about the example of California high-speed rail at some length, but I think it’s a good one.
    0:13:24 And I could say a million things about it, but I’ll say this.
    0:13:27 High-speed rail replaces cars.
    0:13:28 It’s pretty clean, right?
    0:13:34 It’s a good—the reason to do it, in part, is it is an environmentally friendly form of transportation.
    0:13:41 The effort to environmentally clear the high-speed rail line that California intended to use began in 2012.
    0:13:48 By the time I wrapped the book, at the end of 2024, it was almost, but not quite done.
    0:13:51 12 years, and it was not finished.
    0:13:59 And the question that that environmental review was asking was not, was high-speed rail having it better than not having it?
    0:14:10 It’s in every individual parcel of track, had they considered all the possible consequences of having it?
    0:14:14 Mitigated all the possible downsides, which, of course, the status quo does not have to do.
    0:14:21 And, you know, most importantly, bulletproofed themselves as much as they can against lawsuits, which can take years to play out.
    0:14:26 This replicates across clean energy efforts.
    0:14:32 Congestion pricing in New York City was held up for years in environmental assessment.
    0:14:35 And these are for things that are good for the environment.
    0:14:43 So this is—it’s one example, but these are liberal policies that liberals defend that make it very hard for liberals to deliver on the things liberals say they are going to give people.
    0:14:44 That’s a problem.
    0:14:54 I just want to stress that part of what makes this so maddening is that it’s an outcome basically no one really wants, right?
    0:15:04 It’s the system, it’s the incentive structure, it’s individuals making narrowly rational decisions, which in the end produce incredibly stupid, unhelpful results.
    0:15:07 That is definitely a big part of it.
    0:15:11 Some things are drift, some things are accidental, some things are unseen, and some things are intended.
    0:15:19 When we talk about housing, which is different than something like rail, you’re dealing with a problem that housing has become a core financial asset.
    0:15:26 And that asset is often made more valuable, or at least people believe it will be made more valuable, by scarcity.
    0:15:39 And the idea that, you know, you’ve got this house on a block of San Francisco or Brooklyn or whatever, and you don’t want a large affordable housing complex going up down the street, it’s not crazy.
    0:15:41 I mean, that might actually hurt your parking.
    0:15:44 That might actually hurt your home values, depending on how it plays out.
    0:15:54 But now you’ve got a real problem, because you’ve made the engine of wealth something that the only way people can feel comfortable to keep going up is to make sure we don’t build enough housing around it.
    0:15:56 But we need to build enough housing around it.
    0:15:57 And so who’s winning?
    0:15:59 You know, the people already who have the assets.
    0:16:05 And liberalism has to ask, like, does it hold the values it puts on lawn signs?
    0:16:07 You know, human being is illegal and kindness is everything.
    0:16:12 And, you know, or is it, you know, and I got mine?
    0:16:15 You know, sorry you didn’t get yours ethos.
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    0:19:14 Look, I guess we’re a couple of months into this new administration.
    0:19:19 People feel as though the government is acting very rapidly.
    0:19:21 How do you make sense of that?
    0:19:27 I mean, is that just because it’s basically breaking shit and breaking shit is significantly easier than building shit?
    0:19:39 Elon Musk and Donald Trump decided, certainly Musk decided, that he just wasn’t going to treat a lot of things that have constrained past administrations as real and binding.
    0:19:45 And it turns out from watching them, there’s a lot more you could do than people thought you could do.
    0:19:48 The civil service protections were not nearly as binding as people made them seem to be.
    0:19:55 I do not like what Elon Musk is doing in terms of indiscriminately and ideologically firing huge swaths of the federal workforce.
    0:20:01 But I believe four months ago, and I believe today, that it was way too hard to hire and fire in the civil service.
    0:20:11 And because liberalism never fixed that in a way that was conceptually and morally appropriate, now we’re getting this burn-it-down approach.
    0:20:13 And I think that’s true in a lot of things.
    0:20:20 If you do not make government work, someone else will eventually weaponize the dissatisfaction with it and burn it to the ground.
    0:20:30 And liberals had no really good things to say about cost of living and affordability in the 2024 election, in part because they themselves have been bad on cost of living and affordability.
    0:20:32 The places they govern have become unaffordable.
    0:20:37 And that was part of why they lost to Donald Trump in an election that was about cost of living and affordability.
    0:20:42 I don’t want to put everything on liberals or liberalism.
    0:20:48 The right deserves – the right has to take responsibility for its own actions, its own failures.
    0:20:51 The things they want are very different than the things I want.
    0:20:53 But yes, Musk has come in.
    0:20:54 Trump has come in.
    0:21:01 And they have not treated process as binding or even something worth respecting in the way liberalism has.
    0:21:09 And I think the two coalitions have developed mirror image pathologies, which is liberals are much too respectful and obsessed by process.
    0:21:15 And the right now has functionally no process and no respect for it and no respect for the legality of things.
    0:21:26 And, you know, I would like to see something that is more thoughtfully integrating of these perspectives.
    0:21:29 I mean, look, can I just vent for a second?
    0:21:30 You know what, man?
    0:21:31 It’s a podcast.
    0:21:32 It’s your podcast.
    0:21:36 I mean – okay.
    0:21:39 So, Democrats believe in government, right?
    0:21:41 Have used government, as you were saying, to do great things.
    0:21:51 And I agree that they have created or helped create a wildly sclerotic system that makes it very difficult, if not impossible, to build stuff and do stuff.
    0:21:58 But meanwhile, Republicans don’t really believe in government except for defense and national security.
    0:22:00 They want to dismantle it.
    0:22:01 They want to privatize everything.
    0:22:07 And this dynamic is eternally to their advantage because, again, breaking shit is easier than building shit.
    0:22:13 And in their efforts to break government, they’ve increased the public’s disgust with it because it keeps not working.
    0:22:15 And this is the doom loop.
    0:22:20 And I definitely take your point about absurd liberal proceduralism.
    0:22:28 But I do think having one of our two government parties enter into politics with the explicit aim of making government not work is a problem.
    0:22:34 And I don’t know how liberals and Democrats can solve that because this is a 51-49 country.
    0:22:36 Well, maybe it wouldn’t be if we were better at governing.
    0:22:37 You think so?
    0:22:38 I hope so.
    0:22:44 This thing liberals do, where it’s like, oh, man, they’re so bad.
    0:22:45 And they are.
    0:22:47 Like, I am fucking furious.
    0:22:57 And you know what I also am is I’m fucking furious that liberals gave up the, like, mantle of people who would fix your problems to this band of idiots.
    0:22:59 It makes me angry.
    0:23:01 Like, it should make other people angry.
    0:23:05 And just telling yourself endlessly that they are so bad, what are we going to do?
    0:23:07 Well, you know what would be good if we did?
    0:23:11 Created a situation where people said, California, that’s a well-run state.
    0:23:16 Maybe one of any of the 18 national-level figures it has recently produced should be president.
    0:23:19 New York, there’s a big economically important state.
    0:23:23 Maybe somebody from it should be a plausible national figure.
    0:23:33 You can’t, like, it is easier to run for president as a governor of Texas or Florida than the governor of California and New York.
    0:23:35 Now, that’s not true for everywhere.
    0:23:36 Jared Polis has done a good job in Colorado.
    0:23:38 And you know what happened in Colorado in 2024?
    0:23:46 They didn’t suffer a complete collapse of the Democratic vote share in the way that happened in California and New York.
    0:23:48 Because on some level, governing will does matter.
    0:23:55 And, like, I don’t think being a nihilistic party is highly popular, but being an ineffectual party is also not highly popular.
    0:24:05 So what you’re preaching, right, doing big things, building big things, actually leading, governing, investing in the future, people will say, well, you know, Joe Biden kind of did this, right?
    0:24:06 Or he appeared to do this.
    0:24:09 He passed the bipartisan infrastructure bill.
    0:24:10 He did the Chips and Science Act.
    0:24:12 He did the Inflation Reduction Act.
    0:24:13 And it’s like it never happened.
    0:24:14 He got no credit.
    0:24:16 It passed away like a fart in the wind.
    0:24:19 So, like, what is the lesson of that for you?
    0:24:25 Did all of that just fail politically because maybe the money was allocated, but for all the reasons you’ve outlined, nothing actually got done?
    0:24:27 Or is it something else?
    0:24:28 There are a couple things here.
    0:24:34 So, one is that there was a huge problem with running Joe Biden for president a second time.
    0:24:35 There just was.
    0:24:38 I mean, obviously, with somebody who was not in favor of that.
    0:24:49 But I think Joe Biden, if you change nothing about the election except Joe Biden into 65 and can effectively tell a story about his own administration, I think he would have won re-election.
    0:24:49 I really do.
    0:24:53 Now, his record alone was not that strong.
    0:24:58 Part of that was inflation, which they bear a modest amount of the blame for.
    0:25:05 It is the case that they put too much demand into the economy at a time when supply chains were choking, and that ended up being a bad idea.
    0:25:15 But, yeah, on the other side, when you make it slow to get these things built, it really does harm you.
    0:25:20 So, they got $42 billion for broadband access in poor communities.
    0:25:22 How many people got broadband?
    0:25:23 Approximately zero.
    0:25:28 So, yeah, Biden’s a complicated case because I do think there are movements towards abundance.
    0:25:34 I don’t think there was a serious effort to show that they’re making government spend in a way that was, you know, meant to benefit people.
    0:25:47 I think it’s fucking a problem that Doge is a dark Republican con as opposed to something that was a bright Democratic idea.
    0:26:05 I would have loved an actual Department of Government efficiency that was acting with real aggression, not the illegal and almost nihilistic levels of aggression under Elon Musk, but was really, really, really upset about places where government was failing and was making a big show of that.
    0:26:10 And you saw something like this under Bill Clinton with the Reinventing Government Initiative, which Al Gore got.
    0:26:17 But under Biden, they had this hyper-coalitional approach to politics and hyper-bureaucratic approach to the federal government.
    0:26:22 And, you know, they didn’t have any real—they never bought themselves credibility on that.
    0:26:25 They never seemed upset about things like they were doing wrong, right?
    0:26:27 Everything just kind of got explained away.
    0:26:36 And so, yeah, then at the end of the day, people felt prices had increased a bunch, and they were going around saying, no, no, no, we’ve spent all this money to spark a manufacturing boom.
    0:26:39 And, you know, the two things didn’t connect.
    0:26:42 Okay.
    0:26:48 So, let’s talk about how to fix shit, okay?
    0:27:04 If the big problem—and this is a book written broadly from the left, by the left, for the left, and the big problem on the left is this soul-crushing proceduralism, what is the solution to that?
    0:27:06 There is no one solution.
    0:27:11 I’m not, you know, it’s not one weird trick to get rid of your belly fat here.
    0:27:22 What I see us as trying to do is build—in certain ways, rebuild—an ideological tendency in politics, but on the left.
    0:27:26 And it will take time for that to take root and do big things.
    0:27:30 It will take time for it to change processes, if it ever does.
    0:27:33 It will take time for it to do new legislation.
    0:27:43 You know, one of the most inspiring of the movements here that I think are part of, like, this broader sense of refocusing on supply is the YIMBY movement.
    0:27:45 Can you just say what the YIMBYs are just for people to know?
    0:27:56 The Yes in My Backyard movement, which is basically a sort of tendency—they want to be bipartisan, but at least began, like, as an intra-liberal fight over saying, no, no, to be a liberal, you can’t be fighting this development.
    0:27:58 You can’t be fighting new homes.
    0:27:59 You can’t be fighting affordable housing.
    0:28:02 You can’t say we can build nothing and then say you’re a liberal.
    0:28:07 Liberalism requires building enough that living in this city is affordable for the working class.
    0:28:10 And they’ve had incredible intellectual victories.
    0:28:13 Kamala Harris is running on building three million new homes.
    0:28:18 Barack Obama, you know, brought up functionally YIMBYism during his DNC speech.
    0:28:23 But again, in the place where it is most powerful, it has not moved the needle in a significant way.
    0:28:27 And it’s because it’s still been bogged down in these coalitional fights.
    0:28:31 And, you know, I was talking to somebody who is a developer down there, and I was saying, look,
    0:28:36 they’ve passed all these bills in California to give you a fast track to build housing.
    0:28:38 Why aren’t you building more housing?
    0:28:39 He said, oh, I don’t use any of those bills.
    0:28:41 I said, well, why?
    0:28:46 He’s like, well, in order to use those bills, I have to agree to a whole new set of standards.
    0:28:49 I have to pay higher wages, prevailing wages.
    0:28:50 I have to do all these different things.
    0:28:56 So in the end, the fast track of that would end up costing me more than just not doing it all.
    0:28:58 And he’s like, that’s how I am.
    0:28:59 That’s how all my developer friends are.
    0:29:01 Like, the budgeting of it just doesn’t work out.
    0:29:05 And, you know, all these things are good on some level.
    0:29:06 Like, I want people to pay high wages.
    0:29:12 But when you have a housing crisis, right, California in 2022, it had 12% of the country’s population.
    0:29:14 It had 30% of its homeless population.
    0:29:18 It had 50% of its unsheltered homeless population.
    0:29:21 California is an astonishing homelessness crisis.
    0:29:23 And that is driven by a housing crisis.
    0:29:33 When you have a housing crisis and you’re passing a bunch of bills to build more housing and your bills aren’t working, well, then you have to ask, like, are the coalitional decisions you’re making good ones?
    0:29:42 Or do you have to deal with the housing crisis in your housing crisis bills and try to think about wages and do an income tax credit or whatever you want to do in other bills?
    0:29:46 But if your bills to solve your crisis are not solving your crisis, you’ve got to do something different.
    0:29:48 It’s not going to be easy.
    0:29:57 It’s going to take a political movement that, you know, over time begins to just see things differently at a lot of different levels and chip away at things in a lot of different ways.
    0:29:59 And it will take aggressive leadership.
    0:30:03 Again, you know, I don’t want to see what Elon Musk and Doge are doing to become the norm.
    0:30:13 But I would like to see much more aggressive leadership from liberal politicians who are furious at government not working and insistent that it has to work and has to deliver the outcomes they actually promise.
    0:30:31 This week on Unexplainable, the final installment of Good Robot, our four-part series on the stories we tell about AI.
    0:30:36 So what I want you to do first is I want you to open up ChatGPT.
    0:30:38 This time, the robots.
    0:30:46 And I want you to say, I’m going to give you three episodes of a series in order.
    0:30:47 Come for our jobs.
    0:30:49 Why are you laughing?
    0:30:50 I don’t know.
    0:30:51 It’s like a little creepy.
    0:31:01 Good Robot, a four-part series about AI from Julia Longoria and Unexplainable, wherever you listen.
    0:31:27 Okay, so let’s just assume that we are able to clear the way for big innovations and invention.
    0:31:32 What do you think we most need and how quickly do we need it?
    0:31:35 So we’ve had abundance of some things for quite some time, right?
    0:31:39 We’ve really built the global economy to give us an abundance of consumer goods.
    0:31:46 Forty years ago, you could go to public college debt-free, but you couldn’t have a flat-screen television.
    0:31:48 And now it’s basically the reverse, right?
    0:31:50 You can have a flat-screen television, but you can’t go to college debt-free.
    0:32:05 So we’re sort of more interested in abundance in the things that are the building blocks of what we think of as not just a good life, but the building blocks of a kind of creative and generative, productive life.
    0:32:17 So the things people really need that allow them to do other things, education, health care, and inside of health care, it doesn’t mean just everybody having insurance, but it means having cures to as much as we can, right?
    0:32:28 The value of health insurance, you know, my partner, she’s written a lot about this, so this is not me speaking out of turn, but, you know, she has a bunch of very complex and strange autoimmune diseases.
    0:32:40 Our health insurance would be a hell of a lot more valuable to me if it had cures for all of them, you know, and this is true for anybody who, you know, who knows people or loves people or they themselves suffer from difficult diseases.
    0:32:43 So what, like, the pace of medical innovation really matters.
    0:32:55 Housing, like, you just need to be able to build homes, and I want to see working-class families be able to live in the big, economically productive cities.
    0:33:11 And that matters not just because, like, it’s fun to live in New York City or San Francisco, but because it is a fundamental path to productivity and to social mobility and to opportunity to have all classes living in the places that are the biggest economic engines.
    0:33:21 And one thing we’ve seen that’s a very, very worrying trend is it used to be that poor people migrated to rich places, and then they got richer, and now they migrate away from them because they can’t afford to live in them.
    0:33:27 And that takes away all the opportunity those rich places used to offer to people who weren’t already rich.
    0:33:30 Michael Bloomberg used to talk about New York City as a luxury good.
    0:33:33 Cities are not supposed to be luxury goods.
    0:33:39 They are engines of opportunity, and when we gate them, we have turned off something very fundamental in the economy.
    0:33:50 So I love the section at the end of the book about these periods of political order where there’s a broad alignment of values, right?
    0:34:02 So after the wreckage of the Great Depression and World War II, we have this spirit of solidarity and collective action, and the power of the state expands enormously, and this is the New Deal era.
    0:34:15 And then this consensus collapses in the 70s, and the pendulum swings back in the opposite direction, and we get the neoliberal era, which is defined much more by individualism and consumerism.
    0:34:26 And I guess my question to you is, to undertake the sort of project you’re talking about here, this era of abundance, that will require a shift in priorities and outlook.
    0:34:33 And do you think that’s possible in this environment, in the absence of some kind of truly epic calamity?
    0:34:37 Like, do we have the attentional resources to course-correct as a country anymore?
    0:34:43 I never think things happen all the way or none of the way.
    0:34:46 Like, there was no pure neoliberal era.
    0:34:48 Nothing in this period was pure neoliberalism.
    0:34:53 Now, there are ideological tendencies that win out during periods.
    0:34:56 But, you know, the neoliberal era is full of contradictions.
    0:35:02 What is opening possibilities right now are very real problems that people have to figure out how to solve.
    0:35:05 Now, history is not, to me, teleological.
    0:35:07 I don’t believe the arc of history bends towards abundance.
    0:35:10 I think that it could go very badly.
    0:35:17 One of the things that we see with Trump is, look, that guy could have run as a sort of conservative abundance.
    0:35:19 I mean, he would want different things than I do.
    0:35:21 The values would be different.
    0:35:23 But he’s not.
    0:35:26 He does not want to bring the Texas housing policies to the nation.
    0:35:34 He and J.D. Vance have repeatedly used the housing crisis as a cudgel against immigrants and an argument for why we need to close the border, right?
    0:35:35 That’s a scarcity approach.
    0:35:40 He doesn’t want to increase the flows of international trade by making us build more stuff.
    0:35:43 He’s using tariffs to cut them down.
    0:35:52 Like, Elon Musk is not expanding what the government can do, given that the government is what allowed him to build Tesla, SpaceX, and SolarCity.
    0:35:55 He is trying to slash and destroy what the government can do.
    0:36:01 Right-wing populism loves scarcity because at the core of its politics is a suspicion of the other.
    0:36:09 If there is the feeling or the reality of there not being enough, then we look with a lot of suspicion on those who might take what we have or what we want.
    0:36:12 So I do think it’s going to be up to the left to try to embrace abundance.
    0:36:19 But if we don’t or if we fail, yeah, scarcity could just be the politics that wins out in the day.
    0:36:21 It has in many eras of human history before.
    0:36:33 I wonder if you think we’ll need a fundamentally different kind of communication environment shaped by different tools in order to have something like a constructive form of politics that makes these sorts of changes possible.
    0:36:34 I don’t think that.
    0:36:36 Why not?
    0:36:37 I hope you’re right.
    0:36:44 Because I think that the current information ecosystem is bad.
    0:36:47 I think it has been often bad in human history.
    0:36:52 I don’t think the specific way it’s bad is really at the root of many of the things that I’m worried about.
    0:36:59 And I don’t think the information ecosystem cares one way or the other about local permitting.
    0:37:06 I don’t think the information ecosystem, like, frankly, I think it’s actually quite friendly to all sorts of different forms of futurism.
    0:37:14 I think that it’s not standing in the way of all progress or all change.
    0:37:25 And like one just good example of that is that, you know, it in some ways created Trump, Musk, Vance.
    0:37:28 But it’s not stopping them from doing things.
    0:37:34 And Trump won by the popular vote by 1.5 points.
    0:37:40 So, you could very much imagine a Democrat, you know, like, imagine a different world.
    0:37:42 Joe Biden does not run for re-election.
    0:37:43 We have a Democratic primary.
    0:37:48 Maybe Kamala Harris wins it and has more time to put together a campaign that has more to say about the issues of the moment.
    0:37:49 And she’s better at talking about them.
    0:38:00 Or maybe Josh Shapiro or Gretchen Whitmer or, you know, someone else, Pete Buttigieg, Wes Moore, you know, wins the primary and they run.
    0:38:01 Like, you just can’t tell.
    0:38:06 Like, the thing, this did not all just turn on the information ecosystem.
    0:38:10 Or to the extent it did, it could have, you know, turned in many different ways.
    0:38:18 And we see different things happening in different states, even though all the states are exposed to the same information ecosystem.
    0:38:21 I think you’ve got to get a little less monocasal, my friend.
    0:38:28 I’ve never been indeterminous, but I think I’ve just increasingly become one.
    0:38:31 And look, you can talk me off the ledge here.
    0:38:45 I mean, I think part of, or one of my hang-ups is that I think we’ve lost the capacity as a society to tell ourselves a coherent story about who we are, what we are, where we’re going, what we want.
    0:38:54 And I guess maybe the question is, do we need, do we need, do we actually need to tell ourselves a coherent story in order to move a political project like this forward?
    0:38:57 Did we ever really need a coherent story?
    0:38:59 Or did we ever really have a coherent story?
    0:39:11 I think if your view of politics is that it needs some extremely high level of informational and narrative cohesion to function, then your politics has a real problem.
    0:39:14 Because that’s very, very, very rarely on offer.
    0:39:24 I think one criticism you’ll get from the left is that, you know, what do you attribute to liberal ideology?
    0:39:29 Because part of the problem here is the rules written by liberals decades ago being used to prevent building stuff today.
    0:39:44 Well, that’s really about wealthy, powerful people using their wealth and power to block progress, which is more about class politics than liberal ideology, that these people aren’t really liberals in any meaningful sense, just rich people protecting their turf.
    0:39:46 I don’t know.
    0:39:47 How do you tease that out?
    0:39:49 Does that distinction even make sense to you?
    0:39:54 I don’t have a class politics where I’m like, rich people are always bad and anybody else is always good.
    0:39:56 But there are places where rich people are a huge problem.
    0:39:58 And you get a lot of it in nimbyism.
    0:40:06 You get a lot of it in, you know, Ted Kennedy, the late Ted Kennedy, helping to organize against an offshore wind project near Cape Cod.
    0:40:15 I just think you’ve got to be specific about what you’re talking about and then work through what you think the political opposition is and what the problems are and what the process is.
    0:40:19 I don’t take that as a particularly useful blanket claim.
    0:40:25 Even in the place where you’d expect rich people to speak the most with one voice, should we raise taxes on rich people?
    0:40:27 They actually don’t anymore.
    0:40:38 The way polarization is structured itself, the way income polarization is structured itself, Democrats are doing better and better with rich people at a time when they’ve become more and more likely and insistent on taxing the rich.
    0:40:41 And so, like, that’s a kind of interesting fact of our politics.
    0:40:43 It has scrambled a bunch of things.
    0:40:48 Democrats sort of think they can, they will get the working class voters they want by saying we’re going to tax rich people.
    0:40:52 They’re weirdly winning more rich voters and fewer working class voters.
    0:40:55 And instead, you have more working class voters for the first time voting for Donald Trump.
    0:40:59 It’s easier if your only problem is rich people.
    0:41:04 It’s hard in the sense that they control a bunch of resources, but it’s easier in that that narrative is super clean.
    0:41:07 What happens when it’s not, though?
    0:41:15 What happens when some of your problems are just, like, upper-middle-class people who are the core of your constituency and you don’t want building happening around them?
    0:41:26 What happens when a bunch of your problems are actually other parts of the government you yourself run that over time have developed turf and funding and kind of stakeholder dynamics?
    0:41:29 And now all of your processes are incredibly difficult.
    0:41:32 So, yeah, rich people are sometimes a problem.
    0:41:34 They’re not the only problem.
    0:41:37 I just, I don’t have a lot of patience for monocasal politics.
    0:41:41 Oh, that feels like a low-key shot there.
    0:41:43 I feel attacked.
    0:41:46 Oh, well, you know, I have more patience for monocasal media politics, maybe.
    0:41:52 I just think everybody, we all have, like, look, abundance is also not a full politics.
    0:41:58 Like, asking the question of how do we solve problems you supply does not tell you every problem.
    0:42:03 It’s not going to tell you how to solve or even what position to take on a bunch of very difficult cultural and social issues.
    0:42:07 It is one set of problems that we could do a better job on.
    0:42:08 And better would be better.
    0:42:17 Yeah, I mean, one of the things I like about it is that it doesn’t necessarily mat neatly and predictably onto partisan cleavages in that way.
    0:42:29 But look, you know, there’s also a movement of people, as you know, who say the only sensible response, actually, at this point in history, is to do the opposite of what you suggest.
    0:42:30 Which is degrowth, right?
    0:42:36 That this whole model of late-stage consumer capitalism has been a moral and ecological catastrophe.
    0:42:40 And we have to scale it back in order to save ourselves.
    0:42:42 To that, you say, what?
    0:42:43 No.
    0:42:45 Say more.
    0:42:49 So I have a long, we have a long discussion of degrowth in the book.
    0:42:49 Yeah.
    0:42:56 And I have a lot I could say and want to say about degrowth, but I’ll say a couple things that are, I guess, maybe narrow.
    0:43:04 One, I do not agree that this era has been, like, a moral, it’s been a bit of an ecological catastrophe, but not a moral catastrophe.
    0:43:11 It’s still not for human beings who, as part of, I do think degrowth has too little preference for human beings in it.
    0:43:16 And the amount of people we’ve pulled out of poverty, the rise in living standards, those are not things to take lightly.
    0:43:20 Then I think, again, you’ve got to, like, look at what your problems are.
    0:43:27 Degrowth has this kind of interesting dynamic to me of being both too much and not enough of a solution to something like climate change.
    0:43:43 If we had not invented our way towards genuinely cheap and plentiful solar energy, wind energy, the possibility of advanced geothermal, new generation battery storage, the only answer we would have to climate change would be sacrifice.
    0:43:46 And sacrifice is just a terrible politics.
    0:43:47 It doesn’t really work.
    0:43:51 If you’re, I would love to see some people run on it and make it work, but I just, I’ve not seen it.
    0:43:53 It doesn’t seem to me to happen.
    0:43:54 Definitely not at this speed.
    0:43:59 And so, our only real shot, in my view, on climate change is technological.
    0:44:05 We have to deploy unfathomable quantities of clean energy as fast as we can.
    0:44:12 And that will also, as we do that, because of the way these sort of innovation curves work, we will get better and better at using the energy.
    0:44:13 It will become more energy dense.
    0:44:20 What has happened to solar and wind and battery storage is genuinely miraculous, has outpaced all expectations.
    0:44:27 And that is at least a viable politics, promising people that they can actually have, like, great technologically advanced lives.
    0:44:36 And it can be built on, you know, abundant clean energy, which is completely conceptually and physically and technologically possible.
    0:44:38 Like, that’s a viable politics.
    0:44:45 Well, the politics of degrowth, degrowth as a political proposition, is like the platonic ideal of a dead fucking end.
    0:44:52 Well, what’s worse is that it doesn’t hold out the possibility that you miss your climate targets by three-tenths of a percent or something.
    0:44:59 It’s that you empower a populist right that promises to burn their way back to prosperity, which is what they are doing right now, right?
    0:45:00 And I think it’s really important.
    0:45:04 Like, when your politics doesn’t work, it’s not like you get half of what you wanted.
    0:45:07 You get, like, the opposite of what you wanted.
    0:45:15 Like, you really have to be, if you care about these problems and you think these problems are near term, hard-nosed about the political consequences of what you’re about to do.
    0:45:18 Well, to that point, I know we’ve got to go soon.
    0:45:31 A lot of what’s happening right now is you have an administration in power that is doing their very best to render government inoperable.
    0:45:43 Does it concern you that damage might be done that will make it more difficult, if not impossible, to do any of these things after they’re gone?
    0:45:47 The damage that will be done concerns me hugely.
    0:45:54 The idea that it would then be impossible to do any of these things, I think if decent people win back power, that’s not accurate.
    0:45:59 I think the damage that will be done is going to be less than the damage of the Civil War, right?
    0:46:08 I mean, less than the—I mean, we have seen countries destroyed by all kinds of natural disasters and wars that were then able to build strong states fairly rapidly afterward.
    0:46:14 I am not one of the people who has a view that what they’re going to do is permanently wreck state capacity.
    0:46:21 But they could create authoritarianism, right, which would weaponize state capacity in a different way.
    0:46:34 My concerns have more to do with democratic backsliding than they do with the idea that we would never be able to rebuild a capable Department of Energy after they shut it down or otherwise corrode it.
    0:46:36 Yeah, and just so you know, I’m not even thinking in terms of permanence.
    0:46:38 I’m thinking just in terms of that 10-year window.
    0:46:40 Oh, you mean on climate change specifically?
    0:46:41 Yeah, specifically.
    0:46:42 Yeah, I’m very fucking concerned.
    0:46:43 I don’t know what to tell.
    0:46:58 Like, I’m more worried, again, than that we won’t be able to do good policies in the next administration, if you imagine a better administration following them in 2029, than I am that they will do everything they can to retard our progress in the next four years.
    0:47:03 And they are trying to, as we speak, destroy the solar and wind industries.
    0:47:06 And this is a really, really, really crucial period.
    0:47:09 I am hair on fire about that.
    0:47:16 But I don’t have a lever to stop it, you know, like, we’re in the timeline we’re in.
    0:47:23 I mean, you also say, too, that you think this era features too little utopian thinking.
    0:47:25 I think you’re right about that.
    0:47:30 But I also know that utopian thinking gets a bad rap.
    0:47:36 But what do you really think of as the practical value of a little utopian thinking?
    0:47:37 What do you mean by that?
    0:47:39 I think you should think about what future you’re trying to create.
    0:47:41 And that helps you work backwards.
    0:47:45 I think that too often we settle for parceling out the present.
    0:47:50 We think about the present and we think about making it a little gentler, a little kinder, a little fairer.
    0:47:53 I think we can think about futures that are quite different.
    0:47:57 And we don’t do that enough for a lot of different reasons.
    0:47:59 The right tends to be relentlessly nostalgic.
    0:48:04 And the left tends to be very just focused on the injustices of the past.
    0:48:07 And in that way, I tend to be more on the left with that.
    0:48:10 And I think there has been a lot of injustice and we should try to do a lot about it.
    0:48:13 But thinking about ways the future could be different I think is important.
    0:48:19 I think for a long time for American liberals, the sort of hoped-for future is Denmark or France.
    0:48:23 It’s a future with a European-level welfare state.
    0:48:25 That has been the grail of where they’re trying to get to.
    0:48:27 And that’s fine.
    0:48:30 That would be better in a bunch of different ways from my perspective.
    0:48:32 But Europe is a basket case.
    0:48:33 Productivity is really low.
    0:48:35 It’s poor compared to us at this point.
    0:48:40 Canada, which a lot of us think of as a much more humane place.
    0:48:45 If Canada were a state, it would be like Alabama level in terms of income per capita.
    0:48:52 You really do create wealth and dynamism differently in America.
    0:48:55 And I think we need a vision of the future that, yes, is kinder.
    0:48:56 Yes, is fairer.
    0:48:57 Yes, is more humane.
    0:48:58 Yes, is more compassionate.
    0:49:02 But also imagines, like, amazing things happening.
    0:49:06 I don’t think that you have to give up on good ideas from Europe or Canada.
    0:49:09 But that shouldn’t be all of it, right?
    0:49:11 We can do better than Denmark.
    0:49:13 We can do better than France.
    0:49:14 We can do better than the UK.
    0:49:15 I’m going to leave it right there.
    0:49:19 Once again, the book is called Abundance.
    0:49:23 Ezra Klein, my friend and former employer, thanks for coming in.
    0:49:25 It was great to be back with you here, Sean.
    0:49:26 Really, really enjoyed it.
    0:49:35 All right, I hope you enjoyed this episode.
    0:49:42 You know, whatever comes of this call for a politics of abundance, I do think there is
    0:49:49 enormous value in trying to articulate a new vision forward or a new framework for liberals
    0:49:56 in particular, because we are stuck right now, stuck in our old categories, stuck in our
    0:49:56 old models.
    0:50:03 And even though there’s a lot of angst and uncertainty right now, there’s also, for
    0:50:08 the same reasons, a lot of potential for something fresh and maybe even hopeful.
    0:50:12 And I got a lot of that in this conversation.
    0:50:16 But as always, we want to know what you think.
    0:50:24 So drop us a line at thegrayareaatvox.com or leave us a message on our new voicemail line
    0:50:28 at 1-800-214-5749.
    0:50:34 And once you’re finished with that, please go ahead and rate and review and subscribe to
    0:50:35 the pod.
    0:50:41 This episode was produced by Beth Morrissey, edited by Jorge Just, engineered by Christian
    0:50:46 Ayala, fact check by Melissa Hirsch, and Alex Overington wrote our theme music.
    0:50:50 New episodes of The Gray Area drop on Mondays.
    0:50:51 Listen and subscribe.
    0:50:54 This show is part of Vox.
    0:50:57 Support Vox’s journalism by joining our membership program today.
    0:51:00 Go to vox.com slash members to sign up.
    0:51:03 And if you decide to sign up because of this show, let us know.
    0:51:04 Thank you.

    American government has a speed issue. Both parties are slow to solve problems. Slow to build new things. Slow to make any change at all.

    Until now. The Trump administration is pushing through sweeping changes as fast as possible, completely changing the dynamic. And the Democrats? They’ve been slow to respond. Slow to mount a defense. Slow to change tactics. Still.

    Ezra Klein — writer, co-founder of Vox, and host of The Ezra Klein Show for the New York Times — would like to offer a course correction.

    In a new book, Abundance, Klein and co-author Derek Thompson, argue that the way to make a better, brighter future, is to build and invent the things we need. To do that, liberals need to push past hyper-coalitional and bureaucratic ways of getting things done.

    In this episode, Ezra speaks with Sean about the policy decisions that have rendered government inert and how we can make it easier to build the things we want and need.

    Host: Sean Illing (@SeanIlling)

    Guest: Ezra Klein, co-author of Abundance and host of The Ezra Klein Show

    Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

  • 663: Bank Bonuses: How I Make $200/Hr Opening New Bank Accounts

    AI transcript
    0:00:05 200 bucks an hour opening new bank accounts. Now, if you’ve ever been curious about the
    0:00:11 side hustle of bank bonuses, Dylan is your guy, dylonsbonuses.com. Dylan, welcome to
    0:00:12 the Side Hustle Show.
    0:00:14 Hi, Nick. Pleasure to meet you.
    0:00:18 Likewise. Now, you’ve been doing this three years on the side of your day job. This is
    0:00:22 the podcast where we’ve been helping people make extra money since 2013. But if memory
    0:00:28 serves, we’ve never really done a dedicated conversation about bank bonuses. So let me
    0:00:32 try and summarize it. Or this is my understanding. Now, banks are hungry for new customers. So
    0:00:37 they’ll actually pay you to join and set up an account, sometimes hundreds of dollars,
    0:00:43 because they know it’s kind of a pain or at least perceived to be kind of a pain to switch
    0:00:49 banks. Now, do you recall your first bank bonus or maybe a recent one that comes to mind? You’re
    0:00:53 doing this consistently. I think it’s really interesting, not just as a one-off thing.
    0:00:57 I do remember the first one. When I first moved to Connecticut three years ago,
    0:01:01 I needed a new bank. Citizens Bank, when I got my new address in Connecticut,
    0:01:07 they emailed me a little flyer that said, $300 for a new checking account, $300 for a new savings
    0:01:12 account. And I flipped it over. What kind of scam is this? Usually junk mail is like a million. Well,
    0:01:17 you know, why are they only promising me? But I read the terms of service. I looked it up. It’s like
    0:01:21 Citizens is a real bank in Connecticut. I don’t think we have that in Texas. It’s like five steps.
    0:01:24 You open an account. You move your direct deposit there.
    0:01:25 Okay.
    0:01:31 And it has to be like a minimum of $500 a month or whatever it was. And three to six months later,
    0:01:37 you get $300 for the checking account in cash in the account. And then you get $300 in the savings
    0:01:43 account in cash in the account. No phone calls, nothing complicated. All you got to do is move your
    0:01:47 direct deposit over there and keep the account open and you get the money.
    0:01:50 Okay. So that’s the one challenge. If you’re doing this consistently is keeping
    0:01:57 the accounts open and juggling all of the different offers that you have going on, but not a huge
    0:02:01 barrier or burden. And since in this case, it sounds like you were moving and I was going to switch
    0:02:02 banks anyways, because I’m moving.
    0:02:08 You can open more than one new account as long as you’re able to meet the requirements. I do one a week,
    0:02:14 every week. I’ve done that consistently for almost six months. And any problem I’ve encountered has
    0:02:15 been small and it’s been solvable.
    0:02:22 Okay. Where do you find these deals? It sounds like, okay, the first one, they sent me a postcard
    0:02:27 or they sent me a letter in the mail. Where else do you recommend people look for signup bonuses like
    0:02:29 this if they want to dabble?
    0:02:36 The premier resource is doctor of credit.com. Okay. That’s where you find anything, any questions
    0:02:40 you have, they’re going to have a frequently asked questions about bank bonuses. They’re going to
    0:02:44 any, any problem you have, there’s going to be a brief answer for you.
    0:02:50 Yeah. I’ve been on the site before for something else. No, this is definitely a familiar domain. And so
    0:02:58 I’m on best bank account bonuses for March, 2025. And the little scroll bar is so small. He must have
    0:03:00 hundreds listed here.
    0:03:02 At any given time, there’s going to be like 150 or so.
    0:03:08 Do you just work your way down the list? Do you sort by most lucrative? Like how do you go about
    0:03:09 what makes, what’s something worth going after?
    0:03:15 This is kind of sorted straight away for you. Okay. Like section one is going to be mostly
    0:03:19 nationwide or there’s going to be all nationwide bonuses. You look at the top there right now at the
    0:03:25 time of this recording, it’s a $900 checking savings bonus from Chase. And then you go one,
    0:03:30 two, three, four, 18 down before you get to like, you know, 150 bucks for this bank, a hundred bucks,
    0:03:36 50 bucks. So you can tell at a glance that the best bonuses are at the top. Okay. Then you go to the
    0:03:41 second section, savings account bonuses are slightly more complicated than checking account bonuses.
    0:03:47 Nothing you can’t handle, but just so you know, business bank bonuses usually have to have an EIN,
    0:03:52 but sometimes they just let you open with your social. Very rarely they make you have an LLC,
    0:03:56 but again, that’s, you don’t need to worry about that because there’s going to be plenty of bonuses
    0:04:00 that are not complicated at all. Okay. And many side hustle show listeners are going to have
    0:04:04 a business account that they could open. So that does that double your chances or is that just
    0:04:09 adding more complexity to it? Opening a business account, it might take,
    0:04:13 sometimes you have to go in branch. Most of the stuff you can do online in your underwear,
    0:04:19 like I said, okay. Business account bonuses, sometimes you have to go in branch. So that does
    0:04:25 add to my stated goal time here of an hour a week. That’s how long it should take you or less to open
    0:04:31 one account. Yeah. Okay. And I’m giving a pretty good cushion there. So a business account can be
    0:04:35 a little complicated, but you actually want one business. If you don’t have one already and you can
    0:04:39 get one with the bonus here, if you don’t have one already, because the reason why that has a utility
    0:04:44 is that gives you a flexibility to where you don’t have to move your direct deposit from your payroll
    0:04:49 or your W-2 income or however you get your checks. If you have a business account and you have cash in
    0:04:57 that, usually you can pay yourself to the other account, your new bonus account from your business
    0:05:04 account. And that counts to meet the direct deposit requirements because it’s an ACH pay.
    0:05:10 Oh, okay. So instead of doing it through your employer, your own business, your side hustle
    0:05:14 could be your employer of record to meet those direct deposit requirements. Okay.
    0:05:19 And that’s how I do it too, because my employer has been myself for at least six months. And that’s
    0:05:22 how I’ve gotten all my bonuses. And that’s how a lot of people do it too.
    0:05:27 Okay. Interesting. Because that’s always like, well, what does the HR department think? If you’re
    0:05:30 calling them up every week, be like, hey, can you change my routing number? Can you change the
    0:05:33 direct deposit? I was like, what is this guy doing? Just pick a bank and stick with it. But no,
    0:05:37 that makes more sense. When I did have a steady paycheck, there was, I could go in the computer
    0:05:42 at work or at my old job, there was a ADP app, but maybe in other apps as well, there’s going
    0:05:47 to be an option to go in and change the account without having to call. You don’t have to call
    0:05:52 your boss. You don’t have to call HR. You go into the app, you change, you put the routing
    0:05:57 number and the account number of your new bank and your next check is going to go there. And that’s
    0:06:01 how you get your bonus. So that’s an easy way to do it without having to open a business account.
    0:06:09 Got it. So I’m seeing like an example, this Chase $900 checking slash savings bonus. I’m assuming this
    0:06:13 is for people who don’t already have, you can’t already have a Chase account or is like, you just
    0:06:16 have to open a new one and meet these minimum requirements.
    0:06:20 One of the questions that she asked me was, can you do this forever? Are you going to run out of
    0:06:25 bank accounts eventually? So here’s, you know how credit cards, uh, you’re familiar with the credit
    0:06:28 card game, right? And your, your, your listeners are going to be mostly familiar with that.
    0:06:33 Right. Okay. So the credit card game, usually the way it works is they say in their terms of service,
    0:06:38 you can’t have had a bonus in the past 12 months or 24 months or something like that.
    0:06:40 Yeah. Usually like a couple of years. Sure.
    0:06:45 If we look in the fine print, I don’t want to read through the whole thing, but on doctor of credit for
    0:06:51 bonus and when you click on the website to actually go to chase.com or go to citizens or bankofamerica.com
    0:06:57 and you see their bonus in their terms of service, it’s going to say not eligible if, and it’s usually
    0:07:03 going to be one of two things. One, if you have had an account in the last six months or 12 months,
    0:07:10 or two, if you’ve been the receiver of a bonus in the past six or 12 months. So basically what that
    0:07:16 means is let’s say I open the account today at chase and then 90 days later, I get my bonus.
    0:07:22 Okay. 90 days after that, I closed the account. We’re at six months now. Okay. You have to wait
    0:07:28 another six months or a year and then you can open another chase account. Okay. Okay. So you can only
    0:07:36 hit each bank once every one to two years. The thing is there’s 52 weeks in a year. There’s 150 bonuses
    0:07:42 on doctor of credit.com right now. You can do one bonus a week and not run out of them. So while
    0:07:48 you’re waiting on your chase bonus week two, you open up, I don’t know what’s the next best one on
    0:07:54 here. Wells Fargo. I’ve gotten them twice. I’ve gotten citizens for 300 and 300 a couple of years ago.
    0:07:59 And, and then three months ago, I got them again. They gave me another 300 and they know who I am.
    0:08:05 There’s no fraud in this. Okay. They, they, they, they just, they just love paying you extra money
    0:08:08 to open up accounts and they, you close it a little later. And then two years later, you open another
    0:08:13 one. They give you another three, four or 500 bucks. Yeah. I was going to ask if it becomes like I’m
    0:08:17 picturing the, uh, the back room at the casino with your, your posters up on the wall and say, Hey,
    0:08:21 don’t, don’t let this guy play blackjack anymore. There are people that have been doing this for 15
    0:08:26 years. And if you go to the secondary resource, I wanted to tell you about was bank bonus one zero
    0:08:31 two on Facebook. And those are basically the only resources you’re going to need for months and
    0:08:36 months. And you can search around if you want to, if you can find other resources, you can use my
    0:08:41 website. I’m going to, you know, uh, because I know, I know how to do this. Hopefully I can accelerate
    0:08:45 your learning, like implement it into your life, like a little better, just in case you have any
    0:08:49 misgivings or you have a few extra questions, but mostly you’re going to want to use
    0:08:55 doctrofcredit.com and bank bonus one or two on Facebook. Now the other potential hang up here
    0:09:01 is the, so the direct deposit, if you can set that up, sometimes that’s going to have a minimum,
    0:09:05 right? Where it’s like, it’s got to be a minimum of $500. So if I’m sprinkling that out from my
    0:09:09 business account into 10 different places, like all of a sudden it’s like, well, do I have that much
    0:09:15 cash to draw from? The other piece of it is the minimum balance requirements where that Chase one,
    0:09:19 I think it was like $15,000 deposit. This Wells Fargo one was like,
    0:09:25 a quarter million to make the highest tier bonus bonus. And so it’s like, now I’ve, if I have my
    0:09:30 funds spread out and have to like maintain certain minimums that may become another
    0:09:32 bottleneck in the process.
    0:09:36 What if I don’t have $250,000? How am I going to get these? Well, I’ll tell you what,
    0:09:41 you don’t need $250,000 to get, you only need that for this Wells Fargo bonus and maybe a couple
    0:09:48 other premier brokerage bonuses, but that’s 1% or 2% of the bonuses that you have available to you.
    0:09:52 Most of the bonuses you have available to you are going to be checking accounts with very basic
    0:10:00 requirements that you can meet if you have either $500 in cash or a steady paycheck, any steady
    0:10:05 paycheck. It doesn’t matter if you’re making 500 a week or 5,000 a week. If you have one steady
    0:10:12 paycheck, you can get at least a couple of bank accounts a month. Okay. Or if you have $500 in cash.
    0:10:16 Okay. Okay. And if you have more than that, that makes it a little easier, but it’s still
    0:10:17 possible with very little cash.
    0:10:24 Yeah. Just search or filter by the ones that have lower requirements. That makes sense. For a while,
    0:10:30 like Robinhood was doing like a huge match on, you transfer your brokerage stuff over to us. It will
    0:10:36 pay you like a one or 2% bonus. So if you were transferring, you know, half a billion dollars worth
    0:10:41 of assets, like, oh shoot, it was a huge, huge, relatively speaking bonus for not a lot of work.
    0:10:46 Yeah. I saw that. The thing that dissuaded me from that was from transferring my IRA over to them
    0:10:50 was I noticed that you weren’t fully vested in it for something like 36 months.
    0:10:53 So you had to keep it open for three years in that case?
    0:10:58 It was almost like, don’t quote me on this, but there was something where it might’ve been where
    0:11:03 you couldn’t move it for several months also. So it’s like, number one, you don’t, you don’t get
    0:11:10 the one or 2% for 36 months. So it’s like, that’s first off, it’s, if it’s 2% on a significant amount
    0:11:15 of money, then sure. Okay. Maybe, but I mean, do your financial planning. I don’t have a billion dollars.
    0:11:22 So I, 2%, 2% of my IRA is not worth locking it up for a long time. No.
    0:11:28 Yeah. And that’s kind of what has dissuaded me from really pursuing these because like, okay,
    0:11:34 open a new credit card, meet the minimum spend, get this bonus relatively easy, relatively low lift.
    0:11:39 But it’s like, I’ve had the same bank account for 25 years. I don’t know. It’s like been a long time
    0:11:45 since switching banks. It’s like with all the direct deposit or all the auto pay, all of, you know,
    0:11:51 so many different things are tied to that where it’s like, it’s a pain to switch it, switch it over.
    0:11:55 And so your setup is to have like, like the business bank account as like your primary
    0:11:59 inflow. And you like minimize the, the work required to do all the switching.
    0:12:03 You know, that, that’s a good problem for me to remember, Nick, that if you have like a bunch of
    0:12:07 auto pay, you don’t have to close your other bank account. You don’t have to close whatever your bank,
    0:12:12 who’s your, who’s your primary bank right now? Chase. Chase. Okay. The only reason you would need to
    0:12:15 close your account is if you want to open another one 18 months later and get a bonus.
    0:12:20 That’s like, you can leave that open. I leave my Chase business account is going to stay open
    0:12:24 forever. Okay. No, that’s a, no, that’s a good, that’s a good reframe, right? You don’t have to,
    0:12:27 you don’t, you have to close it. And if you’re doing this, you don’t necessarily have to like
    0:12:31 permanently switch in your mind. Like it’s just a game, a game that you’re playing. Okay.
    0:12:34 No, no, no, no, no, no. You don’t have, no. Thank you for asking that. That’s a good,
    0:12:35 that’s important point.
    0:12:39 No, no, no. That’s, that’s, that’s helpful for me because I always would frame it as like,
    0:12:43 oh, is it worthwhile switching? It’s like, no, the switching costs are too high, but oh,
    0:12:45 if I’m just playing a bonus game, then sure.
    0:12:49 No, you just open a new, you don’t have to move anything there except put some money in there.
    0:12:54 And you can just, sometimes you can shoot it from your account, but usually you’re going to need to
    0:12:58 make sure you’re either meeting it with a direct deposit or shooting it from a business account.
    0:13:02 More with Dylan in just a moment, including the potential impact on your credit score
    0:13:07 and other risks associated with going after bank bonuses right after this.
    0:13:13 Some businesses are quite adept at helping you part with your money, with their crazy high bills,
    0:13:18 bogus fees, and quote unquote free perks that actually cost you more in the long run.
    0:13:23 I would lump traditional wireless carriers into this category. And that’s why I made the switch
    0:13:27 to Mint Mobile in 2019 and haven’t looked back. With our sponsor, Mint Mobile,
    0:13:33 you get premium wireless plans starting at 15 bucks a month. All plans come with high-speed data and
    0:13:39 unlimited talk and text on the nation’s largest 5G network. You can bring your own phone with any
    0:13:43 Mint Mobile plan and even bring over your existing phone number and all your existing contacts.
    0:13:49 So join me in ditching overpriced wireless and get three months of premium wireless service from
    0:13:54 Mint Mobile for 15 bucks a month. If you like your money, Mint Mobile’s for you. Shop plans at
    0:14:02 mintmobile.com slash sidehustle. That’s mintmobile.com slash sidehustle. Upfront payment of $45 for three
    0:14:07 month, five gigabyte plan required, equivalent to $15 per month. New customer offer for first three
    0:14:13 months only, then full price plan options available. Taxes and fees extra. See Mint Mobile for details.
    0:14:19 On the Side Hustle Show, we spend a lot of time on generating ideas and the marketing tactics that
    0:14:25 drive traffic and make sales and intentionally less time on the behind-the-scenes mechanics of how those
    0:14:30 sales actually happen. And the reason for that is for tons of Side Hustle Show guests like Randall
    0:14:36 Pulfer, Mike Ettenberg, Becky Beach, Lou Rice, and more, the business behind the business is all the same.
    0:14:41 It’s Shopify. Nobody does selling better than Shopify, and that’s why it’s the number one
    0:14:47 checkout on the planet. Plus, when you use Shopify, you’ll be giving your customers access to ShopPay,
    0:14:53 which boosts conversions up to 50%, meaning a lot less abandoned carts and a whole lot more sales going.
    0:14:59 Shopify is the commerce platform that helps you sell wherever your customers are scrolling or strolling,
    0:15:05 online, in person, in their feed, and everywhere in between. Upgrade your business and get the same
    0:15:10 checkout used by dozens of successful Side Hustle Show guests. Sign up for your $1 per month trial period
    0:15:18 at Shopify.com slash Side Hustle, all lowercase. Go to Shopify.com slash Side Hustle to upgrade your
    0:15:28 selling today. Shopify.com slash Side Hustle. Okay. The other thing that I’ve noticed on this doctor of
    0:15:37 credit list is they say opening this account is a soft credit pull. Can you speak to the impacts on
    0:15:43 your credit report of doing this consistently? There’s not one. As far as I know, there’s a soft
    0:15:49 pull that doesn’t lower your score. I don’t think lenders care about that. Hard pulls are what you
    0:15:52 need to worry about. Okay. And when I say worry, I just mean you just need to be aware.
    0:15:58 If you have too many inquiries in a short period of time, that can make an impact.
    0:16:04 A hard pull. But there’s going to be maybe four on this list that are a hard pull. But doctor of credit
    0:16:09 is going to tell you. They’re going to say when you click on it. And you’re going to need to give
    0:16:13 them permission when you’re set. So if you don’t want a hard pull on your credit right now, it’s not worth
    0:16:18 it because they’re going to give you the same $200, $300, $400 as the next account. So skip the ones
    0:16:23 that are hard pulls. Yeah. And then you keep it open long enough, usually, like you said, 30, 60,
    0:16:28 90 days, however long you have to do it. And then did I hear you say you kept it open another three
    0:16:34 months, another period beyond that? Best practice is to leave the account open past when you get the
    0:16:40 bonus. Okay. Now, the optimal way to do things, you would think theoretically, as soon as you get the
    0:16:45 bonus, close the account. The thing is, the bank might notice it to reset your clock or whatever.
    0:16:50 Yeah. Yes. So you might think you want to close the account straight away so that instead of keeping
    0:16:55 it open the full six months, the thing is, banks might take notice of that. And maybe they won’t
    0:17:00 let you open another account next time. Okay. So that’s if even if you’re selfishly concerned,
    0:17:04 don’t close the account straight away, leave it open a couple months, just keep opening other
    0:17:08 accounts in the meantime, and just let that one cool down after you get your bonus. If you want,
    0:17:12 put a little activity on it, put a little debit card purchase here or there, don’t no need to
    0:17:19 complicate things, but you don’t want to like make it obvious that they’re not making a lot of money
    0:17:26 off of you because they want good customers. Right. So don’t stand out as somebody who’s just going to
    0:17:28 hit them for some money and leave. Don’t make yourself a target.
    0:17:30 Got it. How many accounts do you have open right now?
    0:17:32 I have 20 open right now.
    0:17:37 And so you’re having to spread direct deposits, so to speak, you know, across a dozen or more
    0:17:41 different, different places. You just do it once or twice. You usually, usually you just have to do
    0:17:44 that once for each account. You just use that. They just have to get one.
    0:17:48 Okay. One direct deposit checks the box. Like, okay, he set it up.
    0:17:52 And then you can forget, basically you can almost forget about it until you get the bonus three months
    0:17:57 later. Okay. Got it. How do you keep track of all that? So it’s more intimidating, like working on
    0:18:01 20 at a time. I mean, I guess there are more complex problems in the world to solve, but like
    0:18:06 picturing like a chart of like the timeline to the bonus and like the requirements. Like,
    0:18:09 how do you, um, is there an app for that? Like, how do you do it?
    0:18:13 Yes. You want a spreadsheet. Here’s the fields that I have. And I’ll show you a picture of this
    0:18:18 later or something. If you want to put it on whatever bank name is your field one. And that’s where you
    0:18:23 put Chase, Wells Fargo, U.S. Bank, Chime Bank, Bank of Everything. That’s the name of the bank.
    0:18:28 My second field I have there is account type. I want to remember if it’s a checking account,
    0:18:35 a savings account, a business account, or a portal. Okay. Cause that, that helps me know at a glance
    0:18:42 whether I’m eligible for the next checking account or savings account. So next thing is reward amount.
    0:18:46 That’s the cash money you’re going to get for each account. So at Chase reward amount, I have up
    0:18:56 there $900. Wells Fargo, $2,500. One bank, $250. PSECU, $300. So that’s, that’s your third field.
    0:19:01 You got bank account type bonus amount. Yeah. Then you want to have your open date when you open the
    0:19:04 account. Then you want to have your close date. And obviously that’s not going to be filled out
    0:19:07 straight away. You’re going to fill that out later when you close it so that, you know, next time
    0:19:13 when, if, if you need to wait 12 months, yeah. When you can reopen. Next thing you want to know is fees.
    0:19:18 Okay. Now that’s one thing that you’re going to, this is part of why tracking is important. And when
    0:19:21 I, when I say tracking, I just mean having a spreadsheet and knowing what you need to do.
    0:19:27 You sometimes half the accounts, there’s no fees. Okay. But some of the accounts, you know,
    0:19:31 they might charge you a $5 maintenance fee or a $12 maintenance fee. I saw one crazy bank,
    0:19:37 bank of Hawaii was like a $25, but that’s, you know, that’s crazy. You want to put in one of your
    0:19:45 fields your fees and you don’t need to know what the fee is. I just put, uh, for chase $2,000 D. And
    0:19:50 what that means is I need to make sure that in my bank account once a month, there needs to be at
    0:19:56 least $2,000 going into that account in order to avoid the maintenance fee. And usually it’s not that
    0:20:02 much. Usually it’s something like, okay. Citizens is like make one transaction. And I chatted what is
    0:20:06 one. Well, you know, I have a citizens checking and a citizen saving, move a dollar over to savings
    0:20:10 and then move it back. That satisfies your, yeah, that’s a transaction. Okay. I mean, yeah, yeah.
    0:20:14 And then another one is going to be, make sure there’s like Santander was make sure there’s at
    0:20:19 least three debit card transactions. And that’s easy too. You just, if you use Amazon, do a $5 reload
    0:20:24 three times once a month. So that’s what you put in, in your fees field so that you can avoid
    0:20:30 paying a $5, $15 maintenance fee, whatever it is. Okay. Next thing on your spreadsheet is, um,
    0:20:36 paid by. Got it. So when you read the, the, the fine print, it’s going to say after you meet the
    0:20:42 requirements, 90 days before you get the bonus. Okay. So you have to meet the requirements. Usually
    0:20:47 within 30 days, you have to move your deposit over, make sure they get the 500 bucks. And then 90 days
    0:20:51 later, you get the bonus. You don’t get the bonus straight away. You have to wait. You have to wait
    0:20:56 like a few months, mostly. Yeah. Chase, they pay you quick. They pay in 25 days or faster. And Bank of
    0:21:01 America is the same thing. So you want to put when you expect to get paid. Okay. Just so that
    0:21:06 if that date has passed, then you, you know, that you either made a mistake or the bank made a mistake.
    0:21:10 And it’s usually you, it’s usually you, you messed up meeting one of the eligibility things.
    0:21:15 And then the last thing is notes. That’s where I put random stuff like, uh, like relay. I have a note
    0:21:19 here for relay bank that they have some useful services besides just the bonus I got from them. So I’m
    0:21:24 going to leave the relay bank open just because they, they have some like helpful like software
    0:21:29 and stuff. That’s it. Bank name, account type, bonus amount, open date, close date fees, paid by and
    0:21:37 notes. That’s it. Okay. What do you see is maybe the biggest risk of somebody starting down this path?
    0:21:41 I mean, I guess you could dip your toes, do one or two and see how it works, get comfortable with it
    0:21:46 and then go, go nuts with it. Like you have, like, you might think the risk is, Oh, what if I, uh,
    0:21:50 what if I lose my money? Or it’s like, what if I put money? What if I need the money? Like,
    0:21:53 like people ask that some, like, what if I put the money in? What if I need the money? Well,
    0:21:57 it’s your money. It’s a checking account. You can use it. So that’s not a risk. Like moving,
    0:22:03 moving your direct deposit over to your checking account is, is not a risk. Now it’s possible
    0:22:09 theoretically, like let’s say the bank detects fraud or something like that. Now, now I don’t know why
    0:22:14 they would, it’s never happened to me, but let’s say, let’s say you need to pay your bills and you
    0:22:19 moved your money over to it over to your new bonus account and you get hit with a fraud alert and your
    0:22:24 money’s locked up. Usually, unless it’s the weekend, even if it is the weekend, cause it’s fraud,
    0:22:28 usually like they’ll handle that on the weekend too. You call them up, whatever they need your ID or
    0:22:33 something, and then you get your money back. So that’s a slight risk. I guess one thing that actually
    0:22:40 did happen to me was Fidelity bank. And as far as I know, they’re the only bank that’s done something
    0:22:43 this egregious and a long, cause a lot of people were talking about it on bank bonus one Oh two
    0:22:51 Facebook. I moved something like $5,000 there with an ACH pull. Don’t, don’t, don’t worry about the
    0:22:59 difference between these, but just, I moved $5,000 there that they locked it up for like 25 days.
    0:23:07 Okay. And that didn’t ruin my life or anything, but there was no way to get that $5,000 faster than
    0:23:13 the 25 days they needed. Okay. But that is one bank and that, and I’m just telling you the truth.
    0:23:17 That’s the only time anything like that has happened to me. Yeah. Okay. And it was just
    0:23:23 Fidelity bank and everybody was talking about it. And if I paid attention to bank bonus one Oh two
    0:23:30 Facebook, I would have seen don’t do an ACH pull to Fidelity bank cause they’re locking it up for 25
    0:23:35 days for some reason. Okay. But most of your banks are not, not going to do that. And if they do lock
    0:23:39 it up, it’s not going to be for 25 days. It’s going to be for a few days or a week while they figure out
    0:23:44 who you are. But remember that’s very unlikely to happen. Yeah. Then you can just, yeah, get to get to
    0:23:50 the bottom of this. Yes. No, that’s fair. Any mistakes that you’ve made or something you would
    0:23:56 do differently if you were starting over? The biggest mistake I made was I learned that you
    0:24:00 could do this three years ago and I didn’t take it seriously until six months ago. Cause I thought it
    0:24:04 was too good to be true. They’re going to, they’re going to catch on to me. I’m not going to be able
    0:24:10 to open accounts anymore. They’re going to send people to break my legs. Okay. But I could have been
    0:24:16 making an extra two, 300 bucks a week for two and a half years that I didn’t just because I was busy,
    0:24:22 you know, busy working full time. I didn’t, I didn’t want to take one hour, maybe, maybe two out
    0:24:29 of my week to just figure out exactly how to do this and do one a week. So not starting sooner would be
    0:24:33 my biggest mistake. Second mistake, which is not really a mistake, but a problem since you asked me
    0:24:38 about problems. Also, the second biggest problem I encountered was because I changed addresses
    0:24:43 recently. Whenever you go to open an account, you put in your personal information, your address,
    0:24:48 your social, whatever. Sometimes they want like a picture of your ID. And if the, if the information
    0:24:52 in the form doesn’t match your, like, let’s say you haven’t moved your ID over with the DMV,
    0:24:56 that could make a problem and they’re going to fail. They can just automatically, it’s going to,
    0:25:02 can’t, can’t, can’t do it. Cause if you know, their system thinks you’re still in Texas or Knoxville
    0:25:08 or whatever. Okay. So you need to get your ID changed over with the public records with the DMV.
    0:25:13 Yeah. I had a problem because I had changed addresses twice since coming to Connecticut.
    0:25:18 Some public records were spitting out that I was still over in new Britain when I’ve moved elsewhere
    0:25:25 since then. So you’ll know if you get a declination, when you go to open an account, failure to identify,
    0:25:31 they’ll usually tell you that. And you’ll know that one of the, whatever record that they’re pulling,
    0:25:35 it has the wrong address for you. The wrong phone number was doing it for me one time.
    0:25:40 Like I, like I have two different phone numbers or if they asked me like what company I, I gave some,
    0:25:45 I gave some, some smart aleck answer to some company I worked for that doesn’t exist 10 years ago.
    0:25:51 And that was getting me a declination from what, you know, one bank. I don’t remember which,
    0:25:53 so you got to make sure your public records are square as well.
    0:25:59 Yeah. That’s something I kind of forgot to mention. Like the, you know, what would,
    0:26:03 what would trigger a rejection in the credit card world? It’s, well, you already have too
    0:26:08 many open accounts with us. You had too many recent inquiries or we don’t like your credit
    0:26:13 utilization ratio. Like any number of things could cause a rejection on that front. And by the way,
    0:26:17 you know, they just made a hard pull to tell you that they were rejecting you, but less so in this
    0:26:27 case. Yeah. The other big red tape thing that you need to know about is checks systems and EWS that
    0:26:32 stands for early warning systems. You need to know about checks and EWS. Okay. And Dr. Credit has a page
    0:26:40 on this. It’s not complicated. Basically checks and early warning systems are what’s the word? Consumer
    0:26:47 reporting agencies and they keep track of how many new accounts are opened in your name. And the purpose
    0:26:53 of this is let’s say Nick Loper, let’s say checks tracks, Nick Loper and Nick Loper opened 20 checking
    0:27:00 accounts today. The bank is going to pull your checks and see, Oh, somebody’s trying to scam Nick Loper by
    0:27:06 opening a bunch of accounts in his name. Yeah. It’s like an identity theft thing. Yes. So checks and EWS
    0:27:15 are primarily detecting identity theft. You could get a declination because the bank is checks sensitive
    0:27:24 and they see you’ve opened a lot of accounts. Okay. The thing is that’s to find fraud. That’s part of why
    0:27:29 you’re limiting yourself to one a week is because you don’t want to have too high of a velocity or else
    0:27:33 you’re going to trigger fraud. Okay. So that’s what banks see automatically. Just what their
    0:27:39 computers see is if your checks numbers are really high in a short amount of time, you might get
    0:27:44 declined just because they think that somebody’s trying to steal your identity. Got it. But, but you
    0:27:48 found one a week doesn’t run into that issue. No, it doesn’t. And it doesn’t for, for most people
    0:27:53 either. The only biggest problems I had was just because I changed my address. Okay. Well, Dylan, this is
    0:27:57 really interesting stuff, a side hustle that ever really considered, but you’re, you’re making a good case
    0:28:03 for it. Dylan’s bonuses.com is a, is where you can find them. Let’s wrap this thing up with your number
    0:28:10 one tip for side hustle nation. Get started and don’t give up. It’s real. Make sure to enlist help
    0:28:16 from me or the community at doctor of credit or bank bonus one or two Facebook, and you’ll start seeing
    0:28:21 gains sooner rather than later. Okay. So don’t, I wouldn’t put it off if I was you. I wish I wish I had
    0:28:26 started sooner and it is real. I have a second number one tip. The second number one tip is be
    0:28:32 nice to the bank and be nice to your fellow bonus hunters. Don’t close accounts early and don’t make
    0:28:38 a scene. Don’t make a scene. What would constitute making a scene? You don’t call the bank unless you
    0:28:44 need to. That’s basically it. Don’t take up their customer service reps time. Don’t make them pay a
    0:28:48 whole lot more attention to you than they need to. Okay. Yeah. Don’t, yeah. Don’t be the squeaky
    0:28:54 wheel. Yeah, exactly. No, it’s super interesting. I, my mentality was always like this full on switch
    0:29:00 and it’s like, yeah, it’s a $300 to switch my entire financial backing. Like, I don’t know if it’s
    0:29:06 worthwhile, but to open a new separate account and not looking at it necessarily as a one-off thing,
    0:29:11 but something that you can do consistently, just working your way down the list. Is it going to replace
    0:29:16 your day job? Probably not, but relatively simple, relatively low risk, not a lot of specialized
    0:29:20 skills required. Dylan mentioned his tracking spreadsheet. If you can keep track of that,
    0:29:26 you’re in good shape and you can use those extra funds to pay down debt, invest, seed money for a
    0:29:31 new side hustle, lots of different ways to go about it. So Dylan, appreciate you sharing your insight.
    0:29:35 Big thanks to our sponsors for helping make this content free for everyone. You can hit up
    0:29:41 sidehustlenation.com slash deals for all the latest offers from our sponsors in one place.
    0:29:45 And of course we’ll link up the resources that Dylan mentioned in this episode as well.
    0:29:50 That is it for me. Thank you so much for tuning in until next time. Let’s go out there and make
    0:29:55 something happen. And I’ll catch you in the next edition of the side hustle show. Hustle on.

    I’m not usually one to fall for those flashy, too-good-to-be-true money hacks.

    But when someone tells me they’re making $200 an hour in their underwear just opening bank accounts? You bet I’m curious.

    That someone is Dylan Sexton from dylansbonuses.com, and he’s been pulling in consistent weekly income by playing the bank bonus game.

    No shady stuff. No switching your entire financial life around. Just a super smart (and surprisingly low-effort) system that banks actually want you to take advantage of.

    Tune in to Episode 663 of the Side Hustle Show to learn:

    • how Dylan makes $200 an hour opening bank accounts
    • where to find the best bonus deals right now
    • the simple system he uses to track and scale it

    Full Show Notes: Bank Bonuses: How I Make $200/Hr Opening New Bank Accounts

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  • How to Improve Your Teeth & Oral Microbiome for Brain & Body Health | Dr. Staci Whitman

    中文
    Tiếng Việt
    AI transcript
    0:00:05 Welcome to the Huberman Lab Podcast, where we discuss science and science-based tools for everyday life.
    0:00:15 I’m Andrew Huberman, and I’m a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford School of Medicine.
    0:00:17 My guest today is Dr. Stacey Whitman.
    0:00:23 Dr. Stacey Whitman is a functional dentist with expertise treating both adult and pediatric patients.
    0:00:33 She focuses on oral health as a key feature of overall gut health and a powerful modulator of brain longevity, heart health, hormones, and fertility in both men and in women.
    0:00:46 Today, we discuss many of the common myths about tooth and gum care and how to use specific nutrition, breathing, and cleaning methods to repair cavities, whiten teeth, and freshen breath, while at the same time improving the oral microbiome.
    0:00:58 This is very important because, as Dr. Whitman explains, most of the things that people do in pursuit of better tooth health and appearance and fresh breath actually damage their oral microbiome and, indeed, can lead to serious cardiovascular issues.
    0:01:01 So, today, we discuss how to brush, how to floss.
    0:01:11 I know we’ve all heard that we need to brush and floss, but Dr. Whitman explains exactly how to do those so that they are of the maximum benefit for our tooth health, gum health, and oral health generally.
    0:01:20 We also discuss the science and benefits of things like tongue scraping and oil pulling, and we discuss fluoride, which, of course, is a very controversial and timely topic nowadays.
    0:01:27 It’s a very interesting conversation that I believe everyone, young, old, parents, and kids need to be aware of.
    0:01:32 We also discuss treating things like tongue ties, deviated septums, canker sores, and more.
    0:01:44 By the end of today’s episode, you’ll have the most up-to-date knowledge about how to take care of your oral health, both for aesthetic reasons and, of course, to reduce cavities and gum disease, and, in doing so, how to support your brain and heart longevity.
    0:01:50 Before we begin, I’d like to emphasize that this podcast is separate from my teaching and research roles at Stanford.
    0:01:57 It is, however, part of my desire and effort to bring zero-cost-to-consumer information about science and science-related tools to the general public.
    0:02:00 In keeping with that theme, this episode does include sponsors.
    0:02:04 And now for my discussion with Dr. Stacey Whitman.
    0:02:06 Dr. Stacey Whitman, welcome.
    0:02:08 Thank you, Andrew.
    0:02:13 I’m super excited to talk about oral health from all perspectives.
    0:02:23 Your public-facing content, especially on Instagram, has completely transformed the way I think about this thing that I call my mouth,
    0:02:27 that people think of as their teeth and their mouth and their breath and their tongue and all this stuff,
    0:02:39 as a key site for evaluating and maintaining health of my brain, my body, and today you’ll make it clear as to why that’s the case.
    0:02:50 I’d like to just start by looking at this oral health thing through the lens of what I think most people think of when they hear the words oral health,
    0:02:56 which is people want, it seems, whitish or very white teeth, depending on their preference.
    0:03:02 They want fresh breath or at least to not have bad-smelling breath.
    0:03:07 And they want their mouth to sort of feel good, right?
    0:03:18 The question I have is, what are some of the things that many, many people do in trying to have white teeth, fresh breath,
    0:03:23 that actually are very destructive for our teeth and our oral microbiome?
    0:03:30 And if we go through that entry point into this conversation, then we can get into some of the specifics of why that is.
    0:03:40 So what’s something that you see many people doing in terms of trying to have bright white teeth that actually is harming their teeth?
    0:03:40 Sure.
    0:03:41 Great question.
    0:03:43 Great way to start off.
    0:03:49 So I first want to commend you and thank you for including the oral microbiome and oral health as one of the pillars of health.
    0:03:53 That means a great deal, and it has a lot to do with this answer.
    0:03:58 So unfortunately, we have been taught that we need to carpet bomb the mouth.
    0:04:08 We need to add astringents and alcohols and foaming agents and really strong essential oils to clean, disinfect, and to freshen the breath.
    0:04:15 But really, what we’re doing with these products is damaging our delicate microbiome, which can make things far worse.
    0:04:22 So much of oral health is a less is more approach, and it’s not so product heavy.
    0:04:26 It should be more focused on diet and lifestyle, like anything with health.
    0:04:32 Unfortunately, dentistry has been separated and compartmentalized out of the body like much of medicine.
    0:04:38 And, you know, we’re so specialized and sub-specialized, and dentistry is included in that.
    0:04:40 And we need to remember it’s all interconnected.
    0:04:54 And what we’re doing to the mouth, whether it be strong toothpaste, mouthwashes, certain gums, and even what we’re eating and how we’re breathing can really do a number on our oral health.
    0:04:59 And so it’s taking a different perspective, and it’s a bit of a mindset shift to really get us back to optimization.
    0:05:14 So do you think that most of the common over-the-counter toothpaste, while they smell minty or pepperminty and taste minty and pepperminty, are they effectively cleaning teeth?
    0:05:18 And are they causing any damage to teeth by virtue of what they have in them?
    0:05:20 It really depends on the ingredients.
    0:05:23 So I’d like people to start looking at their oral health care products.
    0:05:25 Like they’re starting to look at food labels.
    0:05:29 We should be reading the ingredients and understanding why they’re there and what they’re doing.
    0:05:31 Where are they sourced from?
    0:05:36 But certainly, I think so many of us feel it has to burn and foam to be effective.
    0:05:38 What is toothbrushing?
    0:05:40 What is it really doing?
    0:05:46 You’re disrupting the biofilm, which is really the plaque or the bacteria that are adhered to your teeth.
    0:05:51 And so all these extra bells and whistles, it’s sort of extra credit.
    0:05:57 But if you’re perfectly imbalanced, we shouldn’t need all these stripping agents and strong mints and things.
    0:06:06 So, for example, sodium lauryl sulfate is a foaming agent, but it also can be really disruptive to the oral mucosa and can lead to oral ulceration.
    0:06:11 So that’s a common ingredient that causes foaming that I would argue we do not need.
    0:06:14 Your toothpaste shouldn’t foam, nor should it burn.
    0:06:18 Essential oils, we think, oh, those are natural.
    0:06:19 They’re healthy, right?
    0:06:22 Well, many are very antimicrobial.
    0:06:25 And so they could be damaging the healthy bacteria in your mouth.
    0:06:31 So that’s where that strong burn after many toothpastes, you really don’t need that.
    0:06:39 And if your breath is so bad or you have halitosis that you feel the need for that, then I would argue, well, let’s dig deeper.
    0:06:41 Why is your breath so imbalanced?
    0:06:43 There’s probably something else going on.
    0:06:48 So I really encourage people to start learning about their products.
    0:06:53 I think we just give dentistry and teeth, just we push it to the side.
    0:06:55 It’s kind of an afterthought many times.
    0:07:05 And just like we’re prioritizing skin care, shampoo, things that we’re putting on our bodies, we need to be focused on the ingredients in our oral health care products, too.
    0:07:10 Especially since we’re literally putting it into our body, not just on the surface of our body.
    0:07:11 What was the foaming agent?
    0:07:13 Sodium lauryl sulfate.
    0:07:15 And the problem is there’s derivatives.
    0:07:21 So some cleaner versions might have coconut-derived SLS derivatives.
    0:07:23 And many people will do okay with those.
    0:07:28 But a common complaint I see in my office are oral ulcerations.
    0:07:31 And the first thing I think of is what’s in your toothpaste.
    0:07:34 Does it have SLS or a derivative?
    0:07:40 Because we’re all different and some people have more sensitivities and will react more to those.
    0:07:43 Are oral ulcerations, canker sores?
    0:07:44 Yeah.
    0:07:45 Or are canker sores?
    0:07:46 Aptus ulcers, yes.
    0:07:50 So if one gets a canker sore, what does that reflect?
    0:07:55 Typically, is it—let’s assume the toothpaste doesn’t have anything to do with it.
    0:07:57 Is that a disruption in the microbiome?
    0:08:01 Is it from a physical injury, like a bite to the gum?
    0:08:02 Could be all.
    0:08:02 Okay.
    0:08:05 So it could be secondary to trauma, certainly.
    0:08:07 It can be viral-related.
    0:08:12 So the herpes virus often will result in oral ulcerations.
    0:08:12 HSV-1.
    0:08:13 Yes.
    0:08:20 But also, and this is not on many people’s radars, you know, the mouth is the gateway into
    0:08:22 the body and the mouth is the gut.
    0:08:24 I want people to start thinking of it that way.
    0:08:28 So what happens in the mouth can be a reflection of what’s happening in the gut.
    0:08:33 And so a lot of times when I have patients that come in with recurrent apthus ulcers or
    0:08:40 ulcerations, that can be a sign of Crohn’s or celiac, IBS, like something going on deeper
    0:08:43 within that we need to be evaluating, food sensitivities, et cetera.
    0:08:48 I’d like to take a quick break and acknowledge our sponsor, 8Sleep.
    0:08:52 8Sleep makes smart mattress covers with cooling, heating, and sleep tracking capacity.
    0:08:57 Now, I’ve spoken before on this podcast about the critical need for us to get adequate amounts
    0:08:59 of quality sleep each and every night.
    0:09:03 Now, one of the best ways to ensure a great night’s sleep is to ensure that the temperature
    0:09:05 of your sleeping environment is correct.
    0:09:09 And that’s because in order to fall and stay deeply asleep, your body temperature actually
    0:09:11 has to drop about one to three degrees.
    0:09:15 And in order to wake up feeling refreshed and energized, your body temperature actually has
    0:09:17 to increase by about one to three degrees.
    0:09:22 8Sleep automatically regulates the temperature of your bed throughout the night according to
    0:09:23 your unique needs.
    0:09:27 Now, I find that extremely useful because I like to make the bed really cool at the beginning
    0:09:31 of the night, even colder in the middle of the night, and warm as I wake up.
    0:09:35 That’s what gives me the most slow-wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep.
    0:09:39 And I know that because 8Sleep has a great sleep tracker that tells me how well I’ve slept and
    0:09:41 the types of sleep that I’m getting throughout the night.
    0:09:45 I’ve been sleeping on an 8Sleep mattress cover for four years now, and it has completely
    0:09:48 transformed and improved the quality of my sleep.
    0:09:53 Their latest model, the Pod 4 Ultra, also has snoring detection that will automatically lift
    0:09:57 your head a few degrees in order to improve your airflow and stop you from snoring.
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    0:10:02 you don’t like it.
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    0:10:04 But I’m sure that you’ll love it.
    0:10:10 Go to 8sleep.com slash Huberman to save up to $350 off your Pod 4 Ultra.
    0:10:14 8Sleep ships to many countries worldwide, including Mexico and the UAE.
    0:10:20 Again, that’s 8sleep.com slash Huberman to save up to $350 off your Pod 4 Ultra.
    0:10:23 Today’s episode is also brought to us by BetterHelp.
    0:10:28 BetterHelp offers professional therapy with a licensed therapist carried out entirely online.
    0:10:31 I’ve been doing weekly therapy for over 30 years.
    0:10:32 Initially, I didn’t have a choice.
    0:10:34 It was a condition of being allowed to stay in school.
    0:10:39 But pretty soon, I realized that therapy is an extremely important component to overall
    0:10:39 health.
    0:10:44 In fact, I consider doing regular therapy just as important as getting regular exercise,
    0:10:46 which, of course, I also do every week.
    0:10:49 There are essentially three things that great therapy provides.
    0:10:53 First of all, it provides a good rapport with somebody that you can trust and talk to
    0:10:54 about any and all issues.
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    0:11:30 For this month only, March 2025, BetterHelp is giving you the biggest discount offered on
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    0:11:46 This would probably be a good time to talk about the whole concept that teeth can essentially
    0:11:53 build themselves and destroy themselves independent of sugar intake and other factors.
    0:11:59 So if you would, could you just briefly walk us through this whole business of mineralization
    0:12:02 and demineralization of teeth?
    0:12:07 Because I find this so interesting and later I’ll share a little bit, full disclosure,
    0:12:11 I have a very complicated oral health history.
    0:12:18 And had I known what you’re about to tell us, I think I would have spared myself a ton of pain.
    0:12:19 Potentially.
    0:12:23 I’m sorry to hear that, but we’ll unpack that.
    0:12:24 You weren’t my dentist, unfortunately.
    0:12:27 No, I have stories to share too.
    0:12:28 We’ll get to as well.
    0:12:30 I think many people do and that’s the problem.
    0:12:35 So I wasn’t taught this in dental school, interestingly enough.
    0:12:38 So this is something I learned later out in practice.
    0:12:46 And it’s the concept that your teeth can naturally remineralize if you have a small cavity.
    0:12:48 But let’s start further back.
    0:12:53 So your teeth are constantly going through demineralization and remineralization.
    0:12:55 And this is very natural.
    0:13:01 And anytime we put anything into our mouth besides arguably neutral water, and this has to do with pH.
    0:13:06 So anytime we eat, our mouth is the beginning of the digestive system.
    0:13:11 So we release amylase, which is an enzyme that helps break down our food.
    0:13:13 And in doing that, the pH drops.
    0:13:16 This is how we start digestion.
    0:13:19 When that happens, we lose minerals in our teeth.
    0:13:23 The acid will leach out calcium, phosphorus, and minerals from our teeth.
    0:13:32 But the concern is we don’t want it to stay in that acidic state for too long, in that demineralized state for too long.
    0:13:39 Because if we allow our body to do its thing, our saliva will naturally remineralize our teeth.
    0:13:42 This is all part of a healthy balance system.
    0:13:46 So our saliva is this golden elixir of our body.
    0:13:54 And it contains immune cells and enzymes, but also the minerals that we should need, if balanced, to create that remineralization.
    0:14:05 So there’s something called the Stefan curve, and essentially it’s showing us how our mouth will become acidic and neutral and acidic and neutral throughout the day as we eat.
    0:14:13 The problem is in modern society, we tend to be snacking and grazing and sipping all of the time.
    0:14:19 So we’re not giving our mouths enough of a break, enough of an opportunity to remineralize.
    0:14:24 So many of us are staying in the state of constant acidity and demineralization.
    0:14:35 But what’s interesting is, so if you have a small cavity or lesion that hasn’t yet truly cavitated, that in a cavity means a hole.
    0:14:40 So if you look on an x-ray and I see a shadow on your tooth, it’s called an incipient lesion.
    0:14:46 Those, if they’re still in the enamel, those can quote-unquote heal or remineralize.
    0:14:53 And this is where you would need to work with, let’s say, a functional or biological dentist to understand how deep your cavity is.
    0:14:57 Once it becomes a hole, generally you do need some sort of treatment.
    0:15:01 But our body is meant for stability.
    0:15:09 You know, it knows what to do, but how you eat, how frequently you’re eating, and then we can get into this with how you’re breathing.
    0:15:13 And certainly the products you’re using and your hygiene practices all factor in as well.
    0:15:22 So my understanding is that the minerals that make up teeth are not the same materials that are put into a lot of common tooth care products.
    0:15:31 So without getting into a discussion right now about fluoride in water, we will get to that conversation a little bit later.
    0:15:39 But in order to frame that properly when we arrive there, could you explain why it is that fluoride is in most toothpastes?
    0:15:50 When basically we don’t have fluoride in our teeth at birth, but there are other minerals in our teeth that certain toothpastes have.
    0:15:55 And, you know, so why would we give an artificial substance to our teeth?
    0:16:01 Maybe you could explain demineralization, remineralization in the context of fluoride and these other minerals.
    0:16:07 So we have hydroxyapatite, which is essentially calcium and phosphorus in our teeth.
    0:16:11 Our enamel is about 90% hydroxyapatite.
    0:16:16 The dentin, which is the layer below the enamel, through the enamel, is about 60.
    0:16:19 And our bone has hydroxyapatite, too, about 60%.
    0:16:20 Our limb bones?
    0:16:20 Mm-hmm.
    0:16:21 All bone.
    0:16:23 60% hydroxyapatite.
    0:16:24 Yes, which is calcium and phosphorus.
    0:16:29 Our saliva will also have calcium and phosphorus floating around, too.
    0:16:38 So what fluoride does is it throws off the hydroxyl group in hydroxyapatite.
    0:16:43 And so it changes it from hydroxyapatite to fluorapatite.
    0:16:45 So it restructures it a bit.
    0:16:48 When it does this, the bonds generally are considered stronger.
    0:16:54 And the dental crystalline structure is more densely packed.
    0:16:56 So it’s known to be more acid-resistant.
    0:17:00 And so we can get into the history of how they discovered this.
    0:17:04 But essentially, fluoride was put into toothpaste in about the 1960s.
    0:17:05 It became very popularized.
    0:17:12 So that is why many dentists love fluoride, is that you’re using it, and it makes your teeth
    0:17:13 more acid-resistant.
    0:17:16 And also, it has some antimicrobial effects, too.
    0:17:22 The issue I have, and we can unpack this more later, is that it’s not super selective.
    0:17:27 So it’s not only selecting anaerobes or pathogenic bacteria, but it potentially could be damaging
    0:17:29 beneficial bacteria, too.
    0:17:33 So that’s why toothpaste has fluoride in it.
    0:17:36 It also will lower the critical pH.
    0:17:43 So the critical pH is the pH of which your enamel will start to demineralize or degrade.
    0:17:45 And for enamel, it’s 5.5.
    0:17:48 And then for dentin, it’s closer to 6.5.
    0:17:53 So what fluoride does is it raises the pH resistance.
    0:17:54 I see.
    0:18:01 So for people that aren’t familiar with pH, it’s a measure of how alkaline or acidic a
    0:18:03 given environment or something is.
    0:18:09 And so what you’re telling me is that fluoride makes teeth ultra-strong.
    0:18:13 It’s not a mineral that teeth normally see.
    0:18:20 Like if a child never used fluoridated toothpaste or drank fluoridated water, they basically,
    0:18:22 unless they happen to drink from a stream with fluoride in it.
    0:18:27 Their teeth would rely on hydroxyapatite to remineralize.
    0:18:32 But we put fluoride into toothpaste and into water, and that allows teeth to become even
    0:18:34 stronger and even more acid-resistant.
    0:18:34 Yes.
    0:18:39 Some out there argue the enamel structure actually is weaker.
    0:18:41 This is very nuanced.
    0:18:46 But generally, the dental community believes it’s a stronger version of enamel.
    0:18:53 Some will argue when you look under scanning electron microscopy, the crystalline structure can
    0:18:56 be more wave-like and potentially the bonds could break more easily.
    0:18:59 But generally, you know, topical fluoride does work.
    0:19:04 However, it is no match for a poor diet, you know?
    0:19:06 So all of this really comes back to what you’re eating.
    0:19:11 So it will make you less at risk for cavities, but it’s not a shoo-in.
    0:19:13 Like it’s not for sure going to prevent decay.
    0:19:20 What are the times in each 24-hour cycle when our teeth are repairing themselves?
    0:19:23 It’s like in the middle of the night, provided somebody’s asleep, they’re not eating.
    0:19:26 They’re not drinking unless they get up for a moment and have a sip of water or something.
    0:19:30 In between meals, they’re not eating.
    0:19:35 If I just sort of naturally intermittent fast, I generally eat my first bite of food somewhere
    0:19:37 around 11 a.m., sometimes a little earlier.
    0:19:39 But that’s just habit.
    0:19:42 It sort of falls under this intermittent fasting kind of thing.
    0:19:49 So I and many people have stretches of time of anywhere from 3 to 14 hours when we’re not
    0:19:51 ingesting any food or caloric beverages.
    0:19:55 Is that when remineralization occurs?
    0:19:57 It’s a tough one.
    0:19:57 It’s a tough one.
    0:19:58 Remineralization.
    0:19:59 We’ll have to do it.
    0:20:00 Remineralization.
    0:20:00 Right.
    0:20:01 Oh, that’s right.
    0:20:02 You have to put the accent.
    0:20:03 Remineralization.
    0:20:04 Thank you.
    0:20:04 That helps.
    0:20:06 You’ve said that before.
    0:20:07 Yes.
    0:20:08 Thank you.
    0:20:11 Is that when our teeth repair themselves?
    0:20:11 Yeah.
    0:20:12 This is great.
    0:20:13 This is important.
    0:20:18 So generally after you eat, you know, as I mentioned, your mouth will become more acidic.
    0:20:23 After about 20 to 30 minutes, your saliva will naturally start to buffer.
    0:20:26 So it will start to rise and raise the pH up.
    0:20:29 I like to see us eating more in a schedule.
    0:20:35 So generally every two hours or so is when we’ll get full optimal remineralization.
    0:20:41 The issue is we are a society on the go and we’re grabbing crackers and chips and granola
    0:20:44 bars and we’re eating and nibbling and sipping on frappuccinos.
    0:20:48 So we never allow that remineralization to take its full effect.
    0:20:54 So yes, when you’re not putting food or drink, in theory, in your mouth, your saliva, if
    0:21:00 it’s optimized, and we should talk about that as well, we’ll be remineralizing.
    0:21:04 But unfortunately, I do feel so many of us are just not in balance.
    0:21:06 You know, we’re dehydrated.
    0:21:07 We’re mineral deficient.
    0:21:09 We’re calcium deficient.
    0:21:10 We’re phosphorus deficient.
    0:21:12 And we’re mouth breathing.
    0:21:17 So the pH is changing just for mouth breathing can make the mouth more acidic.
    0:21:20 And so there’s a lot of factors at play.
    0:21:25 But in theory, if I can make one suggestion to someone out there who might be struggling
    0:21:29 with cavities, I want to know not only what are you eating, but how frequently are you eating
    0:21:29 it?
    0:21:35 And this is a great reason why, from a dental standpoint, fasting, intermittent fasting,
    0:21:40 or, you know, time-restricted eating is a great way to combat dental decay.
    0:21:42 It’s also better on gut health as well.
    0:21:49 You know, the migrating complex, the cleansability, just giving things a break and a rest is really
    0:21:49 important.
    0:21:54 I grew up hearing that sugar causes cavities.
    0:21:56 Does sugar cause cavities?
    0:22:01 And when we say sugar, of course, all the biologists and people with a nutrition background
    0:22:05 roll their eyes because sugar is a very broad statement, right?
    0:22:10 There are simple sugars, there’s fructose, there’s sucrose, there’s glucose, there’s
    0:22:14 all sorts of variation within the simple and complex carbohydrates.
    0:22:21 But when I’m saying sugar, I’m thinking about foods that taste sweet or that contain sugar
    0:22:24 that’s masked by other flavors, just for sake of simplicity.
    0:22:25 Like added sugar.
    0:22:26 Like added sugar.
    0:22:31 I mean, now if you buy a cracker, typically, if you look at the package, there’s some sugar
    0:22:33 in there, which is ridiculous, but that’s a whole other discussion.
    0:22:34 Yes.
    0:22:37 Or we could just even say starchy carbohydrates.
    0:22:40 Fermentable carbohydrates is what I like to say.
    0:22:40 Fermentable carbohydrates.
    0:22:41 But that gets kind of nerdy.
    0:22:43 So not directly.
    0:22:44 It’s really acid.
    0:22:45 That causes cavities.
    0:22:50 So what sugar does, and I like everyone to think of flour like sugar.
    0:22:57 This is also very important because the bacteria in our mouth, they thrive, the pathogenic bacteria,
    0:22:58 they thrive on sugar.
    0:23:01 But flour will act like sugar in the mouth.
    0:23:03 So they’ll also thrive on flours.
    0:23:06 So the crackers, the bread.
    0:23:07 Even a good sourdough bread?
    0:23:09 Well, the issue…
    0:23:10 Do I have to give up sourdough bread?
    0:23:11 I like sourdough too.
    0:23:14 The issue is more contact time.
    0:23:19 So things that are really sticky and dried, I would argue.
    0:23:22 So crackers or toast.
    0:23:22 Chips.
    0:23:23 Chips.
    0:23:26 I mean, think about if you take a handful of goldfish crackers.
    0:23:28 I haven’t done that in a long time.
    0:23:29 But imagine that.
    0:23:31 It’s all throughout your teeth.
    0:23:33 In between the teeth, down in the grooves.
    0:23:34 It’s sticky.
    0:23:37 It’s just a smorgasbord for the bacteria.
    0:23:41 And so what do the bacteria do when they metabolize the sugar or the flour?
    0:23:42 They release acid.
    0:23:48 And so if that food substrate is stuck against the tooth for a long period of time,
    0:23:50 and these foods are also hyperpalatable.
    0:23:54 So we’re meant to be just snacking and grazing, hitting the bliss point.
    0:23:59 You know, grab a handful, go do something, come back, grab another handful.
    0:24:01 You’re just constantly feeding that bacteria.
    0:24:03 So your mouth is staying constantly acidic.
    0:24:06 So it’s truly the acid that causes cavities.
    0:24:14 But I would argue that sugar or flour is kind of the catalyst that feeds the bacteria to create that imbalance.
    0:24:20 Is it fair to say, I know you prefer the term fermented carbohydrates or trying to,
    0:24:24 for most people who don’t think in terms of starches versus fiber or simple,
    0:24:26 although nowadays people are more versed in that sort of thing,
    0:24:30 think of carbohydrates or foods for that matter,
    0:24:33 that if you put them in your mouth and you just kind of kept them there for a little bit,
    0:24:36 that they would dissolve like a cracker.
    0:24:36 Yes.
    0:24:42 Like a chip, like rice, like a piece of pasta, as opposed to like a piece of broccoli,
    0:24:48 which would get soggy, but it’s got a lot of fibrous material, so it doesn’t dissolve in the mouth.
    0:24:54 And interestingly, broccoli or prebiotic fiber is what feeds the good bacteria.
    0:24:59 So I work mostly with children now, and we can talk about why that transition happened.
    0:25:04 I used to work with adults, but I teach them eat the rainbow, feed the good guys.
    0:25:10 Okay, so we want to feed our healthy bacteria more than we want to feed the bad bacteria.
    0:25:18 And that’s not to say you can’t ever have fun and enjoy some fun foods, but it’s all about balance.
    0:25:25 And so I think people don’t realize the true root cause issue with dental disease is primarily diet.
    0:25:33 You know, we’re so hyper-focused on fluoride and what’s in your toothpaste and the mouthwash and all these products,
    0:25:38 but all of those things are really just masking the underlying issue, which is how are these bacteria behaving?
    0:25:45 What types of bacteria and in what ratios do we have them in the mouth and how often are we feeding them?
    0:25:52 So I’m hearing this as a repeating theme that diet and lifestyle are going to be more important than drugs or products
    0:25:56 for keeping the mouth looking good and healthy.
    0:25:57 Yes.
    0:26:04 I mean, for example, I personally haven’t used fluoride for many, many years and neither have
    0:26:09 my children just because I know there are other ways to prevent disease.
    0:26:14 And I have many of my patients that choose not to use fluoride or these products also.
    0:26:21 I think so many people have been taught you have to have this product, fluoride, et cetera,
    0:26:22 to stay cavity and disease-free.
    0:26:29 But if you eat a clean diet, focus on just some of the pillars of health, that will translate
    0:26:30 into the mouth as well.
    0:26:36 Perhaps it’s worth mentioning just what some of the facets of a clean diet are through, you
    0:26:39 know, through your lens of, you know, what you consider clean diet.
    0:26:39 Sure.
    0:26:45 So I’m not advocating for any one diet and I do believe we’re all different.
    0:26:48 So what works for some people may not work for others.
    0:26:56 But generally what I suggest is really high quality protein sources, a wide array of vegetables,
    0:26:57 fruit.
    0:27:02 I would argue you should limit fruit potentially, especially if you’re a high decay risk just
    0:27:04 because there is sugar, fructose.
    0:27:08 But I don’t want to villainize fruit.
    0:27:11 There’s so many healthy benefits of polyphenols and everything in it.
    0:27:15 So nuts, seeds, olives, pickles.
    0:27:20 I love fermented foods for gut health and then oral microbiome support too.
    0:27:26 So essentially a whole food diet, you know, things that come from the earth and more from
    0:27:29 farms and less from factories, less things out of bags.
    0:27:36 Arguably ultra-processed foods should be avoided as much as possible or minimized and then trying
    0:27:40 to stick to minimally processed or unprocessed foods.
    0:27:47 Is it fair to say that if one does that, either a child or an adult, that their oral microbiome
    0:27:50 will not only get healthier, but that their teeth will get whiter?
    0:27:55 And the reason I keep bringing this up is I think a lot of people want white teeth or at
    0:27:56 least not yellow teeth.
    0:27:56 Sure.
    0:28:02 Having been involved in the public-facing health education business for a little while now,
    0:28:10 I realized that nothing that is encouraged to be good for us that takes away from the way
    0:28:15 that people want to look and feel about how they look gets much traction.
    0:28:20 So what I like about what you’re telling us is that all the things of eating mostly unprocessed
    0:28:23 or minimally processed foods, those are going to be good for our entire body.
    0:28:26 Great that it’s great for our oral microbiome.
    0:28:29 Probably is good for our whole body because of its effects on the microbiome, at least in part.
    0:28:32 But what makes teeth white?
    0:28:36 And will supporting the oral microbiome make our teeth whiter?
    0:28:36 Yeah.
    0:28:40 And by the way, there are some folks out there whose teeth need to be less white, in my opinion.
    0:28:40 Agree.
    0:28:42 Totally agree.
    0:28:44 Now we’re being somewhat facetious, but not really.
    0:28:51 But I think most people would like to have teeth that would be characterized as mostly white.
    0:28:53 We want to look good.
    0:28:54 I mean, I appreciate and respect that.
    0:28:58 I do think we’ve moved a little away from reality with some of that.
    0:28:59 So I agree with you.
    0:29:07 I think there are teeth out there that could not be quite so bright, but you do you.
    0:29:09 I think everyone should do what makes them happy.
    0:29:11 So what makes teeth white?
    0:29:18 So interestingly, if you look at a baby tooth next to an adult tooth, and I get this call all of the time from parents.
    0:29:21 So the child loses their first baby tooth.
    0:29:22 The adult tooth starts to come in.
    0:29:27 And adult teeth are quite a bit darker than baby teeth, which are very white and bright.
    0:29:29 And they’re worried.
    0:29:30 What’s wrong with my child’s teeth?
    0:29:30 They’re so yellow.
    0:29:33 That’s actually a very natural shade of enamel.
    0:29:35 And why is that?
    0:29:38 It all has to do with that crystalline structure and the mineralization.
    0:29:41 So baby teeth are less mineralized.
    0:29:44 And the crystalline structure is a little more haphazardly arranged.
    0:29:46 It’s not quite as organized.
    0:29:51 So instead of like Lincoln logs lined up, it’s more like pickup sticks to some degree.
    0:29:52 Why is that?
    0:29:56 Baby teeth are meant to resorb, dissolve, and fall out.
    0:29:56 Okay.
    0:30:00 So this is why baby teeth are also much more susceptible to decay.
    0:30:12 So the whiteness is coming, how the light reflects and refracts off the teeth, which is a lot of times why you hear if you use hydroxyapatite or even coconut oil,
    0:30:15 it’s changing the surface, surface modification.
    0:30:20 So it’s changing the way light reflects and refracts off that tooth to make it seem whiter and brighter.
    0:30:30 Now, certainly with adult teeth, if you’re using bleaching agents, you know, hydrogen peroxide or carbonite peroxide, some of the stronger bleachings,
    0:30:34 that’s actually penetrating into the tooth and changing the structure, pulling out stain.
    0:30:35 Do people do that?
    0:30:37 They gargle with hydrogen peroxide?
    0:30:39 Well, they do bleaching trays, essentially.
    0:30:45 Well, people will rinse with hydrogen peroxide, yes, and it will make your teeth brighter and whiter,
    0:30:48 but I’m telling you it’s going to do a number on your oral microbiome.
    0:30:51 So I suggest it in a very limited fashion.
    0:31:05 The only time I ever had a bad canker sore was because I gargled with 50% water, 50% hydrogen peroxide because an acupuncturist recommended it.
    0:31:10 He looked at my tongue and then he said, you should do that, you know, and then I did that.
    0:31:16 And then, you know, four or five days later, I had this, like, you know, nickel-sized canker sore on the roof of my mouth.
    0:31:17 And I was like, ugh.
    0:31:27 And I will say, and I have no product affiliation whatsoever to any specific products, but by switching to hydroxyapatite-containing toothpaste,
    0:31:29 my teeth, they definitely have gotten whiter.
    0:31:39 I drink a lot of yerba mate and coffee and I brush, but that was, it was sort of a progressive issue of my teeth dimming.
    0:31:41 So that’s been great.
    0:31:45 I also used to get cavities fairly often when I was a kid.
    0:31:47 I’ll talk about that a little bit later.
    0:31:55 But since switching to hydroxyapatite toothpaste, I’ve had, like, stellar dental reviews, assuming my dentist is looking carefully.
    0:31:57 I believe he is, but we’ll see.
    0:31:59 And to me, it just makes so much more sense.
    0:32:02 Like, give teeth the mineral that they normally use to mineralize.
    0:32:05 It just makes sense.
    0:32:06 It’s biomimetic.
    0:32:09 It depends on how you look at life, I think.
    0:32:12 I prefer biomimetic materials personally.
    0:32:16 It’s, again, it’s a personal choice, but I agree with you.
    0:32:22 My patients who have switched to hydroxyapatite, and I’d like to point out, not all hydroxyapatite toothpaste are the same.
    0:32:27 It depends on sourcing and the other ingredients that are in there.
    0:32:32 But generally speaking, their teeth look healthier, stronger, whiter, and brighter.
    0:32:36 They just look more nourished, more hydrated.
    0:32:38 Their microbiomes look more balanced, too.
    0:32:42 You’re talking about kids and the fact that sometimes if their teeth are a little bit yellow, that’s normal.
    0:32:49 One thing that I’ve been really struck by, as the discussion around longevity seems more and more prominent these days,
    0:32:56 is occasionally I’ll run into somebody who’s in their 70s or 80s, even 90s.
    0:33:03 And it’s very rare to encounter somebody in their 80s or 90s whose teeth are not, like, the color of this tea.
    0:33:06 And for those that are listening, it’s, like, a very dark brown.
    0:33:11 I’ve never seen somebody, unless they’re doing something highly artificial with bleaching,
    0:33:19 I’ve never seen somebody 75 or older whose teeth aren’t basically yellow to brown.
    0:33:20 Darker.
    0:33:25 And when you look at people when they’re very close to death, their teeth often look very opaque.
    0:33:25 Mm-hmm.
    0:33:27 What is that?
    0:33:28 Is that a blood flow issue?
    0:33:29 Is it – what’s going on there?
    0:33:32 Yeah, it can be a xerostomia or dry mouth.
    0:33:37 So we definitely lose salivary capabilities as we age.
    0:33:39 Very likely more mouth breathing.
    0:33:43 So mouth breathers will tend to have darker teeth because the teeth desiccate.
    0:33:44 They dry out.
    0:33:46 And over time, you will experience mineral loss.
    0:33:52 Decades and decades of coffee, tea, wine will do it, too.
    0:33:56 Well, I don’t drink the wine, but I’ve definitely had coffee tea since I was a little kid.
    0:33:58 I’ve been drinking bate since I was, like, five.
    0:33:59 It’s good.
    0:33:59 Yeah.
    0:33:59 It’s delicious.
    0:34:00 Yeah.
    0:34:01 Got to live life.
    0:34:01 Yeah.
    0:34:06 But, yeah, and so they’re losing minerals, too, you know, over time.
    0:34:07 Your teeth take a beating.
    0:34:10 I mean, we’re living to be 100 now.
    0:34:15 That’s a long time to maintain this non-shedding surface in our body, you know.
    0:34:21 And then it depends on the generation, too, but some generations, especially, as you mentioned,
    0:34:27 70s, 80s, I’d wonder about tetracycline exposures when there’s certain antibiotics that we don’t
    0:34:33 use anymore that were known to darken the teeth, which is why they pulled them from common prescription.
    0:34:36 That raises a question I’d never thought about before.
    0:34:43 So if one takes a course of antibiotics, typically the advice is to ingest low-sugar kombucha,
    0:34:50 to have some Bulgarian or Greek yogurt, like repopulate the gut with the substrates for
    0:34:51 healthy microbiota.
    0:34:57 We now know, because you’ve told us, that the mouth is the gut, which makes perfect sense.
    0:34:58 We are but a series of tubes.
    0:35:01 That’s why I always teach in my developmental neurobiology class, but it’s true.
    0:35:02 It’s true.
    0:35:07 In embryology, you learn that we’re basically born of a bunch of tubes that are going to
    0:35:12 do their thing in development, but the digestive tract obviously starts with the mouth.
    0:35:22 So is it the case, therefore, that we should be repopulating the oral microbiome if we take
    0:35:23 a course of antibiotics?
    0:35:24 Yes.
    0:35:24 Yes.
    0:35:30 Very commonly, patients’ parents will report, gosh, my child just finished this course of
    0:35:35 antibiotics and now their teeth are stained or their gums are inflamed or they just seem
    0:35:35 off.
    0:35:39 And it usually is because they’ve wiped out a lot of the healthy bacteria too.
    0:35:40 You know, it’s all connected.
    0:35:46 So I do suggest my patients, if I have to write antibiotics, which I try to avoid, but sometimes
    0:35:52 we have to, that they do take a high-quality probiotic and increase their probiotic-rich fermented
    0:35:53 foods as well.
    0:35:54 So a high-quality probiotic pill.
    0:35:56 Generally, yeah.
    0:35:59 Yeah, because it’s hard to get in enough, especially in kids, I would argue.
    0:36:05 You know, kids aren’t usually eating a lot of sauerkraut and kimchi and natto, but you
    0:36:09 know, you could do kefir, yogurt, as you mentioned, low sugar, kombucha, et cetera.
    0:36:15 But usually a high-quality gut probiotic will have some benefit to the oral microbiome, but
    0:36:19 they also do have oral probiotics too, focused on the bacteria of the mouth.
    0:36:22 What about mouthwashes?
    0:36:22 Yeah.
    0:36:25 I’ve never liked them.
    0:36:29 They feel, they burn for one.
    0:36:34 And then I learned some years ago, and this is just kind of fun to cue to, years ago, it
    0:36:36 must have been like eight, 10 years ago.
    0:36:42 I heard, I think on the Tim Ferriss podcast, somebody said, oh, you know, mouthwashes will
    0:36:49 nuke certain chemicals that are essential for cardiovascular function, and so don’t use
    0:36:52 them, don’t use mouth strips, don’t use any of that stuff.
    0:36:59 And at that time, that was considered like clear, quote-unquote, pseudoscience.
    0:37:01 Nobody would like alternative science, outrageous.
    0:37:04 Now we know this is actually true.
    0:37:09 And this always, you know, this always delights me and scares me at the same time that many of
    0:37:12 the things that right now people go, oh, that’s pseudoscience.
    0:37:15 I, like, creatine seems to be a big thing right now.
    0:37:18 Ten years ago, it was only the gym rats that we’re talking about.
    0:37:19 Now everyone’s like, creatine, creatine.
    0:37:20 Everybody needs it.
    0:37:26 So what’s the story on mouthwashes and mouth strips and mints and things of that sort, that
    0:37:29 again, like people just want to have fresh breath, or at least they don’t want to be the
    0:37:30 person with the bad breath?
    0:37:30 Sure.
    0:37:31 Yeah.
    0:37:38 So Listerine and those stronger rinses in particular, they generally contain alcohol,
    0:37:41 astringents, really strong antimicrobials.
    0:37:45 You know, it says kills 99.9% of germs.
    0:37:48 Well, I think we’ve learned we’re over-disinfecting.
    0:37:53 You know, this is why asthma is up, eczema, allergies are up in our children.
    0:37:58 We now are saying get into the dirt, get, you know, get exposed to microbes and things.
    0:38:01 So we’re carpet bombing the mouth.
    0:38:06 What we’ve learned through the data, and you’re right, there are studies to show that chronic
    0:38:11 habitual use of these mouthwashes, including prescription strength mouthwash, like chlorhexidine
    0:38:16 is a common one, it can damage the nitrate-reducing bacteria.
    0:38:21 So we have bacteria in the dorsum of our tongue specifically, that is essentially your tongue,
    0:38:27 that reduces nitrate to nitrite, which is a precursor to nitric oxide.
    0:38:33 Nitric oxide is a molecule that is really important for cardiovascular health and vasodilation and
    0:38:34 immune health.
    0:38:41 So if we’re indiscriminately carpet bombing the mouth with these really strong astringents
    0:38:44 and rinses, we can be affecting our cardiovascular health.
    0:38:48 And there are studies to show it can increase blood pressure and potentially cause cardiovascular
    0:38:49 issues.
    0:38:56 So when I hear someone say, but my breath is so bad, you know, I have to use this multiple
    0:39:01 times a day, I immediately think, well, gosh, why is your breath so bad?
    0:39:06 It’s normal to have bad breath after you eat a garlic, you know, garlic hummus or have a
    0:39:06 cup of coffee.
    0:39:13 But if it’s chronic halitosis or bad breath, I’m curious, do you have periodontal disease,
    0:39:19 which is a chronic inflammatory issue in the mouth, which can have a slew of downstream effects,
    0:39:21 which we should discuss in a bit?
    0:39:23 Or do you have an infection?
    0:39:26 It could be a sinus infection, post-nasal drip.
    0:39:29 Do you have tonsil stones or tonsillar infection?
    0:39:35 Like what else is going on in your mouth where you feel you need this multiple times a day
    0:39:39 to even feel like you can present yourself in public?
    0:39:42 Really strong essential oils and mints.
    0:39:47 Again, you’d be cautious with that every once in a while of throwing in a piece of gum or
    0:39:48 a mint, of course.
    0:39:53 It’s really the habitual use of these things that can be damaging.
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    0:42:21 Okay.
    0:42:22 So those are some don’ts.
    0:42:26 What are some things that we can do to improve the chemistry of our saliva and our mouth?
    0:42:34 Just in full disclosure here, won’t be the disclosure most people are anticipating, what I’m trying
    0:42:39 to get at here is all the chemical aspects of the chemistry of the mouth.
    0:42:44 Because when I think about biology, just because of my training, I think, you know, you’ve got
    0:42:47 chemical forces and you have mechanical forces.
    0:42:51 Like there’s stuff that literally like moves or you could, you know, chip a tooth or things
    0:42:53 that you shouldn’t do to protect your teeth.
    0:42:55 And then there’s how to create the right chemistry environment.
    0:42:56 Yep.
    0:42:57 So that’s really what we’re talking about here.
    0:43:03 And I’m trying to figure out, you know, how could I have the best possible saliva?
    0:43:03 Yeah.
    0:43:06 I want to be the person with the best possible saliva.
    0:43:06 Good spit.
    0:43:09 Don’t underestimate your spit.
    0:43:11 It’s true.
    0:43:13 It’s the golden elixir.
    0:43:19 So if I were to put spit into like under the microscope or and then also take some of my
    0:43:23 spit and put it in mass spec and separate out all the goodies that are in there, just give
    0:43:26 us a sense of the kinds of goodies that are in spit.
    0:43:29 Because it just looks like a bunch of clear liquid to people, but blood looks like just a
    0:43:31 bunch of red liquid and there’s a lot of stuff in there.
    0:43:32 There’s so much in it.
    0:43:33 It’s so important.
    0:43:40 So it has bacteria, viruses, fungi, like all kinds, protozoa.
    0:43:42 Hopefully in the right ratios.
    0:43:45 So we want beneficial bacteria.
    0:43:49 We all have about 5% pathological bacteria.
    0:43:53 However, at that ratio, those may not be pathological.
    0:43:55 Like they’re symbiotic at that point.
    0:43:59 We are still unpacking and learning more about the oral microbiome.
    0:44:01 But essentially you’ll have bacteria.
    0:44:03 There’s hormones.
    0:44:04 There’s free cortisol.
    0:44:05 There’s hormones.
    0:44:06 Cortisol’s in our spit, folks.
    0:44:08 Yes, absolutely.
    0:44:11 There are enzymes to aid in digestion.
    0:44:14 There are immune cells and there are minerals floating around too.
    0:44:18 So think about how important saliva is to chew.
    0:44:23 If you have dry mouth or you’re sick, you can’t chew and swallow your food.
    0:44:28 And this is why a lot of elderly people have a very hard time eating certain foods or if you’ve
    0:44:30 undergone cancer therapies and things.
    0:44:35 Once you get xerostomia, dry mouth, your teeth can degrade so quickly.
    0:44:37 So your saliva is so important.
    0:44:39 And so how do we keep it healthy?
    0:44:40 Hydration.
    0:44:43 You know, so many of us are dehydrated.
    0:44:48 I would argue we aren’t getting enough minerals either.
    0:44:55 So, you know, I suggest to some kids, I can tell in a child’s mouth if they’re hydrated or not by the way their saliva looks.
    0:44:59 If it looks more thick and ropey and mucousy, they’re dehydrated.
    0:45:01 If it looks like water, it’s healthy.
    0:45:04 This is without any tests.
    0:45:11 So put a pinch of salt in your water or some electrolytes that can really help with bioavailability and absorption.
    0:45:16 How you’re breathing is incredibly important too for your salivary health.
    0:45:19 So if you’re mouth breathing, you will have less saliva.
    0:45:20 You know, your mouth’s going to dry out.
    0:45:23 The pH will drop and you’re going to be in trouble.
    0:45:25 You know, dry mouth leads to cavities.
    0:45:27 Dry mouth leads to gum disease.
    0:45:30 So and then the foods we eat, of course, too.
    0:45:32 We want to have a mineral-rich diet.
    0:45:40 So many of us are mineral deficient, we’re magnesium deficient, we’re fat-soluble vitamin deficient, particularly vitamin D3, K2.
    0:45:42 So I think it is good.
    0:45:44 I like the idea of tests, don’t guess.
    0:45:56 You know, if you have the capability to work with a doctor to see where you are with some of these things to know if you need to supplement or not or how you can change your diet.
    0:45:59 Sorry to interrupt, but would I test my saliva specifically?
    0:46:01 Is there a good saliva test out there?
    0:46:03 That would be a different test.
    0:46:05 So this would be more of a blood test.
    0:46:06 Like a standard blood test.
    0:46:06 A standard blood test.
    0:46:12 But there is salivary analysis, and we should discuss the importance of testing your oral microbiome.
    0:46:22 I think just like so many of us test our gut microbiomes now, you know, GI mapping, stool tests to understand what’s happening in the gut, there’s salivary analysis now.
    0:46:26 And this is what a lot of functional dentists are working toward.
    0:46:30 I do salivary analysis and biomarker analysis in my practice.
    0:46:40 We can tell a lot through a patient’s saliva and what ratio and types of bacteria are there, as well as fungus and viruses and things as well.
    0:46:55 So if you have the capability, if you really want to optimize your health, I suggest testing your oral microbiome because there are certain keystone pathogens that you may have that you’re unaware of that can lead to many downstream issues.
    0:47:18 And we can jump into this now, but the oral systemic connection is really blowing up now and how oral bacteria, specifically pathogens, can contribute to Alzheimer’s and dementia and fertility issues, pregnancy issues, cardiovascular issues, autoimmune disease, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, obesity, mood disorders, cancers.
    0:47:22 It goes on, it goes on and on, all coming back to the bacteria in our mouth.
    0:47:22 Amazing.
    0:47:28 I really want to not just double click, but really dive into that, no pun intended.
    0:47:35 I do want to just ask because a subset of listeners will be interested in how they could get their saliva tested.
    0:47:36 Yes.
    0:47:37 I’ve never had my saliva tested.
    0:47:49 I will say that based on your teachings online, I’ve made an effort to drink more water in addition to massive amounts of yerba mate and small amounts of coffee.
    0:47:58 I’ve made an effort to, well, I switched to a hydroxyapatite containing toothpaste, which has been terrific for all sorts of reasons.
    0:48:03 I’ve really emphasized nasal breathing.
    0:48:10 That’s something I was into before through the sports performance world because my friend Brian McKenzie, who’s a human performance expert, was really big on this a while ago.
    0:48:20 And the healthiest my breathing and cardiovascular function ever was for me was when something I don’t suggest people do unless it’s their profession.
    0:48:29 I was boxing for about a five-year span and I had a fitted mouthpiece and I would do my running, my road work with my mouthpiece and breathing through my nose.
    0:48:34 And that taught me to like really how to breathe correctly through my nose.
    0:48:37 And it translated to switching to nasal breathing when I slept.
    0:48:39 I didn’t sleep with the mouth guard in.
    0:48:47 But I think that breathing through the nose is just so important for the reasons you’re describing, James Nestor is described.
    0:48:53 And I will share this little factoid and then I’ll shut up and nasal breathe.
    0:49:03 A friend of mine who is a physician at UCSF, he told me that the methamphetamine addicts that come in have terrible teeth.
    0:49:04 Everyone knows this.
    0:49:05 Meth addicts have terrible teeth.
    0:49:07 But do you know why it is?
    0:49:08 He works with the School of Dentistry.
    0:49:09 It’s because they’re mouth breathing.
    0:49:12 I’ve worked with that population before.
    0:49:14 Meth doesn’t actually deteriorate the teeth.
    0:49:17 It’s the fact that they’re mouth breathers.
    0:49:19 And so I find this fascinating.
    0:49:26 And then, of course, the book Jaws, which was published by Paul Ehrlich and Sandra Kahn, my amazing colleagues at Stanford, years ago.
    0:49:29 And by the way, when they published that book, people said, oh, this is pseudoscience.
    0:49:29 This is crazy.
    0:49:33 You’re saying nasal breathing epidemic of, you know, fear mongering.
    0:49:35 Well, we now know this is a real thing.
    0:49:36 It’s an epidemic.
    0:49:43 So how do you encourage kids and adults to switch from mouth breathing to nasal breathing?
    0:49:44 Yes.
    0:49:46 This is a big part of my practice.
    0:49:51 So we need to understand the why, just like anything.
    0:49:53 Why are you a mouth breather?
    0:49:59 So humans are obligate nasal breathers where we are meant to be breathing through our nose.
    0:50:02 Unfortunately, so many of us are mouth breathers.
    0:50:06 They estimate up to 50% of the population now breathes through their mouth.
    0:50:10 I personally think that’s an underestimate with what I’m seeing at my practice.
    0:50:13 So why is this?
    0:50:23 So the theory is that ancestrally, we used to chew and masticate up to four hours a day.
    0:50:28 This act of chewing, it pushes, forces out.
    0:50:32 It was actually what grows the face, the lateralization of the tongue, the tongue elevating.
    0:50:37 It would grow the jaws wide, the sinuses wide, including breastfeeding.
    0:50:37 Okay.
    0:50:41 We now flash forward 10, 12,000 years.
    0:50:42 Okay.
    0:50:44 So we had the agricultural revolution.
    0:50:47 We went from hunter-gatherer society to agrarian.
    0:50:49 Then the industrial revolution.
    0:50:51 We started milling and processing everything.
    0:50:53 Everything’s soft and mushy now.
    0:50:55 We used to chew four hours a day.
    0:50:57 We now chew four minutes a day.
    0:50:59 So there’s very little.
    0:51:01 There’s atrophy, essentially.
    0:51:02 We slurp our food.
    0:51:03 We slurp our food.
    0:51:04 It’s like that movie.
    0:51:06 What was that futuristic movie with the little robot?
    0:51:08 I hated that movie.
    0:51:09 Oh, I cried during that movie.
    0:51:10 I hated that movie.
    0:51:12 I was so worried that it was true.
    0:51:13 And here we are.
    0:51:15 Yeah, they’re slurping their food, lying on recliners.
    0:51:15 Here we are.
    0:51:17 They’ve outsourced pretty much everything.
    0:51:18 Yes, yes.
    0:51:23 So this is many generations of this happening.
    0:51:25 We’re essentially shrinking.
    0:51:29 James Nestor phrases it, we’re dis-evolving.
    0:51:31 Okay, so faces are shrinking.
    0:51:32 Jaws are shrinking.
    0:51:35 This is why we see so much crowding in teeth.
    0:51:39 If you go to the Natural History Museum in New York, Washington, D.C.,
    0:51:41 look at the ancestral skulls.
    0:51:43 The teeth are pristine.
    0:51:44 There’s no decay.
    0:51:50 And all 32 teeth, including the wisdom teeth, fit perfectly into the dental arches.
    0:51:55 So that was not that long ago in human, you know, our trajectory.
    0:51:56 So what has happened?
    0:51:57 It’s our food.
    0:51:58 It’s how we’re chewing.
    0:52:00 It’s how we’re breathing.
    0:52:06 And so if this structure shrinks, the nasal volume shrinks, the sinuses shrink, the airway shrinks,
    0:52:09 our tongue has no room in our mouth anymore.
    0:52:14 So it either sticks out, tongue thrust, or it falls back, you know, and it’s obstructing
    0:52:15 us.
    0:52:22 So there’s so much sleep disordered breathing, dysregulated breathing, and sleep apnea now that’s
    0:52:23 not getting diagnosed.
    0:52:30 So if we look at children early and they come into me and I can see it as they walk in, they
    0:52:35 generally will have forward head posture because they’re trying to open their airway, okay?
    0:52:37 Forward head posture.
    0:52:38 They have dark circles.
    0:52:40 That’s called venous pooling.
    0:52:42 That’s a sign of inflammation secondary to mouth breathing.
    0:52:46 You can see more of the whites of their eyes.
    0:52:48 So it has to do with their visual plane.
    0:52:54 So forward head posture, the droopy eyes from inflammation, you see more of the sclera, the
    0:52:55 white of the eye.
    0:52:57 They just look congested and sick.
    0:52:59 They just, and their mouth’s open.
    0:53:03 And those kids have major airway issues, and we need to understand why.
    0:53:09 So it is generally either a hard tissue issue or a soft tissue issue.
    0:53:11 So what would the hard tissue issues be?
    0:53:18 That would be the size and shape of the jaws, the size and shape of the palate, the position
    0:53:19 of the jaws.
    0:53:21 You know, is your jaw set back?
    0:53:23 Is it forward like a bulldog?
    0:53:27 And do you have a deviated septum?
    0:53:34 You know, they estimate 75% of humans can have some sort of deviated septum, and people think
    0:53:35 that’s ridiculous.
    0:53:38 It’s not just from getting in a fight and getting your nose broken.
    0:53:40 So think of it this way.
    0:53:46 If your palate is narrow, and I smushed your face like this, the septum has to go somewhere,
    0:53:48 and so it will can’t.
    0:53:48 Okay?
    0:53:51 So that’s what creates the deviated septum.
    0:53:57 And so if we expand a face, and this is what early functional orthodontists, and this is
    0:54:01 what I’m doing in my practice, are doing in these younger kids, you put in a little retainer
    0:54:06 that can help expand the face, and the septum straightens, and now we can breathe better.
    0:54:07 So that’s hard tissue.
    0:54:15 Soft tissues could be enlarged adenoids, enlarged tonsils, oral motor dysfunction, low tongue
    0:54:18 tone, low tongue positioning too.
    0:54:21 How much plasticity is there of the sinuses?
    0:54:28 So let’s say somebody has a partially or severely deviated septum, and they could get surgery,
    0:54:30 and I want to talk about some of the different surgeries.
    0:54:35 There’s a balloon expansion thing that online, it looks really cool.
    0:54:36 I want to try this.
    0:54:38 I really want this to happen to myself.
    0:54:41 Yeah, they put the balloon up there, they inflate the balloon.
    0:54:43 When it’s guided, they do when it’s guided.
    0:54:46 Yeah, they numb it, and then they take it out, and the, you know, this kind of thing.
    0:54:50 Well, this is actually the appropriate way to do it, both in and out through the nose.
    0:54:58 But if somebody makes the effort to nasal breathe, so maybe they mouth tape at night, or I’m a big
    0:55:05 fan of shifting from any mouth breathing to nasal breathing by insisting that I nasal breathe
    0:55:09 while I do any cardio, unless I’m pushing really hard, and then I need to bring mouth breathing
    0:55:10 into it.
    0:55:14 But I’ve noticed just because I can measure snoring through, I sleep on an eight sleep, I
    0:55:15 can measure snoring that way.
    0:55:18 But even if you don’t do that, there are other ways you can measure snoring with an app, or
    0:55:20 someone can tell you you’re snoring.
    0:55:22 So this isn’t about a product per se.
    0:55:28 But if I force myself to nasal breathe during cardio workouts, especially kind of zone two,
    0:55:33 zone three stuff, translates to less mouth breathing and snoring and sleep.
    0:55:38 So the question is, do the sinuses actually dilate?
    0:55:42 Or if you have a deviated septum, do you need it surgically or somehow otherwise repaired?
    0:55:43 It depends on your age.
    0:55:47 So most facial development is done around the age of 10.
    0:55:52 So the issue, I would say, with traditional orthodontics, which is when you wait for all
    0:55:59 the baby teeth to fall out and then you put braces on, you can’t control the modeling of
    0:56:06 the face, the mid-face, the jaws, which is why we now are starting with functional therapies
    0:56:09 as young as three or four years old with retainers.
    0:56:13 So in the middle of our palate is a suture filled with cartilage.
    0:56:17 And so with kids, it’s really easy to manipulate and change facial development.
    0:56:23 If you make the jaws wider, not only is it improving airway, but the teeth will come in straight.
    0:56:24 Now they have room.
    0:56:28 The reason they come in crooked is there’s not enough room for them to come in.
    0:56:33 It’s important to know the floor of the mouth, the roof, sorry, the roof of the mouth is the
    0:56:34 floor of the nose.
    0:56:39 So if you expand the palate, the sinuses will get wider.
    0:56:41 The septum is going to upright.
    0:56:42 Everything’s connected.
    0:56:51 Now, as an adult, it’s really hard to manipulate bone structure just through posturing and habit.
    0:56:56 There are myofunctional therapists, which they’re the best, and they’re really important in this
    0:56:57 conversation.
    0:57:03 Think of them like physical therapists for breathing, teaching you to keep your lips closed,
    0:57:04 your tongue up.
    0:57:07 All of this musculature is really important.
    0:57:08 Toning it.
    0:57:10 If you don’t use it, you lose it.
    0:57:13 So if you’re a mouth breather, your tongue will lay low.
    0:57:14 Your tongue’s a muscle.
    0:57:15 It will get weak.
    0:57:16 It will get flaccid.
    0:57:21 So we want to strengthen these muscles to help with lip seal and nasal breathing.
    0:57:27 But as an adult, if you do have a skeletal discrepancy, usually you need some sort of
    0:57:28 intervention.
    0:57:34 You’re not going to just be changing it through lip taping or how you’re training or myofunctional
    0:57:34 therapy.
    0:57:39 And there are more conservative ways now besides true jaw surgery.
    0:57:44 There’s an appliance called the homeoblock, which I know is what James Nestor used.
    0:57:48 You can read about it in his book that will actually start to change facial structure.
    0:57:51 There’s less invasive treatments.
    0:57:52 There’s an MSC appliance.
    0:57:56 It’s a maxillary skeletal expansion device.
    0:58:01 It does put these little mini screws in your palate, but it will pop the suture.
    0:58:06 And adults in this is, you really would have to want this because you’re struggling so much
    0:58:10 and people who aren’t breathing well, they’re struggling.
    0:58:15 I think it’s, it’s the most important thing for health is how you’re breathing and how you’re
    0:58:15 sleeping.
    0:58:20 And with children, if they’re not breathing appropriately and they’re waking up a lot,
    0:58:25 which is why it would be interesting to get some sort of product on you.
    0:58:25 I’m just curious.
    0:58:28 Do you get into deep sleep?
    0:58:29 Do you get into REM sleep?
    0:58:29 I do.
    0:58:30 And for great.
    0:58:30 Yeah.
    0:58:34 I’m measuring deep sleep and REM sleep through the eight sleep or whoop or both.
    0:58:42 My deep sleep is great, provided I get to sleep by about 10, 1030, because that’s when you capture
    0:58:45 the deep, when I capture the deep sleep window.
    0:58:49 If I go to sleep around 11 or midnight, I lose out on some deep sleep, even if I sleep longer.
    0:58:49 Yes.
    0:58:52 And my REM sleep’s really solid these days.
    0:58:52 Yeah.
    0:59:00 I’m struck by how convincing the data are about nasal breathing, improving brain function.
    0:59:04 There were a couple of studies that showed that if people either mouth breathe or nasal breathe
    0:59:09 in a laboratory study, the nasal breathers have better memory recall.
    0:59:11 But those were of odors.
    0:59:15 So everyone said, well, okay, of course it’s of odors and you’re breathing through your nose.
    0:59:16 And so you can remember those odors.
    0:59:19 So they’ve now run these studies on with other types of memory and brain function.
    0:59:24 And it’s just very clear that you oxygenate your brain better and you think better.
    0:59:24 Your cognition’s better.
    0:59:26 Your memory’s better for everything, not just odors.
    0:59:30 So you get 20% more oxygen when you nasal breathe.
    0:59:34 And this is really important for children in these formative years of brain development.
    0:59:41 And this is why we’re seeing studies showing that children who mouth breathe have sleep disorder
    0:59:42 breathing.
    0:59:49 They have behavioral issues and many are getting diagnosed with ADHD and arguably potentially
    0:59:55 put on medications when really if we’d screened them for airway issues, potentially we could
    0:59:57 have avoided some of this.
    1:00:00 And it also has to do, we’re not getting into deep sleep.
    1:00:02 The glymphatic system’s not kicking in.
    1:00:04 Hormone function’s not kicking in.
    1:00:08 So a lot of these children, growth hormone is impaired.
    1:00:13 Antidiuretic hormone is impaired if they’re not getting into deep restorative sleep.
    1:00:14 So that’s just why we see bedwetting.
    1:00:21 Some signs to look for in your partner or your children is tossing and turning, clenching,
    1:00:23 grinding, snoring or noisy breathing.
    1:00:28 Sleeping in really odd positions like craning the neck because they’re trying to open their
    1:00:29 airway.
    1:00:30 Spinning around the bed.
    1:00:35 You know, the child’s legs are in and the body’s like out of the bed.
    1:00:36 The bedsheets are everywhere.
    1:00:40 And then certainly waking up unrested and then noticing behavioral issues too.
    1:00:46 Well, all you have to do to convince the male half of the audience to focus more on nasal
    1:00:52 breathing is to tell them and to not use mouthwashes is to tell them that being a mouth breather will
    1:01:01 give them sexual dysfunction or will predispose them to sexual dysfunction and they’ll start
    1:01:02 working on their nasal breathing.
    1:01:03 Because of nitric oxide.
    1:01:04 Because of nitric oxide.
    1:01:08 So the paranasal sinuses is what will help produce nitric oxide too.
    1:01:12 So if you’re breathing through your mouth, not your nose, you’re not getting enough nitric oxide, which is very
    1:01:13 important in sexual health.
    1:01:20 But also we know men who have gum disease are 2.85 times more likely to have erectile dysfunction
    1:01:21 as well.
    1:01:21 Wow.
    1:01:22 So.
    1:01:23 So no bleeding gums.
    1:01:27 We do not want inflamed bleeding gums.
    1:01:33 Flossing is something we haven’t touched upon yet, but it’s incredibly important not only for
    1:01:34 cavity prevention, but gum health.
    1:01:40 And pink in the sink, any amount of bleeding is a sign of inflammation and it doesn’t just stay
    1:01:41 in the body.
    1:01:42 It can impact the entire system.
    1:01:49 So please take your gum health seriously, if for nothing else, and for your sexual health.
    1:01:51 Great message.
    1:01:56 So to shift over to nasal breathing, if somebody’s really struggling with this, are you a fan of
    1:01:57 mouth taping?
    1:01:57 Yeah.
    1:02:01 You want to make sure you can do so safely.
    1:02:08 So with kids, I always suggest they get screened by an airway-focused dentist or potentially an
    1:02:10 otolaryngologist or an ENT.
    1:02:13 For adults, there is a test that you can do.
    1:02:16 It’s the three-minute test.
    1:02:22 Can you breathe through your nose without panicking or feeling sympathetically challenged for three
    1:02:23 minutes?
    1:02:28 So you can either put water in your mouth, put a piece of paper, tape your lips, and literally
    1:02:29 time yourself.
    1:02:35 And if you can breathe through your nose successfully, then you, in theory, can safely lip tape.
    1:02:44 There are different tapes that you can do that are open in the middle so you can still off-gas or it feels less invasive.
    1:02:50 And what I suggest if people are interested in it is just start five minutes while you’re chopping
    1:02:55 vegetables for dinner and then move up to 30 minutes while you’re watching a show and then watch a whole
    1:02:57 movie for two hours.
    1:03:01 And then if you’ve been able to tape that long, you can do so at night as well.
    1:03:06 I will tell you, it is one of the top things that I have done to improve my health.
    1:03:10 And I do see it with my wearables and my sleep data.
    1:03:15 Recently, I had the privilege of giving a talk at Stanford with Renee Fleming.
    1:03:18 It’s like one of the world’s greatest opera singers alive today.
    1:03:20 And I said, well, what are some things that you do for your breathing?
    1:03:22 Because I ended up talking a lot for the podcast.
    1:03:26 And she gave me some lung and diaphragm strengthening exercises.
    1:03:34 But then the one that she suggested for emphasizing nasal breathing, because there’s a lot of nasal
    1:03:40 breathing that’s done quickly and subtly in order to maintain air pressure in the lungs and for her
    1:03:45 craft, which I know very little about, but is instead of like doing weight training for the neck,
    1:03:46 it’s kind of a fun one.
    1:03:51 It doesn’t make the neck big, so people who don’t want a larger neck will appreciate that.
    1:03:56 But to exercise the internal muscles of the neck, and the way you do this is something called kiss the sky.
    1:03:59 The boxers will actually know this, the old school boxers.
    1:04:02 It looks ridiculous, but I’ll do it because I look ridiculous on this podcast all the time intentionally.
    1:04:09 So you look up at the sky and you pucker like you were a puffer fish for 15 seconds per side.
    1:04:10 Interesting.
    1:04:16 And she said it builds the strength and the neural control over the internal muscles of the neck.
    1:04:21 So again, no widening or thickening of the neck, but on the inside, and it makes it much easier
    1:04:23 to take deep breaths through your nose.
    1:04:27 It probably increases the amount of resistance so that you can fill your lungs more easily.
    1:04:30 So I’ve been doing a little bit of like kiss the sky and it looks completely ridiculous.
    1:04:31 It’s kind of a yoga move too.
    1:04:31 Yeah.
    1:04:36 And you’re just like really like lip smack as if you’re going to kiss the sky from side
    1:04:40 to side, 15 seconds per side, a couple times per day, or just whenever you remember it.
    1:04:44 And I mean, her voice is amazing, like her speaking voice and her posture and everything.
    1:04:46 So I borrowed that one from her.
    1:04:52 You can do a lot to improve your airway health through breathing rehabilitation.
    1:04:57 So I think that is a big part that’s missing in these conversations with airway health.
    1:05:00 You know, we talk about, well, you need to see the airway trained dentist.
    1:05:04 You need to see the myofunctional therapist, the orthodontist, the ENT.
    1:05:05 That’s a lot.
    1:05:08 Just the scheduling of that alone makes me want to take a nap.
    1:05:09 But it is.
    1:05:11 It’s a lot to unpack airway issues.
    1:05:17 If parents are out there, there’s two books, three I’d recommend if you’re very interested
    1:05:22 in this since it impacts so many people, certainly Breath by James Nestor, Jaws, as you mentioned
    1:05:27 by Sondra Kahn, and Sleep Wrecked Kids by Sharon Moore, if you’re a parent.
    1:05:28 What’s the title again?
    1:05:30 Sleep Wrecked Kids.
    1:05:33 Sleep Wrecked, W-R-E-C-K.
    1:05:34 Yes, by Sharon Moore.
    1:05:40 So it will just help you screen and understand why we’re worried about these things more.
    1:05:46 But, yeah, we can’t overemphasize airway health, especially in our children.
    1:05:49 You know, and catching it early and intervening early is really important.
    1:05:50 Great.
    1:05:58 In trying to maintain airway health and healthy saliva, and now I’m obsessed with saliva.
    1:06:00 It’s like, cool, it’s got all this stuff in it.
    1:06:02 I was thinking it’s just like we know blood has all these goodies in it.
    1:06:04 We test blood.
    1:06:06 We know skin microbiome.
    1:06:10 We know that, you know, women go to an OBGYN.
    1:06:11 They get pap smears.
    1:06:17 They get a, you know, I mean, we know if you’ve ever raised a kid or changed diapers, you can
    1:06:21 tell a lot about somebody’s health by the fluids that they emit and that they have within them.
    1:06:24 I’d like to place saliva on the list of critical things to pay attention to.
    1:06:31 But chewing gum, is this good for our breathing and for our saliva or not?
    1:06:38 I’m not a big gum chewer, but is it good, bad, neutral?
    1:06:42 Yeah, I think it’s time and place can be very beneficial.
    1:06:51 So where I like it is if, because I will say, hey, parents, you really need to avoid crackers
    1:06:52 and chips and granola bars.
    1:06:54 And they say, what do I feed my kid?
    1:07:01 You know, so if we’ve missed the window of how to introduce food to children or they just
    1:07:05 favor those type of foods, what’s your good strategy if you’re out on the go to minimize
    1:07:08 decay risk and increase salivary health?
    1:07:15 Chew some gum, particularly xylitol gum, because xylitol will inhibit bacterial proliferation.
    1:07:20 It will reduce strep mutans, which is the bacteria that causes cavities.
    1:07:22 Big fan of xylitol.
    1:07:27 So offering a piece of xylitol gum after an exposure to some of these snack foods, these
    1:07:29 fermentable carbohydrates is great.
    1:07:30 It will loosen the food.
    1:07:32 It will increase salivary health.
    1:07:37 Some people like it to strengthen, you know, mastic gum.
    1:07:38 I always get asked about that.
    1:07:40 You can overdo it.
    1:07:44 You know, I worry about temple mandibular dysfunction.
    1:07:46 I had a bad experience with mastic gum.
    1:07:47 I was buying it.
    1:07:50 I love the kind of the primordial aspect of it.
    1:07:53 It’s like a tree sap that you chew on.
    1:07:57 It comes in this beautiful paper package and, you know, no plastics or anything.
    1:08:00 You get it going in there and you feel like you’re really like working it the same way
    1:08:02 my bulldog Costello would like work.
    1:08:06 He stood like teeth on like bricks and like he was just, and you feel great.
    1:08:10 And then all of a sudden you’d go and your jaw would kind of stick and then, and then later
    1:08:12 you’re like, whoa, like my jaw really hurts.
    1:08:14 Or you feel something pop up in your joint.
    1:08:14 Feel something pop.
    1:08:20 And yeah, it’ll give you that, you know, these days the, the, the young influencers are so
    1:08:20 obsessed by this.
    1:08:24 It’ll give you a little bit of a golf ball, um, hypertrophy of your jaw.
    1:08:25 That’s not why I was doing it.
    1:08:28 But, um, but boy, does it make your jaw feel sore.
    1:08:28 Yeah.
    1:08:29 Yeah.
    1:08:30 I’m not a big fan.
    1:08:31 I like to just explain it.
    1:08:33 Think of a baseball pitcher.
    1:08:38 They’re, I mean, how many of them go on the disabled list because they’re overusing their
    1:08:42 shoulder, which it’s a similar joint, you know, rotation.
    1:08:46 If you’re chew, we’re only meant to chew really for sustenance.
    1:08:48 That’s how we were evolved.
    1:08:53 So if you’re chewing gum all day, it’s, it’s very likely wearing down the cartilage in your
    1:08:54 joint.
    1:08:56 So I’m not a huge fan of it.
    1:08:59 I just personally don’t love gum chewing, but I think time and place too.
    1:09:05 So especially from a cavity standpoint or, um, hydration, you know, increasing salivary
    1:09:09 flow, but just, I would just chew it for a couple of minutes, throw it out.
    1:09:11 You don’t need to be chewing it for an extended period of time.
    1:09:13 But chewing food is good.
    1:09:13 Yes.
    1:09:14 Yes.
    1:09:15 Thank you.
    1:09:22 So the issue, as we mentioned is, you know, we are slurping and smushing our food.
    1:09:28 I don’t, but I don’t, to me, almond butter is like never existed in, in nature.
    1:09:31 Like the idea that you would take like, I mean, almonds are so delicious.
    1:09:32 Right.
    1:09:35 But that you would like, like grind them up and put them into a paste.
    1:09:37 Like to me, the texture is so aversive.
    1:09:39 Well, you do that in your mouth.
    1:09:41 You’re supposed to do that through chewing.
    1:09:45 Just the fact that like your peanut butter, like to me, these things make no sense whatsoever.
    1:09:48 It’s go-gurts and apple sauces and fruit snacks.
    1:09:49 Baby food.
    1:09:50 Baby food.
    1:09:50 Exactly.
    1:09:52 It’s for animals and people without teeth.
    1:09:52 Exactly.
    1:09:56 So I’m not advocating that one camp or the other, there can be a mix, but you know,
    1:10:02 there’s, there’s blended food that’s offered, or you can do more of a baby led weaning, which
    1:10:03 is eating more real foods.
    1:10:05 Obviously, please be smart about this.
    1:10:07 Don’t get choking hazards to your children.
    1:10:13 There’s a lot of information out there that you can look on how to safely prepare food for
    1:10:14 your child.
    1:10:17 But chewing is incredibly important for facial development.
    1:10:21 Well, I was thinking for adults, I was kind of making fun of the fact that adults are
    1:10:22 eating like kids.
    1:10:23 Wow.
    1:10:25 Like they’re like slurping their food and they’re like-
    1:10:27 Chicken nuggets and french fries.
    1:10:29 And yeah, we need to chew.
    1:10:31 When really asked, what’s gone on with the airway?
    1:10:33 Why does everyone, why are faces shrinking?
    1:10:33 It’s chewing.
    1:10:34 We’ve lost chewing.
    1:10:37 And then arguably breastfeeding too.
    1:10:39 We’ve moved away from exclusively breastfeeding too.
    1:10:41 What are the numbers on that?
    1:10:42 I don’t know the numbers on that.
    1:10:44 How many people, I don’t know either.
    1:10:45 I don’t know.
    1:10:46 But it’s certainly down.
    1:10:48 I think it’s making a resurgence.
    1:10:50 And a lot of people, though, are doing a blend.
    1:10:53 You know, we do what we need to do.
    1:10:54 I mean, a lot of women are working.
    1:11:01 And so it’s important to know if you’re not able to breastfeed or it doesn’t resonate with
    1:11:05 you or you are working and having a pump, that there are fixes, okay?
    1:11:11 So this isn’t dire, but just working with someone to catch these issues early.
    1:11:15 And also, unfortunately, even if we’re doing all the things correctly, introducing hard foods,
    1:11:19 our child’s chewing and they’re nasal breathing and we’re breastfeeding.
    1:11:24 It’s hard to combat generations and generations of disevolution, essentially.
    1:11:26 So a lot of humans are needing intervention now.
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    1:13:24 Earlier, you mentioned the many different systems and diseases of the body that the oral microbiome
    1:13:26 has been directly linked to.
    1:13:31 I would say in science and medicine, there are direct effects, like this mediates that, and
    1:13:32 then there are indirect effects.
    1:13:37 You know, like if a fire alarm goes off in the middle of the night, your sleep isn’t good,
    1:13:39 but fire alarms don’t regulate sleep.
    1:13:41 They just can modulate your sleep.
    1:13:47 But my understanding, and I’m not deep in this literature, but my understanding is that we
    1:13:55 now have fairly conclusive evidence that certain bacteria from the mouth make its way to the
    1:14:03 brain or heart or other tissues and directly increase either the occurrence or the susceptibility
    1:14:06 of dementia, cardiovascular disease.
    1:14:10 That this isn’t just a, you know, oh, you broke your ankle, so you move less, you move
    1:14:14 less, your heart gets less healthy, your heart gets less healthy, your brain gets less healthy.
    1:14:16 This is the kind of point I’m trying to make.
    1:14:21 But that there’s, but that the bacteria in our mouth, bad bacteria, can cause real problems
    1:14:22 for the brain and heart.
    1:14:23 Yes.
    1:14:24 And many other systems too.
    1:14:26 So much research.
    1:14:34 So they’re finding 57 diseases are linked back to oral dysbiosis or oral pathogens, which
    1:14:35 is quite a lot.
    1:14:39 And different species can affect different parts of the body.
    1:14:42 So what does this all come down to?
    1:14:43 It comes down to gum disease.
    1:14:49 So it’s important to note about 80% of the global population suffers from some sort of
    1:14:50 gum disease.
    1:14:52 That’s huge, you know.
    1:15:00 And about 10% of the population will have severe periodontal disease, which is chronic bone loss,
    1:15:01 tissue loss.
    1:15:03 And this is where we get tooth loss too.
    1:15:08 So gum, it’s a, it’s sort of a continuum, but these all have one thing in common is the
    1:15:11 type of bacterial species that live in our mouths.
    1:15:16 And when they get out of balance, so there’s something called the red complex, this, these
    1:15:23 are the five bacteria that most influence gum disease and dysbiosis that can affect the
    1:15:24 heart and other organ systems.
    1:15:34 The big contenders, P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum, T. denticola, there’s AA, and then strep mutans
    1:15:38 too, is, can affect the heart as well.
    1:15:44 But why do these bugs, how do they get where, where these other organ systems are and what
    1:15:44 are they doing?
    1:15:47 So I like to term this leaky gums.
    1:15:49 So we’ve all heard leaky guts.
    1:15:57 So let’s say we’re just in dysbiosis and probably because maybe our oral hygiene isn’t the best
    1:15:59 as well as some other things.
    1:16:00 So we’re not flossing, let’s say.
    1:16:02 And our gums bleed.
    1:16:03 Okay.
    1:16:04 That’s a sign of inflammation.
    1:16:11 But you’ve now have created a vector, an opening in the skin, in the mucosa, where bacteria
    1:16:16 can get into the circulatory system, catch a free ride and end up in places they shouldn’t
    1:16:16 be.
    1:16:18 And that creates an immune response.
    1:16:20 So an inflammation.
    1:16:21 Okay.
    1:16:24 And then also these bacteria release endotoxins.
    1:16:25 Okay.
    1:16:28 They can create cytokine storms, all kinds of things.
    1:16:32 So the body doesn’t like these bacteria to end up where they shouldn’t.
    1:16:38 So heart disease, for example, if you have gum disease, you’re twice as likely, two times
    1:16:40 as likely to have cardiovascular issues.
    1:16:44 If you have gum disease, you’re three times more likely to have stroke.
    1:16:51 A lot of this is correlative, not quite causal yet, but some of these are looking to have
    1:16:54 more influence than others and there’s more research that’s needed.
    1:16:57 Fertility is a big one that I like to speak about.
    1:17:04 So women who have gum disease can take two months longer to get pregnant and to conceive.
    1:17:11 And there are studies that show in couples that can’t conceive that 90% of the men show some
    1:17:12 sign of gum disease.
    1:17:19 And once they go in and get it treated, then their fertility conception improves by 70%.
    1:17:21 That’s significant, you know.
    1:17:24 And it’s not only gum disease, but just any oral infection.
    1:17:29 P. gingivalis is being linked to Alzheimer’s and dementia.
    1:17:31 You know, these bacteria end up in the brain.
    1:17:37 They cross the blood-brain barrier and they create amyloid plaques and inflammation in the brain.
    1:17:39 And so there have been studies, many studies now.
    1:17:44 One big one was out of Harvard, where they sampled the cerebral spinal fluid in the brains
    1:17:50 and saw that in these plaques, they had P. gingivalis of almost 100% of the patients.
    1:17:55 And when they tested them against other patients who had passed away without dementia or Alzheimer’s,
    1:17:57 they didn’t see any P. gingivalis.
    1:18:03 So there’s a lot of association and links right now that we need more research on.
    1:18:05 The other to be aware of is cancer.
    1:18:08 And this is why I love people to consider oral microbiome testing.
    1:18:16 I personally have a friend who we tested her oral microbiome and she was through the roof with F nucleatum.
    1:18:18 Pretty asymptomatic otherwise.
    1:18:26 But F nucleatum is linked to increased risk of pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, and colorectal cancer.
    1:18:29 I mean, we swallow 2,000 times a day.
    1:18:36 And we know some of these bugs, these bacteria, they can live through the stomach acid and make their way down into the gut.
    1:18:42 Pancreatic cancer is, sorry to interrupt, I must say I’ve had a couple friends die of pancreatic cancer.
    1:18:47 And while I wouldn’t want any cancer, that’s the one that I really wouldn’t want because so many of them are deadly.
    1:18:50 I have someone really close to me dealing with it right now.
    1:18:54 He actually just had his pancreas removed prophylactically because it was pre-cancerous.
    1:18:55 The Whipple procedure.
    1:18:56 Yeah.
    1:18:58 If they catch it early enough, it goes anterior to posterior.
    1:19:04 And if you catch it early enough, they can lop off the anterior portion, the Whipple procedure as it’s called.
    1:19:13 But even a colleague of mine, a brilliant bioengineer a few years ago who had the Whipple done and he was progressing well.
    1:19:16 And then he passed away about a year and a half ago.
    1:19:21 Yeah, pancreatic cancer is no joke.
    1:19:26 And so if you could just test your spit, you know, it’s a simple test.
    1:19:34 And I can give some of the tests that I like in the show notes, but you just spit into this little vial and mail it off.
    1:19:36 And then they send back your results with you.
    1:19:37 I mean, that’s pretty amazing.
    1:19:41 You do need to find a dentist who can then guide you.
    1:19:42 What do you do with this information?
    1:19:45 A lot of these pathogens, they do need antibiotics.
    1:19:47 They’re very virulent.
    1:19:48 They’re spirochetes.
    1:19:53 So they’re corkscrew shaped and they can just impregnate and wedge into tissue.
    1:19:57 And so sometimes we really do need to be pretty heavy hitting with how we treat them.
    1:20:00 What kind of antibiotics are used to treat these things?
    1:20:04 It’s usually an amoxicillin type of blend that they’ll use.
    1:20:09 Okay, radical idea that’s going to get me in trouble with my more natural health audience.
    1:20:11 But I speak to those.
    1:20:13 Are there more pharmaceutical?
    1:20:31 What is the argument against once every three years as a healthy adult doing a round of antibiotics to kill off unhealthy bacteria, replenishing the microbiome in various tissues?
    1:20:32 Just preventatively?
    1:20:37 Yeah, just preventative, like kill off what might be living in the mouth, like kill off what might be living in the prostate.
    1:20:42 I learned recently that, you know, the prostate doesn’t have the same sort of immune system protection.
    1:20:51 And so a lot of men, you know, while they don’t have UTIs, they have a prostitus and they basically just need to do a 21-day or 31-day round of antibiotics.
    1:20:53 And everyone will be like, oh, you’re spreading MRSAs with that or something.
    1:21:00 But you can protect against a number of different cancers related to the prostate and things like that.
    1:21:02 Why don’t we do this as a regular practice?
    1:21:10 Like every three years or so, you just kind of hit the system hard for about a week, kill off a bunch of bad stuff and a bunch of good stuff, and then replenish the good stuff.
    1:21:11 Yeah, it’s a good question.
    1:21:17 I mean, I think it’s harder to repopulate the gut and the oral microbiome than one might think.
    1:21:20 I’d like a less is more approach.
    1:21:25 I think there’s better ways to kill off bad things, like ozone therapy is being used a lot.
    1:21:26 I use ozone in my office.
    1:21:28 Tell me more about ozone.
    1:21:31 So ozone, it’s O3, okay?
    1:21:33 So it’s a very unstable molecule.
    1:21:35 I use it in gas form or water.
    1:21:37 You can use it as an oil.
    1:21:42 It’s carried usually in olive oil or hemp oil or flax oil.
    1:21:47 And so it’s antimicrobial, it’s antiviral, it’s antifungal.
    1:22:00 And so what I’d use it for is to treat gum disease and periodontal pathogens, but then also under fillings or under sealants or if I’m doing a pulpotomy or kind of a root canal procedure.
    1:22:04 Because otherwise, we’re just blasting water everywhere.
    1:22:06 Wait, so is this oil pulling?
    1:22:07 This is the basis of…
    1:22:08 I use it as a gas.
    1:22:11 It comes out of a machine and I use it in a wand as a gas.
    1:22:12 Okay.
    1:22:13 Very localized.
    1:22:14 I got to try this.
    1:22:21 But what’s the deal with people swishing olive oil and oil pulling?
    1:22:22 I know this is big in some of the…
    1:22:24 I don’t even know what to call it anymore.
    1:22:26 What used to be alternative and it’s now mainstream?
    1:22:28 It sounds like music in the 90s, right?
    1:22:30 Indie medicine is now mainstream.
    1:22:32 They sold out, right?
    1:22:32 Yeah.
    1:22:35 I’m just joking, folks, but not really.
    1:22:42 There’s so many mimics between the health arena and kind of music and art.
    1:22:43 Yeah.
    1:22:44 It used to be niche.
    1:22:45 It becomes trendy and then it becomes mainstream.
    1:22:46 Everyone’s cool with it now.
    1:22:47 Yeah.
    1:22:50 Yoga, breath work, resistance training used to be niche.
    1:22:54 Swishing olive oil, spitting it out.
    1:22:56 Acupuncturists love this.
    1:23:00 Alternative medicine types like this.
    1:23:01 Is there any truth to it?
    1:23:02 Does it relate to ozone?
    1:23:03 It can.
    1:23:08 So you can find ozonated oils on the market for oil pulling.
    1:23:10 So this is an ancient Ayurvedic practice.
    1:23:14 Going back to ozone, though, just killing off mycotoxins and bacteria.
    1:23:22 This can get kind of controversial, but a lot of naturopaths will use gas ozone, either rectally or they’ll use the IV, too.
    1:23:24 You have to go to someone who knows what they’re doing.
    1:23:25 Rectal ozone.
    1:23:26 Yes.
    1:23:28 To get all the way up to the oral microbiome?
    1:23:33 No, it would affect more like the gut area, the pancreas, the liver, et cetera.
    1:23:34 Nothing shocks me anymore.
    1:23:38 It’s used a lot with mold elimination, mycotoxin elimination.
    1:23:44 You know, I get a lot of questions nowadays about mold toxicity, especially people in Austin.
    1:23:56 I don’t know if you know this, but, like, it’s either theory or real that lots of people who live in Austin or used to live in Austin think they have mold toxicity.
    1:23:58 Is it because of a lot of new building architecture?
    1:24:02 I don’t know if it’s like the heat-cold variation and the moisture.
    1:24:02 I don’t know.
    1:24:08 I don’t know if this is true or not, but, you know, the last thing you ever want to do is tell somebody who thinks they have something that they don’t.
    1:24:10 And I’m not saying they don’t.
    1:24:11 I just – I hear this a lot.
    1:24:16 I’ve known a number of people that have left the city of Austin because they couldn’t deal with the mold.
    1:24:16 Interesting.
    1:24:18 Molding can be scary.
    1:24:20 I mean, we see it affect the teeth.
    1:24:25 The teeth will just start degrading, too, in some of the kids who have tested really high in mycotoxins.
    1:24:26 So, rectal ozone.
    1:24:27 Yeah.
    1:24:28 Wild.
    1:24:30 Well, hey, listen, it’s the digestive tract.
    1:24:32 I mean, you know, we’re a health science podcast team.
    1:24:35 They can look it up on their own, but there are providers out there doing it.
    1:24:39 So, ozone can be great as an antimicrobial instead of an antibiotic.
    1:24:44 Now, going back to oil pulling, oil pulling is an ancient Ayurvedic practice.
    1:24:48 It used to be with sesame oil.
    1:24:50 More people do it with coconut oil now.
    1:24:53 I oil pull a couple times a week occasionally.
    1:24:54 So, what does that practice look like?
    1:25:02 So, I put a spoonful of organic raw coconut oil in my mouth, let it melt, and just swish it around as I’m, you know, dawdling around in the morning.
    1:25:02 Nasal breathing.
    1:25:03 Nasal breathing.
    1:25:04 Yeah.
    1:25:05 Don’t spit it into your sink.
    1:25:06 It will clog your sink.
    1:25:08 Spit it into the trash can.
    1:25:10 So, what is it doing?
    1:25:13 Well, it’s dislodging the biofilm as you’re swishing, okay?
    1:25:17 Lauric acid, which is in coconut oil, is antimicrobial.
    1:25:26 It can help with lymphatic stimulation and it has some anti-inflammatory properties, too.
    1:25:30 And a lot of people report it makes their teeth look brighter and whiter.
    1:25:31 I mean, you do have great teeth.
    1:25:33 Well, I’ll tell you the story why.
    1:25:36 I mean, it’s in your profession to have great teeth, but I walked in and I met you for the first time in person.
    1:25:38 I was like, wow, you have really, really nice teeth.
    1:25:39 They’re not real.
    1:25:40 I had facial trauma.
    1:25:42 Should we get into that?
    1:25:43 Yeah, let’s get into that.
    1:25:45 So, when I was 10, it’s why I became a dentist.
    1:25:54 When I was 10, I was trying to gain the attention of my older brother’s friends who were very into dirt biking and BMX biking.
    1:26:00 And we had just watched the movie Rad and I thought I would impress them.
    1:26:02 And they were all doing tricks out in the neighborhood.
    1:26:10 And long story short, I fell off my bike and landed on the asphalt in a vault and knocked out my teeth.
    1:26:11 And I broke my premaxilla.
    1:26:13 And you can see the scars still.
    1:26:15 But this is part of my story.
    1:26:16 And it’s why I became a dentist.
    1:26:21 Because I was in and out of dental offices and oral surgeons and orthodontists.
    1:26:23 And at the time, I was an art theater kid.
    1:26:25 I loved working with my hands.
    1:26:31 But as time went on, I thought, well, gosh, I don’t want to be sleeping on couches in New York City.
    1:26:33 I need to make sure I make a living.
    1:26:34 What am I going to do?
    1:26:36 And I really love science.
    1:26:38 And I thought, well, how do I work with my hands?
    1:26:38 And it was dentistry.
    1:26:42 And dentistry can be a little creative and artistic, too.
    1:26:45 So, these are not real.
    1:26:46 But thank you.
    1:26:47 Well, you’re welcome.
    1:26:49 And thanks for the full disclosure.
    1:26:50 They look very natural.
    1:26:50 Yeah.
    1:26:53 Unlike some people’s falsies, you know, or whatever.
    1:26:53 What do you call them?
    1:27:01 I call them falsies because I’ve got a tooth that was kind of chipped in half from getting hit, honestly.
    1:27:02 Dumb, you know.
    1:27:06 If you’re going to box, make sure you’re getting paid a lot of money.
    1:27:07 And you wear a mouth guard.
    1:27:08 Yeah, and wear a mouth guard.
    1:27:17 There are better martial arts where you can go full blast, like Brazilian jiu-jitsu, where you stand less of a chance of brain injury, let’s just say.
    1:27:20 So, as a neuroscientist, I can’t support boxing.
    1:27:21 But I remember the movie Rad.
    1:27:23 I remember the backflip at the end.
    1:27:24 I remember the whole thing.
    1:27:26 I think I was trying to do that.
    1:27:27 I don’t know what I was doing.
    1:27:29 Anyway, didn’t land it.
    1:27:30 Yeah.
    1:27:31 Didn’t land it.
    1:27:32 Well, you landed it, but on your face.
    1:27:33 So, this is a bridge.
    1:27:35 You can get implants.
    1:27:37 People have flippers.
    1:27:39 We were talking about hockey players earlier.
    1:27:44 You’ll see them flipping their flippers around with their fake teeth.
    1:27:46 So, a flipper is a retainer with fake teeth on it.
    1:27:48 There’s a lot of different things you can do.
    1:27:52 But what’s interesting, I was part of making my teeth.
    1:27:53 I sat in the lab and helped.
    1:27:58 So, I wanted them to look not quite as contrived, I suppose.
    1:27:59 Well, they look very natural.
    1:28:00 Yeah, thanks.
    1:28:06 And today, we’re learning all the ways in which teeth are just part of this whole ecosystem that’s so critical.
    1:28:16 I have to ask, and we will come back to some things related to avoiding really horrible diseases by way of taking better care of one’s oral health.
    1:28:18 Nicotine.
    1:28:30 These days, everyone knows or should know that smoking, vaping, dipping, and snuffing, and yes, I did say vaping, are all terrible for your health.
    1:28:35 The vapors will say it’s not carcinogenic, cancer-causing.
    1:28:41 And I’ll say, remains to be made really clear, but the whole popcorn lung thing is clearly problematic.
    1:28:45 But nicotine doesn’t cause cancer.
    1:28:47 It’s the delivery mechanism.
    1:28:48 Yes.
    1:29:12 But these days, a lot of people, realizing the cognitive enhancement, if you will, I don’t even like the phrase, the stimulant effect of nicotine, are using nicotine pouches in particular, gums, let’s set patches aside for the moment, and mints and things of that sort for the stimulant effect.
    1:29:20 It’s an unusual stimulant because it also relaxes oneself a little bit at the same time, so it’s kind of that, like, you know, that sweet spot.
    1:29:26 And I confess, I will occasionally take, you know, one or two milligrams, very low dose.
    1:29:31 Most pouches are anywhere from three to eight pouches, milligrams, rather.
    1:29:35 I’ll take, you know, like one to two milligrams of nicotine in the form of a gum.
    1:29:37 I’ll just chew it, you know, and then take it out.
    1:29:40 Nicotine is a vasoconstrictor.
    1:29:45 What does nicotine do to the oral microbiome?
    1:29:46 Are you going to make me quit nicotine?
    1:29:48 I don’t feel addicted, but every addict says that.
    1:29:52 The first step is admitting the issue.
    1:29:56 So I don’t want to villainize anything.
    1:29:57 No, you can villainize it.
    1:29:59 So I agree with you.
    1:30:05 I don’t think it’s the nicotine itself, but like the pouches, for example, are becoming very popular.
    1:30:07 So what else is in those?
    1:30:15 And there’s a really interesting case study that maybe we can link it for people to look at, and I’ll share it with you later.
    1:30:19 And then I have colleagues who are reporting this all throughout the globe.
    1:30:30 But their one brand in particular, it will have mannitol and maltodextrin in it, which are sugar alcohols and a different carbohydrate.
    1:30:32 And they market them as sugar-free.
    1:30:41 Well, products are allowed to have trace amounts of sugar still in the product, very small amount, and still be called sugar-free.
    1:30:48 And the issue with these products is the duration of action, the contact time.
    1:30:51 And you’re supposed to leave them in for 20 to 30 minutes.
    1:30:51 Am I correct?
    1:30:52 That’s right.
    1:31:01 So it’s quite a long time to have that up in the mucosa, along the bone, and along your teeth that potentially has some sugar in it.
    1:31:02 Okay.
    1:31:04 So it’s like if you’re sucking on a hard candy.
    1:31:10 But also we’re seeing changes to the cellular structure up in that area.
    1:31:15 So you can see leukoplakia, which is like white patching, which can be precancerous.
    1:31:18 So this is why I just like everyone to get checked out.
    1:31:21 And we are seeing bone loss and gum recession.
    1:31:27 Again, anytime you put anything into the mouth, it’s going to change and shift the microbiome.
    1:31:28 And that could be a filling.
    1:31:30 That could be a piece of gum.
    1:31:32 That could be a toothpick.
    1:31:36 Anything, you know, arguably besides neutral pH water.
    1:31:43 And so this case study, this gentleman was going in.
    1:31:45 I believe he was in his mid-50s.
    1:31:52 He started using these pouches and had always had very wonderful dental checkups with x-rays and went in regularly.
    1:31:54 And maybe he missed one appointment.
    1:32:00 And after 15 months of use, the x-rays are outrageous.
    1:32:05 He has rampant decay along the side where he had the pouch.
    1:32:09 Very likely from potentially that trace amount of sugar.
    1:32:11 The microbiome changes.
    1:32:15 I mean, it looked like mothball chunks taken out of his teeth and he lost some teeth.
    1:32:16 Wow.
    1:32:25 So this isn’t to scare people, but if you’re going to choose to use these, I just say know the risks and make sure you’re getting checked regularly at your dentist.
    1:32:27 Don’t just ghost your dentist.
    1:32:35 Because if they’re starting to see cellular changes, recession, or early decay, then you may say, gosh, I should really cut back on this.
    1:32:42 Or maybe if somebody is really adamant about taking nicotine, they should just take a milligram or two milligram pill of nicotine.
    1:32:43 Yeah.
    1:32:44 Or a patch.
    1:32:44 Right.
    1:32:46 You scared me with leukoplakia.
    1:32:51 Yeah, because growing up, we were all told, you know, no one really dips in Northern California.
    1:32:59 But, you know, like don’t dip because and then I saw these pictures of leukoplakia, jaw recession, and it’s pretty vile.
    1:33:03 And so you, the design to scare you, it scared me sufficiently.
    1:33:06 Certainly, I never wanted to chew tobacco anyway.
    1:33:08 But good to know.
    1:33:10 Coffee.
    1:33:13 Do I need to stop drinking coffee?
    1:33:14 Okay, thank you.
    1:33:15 You’re from Portland, after all.
    1:33:15 Yeah.
    1:33:17 How could I possibly say that?
    1:33:17 Okay.
    1:33:18 Yeah.
    1:33:18 Yeah.
    1:33:20 You wouldn’t be able to return home.
    1:33:20 Coffee’s great.
    1:33:26 I mean, it will dry out the mouth a bit, just counteract it with hydration, and it will stain your teeth.
    1:33:35 So go in regularly for cleanings, and you may want to, I mean, if that bothers you, there are ways to bleach your teeth or lighten your teeth.
    1:33:42 Hydroxy apatite’s a wonderful way to improve the brightness and whiteness of your teeth and oil pulling as well.
    1:33:46 Or you can use heavy hitter bleaches, too.
    1:33:47 Just don’t overdo it.
    1:33:49 Everybody’s overdoing everything now.
    1:33:53 And bleaching too much can damage your teeth.
    1:33:58 It can cause chemical harm to the pulp or the nerve over time.
    1:34:01 And some people will get spontaneous abscessing or need root canals.
    1:34:09 I mean, these are people who are really, like, bleaching all the time, the people who you need sunglasses to look at their teeth, and it’s just not really a natural aesthetic.
    1:34:13 But some people are into that, but just know what the risks are.
    1:34:14 That’s what I would say.
    1:34:25 The two things I’ve done in the last couple of years that have completely transformed my oral health, says my dentist, and how I feel are, first of all, I switched.
    1:34:29 A few years ago, I would say really about 14 months ago, I just said, that’s it.
    1:34:32 I’m not eating processed foods again.
    1:34:33 I’m just not going to do it.
    1:34:43 So I eat meat, fish, eggs, you know, fruits, vegetables, and I eat some rice, oatmeal, and a good sourdough bread, butter, olive oil.
    1:34:47 I just, which is not to say that I won’t have a slice of pizza someday, but I just, I was like, that’s it.
    1:34:48 Like, I’m kind of over it.
    1:34:49 49 years old.
    1:34:50 I’ve eaten enough of that stuff.
    1:34:51 I’m kind of, like, bored with it anyway.
    1:34:52 I hear you.
    1:34:55 And what was interesting is I used to get a lot of tartar buildup a lot.
    1:35:01 Um, despite brushing and flossing on the, um, what are the lower front teeth called?
    1:35:01 Incisors.
    1:35:02 Yeah.
    1:35:03 And it was, and they’d scrape it away.
    1:35:06 It’s a non-issue now.
    1:35:06 Interesting.
    1:35:07 Like, it’s completely gone.
    1:35:07 Yeah.
    1:35:11 So we have minor salivary glands on the floor of our mouth, and that is a commonplace.
    1:35:14 People will see calculus or tartars, those lower teeth.
    1:35:17 That’s where you’ll feel your hygienist scraping a lot.
    1:35:24 But I wonder if it’s because you increased your K2 in your diet, which helps with calcium metabolism.
    1:35:25 And I supplement K2.
    1:35:26 But I was doing that before.
    1:35:33 And then I, um, I switched and I have just full disclosure because there’s nothing to disclose.
    1:35:39 I have no financial relationship to the toothpaste that you make or the toothpaste that they, um, that Gator Dentist makes.
    1:35:42 I don’t know who, I actually know his real name, but he hides as Gator Dentist.
    1:35:43 I love Gator.
    1:35:44 Gator Dentist.
    1:35:52 Uh, but I switched from fluoride containing toothpaste, not because of fear of fluoride, but excitement about hydroxyapatite.
    1:36:04 So I switched to using your toothpaste and I occasionally, well, I routinely switch back and forth with knobs where I think it stands for no BS, which is Gator Dentist’s tooth tablet product.
    1:36:04 Yes.
    1:36:06 So I use them and neither of them pay me.
    1:36:07 I pay full price.
    1:36:09 Um, I don’t, they don’t send it to me.
    1:36:10 I purchased it like anyone else.
    1:36:15 And that’s made a tremendous difference says my dentist, like no cavities whatsoever.
    1:36:20 I was constantly battling this when I was a kid and a bunch of oral health issues.
    1:36:23 And I don’t want to waste our time talking about those right now.
    1:36:28 Maybe we’ll return to them a little bit later, but, um, my teeth and oral microbiome never felt better.
    1:36:31 Um, it’s, it’s just remarkable.
    1:36:31 Yeah.
    1:36:32 It’s just remarkable.
    1:36:37 And I have a family member who has some, um, gut issues, like just digestion issues.
    1:36:39 And it’s unclear what’s going on there.
    1:36:44 And, um, I’m inspired to try and help them address that through the oral microbiome by
    1:36:48 switching to hydroxyapatite and, and, um, and test their oral microbiome.
    1:36:52 That’d be very interesting to know what’s going on in there.
    1:36:53 Cause I think you’re swallowing.
    1:36:54 Sorry.
    1:36:55 Is there a best test?
    1:36:59 Um, like if, cause a lot of listeners are going to say, okay, I want to, if they have the
    1:37:01 disposable income, they’re going to want to test their oral microbiome.
    1:37:02 Yeah.
    1:37:04 Is there one that your office uses or that?
    1:37:09 I use either the SILHA test, which is more just biomarkers.
    1:37:12 So it’s a S I L L H A.
    1:37:12 Okay.
    1:37:14 This is done in an office.
    1:37:16 It’s just testing basic biomarkers.
    1:37:17 So I use it a lot.
    1:37:18 It’s an educational tool.
    1:37:25 It will show on the pH, the acidity, if there’s leukocytes, if there’s red blood cells, inflammatory
    1:37:26 markers.
    1:37:30 So a lot of parents, this is so new to them when I’m talking about this.
    1:37:32 So, but it prints out in a graph form for them.
    1:37:33 It’s a cheek swab?
    1:37:34 Um, spit.
    1:37:35 Spit.
    1:37:36 So kid or adult will spit?
    1:37:37 Yeah.
    1:37:40 Kids usually won’t spit till about four, just physically.
    1:37:41 It’s hard.
    1:37:41 Yeah.
    1:37:42 It’s hard.
    1:37:43 Huh.
    1:37:43 Okay.
    1:37:44 Anyway.
    1:37:48 Um, but I really like tests that use shotgun metagenomics because you’re looking for the
    1:37:51 whole array of bacterial DNA.
    1:37:57 Um, and so my favorite is Bristle, like a toothbrush Bristle and it’s direct to consumer.
    1:38:01 So, because the issue is I can talk about all of these things, but sometimes it’s hard to
    1:38:03 find providers that are offering them.
    1:38:08 So I really love people to be able to get the tools to, in their home.
    1:38:11 So Bristle, um, is a company that people can.
    1:38:13 It’s an oral microbiome test.
    1:38:13 Yes.
    1:38:15 And it’s really user-friendly.
    1:38:19 Their interface is wonderful and they will give guidance and protocols.
    1:38:20 Are you affiliated with them?
    1:38:22 I should probably ask because some of the audience will.
    1:38:23 I am actually.
    1:38:23 Yes, I am.
    1:38:24 That’s fine.
    1:38:25 As long as people know.
    1:38:31 Their oral probiotic, um, we have a collaboration with their oral probiotic, but regardless if
    1:38:35 it’s Bristle or not, you look for a test that’s using shotgun metagenomics.
    1:38:37 Shotgun metagenomics.
    1:38:37 Yes.
    1:38:37 Okay.
    1:38:43 Um, there’s PCR testing too, and a lot of biological dentists will offer something like oral DNA
    1:38:44 is the most popular.
    1:38:50 The issue with that is it’s really only looking at the top 12 pathogens, periodontal
    1:38:54 pathogens, which is important, but there can be a lot of other information that you’re
    1:38:54 missing.
    1:38:58 So it’s a great place to start and your dentist may offer that.
    1:39:02 Um, it’s called, again, it’s oral DNA and I have no affiliation with oral DNA.
    1:39:03 Great.
    1:39:03 Thank you for that.
    1:39:10 Um, I think people, uh, some people want to test their oral microbiome, um, and, and other
    1:39:12 things in their, in their mouth.
    1:39:13 And there’s more and more popping up.
    1:39:17 Like if the oral microbiome is really blowing up.
    1:39:21 So for those who are looking for investment opportunities, I’d say, look toward the oral
    1:39:22 microbiome.
    1:39:26 It’s kind of what the gut microbiome was doing a decade plus ago.
    1:39:27 Yeah.
    1:39:30 I feel like oral microbiome is so much more tractable.
    1:39:34 I mean, switch to nasal breathing, get away from alcohol containing mouthwashes, you know,
    1:39:39 consider a hydroxyapatite containing toothpaste instead of fluoride, which brings us to fluoride.
    1:39:42 Let’s talk about fluoride.
    1:39:46 I’ve already been accused of being a sunscreen denier.
    1:39:48 No, I actually believe that sunscreen exists.
    1:39:52 I do occasionally use zinc oxide sunscreen a little bit.
    1:39:57 I prefer a physical barrier because I’ll wear a hat or something if I, you know, I don’t tend
    1:40:00 to burn very easily, but if I feel like I might burn, I use a physical barrier.
    1:40:06 Um, I’m being somewhat facetious here because people will say all sorts of things, but, um,
    1:40:13 I did an episode about water, a little bit about oral health, certainly not the depth,
    1:40:16 uh, or expertise that you’re providing today.
    1:40:16 So thank you.
    1:40:21 And I said, yeah, fluoride does a bunch of things.
    1:40:26 My question was, and it remains, why are we drinking fluoride?
    1:40:29 But this relates to, okay, I’ll tell this story briefly.
    1:40:31 It’s not as cool as your story.
    1:40:38 I was taken to a dentist when I was a kid and they put me, they put these like, uh,
    1:40:42 like a mouthpiece with fluoride gel in it on the top and bottom.
    1:40:46 And they sat me in a little wicker chair in front of a TV with cartoons.
    1:40:48 And I hated it.
    1:40:49 It tasted awful.
    1:40:52 And it kind of like had this sour thing.
    1:40:54 So I, it was probably six or seven.
    1:40:56 So I drank it.
    1:41:02 I just sucked it up, drank it down, turned around, barfed all over the wicker chair.
    1:41:03 Oh my gosh.
    1:41:07 Fluoride’s a poison, but everything is a poison at high concentrations.
    1:41:12 So most everything is a, is a fluoride, uh, is a poison, excuse me, at high concentrations.
    1:41:17 So I don’t have anything against fluoride, but it is a poison.
    1:41:22 Then the question becomes, if something is not dangerous in a small dose or concentration,
    1:41:25 what are its cumulative effects?
    1:41:27 This is what, this is what I have issues.
    1:41:29 Like people say, oh, going through the x-ray machine, no big deal.
    1:41:32 But what if you fly 150 times a year?
    1:41:32 Yes.
    1:41:33 Is it cumulative?
    1:41:39 And so like the logic of the, the sort of pushback from the traditional, if I will,
    1:41:40 uh, community sucks.
    1:41:42 Like they’re just not logical.
    1:41:44 These are my colleagues sometimes too, right?
    1:41:46 Just, you go to the dentist, you get an x-ray.
    1:41:50 They’re like running behind the next wall, put you in a lead shield, and then they’re like,
    1:41:51 oh no, it’s no big deal.
    1:41:56 Well, how many, you know, maybe how many times a year can you do this before it becomes a deal?
    1:42:04 So my question is, what is the rationale for putting fluoride in water, in drinking water,
    1:42:07 given that the contact time in the mouth is so short?
    1:42:13 And then what, what’s the cumulative effect of bringing fluoride into the gut over and over?
    1:42:16 And then earlier you said something, and I’ve never thought about this.
    1:42:21 The bones contain hydroxyapatite, 60%, I think you said.
    1:42:25 60% of your bone minerals are made from hydroxyapatite.
    1:42:29 Fluoride infiltrates the minerals of the teeth and replaces it.
    1:42:31 So is fluoride going into our bones?
    1:42:33 Skeletal fluorosis.
    1:42:33 Okay.
    1:42:37 So I’m not trying to paint a scary picture here, but, but frankly, and people can probably tell,
    1:42:42 my blood pressure goes up a little bit when people say, oh, you know, you’re anti-fluoride.
    1:42:44 I’m not anti-fluoride, but I just don’t get the logic.
    1:42:46 It doesn’t make sense.
    1:42:48 You’re thinking critically about the, about it.
    1:42:53 Like, why would I continually bombard my system with fluoride at the level of the gut,
    1:42:54 at the level of my bones?
    1:42:57 If it’s good for me, tell me it’s good for me.
    1:43:02 But they’re saying, oh, it’s so that poor populations don’t have decaying teeth.
    1:43:06 Sounds like a good argument, not even counter-arguing it.
    1:43:08 But I can’t piece together the logic.
    1:43:15 And like most public health arguments, I feel like neither side is, is explicitly clear about
    1:43:17 what exactly they’re arguing about.
    1:43:22 And that’s part of why I have this podcast to try and get clarity on things.
    1:43:22 Okay.
    1:43:22 I’ll do my best.
    1:43:23 Yeah.
    1:43:26 And please don’t worry that you’re going to offend anyone because I’ll offend everybody.
    1:43:30 And they’ve already said anything, everything they possibly could.
    1:43:31 And they’ll, and they’ll say more.
    1:43:33 So I’m not afraid to open up these topics anymore.
    1:43:35 Well, I appreciate that.
    1:43:36 And I’ll take the heat.
    1:43:38 I, well, I will get it too.
    1:43:38 Don’t worry.
    1:43:41 I’ve already, I have thick skin at this point.
    1:43:43 But you have great teeth and they don’t.
    1:43:43 Yeah.
    1:43:48 And I haven’t had a cavity for multiple decades and haven’t used fluoride.
    1:43:50 And Portland isn’t fluoridated.
    1:43:51 Portland is not fluoridated?
    1:43:52 It is not.
    1:43:53 So let’s talk about that.
    1:43:55 So fun story.
    1:44:04 Back in 2011, 2012, I was working on the pro water fluoridation campaign,
    1:44:08 volunteering in Portland, picketing and handing out educational flyers.
    1:44:11 Because I thought we needed it in our water.
    1:44:15 And this is because that’s how I was trained.
    1:44:17 And I just never questioned it.
    1:44:21 I never picked up a journal to look at the other side.
    1:44:26 I thought anyone speaking out against water fluoridation, that’s the tin hat brigade.
    1:44:28 That’s the woo-woo caucus.
    1:44:29 All the things.
    1:44:30 I was that person.
    1:44:31 The woo-woo caucus.
    1:44:33 That’s pretty funny.
    1:44:33 I like that.
    1:44:40 So I went to a debate in Portland, pro versus against.
    1:44:43 I don’t like those terms, but it’s just the easiest way to describe it.
    1:44:49 And I was sitting kind of on the pro side and just waiting to see these pseudoscientists
    1:44:51 come out to speak.
    1:44:58 And I was so profoundly impressed with what they said and also had no idea that there were
    1:44:59 any concerns with fluoride.
    1:45:02 I had never been taught that in dental school.
    1:45:08 The endocrine disruption, the neurotoxicity, the skeletal fluorosis.
    1:45:12 I knew about dental fluorosis, but I, at that point, was of the mindset, well, it’s just
    1:45:17 aesthetic, you know, but your teeth are stronger and the microbiome issues, too.
    1:45:19 So it didn’t take long.
    1:45:21 I just started rabbit holing.
    1:45:22 And there’s so much literature.
    1:45:25 And this, again, this was quite a while ago.
    1:45:30 And more and more data and literature is coming out to question the practice.
    1:45:33 So it’s important to go back to the history of water fluoridation.
    1:45:38 I’ll try to be brief, but in the early 1900s, there was a dentist in Colorado Springs, Frederick
    1:45:46 McKay, who noticed his patients had mottled brown-spotted teeth, but they were really strong.
    1:45:47 They weren’t getting decay.
    1:45:53 And so this kind of spread, and they started kind of trying to understand the why.
    1:45:58 And they realized there was a really high concentration of fluoride in the natural water supply that
    1:45:59 this community was drinking.
    1:46:06 And this just kind of spread like wildfire with very little evidence-based medicine to
    1:46:09 back it, because this was in the early 1900s.
    1:46:10 Now it was like the 1930s.
    1:46:14 So no long-term safety studies or efficacy studies.
    1:46:20 And it was put in as an experiment in Grand Rapids, Michigan, in the mid-40s.
    1:46:25 After about a decade or so, they noticed that caries rates, cavity rates, were going down.
    1:46:31 And so based on this observation, it just went like wildfire throughout the United States.
    1:46:35 And I believe about 80% of the United States is fluoridated.
    1:46:41 So the pro-advocates, if you will, will say it’s the greatest public health movement of
    1:46:45 the century because decay was such an issue.
    1:46:50 It’s important to know dental decay is the top chronic disease globally in children and adults.
    1:46:53 It’s almost entirely preventable.
    1:46:54 I think we’ve just normalized it.
    1:46:56 You just get cavities.
    1:46:59 But I’d like to point out we’re one of the only species to get dental decay.
    1:47:02 Wild animals don’t get decay.
    1:47:08 Our domesticated animals do because of what we’re feeding them, the kibble, you know, processed
    1:47:09 animal food.
    1:47:11 So here we are.
    1:47:14 So it’s been controversial from the beginning.
    1:47:19 You know, epidemiologists, endocrinologists, neuroscientists have always challenged it, saying
    1:47:20 this is a bad idea.
    1:47:22 It’s a highly reactive element.
    1:47:29 You know, the fluoride ion can interfere with iodine uptake and, again, skeletal fluorosis,
    1:47:32 neurotoxicity, et cetera.
    1:47:41 So about seven years ago, there was a federal trial in Northern California, but it was federal.
    1:47:43 The people versus the EPA.
    1:47:44 It was a TASCA trial.
    1:47:47 And this has been ongoing for the past seven years.
    1:47:53 And basically, they were saying, where is your safety data, EPA, on the long-term effects
    1:47:54 of water fluoridation?
    1:48:00 So the idea was that if we put it in the water, it’s not a very efficient way to get fluoride
    1:48:06 to people, but eventually it will make itself into the saliva and have a topical effect coming
    1:48:07 out through the saliva.
    1:48:14 They used to think, systemically, it was actually incorporating into the developing teeth in
    1:48:18 children, making the enamel stronger that way, but that’s been debunked.
    1:48:24 So now it’s most likely still a topical benefit, maybe a little bit of a systemic benefit, touching
    1:48:25 the teeth.
    1:48:29 And we do know fluoride really needs to work topically.
    1:48:31 We don’t need to be ingesting it.
    1:48:32 And that is all through the data.
    1:48:34 And they’re teaching that in dental schools now, too.
    1:48:35 Okay?
    1:48:42 But this is the easiest way to get fluoride to the masses because caries or cavities are
    1:48:43 such an issue.
    1:48:49 Now, my first comment on this is we’re not addressing the root cause of dental decay, which
    1:48:50 is our food.
    1:48:51 It’s all the ultra-processed foods.
    1:48:57 Again, we didn’t really see dental decay in humans until the agricultural revolution, the
    1:49:02 industrial revolution, and now the ultra-processed food craze that’s been happening the past many
    1:49:02 decades.
    1:49:03 Okay?
    1:49:04 Is that right?
    1:49:08 So if we look at skeletons from dead people, obviously—well, you can look at skeletons
    1:49:17 and live people—skeletons and dead people from dead people that died prior to 1900, how
    1:49:17 are their teeth?
    1:49:20 1900, they would have decay.
    1:49:26 But if you looked at about 10,000 years ago, very little.
    1:49:30 You know, unless they lived in an area with a lot of fruit abundance or honey, like where
    1:49:31 are you getting your sugar from?
    1:49:35 You know, when you go pick some berries on a bush, you’re competing with the animals and
    1:49:36 the birds.
    1:49:39 You didn’t have much opportunity to over-consume sugar.
    1:49:45 But, you know, there was the sugar trade, and then we just—sugar was a sign of wealth
    1:49:49 and royalty, and people’s teeth just rotted out.
    1:49:50 And it was because of our diet.
    1:49:53 So that’s the root cause issue that no one’s talking about.
    1:49:55 You know, we’re just saying, let’s slap fluoride on it.
    1:50:00 How about we educate and teach people what is really causing cavities?
    1:50:01 But anyway, okay.
    1:50:10 So the TASCA trial was going on, and the judge, Judge Edward Chen, was waiting for this National
    1:50:15 Toxicology Program’s report, which was under the Department of Health and Human Services.
    1:50:19 And this is—it reads like a soap opera, to be honest with you.
    1:50:24 And it kept getting delayed and postponed, and they wouldn’t release it.
    1:50:30 And finally, under the Freedom of Information Act, he said this needs to be released.
    1:50:38 And it said there is a strong correlation between increased fluoride consumption and IQ issues in
    1:50:38 children.
    1:50:45 And so with that, he took this information, and he made his ruling—now, this was after
    1:50:52 years of expert testimonies as well, okay—saying there’s an unreasonable risk to current water
    1:50:54 fluoridation practices in the United States.
    1:50:57 This was his ruling that just happened late last year.
    1:50:58 I mean, this is very new.
    1:51:02 And EPA, you now need to fix this.
    1:51:03 You need to regulate this better.
    1:51:09 What people will argue is a lot of the studies they were looking at that are showing lowered
    1:51:18 IQ in children or neurocognitive issues, it was at 1.2 or 1.5 milligrams per liter of, you
    1:51:20 know, that was the concentration.
    1:51:24 The United States, we now do 0.7 milligrams per liter.
    1:51:27 But what this—that’s per liter, okay?
    1:51:30 So how many liters of water do you drink a day?
    1:51:31 This is the controversy.
    1:51:38 So, for example, the American Academy of Pediatrics generally recommends pregnant women drink
    1:51:40 two to three liters a day.
    1:51:45 You might be cooking with fluoridated water, making your pasta, making your soup.
    1:51:49 How do we really know how much someone’s getting exposed to?
    1:51:50 What’s their body composition?
    1:51:51 How much do they weigh?
    1:51:55 What are the other outside sources of fluoride?
    1:51:56 Are they swallowing their toothpaste?
    1:52:02 Fluoride is in many pharmaceuticals because it helps increase bioavailability, especially
    1:52:06 SSRIs and Prilosec.
    1:52:07 A lot of these have fluoride in them.
    1:52:08 Really?
    1:52:08 Yes.
    1:52:11 Ultra-processed foods will have fluoride.
    1:52:19 So the factory that’s making your Rockstar Energy drink or your Hy-C or, you know, whatever
    1:52:23 you’re consuming, they’re not using reverse osmosis to filter the water.
    1:52:25 So you’re getting fluoride that way.
    1:52:27 It’s naturally found in green tea and black tea.
    1:52:30 And this is not to make people worried about green and black tea.
    1:52:32 I still consume them.
    1:52:36 It’s more to say, how are we really understanding how much is exposed to?
    1:52:43 And so they were finding that pregnant women, they follow, there’s many studies now, but
    1:52:50 a famous one was a Rivka Green study out of Canada, and they followed about 520 mother-child
    1:52:50 pairs.
    1:52:57 They tested urinary fluoride in the mother per trimester, averaged it, and then followed these
    1:53:02 children to the age of three or four and did IQ tests and found that mothers who had higher
    1:53:09 concentrations of urinary fluoride, the children tested lower on their IQ tests, up to five
    1:53:10 to seven points.
    1:53:11 And that’s on par with lead.
    1:53:12 Okay.
    1:53:13 On par with lead.
    1:53:14 On par with lead.
    1:53:14 Yes.
    1:53:16 And so that was in 2019.
    1:53:18 There’s been so many more studies now.
    1:53:22 So the judge ruled, EPA, you need to regulate this better.
    1:53:29 In that amount of time, there was a meta-analysis that came out that further supported the NTP
    1:53:31 report by JAMA Pediatrics.
    1:53:31 Okay.
    1:53:35 And this is very controversial for these editors to be putting out, by the way.
    1:53:37 So I commend them.
    1:53:43 And also a Cochrane report came out, Cochrane Collaborative, which has said, this again was
    1:53:49 very recent, looking at all the data from water fluoridation, water fluoridation isn’t
    1:53:51 reducing decay like we thought it was.
    1:54:00 It’s only reducing decay by about one quarter a cavity per person, one quarter of a cavity
    1:54:01 per person.
    1:54:02 So that’s not statistically significant.
    1:54:05 So people will say, well, what gives?
    1:54:10 Why were cavity rates going down when we added fluoride to the water?
    1:54:12 Well, it’s hard to say.
    1:54:19 Maybe they were already just going down due to education, more access to dental hygiene
    1:54:21 washing and toothbrushing, flossing.
    1:54:26 But also we now have fluoride everywhere in our toothpaste.
    1:54:29 So fluoride was put in the water in the 1940s.
    1:54:32 It wasn’t added to our toothpaste until the 1960s.
    1:54:33 Now it’s everywhere.
    1:54:35 We get fluoride everywhere.
    1:54:39 Rinses, the varnishes that made you vomit at the office.
    1:54:41 And by the way, that’s very common.
    1:54:42 That’s very common.
    1:54:48 And it’s because a lot of those fluoride varnishes, number one, fluoride, you know, it does have
    1:54:49 a poison control label on it.
    1:54:50 You’re not supposed to swallow it.
    1:54:54 But these varnishes also have polyurethane and hexane derivatives.
    1:54:56 It’s what makes them so sticky.
    1:54:58 I still loathe going to the dentist.
    1:54:59 I know that flavor.
    1:55:02 I think it’s because of that early association.
    1:55:02 Yeah.
    1:55:03 Yeah.
    1:55:04 So it’s very controversial.
    1:55:07 And unfortunately, we’ve lost sight of the science.
    1:55:09 It’s getting buried in politics right now.
    1:55:13 And it really upsets me because it’s not a political issue.
    1:55:14 We just need to look at the data.
    1:55:17 And I feel like we’re losing sight of the scientific method.
    1:55:23 We, you know, the American Dental Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics is doubling
    1:55:25 down on saying we have to put fluoride in the water.
    1:55:31 And for nothing else, I think it’s important to know 97% of the world does not fluoridate
    1:55:32 their water.
    1:55:35 This is a very United States controversy.
    1:55:42 Many countries removed it and found, I think it was Denmark, Germany, Japan, they have very
    1:55:43 low decay rates.
    1:55:44 And why is this?
    1:55:50 Well, they educated their population on what’s really causing decay and also made fluoride
    1:55:51 toothpaste accessible.
    1:55:52 And I have Danish relatives.
    1:55:53 They have very nice teeth.
    1:55:58 If you told me that there’s no fluoride in the drinking water in England, I might, I might
    1:56:02 like, well, you know, sorry, my English friends, but that’s the stereotype, right?
    1:56:03 That their teeth are bad.
    1:56:05 I don’t think that that’s true any longer.
    1:56:08 I think that that was true at one point.
    1:56:10 I think they’re crowded and crooked too.
    1:56:14 And a lot of that has to do, I think, with facial development as well.
    1:56:22 I think we’re, we’re, we see a lot of Western European, they do have that kind of dysmorphic
    1:56:24 face, if you will, probably from nasal breathing.
    1:56:25 Who knows why?
    1:56:28 Industrial revolution, allergies, mouth breathing, et cetera.
    1:56:30 Why did it, why does it seem more prevalent there?
    1:56:36 So that’s this, that’s the, the take, the quick take on it.
    1:56:40 And so I just think it should be a personal choice.
    1:56:42 You know, if you want to use fluoride, you can go out to the store.
    1:56:45 I mean, you can get fluoride toothpaste at the dollar store now.
    1:56:47 They give it out for free at many clinics.
    1:56:51 To me, I just think it’s a, it’s a medical ethical issue.
    1:56:54 We’re mass medicating a population without their consent.
    1:57:02 And then the even bigger issue for me is no one’s talking about this, nor can I find any literature
    1:57:02 on it.
    1:57:05 What is it doing to the gut microbiome?
    1:57:07 Because it is an antimicrobial.
    1:57:10 So that would be a wonderful study.
    1:57:15 NIH, if you’re listening, can we test, you know, people that live in fluoridated areas versus
    1:57:16 those that don’t?
    1:57:17 Can we follow them?
    1:57:22 Maybe it’s a prospective cohort study to just see how their microbiomes are different
    1:57:24 because it just doesn’t make sense to me.
    1:57:30 And why would we ingest something systemically with all these potential risks when we could
    1:57:35 just use it topically or actually talk about what’s really causing decay?
    1:57:41 If fluoridation worked, cavities wouldn’t be the top disease in our country, in our children.
    1:57:46 And many worry, well, if we take it from the water, decay may go up.
    1:57:47 And it may.
    1:57:52 I mean, there’s been, they did this in Calgary, Canada, where decay rates went up.
    1:57:56 But then if you actually look at the data, the decay rates were already going up when they
    1:58:01 removed it, but they only show you the data that they kind of want to show you for that.
    1:58:05 But again, it’s a risk-benefit analysis.
    1:58:09 I mean, I think dentists tend to be too focused on teeth.
    1:58:13 And so you mentioned, like, if they say it’s good for me, I’ll do it.
    1:58:14 Well, good for what?
    1:58:18 Good for your teeth or good for your whole body or good for your brain?
    1:58:20 And I think that should be an individual choice.
    1:58:27 Are you, for as a parent, do I want to choose one quarter less cavity in my child or do I want
    1:58:30 to preserve their optimal brain development?
    1:58:40 I mean, the data that show deficits on par with what one sees with lead exposure, that’s
    1:58:41 the most striking thing to me.
    1:58:42 Yeah.
    1:58:43 And I’m a dentist.
    1:58:44 I was trained to fix teeth.
    1:58:47 I can fix a one quarter cavity in a tooth.
    1:58:49 I can’t fix a developing brain.
    1:58:51 We have one shot to develop a brain.
    1:58:53 We have one shot to grow a face.
    1:58:55 You know, it’s really important.
    1:58:59 I really appreciate you taking us through the full arc of the history of it.
    1:59:03 I think it’s extremely important that people take that in so they can start to form their
    1:59:04 own opinions.
    1:59:14 And you pointed out a number of logical flaws in just the way the whole system is arranged
    1:59:24 right now, which is this mass treatment of everybody with a potent chemical, especially
    1:59:28 given the amount of water that people drink and cook with, et cetera, without their consent.
    1:59:31 And without a risk assessment.
    1:59:36 So your low decay rate, I might be a really high decay rate.
    1:59:38 You don’t need anything extra.
    1:59:41 Your diet, your balance, your microbiome’s great.
    1:59:43 I’m not eating well.
    1:59:44 My hygiene’s terrible.
    1:59:48 You know, we can’t just blanketly be treating everyone the same.
    1:59:50 We’re supposed to be doing risk assessments.
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    2:00:50 They have a bunch of different great tasting flavors of Element.
    2:00:52 They have watermelon, citrus, et cetera.
    2:00:54 Frankly, I love them all.
    2:00:59 If you’d like to try Element, you can go to drinkelement.com slash Huberman to claim a
    2:01:02 free Element sample pack with the purchase of any Element drink mix.
    2:01:07 Again, that’s drinkelement.com slash Huberman to claim a free sample pack.
    2:01:13 Okay, so I think that pretty much puts fluoride in a box.
    2:01:17 Let’s say on the shelf for all of us to look at, I think this is going to be a very important
    2:01:23 aspect of public health in the year to three years to come with this new administration
    2:01:27 administration and Bobby Kennedy paying a lot of attention to fluoride.
    2:01:32 And I really like what you said about trying to remove the political aspects of this.
    2:01:39 If this becomes a blue versus red, left versus right thing, we’re never going to get to the
    2:01:40 heart of the matter.
    2:01:43 Um, and that would be really sad.
    2:01:46 And the ones that would really suffer would be kids, the children.
    2:01:53 So I, uh, a nonpartisan, uh, look at this, which is how I heard everything that you said.
    2:01:55 Um, just seems really critical.
    2:01:59 Uh, where are they getting the fluoride?
    2:02:07 So water fluoridation, um, the fluoride that they get is a by-product of the phosphate fertilizer
    2:02:08 industry.
    2:02:13 And it’s, it’s, um, called hydrofluorosilicic acid.
    2:02:20 So as a by-product of the phosphate fertilizer industry, it’s considered a hazardous waste and
    2:02:22 it’s very expensive to dispose of.
    2:02:28 Uh, but they have found that if diluted in theory and put, it’s an acid, first of all.
    2:02:34 So if it’s put into our water system, it is so diluted that it becomes safe.
    2:02:39 But I will say it, you know, everyone can go research this and look at themselves, but it
    2:02:45 does come in like cement bags with skull and crossbones on the front.
    2:02:49 And they do have to wear hazmat suits to put it into our water.
    2:02:51 Um, they’re supposed to titrate it.
    2:02:54 And I think what’s interesting, you know, we’re supposed to target 0.7 milligrams per
    2:02:55 liter.
    2:03:00 Um, I’ve been involved in some educational campaigns and, and have tested communities
    2:03:01 surrounding Portland.
    2:03:04 It’s very hard to keep it in range, you know?
    2:03:09 And so there are some communities testing as high we’ve seen as 2.2 milligrams per liter,
    2:03:14 which definitely falls into, based on the, the science and literature, more concerning
    2:03:18 zone for neurocognitive issues and other health issues.
    2:03:23 So, um, if you’re concerned, you can call your local water, um, bureau, municipality.
    2:03:28 I will say, I don’t think the federal government’s going to have much control over this.
    2:03:31 It would be nice if the EPA stepped in.
    2:03:32 Um, they have appealed by the way.
    2:03:38 Uh, but it will come down to more like on the state level and local level.
    2:03:43 And we’re already seeing states like Florida and Utah, um, have run it through and initially
    2:03:48 done a, we’re going to ban this, um, as a mandatory thing in our state.
    2:03:51 And I think it’s, uh, North Dakota, Kentucky.
    2:03:57 There’s other states picking this up too, and other communities that are removing it or,
    2:03:58 or not adding it to their water.
    2:04:02 So it’s an interesting time to observe all of this.
    2:04:03 Super interesting.
    2:04:09 Um, I will resist the temptation to ask questions about why it sounds like mostly red states are
    2:04:11 the ones doing this as opposed to blue states.
    2:04:13 Although Portland is in a blue state.
    2:04:15 Portland’s traditionally.
    2:04:16 Blue city for sure.
    2:04:17 Blue city.
    2:04:17 Yeah.
    2:04:17 Yeah.
    2:04:18 Right.
    2:04:20 Blue city in a, um.
    2:04:21 Red state.
    2:04:24 When Oregon went red this last election?
    2:04:27 Uh, the cities make, it’s kind of like many states.
    2:04:32 So Eugene, Portland, Bend tend to be pretty blue.
    2:04:38 And I think the surrounding is, is more conservative, but no, it’s shifted a bit, but not enough to
    2:04:39 shift out of, uh, voting.
    2:04:40 Okay.
    2:04:40 Liberal.
    2:04:41 All right.
    2:04:44 Well, we’ll do another episode in, um, uh, 20.
    2:04:45 A 90 about, uh, politics.
    2:04:52 Um, meanwhile, back to the oral micro, uh, oral microbiome and otherwise, I’m very interested
    2:04:59 in the relationship between oral health and what you described as fertility, pregnancy, and
    2:05:00 hormones.
    2:05:07 And obviously hormones can be about men or women, but let’s talk about oral health and fertility.
    2:05:14 Um, what, if any knowledge is there about how the oral microbiome or oral health would
    2:05:20 be impacting egg health, fertility, um, ovulation, uh, ovarian reserve?
    2:05:24 Is that, is that sort of the level that, uh, the regulation of fertility is thought to occur?
    2:05:27 Like what’s, what’s, what’s known about the link?
    2:05:28 Yeah.
    2:05:33 So again, it ties back to that translocation and creating an immune response and inflammation
    2:05:35 as well as the endotoxins that are released.
    2:05:42 Um, with men particularly, they’re seeing increased, um, sperm challenges with sperm motility and sperm
    2:05:46 mobility as gum disease and periodontal pathogens increase.
    2:05:49 And again, it probably, it has to do with the inflammation.
    2:05:57 Um, and with women, you know, it, we can show that women take about two months longer to become
    2:05:58 pregnant.
    2:06:06 Um, it does affect ovulation, egg quality, um, but also we know it can lead to miscarriages
    2:06:14 and low term birth, um, low weight birth, preterm birth, um, and just pregnancy complications
    2:06:15 as well.
    2:06:21 And so we are finding oral bacteria in the placenta, you know, we’re finding there’s different microbiomes
    2:06:21 everywhere.
    2:06:25 Now the breast has a microbiome, the placenta has a microbiome.
    2:06:30 And so oral bacteria can end up in many of these places and, and just create that cascade of
    2:06:32 inflammatory events.
    2:06:37 And so, um, certainly it’s an exciting time to be alive because of all the research happening.
    2:06:39 And right now it’s again, not causal.
    2:06:44 There’s a lot of correlation, but I would love to see fertility clinics focusing more on oral
    2:06:45 health.
    2:06:50 Like how amazing would it be if they started testing the microbiome of patients and if they
    2:06:55 realize they’re really high in P. gingivalis or F. nucleatum and they eradicated or
    2:06:56 less in that bacteria.
    2:07:01 I mean, I’d be interesting to see how pregnancy and fertility outcomes would, would change and
    2:07:02 possibly improve.
    2:07:03 Great.
    2:07:08 What are some of the mechanical as opposed to chemical things that we can do to improve
    2:07:09 our oral health?
    2:07:13 So we were all taught brush and floss twice a day.
    2:07:20 Uh, I even have a colleague who, um, can be caught in the bathroom brushing his teeth after
    2:07:20 lunch.
    2:07:23 Um, so he’s brushing three times a day.
    2:07:25 Um, I don’t know what motivated that.
    2:07:26 I do that too.
    2:07:26 Do you?
    2:07:27 Okay.
    2:07:28 Um, great.
    2:07:31 So what’s the deal with brushing?
    2:07:34 When, let’s say, kind of like exercise.
    2:07:39 Let’s say if someone were going to only brush once a day, better to brush in the morning or
    2:07:39 at night.
    2:07:42 Obviously they should, people should brush twice a day, but, or more.
    2:07:48 But if one could only brush once a day, would it be morning or night?
    2:07:48 Yeah.
    2:07:52 I guide parents on this a lot because brushing a child’s teeth can be challenging.
    2:07:55 Nighttime is always the most important.
    2:07:59 One, you’re removing the food particulate matter from the day away.
    2:08:04 You’re disrupting that biofilm so that you’re not sitting, sleeping all night, eight, 10,
    2:08:05 12 hours.
    2:08:11 If you’re a child with that sticky, potentially dysbiotic biofilm on your teeth.
    2:08:13 Um, and then you add in maybe your mouth breathing.
    2:08:16 That’s going to shift the microbiome and drop the pH more.
    2:08:18 So it’s really nice to go to bed with clean teeth.
    2:08:20 So I suggest focusing on the nighttime.
    2:08:29 Um, what does drive me a little bonkers is the fact that we tend to focus so much on brushing,
    2:08:32 but we leave out flossing a lot of the conversation.
    2:08:33 So thank you for mentioning that.
    2:08:38 If you read children’s books, you’ll see, they all say, go brush your teeth, but never floss.
    2:08:40 So we need a revamp there.
    2:08:45 But most cavities that I see in children, and this translates to the adult population as
    2:08:49 well, are in between the teeth or interproximally in the molars.
    2:08:51 Um, and it’s really common.
    2:08:53 So a lot of parents will bring their kids in.
    2:08:55 They think they’ve been doing everything correctly.
    2:08:58 They haven’t been flossing quite yet.
    2:09:02 And we take x-rays for the first time and the children have eight cavities, which sounds
    2:09:06 like so many, but it’s really common because we have eight molars.
    2:09:11 And so it happens between the teeth where you’re eating those goldfish crackers, those
    2:09:12 pretzels, those chips.
    2:09:14 They, they get stuck in between the teeth.
    2:09:20 The bacteria come to feed the acid gets released and it just sits there hour after hour, day
    2:09:23 after day, arguably week after week, if you’re never flossing.
    2:09:26 So I really like flossing to be part of the routine too.
    2:09:29 Again, if you can only do it once a day, that’s great.
    2:09:30 That’s fine.
    2:09:31 Do it at night.
    2:09:34 I like to floss first, then brush.
    2:09:38 Um, you’re dislodging the food in between and kind of brushing it away.
    2:09:41 There’s actually studies to support this too, that order.
    2:09:43 However, beggars can be choosers.
    2:09:44 Just do it.
    2:09:46 You know, some people get a suction cup mirror.
    2:09:48 They’ll do it in the shower.
    2:09:50 Some people do it in their commute in the car.
    2:09:51 I’m not going to be picky about it.
    2:09:57 Um, I will also say as we age, flossing doesn’t always cut it by itself.
    2:10:00 So think about a little string of floss.
    2:10:04 You know, we want to put it between the teeth and they suggest you do a C and a backward C.
    2:10:08 You’re scraping the sides of the teeth to disrupt that biofilm.
    2:10:11 But as we age, we all lose a little bone.
    2:10:16 So you get this little pocket where that string isn’t cleaning the bacteria out of.
    2:10:18 And that’s where a water pick can come in.
    2:10:23 And so if you really want to be an overachiever, I do love a little water picking too.
    2:10:24 I personally will alternate.
    2:10:26 So one night I might floss.
    2:10:28 The next night I might water pick.
    2:10:33 Um, this works really well in patients that can’t put their hands in the mouth.
    2:10:35 Maybe they have like an aversion to that.
    2:10:38 Sensory, um, children often will struggle with flossing.
    2:10:40 So water picks can be fun.
    2:10:42 You can do it in the bathtub so it doesn’t get totally messy.
    2:10:45 Or in the shower, they make cordless versions.
    2:10:51 Um, but I can’t overemphasize how important flossing is.
    2:10:55 That interproximal cleaning, it stimulates the gum tissue and, and you’re less likely to have
    2:10:57 gum disease as a result.
    2:11:03 What about those little toothpicks with a little sling of floss across, um, you know, the, the
    2:11:04 hard picks that, uh.
    2:11:05 Yeah, floss picks.
    2:11:06 Floss picks.
    2:11:08 They’re great, especially in kids.
    2:11:12 Um, it’s the only way to floss a child’s teeth, first of all.
    2:11:16 So I want parents, as soon as teeth touch, they should be flossing.
    2:11:18 That could be the anterior teeth.
    2:11:19 Our jaws are shrinking.
    2:11:20 Our teeth are crowded.
    2:11:24 It’s rare for me to see a child with space in their front teeth.
    2:11:29 That is how we should be developing because adult teeth are wider than baby teeth.
    2:11:30 They need more room to come in.
    2:11:32 But very often we’re crowded.
    2:11:34 So anywhere teeth touch, we should be flossing.
    2:11:39 But usually around the age of two and a half, the molars are in touching.
    2:11:43 And parents look at me like I’m crazy, but we really should be flossing.
    2:11:47 And so if you start some of these behaviors early, it becomes easier and easier.
    2:11:51 We know kids that floss become adults who floss.
    2:11:53 But also floss picks are fine for adults too.
    2:11:55 You know, some people have big hands.
    2:11:56 It’s hard to get floss in.
    2:11:58 Yeah, I have to use them.
    2:12:02 I can’t get in my, I can’t get my hands into, into my mouth.
    2:12:02 They’re fine.
    2:12:02 Yeah.
    2:12:03 Okay.
    2:12:05 You just want to try not to just go straight up and down.
    2:12:07 Just kind of angle, angle if you can.
    2:12:08 Okay.
    2:12:09 And then maybe a water pick too.
    2:12:13 And I was told by my dentist, soft toothbrush.
    2:12:13 Yes.
    2:12:17 Because I tend to get in there and like I’m hearing all this stuff about how the, you know,
    2:12:22 oral health is so important for the brain and for any of that could lead some people, including
    2:12:25 me, to get in there and just start like scrubbing and scrubbing and trying to get everything
    2:12:25 out of there.
    2:12:27 And that’s not the right approach.
    2:12:29 Brushstroke, very gentle.
    2:12:32 So you want to do gentle circular movements.
    2:12:34 You don’t want to wear away your enamel.
    2:12:35 This is also important.
    2:12:39 Many people will eat and then run to the bathroom and brush their teeth.
    2:12:43 Every time we eat, our teeth demineralize a little bit, right?
    2:12:48 Remember I mentioned it takes about 20 or 30 minutes for that remineralization to begin.
    2:12:53 So if you’re immediately going to brush, you could be, your bristles could be damaging your
    2:13:00 enamel and creating it, just wearing it away and creating little marks and it could lead
    2:13:01 to sensitivity recession.
    2:13:07 So if you can try to wait 20 or 30 minutes after you eat or drink to brush, this includes
    2:13:10 with vomiting, the same thing.
    2:13:13 So we all want to brush our teeth after we maybe get sick.
    2:13:16 Try to just maybe rinse your mouth, maybe with a little baking soda.
    2:13:18 A lot of this is perfect world.
    2:13:18 Okay.
    2:13:22 And I, I get it, but just, I like people to have the information.
    2:13:27 You said marking and I meant to ask something earlier, not to return us to the fluoride
    2:13:33 conversation, but you said that the person who initially had the idea to include fluoride
    2:13:41 in treatment of tooth decay, noticed that kids’ teeth had dark spots on them.
    2:13:44 Does fluoride cause darkening of the teeth?
    2:13:45 It can.
    2:13:49 So I believe it was his pediatric and adult patients.
    2:13:51 It was just this whole community had these spotted teeth.
    2:13:54 So that is something called dental fluorosis.
    2:13:58 Spots and markings on the teeth can be many different things.
    2:14:00 One is fluorosis.
    2:14:02 One could be hypoplastic enamel.
    2:14:03 I think we should touch on that.
    2:14:07 But so fluorosis can be mild, moderate, or severe.
    2:14:12 When it gets more severe, that is where it can be dark, spotted, orangey, brown.
    2:14:15 Mild fluorosis usually is more brighter white.
    2:14:20 You often see it on the incisal tips or on the cusp tips of the molars.
    2:14:22 It’s not a very attractive feature.
    2:14:22 It’s not.
    2:14:27 And it is a sign that you’ve had excessive fluoride, you know?
    2:14:32 And I will say 40% of teenagers now have dental fluorosis.
    2:14:36 That very likely means they also have some degree of skeletal fluorosis as well.
    2:14:48 So for all the challenges that the debate around fluoridization of water has,
    2:14:58 I am willing to bet a significant amount of my savings that this issue will end up being
    2:14:59 the linchpin issue.
    2:15:01 It might seem crazy, right?
    2:15:05 Like here’s the substance that may or may not be safe that we’re ingesting for various reasons.
    2:15:07 And there’s a history there, which you beautifully described.
    2:15:14 But having been in this public facing health education game for a little while now, for the
    2:15:17 typical person who’s like, yeah, whatever, I’ve been drinking water and I feel fine or my kids
    2:15:19 feels fine or there’s nothing I can do about it now.
    2:15:20 They’re 15.
    2:15:23 Maybe they’re, you know, 10 IQ points down from where they would be.
    2:15:28 But if you tell people, what I find so interesting about human psychology, if you tell people,
    2:15:33 did you know that fluoride not only might have some neurodevelopmental impact, it’s probably
    2:15:36 getting into your bones just like it’s getting into your teeth.
    2:15:41 But you know that those spots on your teeth that are those white spots or dark spots that
    2:15:42 are really unattractive.
    2:15:44 That’s because of fluoride.
    2:15:46 Now you’ve got everybody.
    2:15:47 Aesthetics.
    2:15:47 Aesthetics.
    2:15:53 And it’s either a shame or whatever that this is the way that people are.
    2:15:59 But the moment that people realize that something that either is good for them or was intended
    2:16:03 to be good for them might be bad for their long-term health, you sort of got them hooked.
    2:16:08 But these long-term correlations are very hard to motivate human behavior.
    2:16:10 But those white spots, nobody wants those.
    2:16:12 Dark spots on the teeth, nobody wants those.
    2:16:18 And I’d be willing to bet that that becomes one of the key issues.
    2:16:20 And if people go, oh, listen, it’s actually making my teeth uglier.
    2:16:21 Yeah.
    2:16:22 Maybe stronger but uglier.
    2:16:27 I bet you this becomes a wedge in the conversation.
    2:16:28 That will come from the public.
    2:16:35 But I will tell you, I have dentists, when I speak as I do about water fluoridation and
    2:16:39 fluorosis specifically say, well, it’s just aesthetics.
    2:16:41 At least their teeth are strong.
    2:16:44 Like, they’re making the decision for the patient.
    2:16:48 And I think that’s not our right as providers to make that decision for someone.
    2:16:49 But it’s really common.
    2:16:51 Fluorosis is very common.
    2:16:55 I’ve even seen more recent data saying as high as 60%.
    2:17:00 But 40 is kind of the standard number that we go with of teenagers with fluorosis.
    2:17:03 There is something called hypoplastic enamel.
    2:17:05 This is something I’m very passionate about.
    2:17:08 This is under mineralized enamel.
    2:17:11 And I believe it’s a silent epidemic in children.
    2:17:15 I see more and more children whose, their teeth erupt.
    2:17:17 And they’re mottled and chalky.
    2:17:19 And some are so severe, they’re crumbling.
    2:17:23 And I’ve seen a big uptick in this in my 20-year career.
    2:17:26 And the data is starting to show this as well.
    2:17:30 And so, unfortunately, so many parents, their kids will get decay.
    2:17:31 It’s really common.
    2:17:32 And they get shamed and blamed.
    2:17:34 Like, what are you feeding them?
    2:17:36 You’re not brushing and flossing their teeth.
    2:17:37 You’re neglecting them.
    2:17:41 Or they’re told to stop breastfeeding because that’s what’s causing the issue.
    2:17:45 But it’s really that the teeth, the enamel didn’t form properly.
    2:17:46 And it’s not as acid resistant.
    2:17:48 It’s more fragile.
    2:17:51 It’s more pickup sticks than the Lincoln logs, okay?
    2:18:00 And I believe and colleagues globally agree that it’s very likely due to all the mineral deficiencies that we’re seeing globally.
    2:18:05 And the vitamin D deficiency that we’re seeing globally, you know, we’re inside all the time.
    2:18:06 We’re not outside.
    2:18:08 All the junk light that we’re getting, the blue light.
    2:18:12 It can also be from environmental toxins, high fevers, viruses.
    2:18:14 But it’s a real concern.
    2:18:21 And so many children are having to undergo general anesthesia now to get their teeth fixed.
    2:18:27 The study I read said about 100,000 to 150,000 a year for a preventable issue.
    2:18:29 You know, there’s risk to general anesthesia.
    2:18:34 And this is where I do love to consider a more conservative approach.
    2:18:36 Like, can we remineralize these teeth?
    2:18:43 Are there strategies that we can do to even just kick the can so the child’s older, so they could sit for treatment,
    2:18:47 so that we’re not putting so many children under anesthesia?
    2:18:53 Because I don’t think we have the data for all the long-term potential cumulative effects.
    2:18:55 And we talked about this earlier.
    2:18:58 It’s not just one exposure, right?
    2:19:05 It’s not just one exposure from an X-ray or one exposure from fluoride or one anesthesia exposure necessarily,
    2:19:09 but it’s that cumulative effect that we don’t have enough data on.
    2:19:17 Going back to this relationship between the oral microbiome, oral health, and hormones,
    2:19:21 and focusing specifically on female hormones,
    2:19:27 the menstrual slash ovulatory cycle that occurs each month,
    2:19:31 as well as perimenopause, menopause,
    2:19:35 about half of our listeners are women.
    2:19:44 And I’m curious, are there certain phases of the menstrual cycle or certain phases of perimenopause,
    2:19:50 menopause, or prior to it, in which women should pay particular attention to their oral health?
    2:19:53 Is it like, is there a known association with like a, you know,
    2:19:57 when estrogen is rising or falling that the oral microbiome tends to be more vulnerable
    2:20:01 and they perhaps should spend a bit more attention on their oral health?
    2:20:02 Yes.
    2:20:05 So we see it both ways, rising and falling.
    2:20:09 So around puberty, we’ll see changes to gum health.
    2:20:13 So a lot of young girls will have more gingivitis or gum inflammation.
    2:20:19 And, you know, and certainly if they’re on oral contraception, that can change things too.
    2:20:23 And they’ll go into the dentist and be accused of maybe not brushing or flossing appropriately,
    2:20:25 but it’s really a hormonal issue.
    2:20:28 So it’s important to know that, as well as women who are pregnant.
    2:20:32 Pregnancy gingivitis affects 50 to 70% of women.
    2:20:33 50 to 70?
    2:20:34 It’s a lot.
    2:20:35 Wow.
    2:20:35 Yeah.
    2:20:39 And it usually goes away once you have the baby and you’ve gotten through some breastfeeding
    2:20:40 and hormones regulate.
    2:20:48 But it’s important to know that you can also have relaxin can, you know, it helps us prepare
    2:20:50 for childbirth, but it can shift teeth.
    2:20:54 We have a ligament around our teeth, much like we have ligaments in our pelvis.
    2:20:58 And that periodontal ligament is impacted by relaxin.
    2:21:00 So you can see teeth shift and move.
    2:21:03 And women may sometimes say, my bite is different now.
    2:21:05 My gum health is different.
    2:21:10 So it’s very important preconception and certainly during pregnancy to be really on top of your oral
    2:21:13 hygiene as best as possible and see a dentist regularly.
    2:21:18 And then perimenopause and menopause, there’s a whole slew of issues that happen to women
    2:21:23 and from an oral health perspective with hormonal shifts, you know, decreases in estrogen and
    2:21:26 progesterone can impact collagen synthesis.
    2:21:33 So more TMD, more headaches, certainly gum inflammation, dry mouth, burning mouth syndrome,
    2:21:37 more bad breath, taste changes too.
    2:21:42 And so what if it’s just so powerful to be able to have these conversations with women
    2:21:46 rather than just say, well, just use this product, brush and floss more.
    2:21:52 Maybe we could talk, speaking of it from a hormonal lens, like is hormone replacement therapy appropriate
    2:21:53 for you?
    2:21:54 Or how can we help support you in other ways?
    2:21:58 Maybe you should see the dentist every two or three months instead of every six months.
    2:22:04 And also just the mental health component to say, hey, this isn’t something you’re neglecting.
    2:22:06 This is a change your body’s going through.
    2:22:09 And so how can we support you from a dental community?
    2:22:10 Yeah.
    2:22:10 Thanks for that.
    2:22:15 More and more I’m getting asked questions on social media and elsewhere about, you know,
    2:22:18 like how is this different for women versus men?
    2:22:25 And in particular, different phases of the cycle and perimenopause, menopause and essentially the
    2:22:25 entire lifespan.
    2:22:27 So appreciate that.
    2:22:27 Yeah.
    2:22:31 I get burning mouth question a lot too from my community.
    2:22:31 What’s burning mouth?
    2:22:31 Sounds awful.
    2:22:38 So your mouth feels metallic and it truly feels burning, almost like itchy, I think.
    2:22:42 I haven’t experienced it, but that’s how it’s described to me or kind of like a dry mouth.
    2:22:49 It can be a sign of zinc deficiency or vitamin B deficiencies and we can see changes in that,
    2:22:52 in those with perimenopause and menopause.
    2:22:57 I think it’s important to know the mouth is the gateway into the body and we can see nutritional
    2:22:58 deficiencies in the mouth as well.
    2:23:03 So cracks in the corner of the lips can be a zinc deficiency.
    2:23:07 It’s the same with white striations on the line or your fingernails.
    2:23:09 That can be a zinc deficiency.
    2:23:15 B vitamins can be burning mouth or geographic tongue is something people experience.
    2:23:18 What is geographic tongue caused by?
    2:23:18 I don’t have it.
    2:23:25 I have a family member who has it and it’s permanent because they’re quite far along in
    2:23:27 their life now and still have it from childhood.
    2:23:34 We’re told in dental school it maybe has changed, but it’s benign, you know, and just tell patients
    2:23:41 to avoid citrus and acidic foods and it is cross-linked to latex allergy and psoriasis.
    2:23:44 So it’s, it’s a autoimmune issue.
    2:23:50 It can be a sign of nutritional deficiencies, usually zinc, B or iron.
    2:23:56 And also it can be a sign of celiac, Crohn’s or gut issue.
    2:23:58 Again, it’s all connected.
    2:24:02 So a lot of times when kids see me, I will send them to a functional medicine doctor
    2:24:08 or a naturopath to just make, to rule that out, you know, and there’s genetic predispositions
    2:24:08 too.
    2:24:13 As we progress further along in this conversation, these ideas popped to my mind that I’d never
    2:24:18 thought of before, like, um, because I don’t tend to use them like, um, lip balms, lipstick.
    2:24:20 Um, I don’t use lipstick.
    2:24:22 I don’t use lip balm.
    2:24:26 I suppose I’ve put like one of those sunscreens when I went skiing or snowboarding years ago
    2:24:32 on my, uh, and, um, now I’m wondering like, was that just a terrible idea?
    2:24:35 I mean, it’s good not to burn.
    2:24:35 Right.
    2:24:41 People are going to use, but I suppose specifically like lipsticks, are they safe for the oral microbiome?
    2:24:45 Well, I don’t think it’s getting into your, I mean, hopefully you’re not eating it that
    2:24:47 much, but I mean, we need to be mindful of our products.
    2:24:53 You know, there’s a petroleum based products, a lot of lipsticks, lip balms, they just have
    2:24:54 nasty ingredients in them.
    2:24:59 We’re learning more and more and, you know, they’re not necessarily as regulated here from
    2:25:01 a cosmetic standpoint as they might be in the EU.
    2:25:08 So read your ingredients, but a lot of petroleum based products will actually cause more dryness,
    2:25:13 you know, and it has a reverse effect, which is why people get addicted to chapstick.
    2:25:15 I think they just, their lips dry out more.
    2:25:20 But when I see chronic dry lips, I’m thinking dehydration and are you mouth breathing?
    2:25:23 Because when you mouth breathe, all the tissues dry out.
    2:25:27 So if a kid comes in with chronically dried lips, I do wonder if they’re a mouth breather.
    2:25:34 Another way to assess if you have a mouth breather on hand is, do you, are you always asking someone
    2:25:37 in your life to chew with their mouth closed, especially kids?
    2:25:40 So when we’re chewing, we have to breathe.
    2:25:43 So you should chew, lips closed, breathe through your nose.
    2:25:48 But if you can’t because of an obstruction, deviated septum, inflamed nasal turbinates, you’ll have
    2:25:52 that kid that’s mouth’s always open and they tend not to chew enough.
    2:25:58 They kind of mash food and swallow it because they’re worried about oxygenation.
    2:26:05 These kids tend to get picky eaters because they stay away from meat, carrots, apples, things
    2:26:06 you have to chew a lot.
    2:26:10 And they eat more chicken nuggets, mac and cheese because you can just mash it and swallow it.
    2:26:13 That can be a sign of oral motor dysfunction in adults and kids.
    2:26:19 So if you have a hard time chewing with your mouth closed, that’s something you can explore
    2:26:20 and get help with.
    2:26:23 Should we be able to chew equally on both sides of our mouth?
    2:26:25 You should chew equally on both sides of your mouth.
    2:26:30 So if you’re chewing just on one side, not only will you get hypertrophy of the muscle on
    2:26:33 that side, but it can cause a shift, especially in kids, of the way you’re growing.
    2:26:36 But I would want to know why.
    2:26:37 Why are you chewing that way?
    2:26:39 Is your occlusion or your bite off?
    2:26:42 Are you avoiding a tooth because you’re in pain?
    2:26:44 It can be a bad habit.
    2:26:47 There’s ways to retrain, but everything should be symmetrical.
    2:26:51 So you should kind of chew chew, your tongue should move the bolus of food to the other
    2:26:52 side, chew chew.
    2:26:56 So if you can’t do that, it can be a sign of oral motor dysfunction too.
    2:26:59 Maybe your tongue doesn’t have good range of motion or mobility.
    2:27:02 Maybe you have a tongue tie or low tone.
    2:27:04 So there’s a lot that can go into that.
    2:27:08 And this is where seeing a myofunctional therapist could really help.
    2:27:09 You said it.
    2:27:10 So I’ll have to ask.
    2:27:14 Tongue tie a few years ago, this was a controversial area.
    2:27:18 Tongue tie being the stretch of skin between the bottom of the tongue and the bottom of
    2:27:19 the, what is it, bottom of the?
    2:27:20 Floor of the mouth.
    2:27:21 Floor of the mouth.
    2:27:22 Uh-huh.
    2:27:22 Thank you.
    2:27:26 And this idea that in babies it should be cut.
    2:27:28 Other people say it shouldn’t be cut.
    2:27:30 And then everyone starts looking.
    2:27:35 I mean, I think mine just seems to have naturally torn back or some distance.
    2:27:37 But, you know, what’s the deal with tongue tie?
    2:27:39 Should it be cut?
    2:27:42 We’re going into all the controversial conversations here.
    2:27:43 I’ll take the heat for it.
    2:27:46 So that’s called your frenum.
    2:27:47 Okay.
    2:27:49 So we all have a frenum.
    2:27:53 It’s the band of tissue that attaches our tongue to the floor of the mouth.
    2:27:54 We also have a labial frenum.
    2:27:59 And sometimes you have little buckle frenums up here in the vestibule.
    2:28:00 Okay.
    2:28:01 Near the cheek.
    2:28:01 Mm-hmm.
    2:28:03 If you put your finger up in your mouth, you’ll feel.
    2:28:03 Oh, yeah.
    2:28:04 Yeah.
    2:28:05 You may have them.
    2:28:06 You may not.
    2:28:08 And they dried my teeth out for something once they pull it back.
    2:28:10 It’s like webbed.
    2:28:10 Yeah.
    2:28:14 So the whole thing with this conversation is all about function.
    2:28:15 Okay.
    2:28:20 So does your tongue and do the oral structures function appropriately?
    2:28:23 In which case, you’re good.
    2:28:23 You know?
    2:28:27 What’s hard is something to be mindful of.
    2:28:31 You can’t diagnose anyone from a photo on social media.
    2:28:36 So I see a lot of parent blogs who are saying, my child has a tongue tie.
    2:28:37 My child has a lip tie.
    2:28:38 You can’t tell.
    2:28:40 We have to look at function.
    2:28:43 So is it impairing or impacting breastfeeding?
    2:28:46 Can the tongue not lift appropriately?
    2:28:50 It’s all about lifting, elevating, and lateralizing.
    2:28:54 So many think tongue tie impacts you sticking your tongue out.
    2:28:56 We don’t care as much about that.
    2:29:03 What grows the face and the palate in utero and then beyond is that tongue lifting, elevating,
    2:29:08 and spreading that palate, almost like an expander, like an orthodontic expander.
    2:29:11 And so if it can’t lift, that’s the first sign.
    2:29:15 And that means it can’t pull in the breast tissue and breastfeed appropriately.
    2:29:18 Babies might have a lot of reflux.
    2:29:20 Women will have pain.
    2:29:20 Okay.
    2:29:22 So that’s one of the first things we look at.
    2:29:30 But then as children get older, we look, well, is there a tongue tie that is potentially leading
    2:29:31 to mouth breathing?
    2:29:37 So when your lips are closed and you’re breathing through your nose, your tongue should be up
    2:29:41 at the palate and it should have enough tone to stay there, ideally while we sleep too.
    2:29:48 But if your tongue is tethered, it can’t lift up, your tongue is going to lay low and you’re
    2:29:50 going to have more of the Napoleon Dynamite look, okay?
    2:29:55 So that open mouth forward head posture, that’s just because the tongue can’t lift.
    2:30:00 Many times when people have tongue tie, their palates are narrow too because in utero, the
    2:30:03 tongue wasn’t up to grow the face optimally.
    2:30:09 And this runs genetically in families as well, the predisposition.
    2:30:14 So then the next thing we look at is speech, you know, and is it impacting speech or is it
    2:30:16 impacting chewing and swallowing?
    2:30:22 So if all of those things are fine, if it looks like there’s a tongue tie, but you’re thriving,
    2:30:28 you’re doing great, assuming you’re not compensating and using other muscles and now having other
    2:30:33 downstream effects like shoulder pain, headaches, postural issues, you’re great.
    2:30:39 But if a child is having issues and you’ve gone through the right screening and had the
    2:30:45 risk-benefit discussion with the parents, I do think a phrenectomy is indicated, you know,
    2:30:49 and I myself have had one and it benefited me a lot.
    2:30:56 My issues were neck strain and a lot of shoulder tension that really, there’s a lot of fascial
    2:30:58 tissue that’s impacted with a tongue tie or can be.
    2:31:01 And so it helped me a tremendous amount.
    2:31:04 But nothing’s one size fits all and we’re all different, you know.
    2:31:10 So this is where you do want to work with someone with additional training to see if you have a
    2:31:12 tongue tie, you know, how are they assessing that?
    2:31:13 And then is it impairing function?
    2:31:16 And then do you actually need a procedure done?
    2:31:21 Sometimes just working with a myofunctional therapist or different body workers, a chiropractor,
    2:31:26 a craniosacral therapist, an osteopath can be enough to create balance again.
    2:31:28 So it’s not always a surgical intervention.
    2:31:32 In your case, was it a general anesthesia or a local anesthesia?
    2:31:36 I had my tonsils out also very recently, just a few years ago.
    2:31:45 Um, and because I had chronic tonsillitis, um, and so I knew I had a posterior tongue tie
    2:31:48 and I just told the surgeon, just go ahead and do it.
    2:31:49 I’m already getting my tonsils out.
    2:31:50 Sure.
    2:31:50 You’re already in there.
    2:31:51 Yeah.
    2:31:52 Already in there.
    2:31:54 But for most people, it would be a general anesthesia.
    2:31:55 Usually no.
    2:31:57 Um, usually it is local.
    2:32:02 It’s really not bad, especially they’re using lasers now for their procedure.
    2:32:03 It’s pretty straightforward.
    2:32:04 Yeah.
    2:32:06 That can cauterize as you make the cut.
    2:32:07 Exactly.
    2:32:11 You do want to generally suture and you want to make sure you’re working with a myofunctional
    2:32:14 therapist before and after for optimal outcomes.
    2:32:18 It’s like, think about if I went in for a knee replacement, I wouldn’t just walk into the
    2:32:19 operating room.
    2:32:20 Here’s my knee.
    2:32:24 Usually there’s physical therapy before and after to make sure you’re optimized.
    2:32:26 And so it’s the same with a tongue release.
    2:32:30 Peptides and red light therapy.
    2:32:38 Now we’re, we’re in the, um, sort of specialized, uh, next, um, sort of cutting edge of, uh,
    2:32:45 health and self-directed health, um, or self-directed slash working with a, working with a professional
    2:32:48 like yourself, um, oral health care.
    2:32:54 So, um, can red light therapy, like shining red light and near infrared lights, a long
    2:32:58 wavelength light into the mouth provide any benefits for a person that doesn’t have any
    2:32:59 other issues?
    2:33:02 Like they just want to maximize their oral health.
    2:33:04 Is that something that can be helpful?
    2:33:07 What else is it potentially helpful for?
    2:33:07 Yeah.
    2:33:09 It certainly couldn’t hurt.
    2:33:15 I haven’t seen any solid data on that, but, um, it would reduce inflammation, improve, um,
    2:33:17 blood flow, you know?
    2:33:18 So I’m not opposed to it.
    2:33:21 It’s wonderful post-surgery, you know?
    2:33:26 So if you have wisdom teeth out or a periodontal surgery, a lot of, um, dentists and specialists
    2:33:32 are using red light therapy extraorally or intraorally to help expedite healing, collagen
    2:33:33 synthesis, et cetera.
    2:33:39 Um, peptides are newer and exosomes as well that are being used, particularly in root canal
    2:33:43 therapies and maybe cavitation surgeries and things.
    2:33:49 Um, again, just to help with inflammation, healing, collagen synthesis.
    2:33:51 Um, it’s pretty cool.
    2:33:55 It’s very cutting edge and it’s very new and there’s very few out there doing it right now.
    2:34:01 There’s a couple in LA that I know are, so I can share names, but, um, the idea is to regenerate
    2:34:03 tissues, specifically with peptides.
    2:34:10 It can, when put down in the pulpal chamber, potentially can help, um, build up the dentin
    2:34:16 within the tooth and maybe help increase vascularization, get some more vitality back to the tooth too.
    2:34:17 So it’s pretty cool.
    2:34:17 Yeah.
    2:34:17 All right.
    2:34:19 So we’ll stand by on that.
    2:34:19 Yeah.
    2:34:19 Stand by.
    2:34:23 Should we be concerned about metal fillings?
    2:34:26 Um, whatever, I don’t know what material they use for the other, uh, fillings.
    2:34:30 And sometimes they’ll use quote unquote sealants, like they’ll see a pit, they’ll put some
    2:34:31 sealant in there.
    2:34:33 Um, and retainers are made from plastic.
    2:34:35 Now everyone’s worried about plastic.
    2:34:37 So, uh, what gives?
    2:34:41 So the best dentistry is no dentistry.
    2:34:42 I will always say that.
    2:34:47 So that’s why we always want to take a preventative lens as best we can, but that’s not the reality
    2:34:51 since 90% of us have suffered from some sort of dental disease in our life.
    2:34:54 Um, so mercury fillings, this can get controversial.
    2:35:03 Um, I think the first thing to do, I don’t love mercury amalgam fillings and I, I, they were
    2:35:04 recently banned in Europe.
    2:35:09 Um, I think if you’re getting a new filling, I would try not to have mercury placed.
    2:35:11 That would be my recommendation.
    2:35:17 Try to use a composite, ideally a ceramic-based biomimetic material.
    2:35:22 But if you have existing mercury fillings, amalgam fillings, and you’re concerned, the first
    2:35:24 thing to do is, is get a test.
    2:35:27 Get a blood test to see what are your mercury levels.
    2:35:30 If they’re within normal, I wouldn’t worry too much.
    2:35:35 If you have mercury toxicity or mercury through the roof, then you probably should have that
    2:35:40 conversation with your dental team and your medical team to see, could this be coming from
    2:35:41 my fillings?
    2:35:48 Um, and certainly if a filling is breaking, um, damage and needs to re-replace, maybe considering
    2:35:51 not doing an amalgam metal filling.
    2:35:53 So that’s kind of my stance on that.
    2:36:00 Um, composite fillings, you know, they are plastics essentially, um, most are BPA free, but that
    2:36:03 is a bit of a marketing idea.
    2:36:07 You know, there’s still other plasticizers in there, BizGMA, et cetera.
    2:36:11 So, um, I do really like ceramic-based materials if you can find them.
    2:36:13 Nothing is perfect.
    2:36:16 You know, this is the best available that we have.
    2:36:20 Regarding retainers, I get this question a lot too.
    2:36:23 Um, acrylic retainers, those are the pink retainers.
    2:36:28 What’s interesting about those methyl methacrylate can have gluten in it.
    2:36:36 So if you are celiac, um, there have been case reports of, of teens, especially who they
    2:36:41 keep having GI distress or rashes because celiac often, often come out, can come out in the
    2:36:41 skin.
    2:36:46 Um, and they can’t figure out why, and it ties back to their retainer.
    2:36:47 So just be aware of that.
    2:36:50 And then people will ask, well, about Invisalign.
    2:36:53 And again, nothing’s perfect.
    2:37:00 Um, usually most of these retainers and things you’re only wearing for a short period as you’re
    2:37:02 trying to correct your airway issue.
    2:37:04 So lesser of two evils.
    2:37:06 I mean, I’m a big airway advocate.
    2:37:08 I want people breathing optimally.
    2:37:14 Um, that is the most important thing for your health, in my opinion, is optimized oxygenation
    2:37:16 and breathing and rest and recovery.
    2:37:25 So, you know, I, I am an advocate for expansion in some of these materials and products, um, for
    2:37:26 short durations if necessary.
    2:37:29 So we can’t take all the risk out of everything.
    2:37:30 Right.
    2:37:36 And this is why the host making sure your immune response is optimized, your detox pathways are
    2:37:38 open, your phase two liver detox is optimized.
    2:37:40 You know, that’s ideal.
    2:37:42 So, yeah.
    2:37:49 Cruciferous vegetables, uh, sulforaphane supplementation, maybe dandelion, the same things that were recommended
    2:37:53 in the microplastics episode that I did that, um, other people have touched on.
    2:37:59 So things like sauna, sulforaphane, uh, cruciferous vegetable intake should help
    2:38:03 bind to some of the microplastics that surely we are ingesting.
    2:38:04 Everyone has them.
    2:38:06 So you just try to minimize your exposure.
    2:38:10 Um, and then sealants, I am an advocate of sealants.
    2:38:13 They, they really do reduce cavity risk.
    2:38:19 Um, they’re usually put on the molars in the grooves and the fissures of the back teeth.
    2:38:27 Um, but again, I use, so I, I use, um, spectrometry to make sure I’m not sealing in bacteria.
    2:38:32 So it’s an image that shows me if there’s like caries or cavity there, I’m using ozone to make
    2:38:34 sure I’m killing the bacteria.
    2:38:38 Sometimes I’ll use my laser, which helps disinfect too, to open the groove up.
    2:38:40 And then I’m using ceramic based materials too.
    2:38:44 Um, so I think there’s, it depends on your risk as well.
    2:38:49 If you’re low risk, you’re not eating a lot of these ultra processed foods, you’re probably okay.
    2:38:55 Um, but a lot of kids, you know, we have control over our children’s diets only to a certain point.
    2:39:01 And then they go off to middle school and start eating the Takis and the Doritos and, you know,
    2:39:03 they make maybe some bad choices.
    2:39:07 And so if you want their teeth as protected as possible, I’d suggest sealants.
    2:39:15 A somewhat unpleasant topic, but something that I’ve heard repeatedly, and I don’t know if it’s true,
    2:39:23 is that dentists more than people in any other profession commit suicide at very high rates.
    2:39:27 Um, and then there’s this very dark joke that people make, well, you know, their hands are
    2:39:31 always in other people’s mouths, so they don’t have anyone to talk to, you know, like, or, you know,
    2:39:33 like, or, and then I always think, well, the logic’s wrong there.
    2:39:34 They actually could talk as much as they want.
    2:39:35 It’s the patients that can’t talk.
    2:39:41 So, you know, setting aside that kind of like, um, you know, gallows humor, which I don’t,
    2:39:42 it’s not my style of humor.
    2:39:48 Um, do dentists kill themselves more than people in other professions?
    2:39:48 Yeah.
    2:39:50 Thank you for bringing this up.
    2:39:56 I think it’s important to talk about, um, dentists do have a really high rate of depression,
    2:39:58 anxiety, and yes, suicide too.
    2:40:02 And I always heard this too, even before I became a dentist and, um, it’s a really hard
    2:40:03 profession.
    2:40:09 And so we tend to be the brunt of the joke, you know, we’re in the, the song, um, there’s
    2:40:15 songs like I’m afraid of dentists in the dark, you know, by Vance Joy and like Steve Martin
    2:40:18 playing the eccentric dentist in multiple different movies.
    2:40:22 Little Shop of Horrors, Little Shop of Horrors, um, horrible bosses.
    2:40:24 There’s like a crazy dentist.
    2:40:26 There’s always like horror movies have dentists.
    2:40:29 I mean, we are the brunt of the joke a little bit.
    2:40:32 And, um, so that’s hard.
    2:40:37 And, and unfortunately there are just so many negative childhood experiences at the dentist.
    2:40:43 And this is partly why I went into pediatrics is that I was an adult dentist for many years.
    2:40:48 I felt very dissatisfied with my career because I just felt like I wasn’t making a difference.
    2:40:53 You know, dental disease is so prevalent and, and unless we’re talking about it from this
    2:40:58 root cause lens, we’re not going to move the needle, but it’s very hard when you get in
    2:41:00 the system to get out of it.
    2:41:05 You know, the way our appointment times are set up and the overhead is crazy and the student
    2:41:11 debt now and, and the pressures and the things with dentists is we are the clinicians, but we’re also
    2:41:14 kind of the CEOs of our businesses.
    2:41:16 Like many of us have private practices.
    2:41:18 So you’re wearing two hats.
    2:41:22 So when you’re done with treatment all day and seeing patients all day, then you’re sitting in
    2:41:26 front of the computer and you have people to help you, but you’re trying to manage the business.
    2:41:32 And we didn’t go into school for that, you know, looking at spreadsheets, HR issues, et cetera.
    2:41:40 And, and many of us are in solo practices, so it can be very lonely, but also we tend to
    2:41:44 be more type A personalities, perfectionists and dentistry is hard.
    2:41:46 Not it’s, there’s a lot of unknowns.
    2:41:47 There’s a lot of variables.
    2:41:52 You know, I can put a filling in your mouth, but I can’t guarantee that you’re going to brush,
    2:41:56 floss, follow my rules, not, you know, not eat ultra processed foods.
    2:41:59 You’re breathing through your nose, what’s your microbiome like.
    2:42:03 So then you’re doing all of these things that I’ve instructed you not to do.
    2:42:08 And then you come back because the filling fails and we’re the ones to blame for that.
    2:42:09 And don’t get me wrong.
    2:42:14 There’s all very variations of providers out there and there’s people doing excellent work
    2:42:16 and people doing not so excellent work.
    2:42:22 But I do think it’s important for everyone to know that many dentists are having a hard time
    2:42:25 with work, especially post COVID, I would say.
    2:42:30 There’s a lot of pressures on our dental insurance is very challenging.
    2:42:34 You know, it’s not truly insurance like medical insurance.
    2:42:36 It’s really a benefit package.
    2:42:42 And so you tend to only get a thousand or twelve hundred dollars a year and then everything else
    2:42:43 is out of pocket.
    2:42:49 And so people kind of look at us like that’s kind of a scam, you know, like it’s so expensive.
    2:42:54 But what they don’t realize is many of these dental supply companies, they have essentially
    2:42:55 monopolies on us.
    2:42:57 Like our equipment is outrageously expensive.
    2:43:01 And prices keep going up and up and up.
    2:43:04 But what isn’t changing are insurance reimbursements.
    2:43:06 OK, so where does that delta come in?
    2:43:09 And usually it’s coming out of the dentist’s pocket, too.
    2:43:14 So it’s it’s why corporate dentistry is taking over in a lot of ways, kind of what happened
    2:43:15 in medicine.
    2:43:18 But I would just say be kind to your dentist there.
    2:43:22 Just recently, this is very timely, but I don’t know where this came from.
    2:43:24 Maybe it was like a tick tock thing.
    2:43:30 But there were letters being mailed on specifically, I saw in the Pacific Northwest, Oregon and
    2:43:35 Portland that dentists were receiving these these hate letters saying dentists are scumbags
    2:43:37 and they should all kill themselves.
    2:43:44 So I think it’s important for people to know what we kind of deal with behind the scenes,
    2:43:47 you know, and to just be kind to your dentist.
    2:43:51 And I would say if if if someone doesn’t resonate with you, if their personality doesn’t
    2:43:54 resonate with you, just go find a different dentist.
    2:43:59 And I will I do want to understand there is a lot of post-traumatic stress disorder from
    2:44:01 from patients who truly fear the dentist.
    2:44:03 It’s usually from experiences in childhood.
    2:44:06 And that’s what I wanted to change, too.
    2:44:07 I just said it doesn’t have to be this way.
    2:44:13 We can make dentistry a very positive place, a safe place so that children go into adults
    2:44:17 without dental disease, but also that find the dentist to be a safe, comfortable place
    2:44:18 to go.
    2:44:23 So I mean, some people, if you’re really that fearful, you know, maybe considering
    2:44:29 therapy or, you know, some sort of anxiolytic, like, do you need something to help you feel
    2:44:30 calmer at the dentist?
    2:44:33 But I encourage everyone to go to the dentist.
    2:44:36 Don’t avoid the dentist, but also trying to understand it.
    2:44:38 It is a challenging profession.
    2:44:39 It really is.
    2:44:40 And there’s a lot of unknowns.
    2:44:43 And there are some mental health challenges out there, too.
    2:44:49 Well, thank you for being an incredible ambassador for dentistry.
    2:44:57 And in no small part, that comes from your, like, obvious kindness and goodness and also
    2:44:59 the rigor with which you approach it.
    2:45:02 So the two are certainly not incompatible.
    2:45:03 You’re proof of that.
    2:45:04 Thank you.
    2:45:09 I wonder if now would be a good time for us to just sort of summarize the top 10 or top
    2:45:10 12 things.
    2:45:11 There are a bunch of don’ts.
    2:45:18 Maybe we can leave those out, like avoid sugary, starchy, floury foods that get stuck between
    2:45:19 teeth, that kind of thing.
    2:45:24 But maybe I’ll fire off a few and you can tell me what I’m missing.
    2:45:28 Be a nose breather, not a mouth breather.
    2:45:31 Unless you’re eating or speaking, keep your mouth shut, basically.
    2:45:31 Right?
    2:45:32 Absolutely.
    2:45:35 Or you’re exercising really hard and you need to suck for some air.
    2:45:37 Or you’re scuba diving and you would drown otherwise.
    2:45:42 Eat non-processed, minimally processed foods.
    2:45:45 We’re hearing that over and over again these days.
    2:45:47 Brush twice a day.
    2:45:48 Floss twice a day.
    2:45:50 Water pick if you can.
    2:45:53 Yeah, that’s loading a lot onto people.
    2:45:55 I would say floss at least once a day.
    2:45:59 Flossing twice a day is extra credit.
    2:45:59 Great.
    2:46:00 Yeah.
    2:46:02 Because a lot of people don’t floss.
    2:46:05 So we want to start out reasonable.
    2:46:06 Before sleep.
    2:46:07 Yes, ideally.
    2:46:12 So it’s brush then floss.
    2:46:13 Floss then brush.
    2:46:14 Floss then brush.
    2:46:16 But however you can do it.
    2:46:16 No, no, no.
    2:46:18 I didn’t get it wrong on purpose.
    2:46:19 I also like tongue scraping.
    2:46:21 We forgot to talk about tongue scraping.
    2:46:21 Yeah.
    2:46:23 So I want to add in these things.
    2:46:27 maybe oil pull three times a week.
    2:46:29 Put some coconut oil in there.
    2:46:30 Swish it around.
    2:46:32 Practice your nasal breathing while you’re doing it.
    2:46:32 That’s right.
    2:46:32 Spit it out.
    2:46:33 But not in the sink.
    2:46:34 Not in the sink.
    2:46:36 And why just a few times a week?
    2:46:38 I don’t know if I was clear on that.
    2:46:41 It’s because coconut oil is antimicrobial.
    2:46:47 So I’m airing on the side of caution because it will target more anaerobic pathological bacteria.
    2:46:49 But less is more.
    2:46:51 We don’t want to disrupt the oral microbiome too much.
    2:46:53 So just a couple times a week.
    2:46:54 You don’t need to do it daily.
    2:46:55 Great.
    2:46:56 Soft toothbrush.
    2:46:57 Be gentle.
    2:47:02 Avoid alcohol-containing mouthwashes for all sorts of reasons.
    2:47:06 Pay attention to the fluoride debate.
    2:47:07 Yes.
    2:47:10 Consider hydroxyapatite if you’re concerned.
    2:47:11 Great.
    2:47:13 I love these hydroxyapatite toothpastes.
    2:47:15 Yours and Gator Dentist’s one.
    2:47:15 Love them.
    2:47:17 I don’t get paid a dime for it.
    2:47:19 I pay my own money for them.
    2:47:20 I really love them.
    2:47:22 My teeth are so much healthier now.
    2:47:24 I just like them too.
    2:47:24 I like that I can…
    2:47:27 They taste good.
    2:47:28 I don’t actually rinse afterwards.
    2:47:29 We didn’t talk about that.
    2:47:31 but ideally you don’t rinse after you brush.
    2:47:38 So think about if you were a big advocate for sunscreen or a lotion.
    2:47:40 You put it on, you immediately jump in the shower.
    2:47:42 You’re washing it all off.
    2:47:44 So it’s the same with your toothpaste.
    2:47:47 There is a duration of action that it takes for maximum efficacy.
    2:47:51 So if you’re brushing for two minutes and spit and rinse,
    2:47:53 all that goodness is getting rinsed down the drain.
    2:47:55 So it really should…
    2:47:56 You can still spit.
    2:47:58 People get confused by this.
    2:48:02 You can still spit, but try not to vigorously rinse everything off.
    2:48:06 You do want to try to sit on the teeth and in your saliva a little bit.
    2:48:08 Avoid nicotine.
    2:48:09 And alcohol.
    2:48:10 And alcohol.
    2:48:12 Hydrate well.
    2:48:12 Yes.
    2:48:13 Electrolytes.
    2:48:14 Keep your…
    2:48:14 Electrolytes.
    2:48:17 Keep your saliva abundant.
    2:48:18 Yes.
    2:48:19 Especially for older people.
    2:48:20 Yes.
    2:48:20 Yeah.
    2:48:21 Yeah.
    2:48:25 The nasal breathing during sleep, we can double click on that one.
    2:48:25 Yes.
    2:48:26 Absolutely.
    2:48:27 Because that’s going to get your sleep right.
    2:48:29 Because that just checks so many boxes.
    2:48:33 I’d say optimized minerals and fat-soluble vitamins.
    2:48:36 This is kind of Weston Price stuff.
    2:48:40 I’m trying to think here if there’s anything I missed.
    2:48:41 Well, we could say tongue scraping.
    2:48:42 Tongue scraping.
    2:48:43 Excuse me.
    2:48:44 I do like tongue scraping.
    2:48:51 So again, Ayurvedic, you know, Chinese medicine will look at the tongue from a health standpoint.
    2:48:55 If you have a white coating on your tongue, that’s a sign of dysbiosis.
    2:48:56 You could have candida.
    2:48:58 This is important to touch upon.
    2:49:03 Strep mutans gets blamed for cavities so much with kids especially.
    2:49:06 But with children, we really need to be focusing on fungus too.
    2:49:10 So candida is really prevalent in early decay in children.
    2:49:12 No one’s screening for this or treating it.
    2:49:14 Candida loves sugar, you know.
    2:49:16 And this is also with diabetics.
    2:49:26 We’re seeing a bidirectional relationship with gum disease, periodontal disease, and insulin resistance and blood sugar imbalances too.
    2:49:29 But so tongue scraping, and it will do a better job than your toothbrush.
    2:49:36 People always ask because it is removing the biofilm as the toothbrush is kind of moving it around.
    2:49:40 So it’s taking off that film of bacteria.
    2:49:43 I know it’s kind of gross, but they tend to be anaerobic.
    2:49:52 And that can help with nitric oxide production too because the good bacteria on the tongue tend to live down more in the crypts.
    2:49:56 So you don’t want to scrape too hard, but just get that film off.
    2:50:02 You’ll also notice improvement in your taste perception too because you’re getting food remnants and things off as well.
    2:50:03 I wouldn’t want that.
    2:50:03 Yeah.
    2:50:04 Oh, I love it.
    2:50:09 Once you start tongue scraping, you usually, most everyone’s a big advocate for it.
    2:50:10 Thank you so much.
    2:50:11 Thank you, Andrew.
    2:50:16 For this really extensive and exceptionally clear voyage through oral health.
    2:50:21 I am sure that people are going to take away many, many things that are actionable.
    2:50:31 And I really appreciate that you’ve been such a strong advocate for pointing out that oral health is not just about teeth.
    2:50:32 It’s not just about breath.
    2:50:38 It’s about that, but it’s also about your whole digestive tract and about brain health and about heart health.
    2:50:47 I mean, we have a lot of control over this particular aspect of our body as opposed to like heart health, which we have to get to indirectly unless we’re a heart surgeon.
    2:50:47 Yes.
    2:50:52 Or gut health, which we have to get to indirectly unless we’re a gastroenterologist, right?
    2:50:54 What other biofilm do you have access to?
    2:50:56 I mean, it really is a window into the body.
    2:51:03 So if you have gum disease or cavities, that is a sign of a metabolic imbalance in your body.
    2:51:12 So not to make you panic, but I just want people to take it seriously, that it is a window into other things that could be happening deeper within the system.
    2:51:15 Well, I absolutely love the work that you’re doing.
    2:51:19 I couldn’t think of a better person to bring on here to educate us all.
    2:51:26 And like I said, you’ve given us so many valuable tools and we will provide links to all the incredible resources that you’re continuing to put out into the world.
    2:51:27 So thank you for doing that.
    2:51:28 Thank you for coming here.
    2:51:33 Thanks for, it’s clear that this is a labor of love for you.
    2:51:35 It’s not just about like cleaning teeth or something.
    2:51:47 So yeah, that you’re, people probably can’t see, well, certainly if they’re listening, they can’t see the incredible extensive notes that Dr. Whitman brought with her and her incredible handwriting.
    2:51:48 Goodness gracious.
    2:51:49 What beautiful handwriting.
    2:51:50 Thank you.
    2:51:51 So I could read it later.
    2:51:53 Not all doctors have bad handwriting.
    2:52:01 No, they’re notoriously have bad handwriting, but yours is, you certainly offset whatever failures of handwriting the other physicians have.
    2:52:02 So this was really fun.
    2:52:03 Thank you so much.
    2:52:03 Thanks.
    2:52:04 Well, we’ll do it again.
    2:52:08 And I’m really grateful for you coming on here today.
    2:52:08 Thank you.
    2:52:09 Thank you.
    2:52:13 Thank you for joining me today for my discussion with Dr. Stacey Whitman.
    2:52:17 I hope you found it to be as interesting and useful as I did.
    2:52:22 To find links to Dr. Whitman’s work and the various resources we discussed, please see the show note captions.
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    2:52:57 I do read all the comments.
    2:53:00 For those of you that haven’t heard, I have a new book coming out.
    2:53:01 It’s my very first book.
    2:53:05 It’s entitled Protocols, an Operating Manual for the Human Body.
    2:53:11 This is a book that I’ve been working on for more than five years and that’s based on more than 30 years of research and experience.
    2:53:19 And it covers protocols for everything from sleep to exercise to stress control, protocols related to focus and motivation.
    2:53:24 And of course, I provide the scientific substantiation for the protocols that are included.
    2:53:28 The book is now available by presale at protocolsbook.com.
    2:53:31 There you can find links to various vendors.
    2:53:32 You can pick the one that you like best.
    2:53:37 Again, the book is called Protocols, an Operating Manual for the Human Body.
    2:53:42 And if you’re not already following me on social media, I am Huberman Lab on all social media platforms.
    2:53:45 So that’s Instagram, X, Threads, Facebook, and LinkedIn.
    2:53:56 And on all those platforms, I discuss science and science related tools, some of which overlaps with the content of the Huberman Lab podcast, but much of which is distinct from the information on the Huberman Lab podcast.
    2:53:59 Again, it’s Huberman Lab on all social media platforms.
    2:54:15 And if you haven’t already subscribed to our Neural Network newsletter, the Neural Network newsletter is a zero cost monthly newsletter that includes podcast summaries, as well as what we call protocols in the form of one to three page PDFs that cover everything from how to optimize your sleep, how to optimize dopamine, deliberate cold exposure.
    2:54:20 We have a foundational fitness protocol that covers cardiovascular training and resistance training.
    2:54:23 All of that is available completely zero cost.
    2:54:29 You simply go to HubermanLab.com, go to the menu tab in the top right corner, scroll down to newsletter, and enter your email.
    2:54:32 And I should emphasize that we do not share your email with anybody.
    2:54:37 Thank you once again for joining me for today’s discussion with Dr. Stacey Whitman.
    2:54:41 And last, but certainly not least, thank you for your interest in science.
    2:54:41 Thank you.
    Chào mừng bạn đến với Podcast Huberman Lab, nơi chúng tôi thảo luận về khoa học và các công cụ dựa trên khoa học cho cuộc sống hàng ngày.
    Tôi là Andrew Huberman, và tôi là giáo sư sinh lý thần kinh và nhãn khoa tại Trường Y Stanford.
    Khách mời hôm nay của tôi là Tiến sĩ Stacey Whitman.
    Tiến sĩ Stacey Whitman là một nha sĩ chức năng, có chuyên môn điều trị cả bệnh nhân người lớn và trẻ em.
    Cô ấy tập trung vào sức khỏe răng miệng như một yếu tố chính của sức khỏe đường ruột tổng thể và là một yếu tố điều chỉnh mạnh mẽ cho sự trường thọ của não, sức khỏe tim mạch, hormone và khả năng sinh sản của cả nam và nữ.
    Hôm nay, chúng tôi sẽ thảo luận về nhiều huyền thoại phổ biến về việc chăm sóc răng và nướu, và cách sử dụng dinh dưỡng cụ thể, phương pháp thở và vệ sinh để sửa chữa sâu răng, làm trắng răng và thơm miệng, trong khi đồng thời cải thiện hệ vi sinh răng miệng.
    Điều này rất quan trọng vì, như Tiến sĩ Whitman giải thích, hầu hết những gì mọi người làm để có sức khỏe răng miệng tốt hơn và có hơi thở thơm tho thực sự làm tổn hại đến hệ vi sinh răng miệng của họ và thực sự có thể dẫn đến các vấn đề tim mạch nghiêm trọng.
    Vì vậy, hôm nay, chúng tôi sẽ thảo luận về cách đánh răng và cách dùng chỉ nha khoa.
    Tôi biết rằng tất cả chúng ta đều đã nghe rằng chúng ta cần phải đánh răng và dùng chỉ nha khoa, nhưng Tiến sĩ Whitman sẽ giải thích chính xác cách thực hiện để mang lại lợi ích tối đa cho sức khỏe răng miệng, sức khỏe nướu và sức khỏe răng miệng nói chung.
    Chúng tôi cũng sẽ thảo luận về khoa học và lợi ích của các phương pháp như cạo lưỡi và súc miệng bằng dầu, và chúng tôi sẽ thảo luận về fluoride, điều này, tất nhiên, là một chủ đề rất gây tranh cãi và kịp thời hiện nay.
    Đây là một cuộc trò chuyện rất thú vị mà tôi tin rằng mọi người, từ trẻ đến già, cha mẹ và trẻ em đều cần phải biết đến.
    Chúng tôi cũng sẽ thảo luận về việc điều trị các vấn đề như dây thắng lưỡi, vách ngăn lệch, loét miệng và nhiều vấn đề khác.
    Cuối cùng của tập hôm nay, bạn sẽ có được kiến thức mới nhất về cách chăm sóc sức khỏe răng miệng của mình, cả vì lý do thẩm mỹ và, tất nhiên, để giảm thiểu sâu răng và bệnh nướu, và trong khi làm như vậy, hỗ trợ cho sự trường thọ của não và tim mạch.
    Trước khi bắt đầu, tôi muốn nhấn mạnh rằng podcast này tách biệt với vai trò giảng dạy và nghiên cứu của tôi tại Stanford.
    Tuy nhiên, đây là một phần trong mong muốn và nỗ lực của tôi để cung cấp thông tin miễn phí cho người tiêu dùng về khoa học và các công cụ liên quan đến khoa học đến với công chúng.
    Theo chủ đề này, tập này cũng có các nhà tài trợ.
    Và bây giờ là cuộc trò chuyện của tôi với Tiến sĩ Stacey Whitman.
    Tiến sĩ Stacey Whitman, chào mừng bạn.
    Cảm ơn bạn, Andrew.
    Tôi rất phấn khích được thảo luận về sức khỏe răng miệng từ mọi góc độ.
    Nội dung của bạn, đặc biệt là trên Instagram, đã hoàn toàn chuyển đổi cách tôi nghĩ về điều mà tôi gọi là miệng của mình, mà mọi người nghĩ rằng đó là răng, miệng, hơi thở và lưỡi của họ và tất cả những thứ đó, như một nơi quan trọng để đánh giá và duy trì sức khỏe của não, cơ thể tôi, và hôm nay bạn sẽ làm rõ tại sao lại như vậy.
    Tôi muốn bắt đầu bằng cách nhìn nhận vấn đề sức khỏe răng miệng này qua lăng kính của những gì tôi nghĩ rằng hầu hết mọi người nghĩ đến khi nghe từ “sức khỏe răng miệng”, đó là mọi người dường như muốn có những chiếc răng trắng hoặc rất trắng, tùy theo sở thích của họ.
    Họ muốn có hơi thở thơm mát hoặc ít nhất là không có hơi thở có mùi khó chịu.
    Và họ muốn miệng của họ cảm thấy tốt, đúng không?
    Câu hỏi mà tôi có là, có những điều gì mà rất nhiều người làm nhằm có được răng trắng, hơi thở thơm, thực sự lại gây hại cho răng và hệ vi sinh răng miệng của chúng ta?
    Nếu chúng ta đi qua điểm khởi đầu này để vào cuộc trò chuyện, thì chúng ta có thể đi vào một số chi tiết cụ thể về lý do tại sao điều đó lại xảy ra.
    Vậy có điều gì mà bạn thấy nhiều người đang làm để có được những chiếc răng trắng sáng nhưng thực sự lại trở thành mối nguy hại cho răng của họ không?
    Chắc chắn rồi.
    Câu hỏi tuyệt vời.
    Một cách tuyệt vời để bắt đầu.
    Vì vậy, tôi muốn khen bạn và cảm ơn bạn đã đưa hệ vi sinh răng miệng và sức khỏe răng miệng trở thành một trong những trụ cột của sức khỏe.
    Điều đó có ý nghĩa rất lớn, và nó có liên quan nhiều đến câu trả lời này.
    Thật không may, chúng ta đã được dạy rằng chúng ta cần phải “bắn phá” miệng.
    Chúng ta cần phải thêm các chất làm se và rượu, các tác nhân tạo bọt và tinh dầu rất mạnh để làm sạch, khử trùng và làm thơm hơi thở.
    Nhưng thực tế, những gì chúng ta đang làm với những sản phẩm này là làm tổn hại đến hệ vi sinh nhạy cảm của chúng ta, điều này có thể khiến mọi thứ trở nên tồi tệ hơn nhiều.
    Rất nhiều về sức khỏe răng miệng là một cách tiếp cận “ít hơn cũng là nhiều hơn”, và không nên dựa quá nhiều vào sản phẩm.
    Nó nên được tập trung nhiều hơn vào chế độ ăn uống và lối sống, giống như bất kỳ điều gì liên quan đến sức khỏe.
    Thật không may, nha khoa đã bị tách biệt và phân chia ra khỏi cơ thể như nhiều lĩnh vực y học.
    Và, bạn biết đấy, chúng ta quá chuyên môn hóa và phân chuyên, và nha khoa cũng nằm trong số đó.
    Và chúng ta cần nhớ rằng tất cả đều liên kết với nhau.
    Và những gì chúng ta đang làm với miệng, dù là kem đánh răng mạnh, nước súc miệng, những viên kẹo cao su nhất định, và thậm chí cả những gì chúng ta đang ăn và cách chúng ta thở có thể thực sự gây ảnh hưởng đến sức khỏe răng miệng của chúng ta.
    Vì vậy, nó cần một cách nhìn nhận khác biệt, và đó là một chút thay đổi tư duy để thực sự giúp chúng ta trở về với sự tối ưu hóa.
    Vậy bạn có nghĩ rằng hầu hết các loại kem đánh răng thông dụng trên thị trường, mặc dù có mùi bạc hà hoặc bạc hà và có vị bạc hà, có thực sự làm sạch được răng không?
    Và có gây tổn hại gì cho răng bởi những gì chúng chứa không?
    Điều đó thực sự phụ thuộc vào các thành phần.
    Vì vậy, tôi muốn mọi người bắt đầu xem xét các sản phẩm chăm sóc sức khỏe răng miệng của họ.
    Giống như họ bắt đầu xem xét nhãn thực phẩm.
    Chúng ta nên đọc các thành phần và hiểu lý do tại sao chúng có mặt và chúng đang làm gì.
    Chúng được lấy từ đâu?
    Nhưng chắc chắn, tôi nghĩ rằng nhiều người trong chúng ta cảm thấy rằng nó phải làm bỏng hay tạo bọt thì mới hiệu quả.
    Đánh răng thực sự là gì?
    Nó thực sự đang làm gì?
    Bạn đang làm gián đoạn lớp màng sinh học, thực sự là mảng bám hoặc vi khuẩn bám trên răng của bạn.
    Vì vậy, tất cả những phụ kiện bổ sung đó, nó có thể được xem như là điểm cộng thêm.
    Nhưng nếu bạn hoàn toàn cân bằng, chúng ta không nên cần tất cả những chất tẩy rửa và bạc hà mạnh mẽ đó.
    Vì vậy, chẳng hạn, natri lauryl sulfate là một chất tạo bọt, nhưng nó cũng có thể gây rối loạn nghiêm trọng cho niêm mạc miệng và có thể dẫn đến loét miệng. Đây là một thành phần phổ biến gây ra bọt mà tôi cho rằng chúng ta không cần thiết. Kem đánh răng của bạn không nên tạo bọt, cũng như không nên gây cảm giác đau rát. Dầu essences, chúng ta nghĩ, ôi, đó là tự nhiên. Chúng lành mạnh, phải không? Tuy nhiên, nhiều loại rất kháng khuẩn. Và vì vậy chúng có thể đang phá hủy vi khuẩn có lợi trong miệng bạn. Đó là lý do tại sao cảm giác rát mạnh sau nhiều loại kem đánh răng, thực sự bạn không cần điều đó. Và nếu hơi thở của bạn quá tồi tệ hoặc bạn bị hôi miệng đến mức cảm thấy cần thiết phải như vậy, thì tôi cho rằng, hãy khám phá sâu hơn. Tại sao hơi thở của bạn lại không cân bằng như vậy? Chắc chắn là có điều gì đó khác đang xảy ra. Vì vậy, tôi rất khuyến khích mọi người bắt đầu tìm hiểu về sản phẩm của mình. Tôi nghĩ rằng chúng ta chỉ đẩy lĩnh vực nha khoa và răng miệng sang một bên. Nó thường là một suy nghĩ phụ. Và cũng giống như chúng ta ưu tiên chăm sóc da, dầu gội, những thứ mà chúng ta đưa vào cơ thể, chúng ta cũng cần tập trung vào các thành phần trong sản phẩm chăm sóc sức khỏe răng miệng của mình. Đặc biệt khi chúng ta thực sự đưa nó vào cơ thể mình, không chỉ trên bề mặt cơ thể. Chất tạo bọt là gì? Natri lauryl sulfate. Và vấn đề là có các dẫn xuất. Vì vậy, một số phiên bản sạch hơn có thể có các dẫn xuất SLS từ dừa. Và nhiều người sẽ ổn với những cái đó. Nhưng một phàn nàn phổ biến mà tôi thấy trong văn phòng của mình là những loét miệng. Và điều đầu tiên tôi nghĩ đến là có gì trong kem đánh răng của bạn. Nó có SLS hoặc một dẫn xuất không? Bởi vì chúng ta đều khác nhau và một số người có độ nhạy cảm cao hơn và sẽ phản ứng nhiều hơn với những cái đó. Những loét miệng có phải là vết loét nhiệt không? Vâng. Hay là vết loét nhiệt? Các vết loét Aptus, vâng. Vì vậy, nếu ai đó bị vết loét nhiệt, điều đó phản ánh điều gì? Thông thường, hãy giả sử rằng kem đánh răng không liên quan gì đến nó. Đó có phải là sự rối loạn trong hệ vi sinh vật không? Có phải do chấn thương thể lý, như là một cú cắn vào lợi không? Có thể là tất cả. Được rồi. Vì vậy, nó có thể thứ phát do chấn thương, chắc chắn rồi. Nó có thể liên quan đến virus. Vì vậy, virus herpes thường gây ra các loét miệng. HSV-1. Vâng. Nhưng cũng vậy, và điều này không nằm trong radar của nhiều người, bạn biết đấy, miệng là cổng vào cơ thể và miệng cũng là ruột. Tôi muốn mọi người bắt đầu suy nghĩ như vậy. Vì vậy, những gì xảy ra trong miệng có thể phản ánh những gì đang xảy ra trong ruột. Và vì vậy nhiều lần khi tôi có bệnh nhân đến khám với các vết loét apthus tái phát hoặc loét, điều đó có thể là dấu hiệu của bệnh Crohn hoặc celiac, hội chứng ruột kích thích, như có điều gì đó sâu hơn mà chúng ta cần đánh giá, độ nhạy cảm với thực phẩm, và vân vân. Tôi muốn tạm dừng một chút để công nhận nhà tài trợ của chúng tôi, 8Sleep. 8Sleep sản xuất các lớp đệm thông minh với khả năng làm mát, sưởi ấm và theo dõi giấc ngủ. Bây giờ, tôi đã nói trước đây trong podcast này về nhu cầu thiết yếu của chúng ta về việc có được số giờ ngủ chất lượng đầy đủ mỗi đêm. Một trong những cách tốt nhất để đảm bảo có một giấc ngủ ngon là đảm bảo nhiệt độ của môi trường ngủ của bạn là chính xác. Và điều đó là vì để có thể ngủ sâu và vẫn sâu, nhiệt độ cơ thể của bạn thực sự cần phải giảm khoảng một đến ba độ. Và để thức dậy cảm thấy tỉnh táo và tràn đầy năng lượng, nhiệt độ cơ thể của bạn thực sự cần phải tăng lên khoảng một đến ba độ. 8Sleep tự động điều chỉnh nhiệt độ của giường của bạn trong suốt đêm theo nhu cầu riêng của bạn. Bây giờ, tôi thấy điều đó cực kỳ hữu ích vì tôi thích làm cho giường thật mát vào đầu đêm, lạnh hơn vào giữa đêm, và ấm lên khi tôi thức dậy. Đó là điều giúp tôi có nhiều giấc ngủ sóng chậm và giấc ngủ REM. Và tôi biết điều đó vì 8Sleep có một bộ theo dõi giấc ngủ tuyệt vời cho tôi biết tôi đã ngủ như thế nào và các loại giấc ngủ mà tôi đang có trong suốt đêm. Tôi đã ngủ trên lớp đệm của 8Sleep được bốn năm rồi, và nó đã hoàn toàn biến đổi và cải thiện chất lượng giấc ngủ của tôi. Mẫu mới nhất của họ, Pod 4 Ultra, cũng có tính năng phát hiện ngáy ngủ, sẽ tự động nâng đầu bạn lên vài độ để cải thiện lưu thông khí và ngăn bạn ngáy. Nếu bạn quyết định thử 8Sleep, bạn có 30 ngày để thử nghiệm tại nhà, và bạn có thể trả lại nếu bạn không thích. Không cần hỏi lý do. Nhưng tôi chắc chắn rằng bạn sẽ yêu thích nó. Truy cập 8sleep.com slash Huberman để tiết kiệm tới 350 đô la cho Pod 4 Ultra của bạn. 8Sleep vận chuyển đến nhiều quốc gia trên toàn thế giới, bao gồm Mexico và UAE. Một lần nữa, đó là 8sleep.com slash Huberman để tiết kiệm tới 350 đô la cho Pod 4 Ultra của bạn. Tập hôm nay cũng được mang đến cho chúng ta bởi BetterHelp. BetterHelp cung cấp liệu pháp chuyên nghiệp với một nhà trị liệu có giấy phép hoàn toàn trực tuyến. Tôi đã thực hiện liệu pháp hàng tuần trong hơn 30 năm. Ban đầu, tôi không có sự lựa chọn. Đó là một điều kiện để được phép ở lại trường. Nhưng khá sớm, tôi nhận ra rằng liệu pháp là một thành phần cực kỳ quan trọng cho sức khỏe tổng thể. Thực tế, tôi cho rằng thực hiện liệu pháp thường xuyên quan trọng như việc tập thể dục đều đặn, mà tất nhiên, tôi cũng làm hàng tuần. Có ba điều chính mà liệu pháp tuyệt vời mang lại. Đầu tiên, nó cung cấp mối quan hệ tốt với ai đó mà bạn có thể tin tưởng và trò chuyện về bất kỳ vấn đề nào. Thứ hai, nó có thể cung cấp hỗ trợ dưới dạng hỗ trợ cảm xúc hoặc chỉ dẫn có định hướng. Và thứ ba, liệu pháp chuyên gia có thể cung cấp những cái nhìn hữu ích. Với BetterHelp, họ giúp cho việc tìm một nhà trị liệu chuyên gia mà bạn phù hợp dễ dàng hơn và có thể giúp bạn mang lại những lợi ích mà liệu pháp hiệu quả mang lại. Ngoài ra, vì liệu pháp BetterHelp được thực hiện hoàn toàn trực tuyến, nên nó rất tiết kiệm thời gian và dễ dàng phù hợp vào một lịch trình bận rộn mà không phải đi đến văn phòng của nhà trị liệu hay ngồi trong phòng chờ. Nếu bạn muốn thử BetterHelp, hãy truy cập BetterHelp.com slash Huberman.
    Chỉ trong tháng này, tháng 3 năm 2025, BetterHelp đang cung cấp cho bạn mức giảm giá lớn nhất dành cho chương trình này với 90% cho tuần đầu tiên của liệu pháp. Một lần nữa, đó là BetterHelp.com slash Huberman để nhận 90% giảm giá cho tuần đầu tiên của bạn.
    Có lẽ đây là thời điểm tốt để nói về toàn bộ khái niệm rằng răng có thể tự xây dựng và phá hủy bản thân độc lập với việc tiêu thụ đường và các yếu tố khác. Nếu bạn có thể, xin vui lòng dẫn dắt chúng tôi qua toàn bộ vấn đề khoáng hóa và giải khoáng của răng?
    Bởi vì tôi thấy điều này rất thú vị và sau đó tôi sẽ chia sẻ một chút, toàn bộ tiết lộ, tôi có một lịch sử sức khỏe răng miệng rất phức tạp. Và nếu tôi biết những gì bạn sắp nói với chúng tôi, tôi nghĩ tôi đã có thể tránh được rất nhiều cơn đau. Có thể.
    Thật tiếc khi nghe điều đó, nhưng chúng ta sẽ phân tích điều đó. Bạn không phải là nha sĩ của tôi, thật không may. Không, tôi cũng có những câu chuyện để chia sẻ. Chúng ta sẽ đến đó sau. Tôi nghĩ nhiều người khác cũng vậy và đó là vấn đề.
    Thú vị là tôi không được dạy điều này trong trường nha khoa. Đây là điều tôi học được sau này trong thực hành. Và đó là khái niệm rằng răng của bạn có thể tự nhiên hồi phục khoáng nếu bạn có một lỗ nhỏ. Nhưng hãy bắt đầu từ xa hơn. Răng của bạn liên tục trải qua quá trình giải khoáng và hồi phục khoáng. Điều này là rất tự nhiên. Mỗi khi chúng ta cho bất kỳ cái gì vào miệng, ngoại trừ có thể nước trung tính, và điều này liên quan đến pH.
    Vì vậy, mỗi khi chúng ta ăn, miệng của chúng ta là điểm khởi đầu của hệ tiêu hóa. Chúng ta tiết ra amylase, là một loại enzyme giúp phá vỡ thực phẩm của chúng ta. Và khi làm điều đó, pH giảm xuống. Đây là cách chúng ta bắt đầu tiêu hóa. Khi điều đó xảy ra, chúng ta mất khoáng chất trong răng. Axit sẽ rút ra canxi, phospho và các khoáng chất khác từ răng của chúng ta. Nhưng mối quan ngại là chúng ta không muốn nó duy trì trạng thái axit quá lâu, trong trạng thái giải khoáng quá lâu.
    Bởi vì nếu chúng ta cho phép cơ thể làm điều của nó, nước bọt của chúng ta sẽ tự nhiên hồi phục khoáng cho răng của chúng ta. Tất cả đều là một phần của hệ thống cân bằng khỏe mạnh. Vì vậy, nước bọt của chúng ta là elixir vàng của cơ thể. Nó chứa các tế bào miễn dịch và enzyme, nhưng cũng chứa các khoáng chất mà nếu được cân bằng, chúng ta cần để tạo ra sự hồi phục khoáng.
    Có một cái gọi là đường cong Stefan, và về cơ bản nó cho thấy miệng của chúng ta sẽ trở nên axit và trung tính và axit và trung tính suốt cả ngày khi chúng ta ăn. Vấn đề là trong xã hội hiện đại, chúng ta có xu hướng ăn nhẹ và nhâm nhi suốt thời gian. Vì vậy, chúng ta không cho miệng đủ thời gian nghỉ ngơi, đủ cơ hội để hồi phục khoáng. Rất nhiều người trong chúng ta giữ ở trạng thái axit liên tục và giải khoáng.
    Nhưng điều thú vị là, nếu bạn có một lỗ nhỏ hoặc tổn thương mà chưa thực sự tạo thành lỗ, một lỗ trong răng có nghĩa là một cái lỗ. Vì vậy, nếu bạn nhìn vào một bức x quang và tôi thấy một bóng trên răng của bạn, đó được gọi là tổn thương bắt đầu. Những cái đó, nếu vẫn nằm trong men răng, có thể “chữa lành” hoặc hồi phục khoáng. Và đây là nơi bạn cần làm việc với, hãy nói, một nha sĩ chức năng hoặc sinh học để hiểu mức độ sâu của lỗ của bạn. Một khi nó trở thành một cái lỗ, thì thường bạn cần một loại điều trị nào đó. Nhưng cơ thể của chúng ta được thiết kế để duy trì sự ổn định. Bạn biết đấy, nó biết phải làm gì, nhưng cách bạn ăn, tần suất bạn ăn, và sau đó chúng ta có thể bước vào điều này với cách bạn thở.
    Chắc chắn rằng các sản phẩm bạn đang sử dụng và các thói quen vệ sinh của bạn cũng đều có ảnh hưởng. Vì vậy, tôi hiểu rằng các khoáng chất tạo nên răng không phải là những vật liệu được cho vào nhiều sản phẩm chăm sóc răng miệng thông thường.
    Vì vậy, mà không đi vào một cuộc thảo luận ngay bây giờ về fluoride trong nước, chúng ta sẽ đến cuộc trò chuyện đó một chút sau. Nhưng để định hình điều đó đúng cách khi chúng ta đến đó, bạn có thể giải thích tại sao fluoride lại có trong hầu hết các loại kem đánh răng? Khi về cơ bản chúng ta không có fluoride trong răng khi sinh, nhưng có những khoáng chất khác trong răng mà một số kem đánh răng có. Và, bạn biết đấy, tại sao chúng ta lại cung cấp một chất nhân tạo cho răng của mình? Có thể bạn có thể giải thích về giải khoáng, hồi phục khoáng trong bối cảnh của fluoride và những khoáng chất khác này.
    Chúng ta có hydroxyapatite, về cơ bản là canxi và phospho trong răng của chúng ta. Men răng của chúng ta khoảng 90% hydroxyapatite. Dentin, lớp dưới men răng, qua men răng, khoảng 60. Và xương của chúng ta cũng có hydroxyapatite, khoảng 60%. Xương chi của chúng ta? Ừm. Tất cả các xương. 60% hydroxyapatite. Vâng, đó là canxi và phospho. Nước bọt của chúng ta cũng sẽ có canxi và phospho.
    Vì vậy, fluoride làm gì là nó làm rối loạn nhóm hydroxyl trong hydroxyapatite. Và vì vậy nó chuyển nó từ hydroxyapatite sang fluorapatite. Vì vậy, nó tái cấu trúc một chút. Khi điều này xảy ra, các liên kết thường được coi là mạnh hơn. Và cấu trúc tinh thể của răng trở nên dày đặc hơn. Vì vậy, nó được biết đến là kháng axit hơn. Và vì vậy chúng ta có thể tìm hiểu lịch sử về cách họ phát hiện ra điều này. Nhưng về cơ bản, fluoride đã được đưa vào kem đánh răng vào khoảng những năm 1960. Nó trở nên rất phổ biến. Vì vậy, đó là lý do tại sao nhiều nha sĩ yêu thích fluoride, là vì bạn đang sử dụng nó và nó làm cho răng của bạn trở nên kháng axit hơn.
    Và cũng có một số tác động kháng khuẩn. Vấn đề mà tôi gặp phải, và chúng ta có thể phân tích điều này thêm sau, là nó không chọn lọc một cách tuyệt đối. Vì vậy, nó không chỉ chọn lọc các vi khuẩn kỵ khí hoặc vi khuẩn gây bệnh, mà nó có thể gây hại cho các vi khuẩn có lợi cũng vậy. Vì vậy, đó là lý do tại sao kem đánh răng có fluoride. Nó cũng sẽ làm giảm pH quan trọng. Vì vậy, pH quan trọng là pH mà men răng của bạn bắt đầu bị giải khoáng hoặc phân hủy. Và đối với men răng, nó là 5.5. Còn đối với dentin, nó gần 6.5.
    Vì vậy, những gì fluoride làm là nó nâng cao khả năng kháng pH. Tôi hiểu. Vì vậy, đối với những người không quen thuộc với pH, đó là một thước đo mức độ kiềm tính hoặc axit của một môi trường nhất định hoặc một cái gì đó. Và vậy là bạn đang nói với tôi rằng fluoride làm cho răng siêu mạnh mẽ.
    Đây không phải là một khoáng chất mà răng thường thấy. Như nếu một đứa trẻ chưa bao giờ sử dụng kem đánh răng có fluoride hoặc uống nước có fluoride, thì về cơ bản, trừ khi chúng tình cờ uống từ một dòng suối có fluoride trong đó. Răng của chúng sẽ phụ thuộc vào hydroxyapatite để tái khoáng hóa. Nhưng chúng ta đã cho fluoride vào kem đánh răng và vào nước, và điều đó cho phép răng trở nên mạnh mẽ hơn và chống lại axit tốt hơn. Đúng vậy. Một số người tranh luận rằng cấu trúc men răng thực sự yếu hơn. Đây là một vấn đề rất tinh vi. Nhưng nhìn chung, cộng đồng nha khoa tin rằng đây là một phiên bản mạnh mẽ hơn của men răng. Một số sẽ lập luận rằng khi nhìn dưới kính hiển vi điện tử quét, cấu trúc tinh thể có thể lượn sóng hơn và có thể các liên kết có thể dễ bị đứt hơn. Nhưng nhìn chung, fluoride bôi tại chỗ thì có tác dụng. Tuy nhiên, nó không thể sánh bằng một chế độ ăn uống kém, bạn biết đấy? Vì vậy, tất cả điều này thực sự quay trở lại những gì bạn đang ăn. Nó sẽ làm cho bạn ít có nguy cơ sâu răng hơn, nhưng không phải là điều chắc chắn. Như nó không chắc chắn sẽ ngăn ngừa sự mục nát. Những thời điểm nào trong mỗi chu kỳ 24 giờ mà răng của chúng ta đang tự sửa chữa? Thường là vào giữa đêm, miễn là ai đó đang ngủ, họ không ăn uống. Họ không uống nước trừ khi họ dậy một chút và uống một ngụm nước hay gì đó. Giữa các bữa ăn, họ không ăn. Nếu tôi cứ tự nhiên nhịn ăn gián đoạn, tôi thường ăn miếng thức ăn đầu tiên khoảng 11 giờ sáng, đôi khi sớm hơn một chút. Nhưng đó chỉ là thói quen. Nó thuộc về loại hình nhịn ăn gián đoạn. Vì vậy, tôi và nhiều người có khoảng thời gian từ 3 đến 14 giờ mà chúng tôi không tiêu thụ bất kỳ thức ăn hay đồ uống có calor nào. Đó có phải là khi tái khoáng hóa xảy ra không? Đây là một câu hỏi khó. Tái khoáng hóa. Chúng ta sẽ phải làm điều đó. Tái khoáng hóa. Đúng. Ồ, đúng vậy. Bạn phải nhấn mạnh. Tái khoáng hóa. Cảm ơn bạn. Điều đó rất hữu ích. Bạn đã nói điều đó trước đây. Vâng. Cảm ơn bạn. Đó có phải là khi răng của chúng ta tự sửa chữa không? Vâng. Điều này thật tuyệt. Điều này rất quan trọng. Vì vậy, thường thì sau khi bạn ăn, như tôi đã đề cập, miệng bạn sẽ trở nên axit hơn. Sau khoảng 20 đến 30 phút, nước bọt của bạn sẽ tự nhiên bắt đầu đệm. Vì vậy, nó sẽ bắt đầu tăng lên và làm tăng pH. Tôi thích thấy chúng ta ăn theo một lịch trình hơn. Vì vậy, thường thì mỗi hai giờ một lần là khi chúng ta nhận được sự tái khoáng hóa tối ưu nhất. Vấn đề là chúng ta là một xã hội bận rộn và thường grab bánh quy, khoai tây chiên và thanh ngũ cốc mà chúng ta đang ăn và nhấm nháp và uống frappuccino. Vì vậy, chúng ta không bao giờ cho phép sự tái khoáng hóa diễn ra hiệu quả nhất. Vì vậy, vâng, khi bạn không cho thức ăn hoặc đồ uống vào miệng, lý thuyết thì, nếu nước bọt của bạn được tối ưu hóa, và chúng ta nên bàn về điều đó cũng, chúng sẽ tái khoáng hóa. Nhưng thật không may, tôi cảm thấy rất nhiều người trong chúng ta chỉ không cân bằng. Bạn biết đấy, chúng ta đang thiếu nước. Chúng ta thiếu khoáng chất. Chúng ta thiếu canxi. Chúng ta thiếu phốt pho. Và chúng ta thở bằng miệng. Vì vậy, pH đang thay đổi chỉ bởi thở bằng miệng có thể làm cho miệng trở nên axit hơn. Vì vậy, có rất nhiều yếu tố đang tác động. Nhưng lý thuyết, nếu tôi có thể đưa ra một gợi ý cho ai đó ở ngoài kia có thể đang gặp khó khăn với sâu răng, tôi muốn biết không chỉ bạn đang ăn gì mà bạn ăn nó bao nhiêu thường xuyên? Và đây là một lý do tuyệt vời để, từ góc độ nha khoa, nhịn ăn, nhịn ăn gián đoạn, hoặc ăn uống theo thời gian hạn chế là một cách tuyệt vời để chống lại sự mục nát nha khoa. Nó cũng tốt hơn cho sức khỏe đường ruột nữa. Bạn biết đấy, phức hợp di chuyển, khả năng làm sạch, chỉ cần cho mọi thứ một kỳ nghỉ và nghỉ ngơi là rất quan trọng. Tôi lớn lên với suy nghĩ rằng đường gây ra sâu răng. Đường có gây ra sâu răng không? Và khi chúng ta nói đến đường, dĩ nhiên, tất cả các nhà sinh học và những người có nền tảng dinh dưỡng đều lắc mắt vì đường là một tuyên bố rất rộng, đúng không? Có đường đơn, có fructose, có sucrose, có glucose, có đủ loại biến thể trong các loại carbohydrate đơn giản và phức tạp. Nhưng khi tôi nói đến đường, tôi đang nghĩ về những thực phẩm có vị ngọt hoặc có chứa đường bị che khuất bởi các hương vị khác, chỉ vì sự đơn giản. Như đường thêm vào. Như đường thêm vào. Ý tôi là, bây giờ nếu bạn mua một cái bánh quy, thường thì, nếu bạn nhìn vào gói, có một chút đường trong đó, điều này thật không hợp lý, nhưng đó là một cuộc thảo luận hoàn toàn khác. Vâng. Hoặc chúng ta cũng có thể nói về carbohydrate tinh bột. Carbohydrate có thể lên men là cách tôi thích nói. Carbohydrate có thể lên men. Nhưng điều đó hơi học thuật. Vì vậy không trực tiếp. Thật sự là axit. Điều đó gây ra sâu răng. Vì vậy, những gì đường làm, và tôi thích mọi người nghĩ về bột như đường. Điều này cũng rất quan trọng vì vi khuẩn trong miệng chúng ta, chúng phát triển mạnh, vi khuẩn gây bệnh, chúng phát triển mạnh trên đường. Nhưng bột sẽ hoạt động như đường trong miệng. Vì vậy, chúng cũng sẽ phát triển mạnh trên bột. Vì vậy, bánh quy, bánh mì. Ngay cả bánh mì sourdough tốt? Vấn đề là thời gian tiếp xúc nhiều hơn. Vì vậy, những thứ thật sự dính và khô, tôi muốn lập luận. Vì vậy, bánh quy hoặc bánh nướng. Bánh chip. Bánh chip. Ý tôi là, hãy nghĩ về việc nếu bạn lấy một nắm tay bánh quy goldfish. Tôi đã không làm điều đó trong một thời gian dài. Nhưng hãy tưởng tượng điều đó. Nó ở khắp nơi trong răng của bạn. Giữa các răng, xuống các rãnh. Nó dính. Nó chỉ là một bữa tiệc cho vi khuẩn. Và vì vậy, vi khuẩn sẽ làm gì khi chúng chuyển hóa đường hoặc bột? Chúng thải ra axit. Và nếu thức ăn đó bị kẹt lâu ở trên răng, và những thực phẩm này cũng rất ngon miệng. Vì vậy, chúng ta bị cuốn hút vào việc ăn nhẹ và gặm nhấm, tìm đến cảm giác ngon. Bạn biết đấy, lấy một nắm, đi làm cái gì đó, trở lại, lấy một nắm khác. Bạn đang liên tục cho vi khuẩn đó ăn. Vì vậy, miệng bạn luôn duy trì tính axit. Vì vậy, thực sự là axit gây ra sâu răng.
    Nhưng tôi cho rằng đường hoặc bột mì là loại xúc tác nuôi dưỡng vi khuẩn để tạo ra sự mất cân bằng đó. Có công bằng khi nói rằng, tôi biết bạn thích thuật ngữ carbohydrate lên men hoặc cố gắng, cho hầu hết mọi người không nghĩ theo cách tinh bột so với chất xơ hoặc đơn giản, mặc dù ngày nay mọi người đều có kiến thức hơn về điều đó, nghĩ về carbohydrate hoặc thực phẩm có liên quan, rằng nếu bạn cho chúng vào miệng và chỉ để chúng ở đó một chút, thì chúng sẽ tan rã như một cái bánh quy. Đúng vậy. Như một miếng khoai tây chiên, như gạo, như một mảnh pasta, khác với một miếng bông cải xanh, cái sẽ bị nhão, nhưng có nhiều vật chất xơ, vì vậy nó không tan trong miệng. Và điều thú vị là, bông cải xanh hoặc chất xơ prebiotic là thứ nuôi dưỡng vi khuẩn tốt. Vì vậy, hiện tại tôi chủ yếu làm việc với trẻ em, và chúng ta có thể nói về lý do vì sao sự chuyển tiếp đó xảy ra. Tôi đã từng làm việc với người lớn, nhưng tôi dạy họ ăn cầu vồng, nuôi dưỡng những người tốt. Được rồi, vì vậy chúng ta muốn nuôi dưỡng vi khuẩn khỏe mạnh của mình nhiều hơn là nuôi dưỡng vi khuẩn xấu. Và không có nghĩa là bạn không thể tận hưởng một số thực phẩm vui vẻ, nhưng tất cả đều là về sự cân bằng. Và vì vậy tôi nghĩ mọi người không nhận ra nguyên nhân gốc rễ thực sự gây ra bệnh nha khoa chủ yếu là do chế độ ăn uống. Bạn biết đấy, chúng ta quá chú trọng vào florua và những gì trong kem đánh răng và nước súc miệng và tất cả những sản phẩm này, nhưng tất cả những điều đó thực sự chỉ che giấu vấn đề cơ bản, đó là những vi khuẩn này đang hành xử như thế nào? Chúng ta có loại vi khuẩn nào và tỷ lệ nào trong miệng và chúng ta thường xuyên cho chúng ăn bao nhiêu? Vì vậy, tôi nghe thấy đây là một chủ đề lặp đi lặp lại rằng chế độ ăn uống và lối sống sẽ quan trọng hơn thuốc men hoặc sản phẩm cho việc giữ cho miệng trông đẹp và khỏe mạnh. Đúng vậy. Ý tôi là, ví dụ, cá nhân tôi không sử dụng florua trong nhiều năm liền và cả các con của tôi cũng vậy chỉ vì tôi biết có những cách khác để ngăn ngừa bệnh tật. Và tôi có nhiều bệnh nhân của mình chọn không sử dụng florua hoặc những sản phẩm này. Tôi nghĩ rất nhiều người đã được dạy rằng bạn phải có sản phẩm này, florua, v.v., để bảo vệ khỏi sâu răng và bệnh tật. Nhưng nếu bạn ăn một chế độ ăn sạch, tập trung vào một số trụ cột sức khỏe, điều đó cũng sẽ dịch chuyển đến miệng. Có lẽ đáng đề cập đến những gì là một số khía cạnh của chế độ ăn sạch qua, bạn biết đấy, qua lăng kính, bạn biết đấy, những gì bạn coi là chế độ ăn sạch. Chắc chắn rồi. Vì vậy, tôi không ủng hộ một chế độ ăn nào và tôi tin rằng tất cả chúng ta đều khác nhau. Vì vậy, những gì hiệu quả với một số người có thể không hiệu quả với những người khác. Nhưng nhìn chung, những gì tôi gợi ý là các nguồn protein chất lượng cao, một loạt các loại rau, trái cây. Tôi sẽ tranh luận rằng bạn nên giới hạn trái cây, đặc biệt nếu bạn có nguy cơ sâu răng cao chỉ vì nó có đường, fructose. Nhưng tôi không muốn kết tội trái cây. Có rất nhiều lợi ích sức khỏe từ polyphenol và mọi thứ trong đó. Vì vậy, hạt, hạt giống, ô liu, dưa muối. Tôi rất thích thực phẩm lên men cho sức khỏe đường ruột và cũng hỗ trợ hệ vi sinh miệng. Vì vậy, về cơ bản là một chế độ ăn thực phẩm toàn phần, bạn biết đấy, những thứ đến từ đất và nhiều hơn từ trang trại và ít hơn từ nhà máy, ít thứ trong túi. Có thể nói rằng nếu một người làm điều đó, dù là trẻ em hay người lớn, thì hệ vi sinh miệng của họ sẽ không chỉ trở nên khỏe mạnh hơn, mà rằng răng của họ sẽ trắng hơn? Và lý do tôi liên tục nhắc đến điều này là tôi nghĩ rất nhiều người muốn có răng trắng hoặc ít nhất là không có răng vàng. Chắc chắn rồi. Khi đã tham gia vào lĩnh vực giáo dục sức khỏe công cộng một thời gian, tôi nhận ra rằng không có gì được khuyến khích là tốt cho chúng ta mà làm mất đi cách mà mọi người muốn nhìn và cảm nhận về hình thức của họ được nhiều người quan tâm. Vì vậy, điều tôi thích về những gì bạn đang nói với chúng tôi là tất cả những điều về việc ăn chủ yếu thực phẩm không qua chế biến hoặc chế biến tối thiểu, những điều đó sẽ tốt cho toàn bộ cơ thể của chúng ta. Thật tuyệt khi điều đó tốt cho hệ vi sinh miệng của chúng ta. Có thể là tốt cho toàn bộ cơ thể của chúng ta vì những tác động của nó đối với vi sinh vật, ít nhất là một phần. Nhưng cái gì làm cho răng trắng? Và liệu việc hỗ trợ hệ vi sinh miệng có làm cho răng của chúng ta trắng hơn không? Vâng. Và nhân tiện, có một số người cần có răng ít trắng hơn, theo ý kiến của tôi. Đồng ý. Hoàn toàn đồng ý. Bây giờ chúng ta hơi đùa, nhưng không thật sự. Nhưng tôi nghĩ hầu hết mọi người sẽ muốn có răng được coi là chủ yếu là trắng. Chúng ta muốn trông đẹp. Ý tôi là, tôi đánh giá và tôn trọng điều đó. Tôi thực sự nghĩ rằng chúng ta đã hơi xa rời thực tế với một số điều đó. Vì vậy tôi đồng ý với bạn. Tôi nghĩ có những chiếc răng không cần phải quá sáng, nhưng bạn cứ việc bạn. Tôi nghĩ mọi người nên làm những gì khiến họ hạnh phúc. Vậy cái gì làm cho răng trắng? Thú vị là, nếu bạn nhìn vào một chiếc răng sữa bên cạnh một chiếc răng người lớn, và tôi thường nhận được cuộc gọi này từ các bậc phụ huynh. Trẻ bị mất chiếc răng sữa đầu tiên. Răng người lớn bắt đầu mọc. Và răng người lớn tối hơn nhiều so với răng sữa, cái rất trắng và sáng. Và họ lo lắng. Chuyện gì đang xảy ra với răng của con tôi? Chúng vàng quá. Thực ra đó là một sắc thái men rất tự nhiên. Vậy tại sao lại như vậy? Tất cả đều liên quan đến cấu trúc tinh thể và quá trình khoáng hóa. Vì vậy, răng sữa có độ khoáng hóa ít hơn. Và cấu trúc tinh thể được sắp xếp hơi ngẫu nhiên hơn. Nó không được tổ chức hoàn toàn. Vì vậy thay vì giống như những khối gỗ Lincoln xếp hàng, thì nó giống như những que nhặt trong một mức độ nào đó. Tại sao lại như vậy? Răng sữa được thiết kế để được hấp thụ lại, tan rã và rụng đi. Được rồi. Vì vậy, đây là lý do tại sao răng sữa cũng dễ bị sâu hơn nhiều. Vì vậy, màu trắng đến từ cách mà ánh sáng phản chiếu và khúc xạ trên răng, điều này là một trong những lý do tại sao bạn nghe thấy nếu bạn sử dụng hydroxyapatite hoặc thậm chí dầu dừa, nó thay đổi bề mặt, sự biến đổi bề mặt.
    Vậy là nó thay đổi cách ánh sáng phản chiếu và khúc xạ trên chiếc răng đó để làm cho nó trông trắng và sáng hơn. Chắc chắn rồi, với răng của người lớn, nếu bạn sử dụng các chất tẩy trắng, như peroxide hydro hay peroxide carbamide, một số chất tẩy trắng mạnh hơn, thì thực tế nó đang thâm nhập vào răng và thay đổi cấu trúc, loại bỏ vết ố. Có người làm vậy không? Họ súc miệng với peroxide hydro sao? Thực ra, họ làm khay tẩy trắng mà, về cơ bản. À, mọi người sẽ súc miệng với peroxide hydro, đúng vậy, và điều đó sẽ làm cho răng của bạn sáng hơn và trắng hơn, nhưng tôi nói với bạn rằng nó sẽ ảnh hưởng đến hệ vi sinh miệng của bạn. Vì vậy, tôi khuyên bạn nên làm điều đó một cách rất giới hạn. Lần duy nhất tôi từng bị loét miệng nặng là vì tôi đã súc miệng với 50% nước, 50% peroxide hydro vì một người châm cứu đã khuyên tôi làm như vậy. Ông ấy nhìn lưỡi tôi và nói, bạn nên làm như vậy, bạn biết đấy, và rồi tôi đã làm. Và sau bốn hoặc năm ngày, tôi có một cái loét miệng cỡ đồng xu trên vòm miệng. Và tôi đã cảm thấy, ugh. Và tôi sẽ nói rằng, và tôi không có bất kỳ mối liên hệ sản phẩm nào với bất kỳ sản phẩm cụ thể nào, nhưng khi chuyển sang kem đánh răng chứa hydroxyapatite, răng của tôi chắc chắn đã trở nên trắng hơn. Tôi uống nhiều yerba mate và cà phê và tôi đánh răng, nhưng vấn đề này là một quá trình tiến triển của việc răng tôi mờ đi. Vì vậy, điều đó thật tuyệt vời. Tôi cũng thường xuyên bị sâu răng khi còn nhỏ. Tôi sẽ nói về điều đó một chút sau. Nhưng kể từ khi chuyển sang kem đánh răng hydroxyapatite, tôi đã có những đánh giá nha khoa xuất sắc, giả sử rằng nha sĩ của tôi đang xem xét cẩn thận. Tôi tin ông ấy đang làm vậy, nhưng chúng ta sẽ thấy. Đối với tôi, điều đó thật hợp lý. Như thể cung cấp cho răng khoáng chất mà chúng thường sử dụng để khoáng hóa. Nó chỉ đơn giản là hợp lý. Nó mang tính sinh học bắt chước. Điều đó phụ thuộc vào cách bạn nhìn nhận cuộc sống, tôi nghĩ. Tôi cá nhân thích các vật liệu sinh học bắt chước. Đó lại là một sự lựa chọn cá nhân, nhưng tôi đồng ý với bạn. Những bệnh nhân của tôi đã chuyển sang hydroxyapatite, và tôi muốn chỉ ra rằng không phải tất cả kem đánh răng hydroxyapatite đều giống nhau. Điều đó phụ thuộc vào nguồn gốc và các thành phần khác có trong đó. Nhưng nói chung, răng của họ trông khỏe mạnh hơn, mạnh mẽ hơn, trắng hơn và sáng hơn. Chúng trông được nuôi dưỡng, được hydrat hóa hơn. Hệ vi sinh của họ cũng trông cân bằng hơn. Bạn đang nói về trẻ em và thực tế rằng đôi khi nếu răng của chúng hơi vàng, điều đó là bình thường. Một điều mà tôi thực sự bận tâm, khi cuộc thảo luận về tuổi thọ dường như ngày càng nổi bật gần đây, là đôi khi tôi gặp ai đó đã ở độ tuổi 70 hoặc 80, thậm chí 90. Và rất hiếm khi gặp ai trong độ tuổi 80 hoặc 90 có răng không giống màu của tách trà này. Đối với những người đang nghe, nó có màu nâu rất đậm. Tôi chưa bao giờ thấy ai, trừ khi họ làm điều gì đó nhân tạo cao với việc tẩy trắng, chưa bao giờ thấy ai 75 tuổi trở lên mà răng không có màu vàng đến nâu cơ bản. Tối hơn. Và khi bạn nhìn những người gần cái chết, răng của họ thường trông rất đục. Ừm. Điều gì đang xảy ra vậy? Có phải vấn đề về lưu thông máu không? Có phải – chuyện gì đang diễn ra ở đó? Vâng, có thể là khô miệng hoặc xerostomia. Vì vậy, chúng ta chắc chắn mất khả năng tiết nước miếng khi già đi. Rất có thể là thở bằng miệng nhiều hơn. Vì vậy, những người thở bằng miệng sẽ có xu hướng có răng tối màu hơn vì răng sẽ bị khô. Chúng trở nên khô. Và theo thời gian, bạn sẽ trải qua mất khoáng chất. Nhiều thập kỷ uống cà phê, trà, rượu vang cũng sẽ gây ra điều đó. Chà, tôi không uống rượu vang, nhưng tôi chắc chắn đã uống trà và cà phê từ khi tôi còn nhỏ. Tôi đã uống yerba mate từ năm khoảng năm tuổi. Nó ngon. Vâng. Thật tuyệt vời. Vâng. Phải tận hưởng cuộc sống. Vâng. Nhưng, vâng, vì vậy họ cũng đang mất khoáng chất, bạn biết đấy, theo thời gian. Răng của bạn chịu tổn thương. Ý tôi là, giờ chúng ta sống đến 100 tuổi. Đó là một khoảng thời gian dài để duy trì bề mặt không bị rụng này trong cơ thể chúng ta, bạn biết đấy. Và sau đó cũng phụ thuộc vào thế hệ, nhưng một số thế hệ, đặc biệt như bạn đã đề cập, những người ở độ tuổi 70, 80, tôi tự hỏi về sự tiếp xúc với tetracycline khi có những loại kháng sinh mà chúng ta không còn sử dụng nữa vốn được biết là làm đen răng, chính vì lý do đó mà họ đã ngừng cho chúng trong toa thuốc thông thường. Điều đó dấy lên một câu hỏi mà tôi chưa bao giờ nghĩ đến trước đây. Vậy nếu ai đó dùng một đợt kháng sinh, thường thì lời khuyên là nên tiêu thụ kombucha ít đường, ăn một ít sữa chua Bulgaria hoặc Hy Lạp, như là tái tạo lại đường ruột với các chất nền cho vi sinh vật khỏe mạnh. Chúng ta giờ đã biết, bởi vì bạn đã nói với chúng ta, rằng miệng là đường ruột, điều đó thật hợp lý. Chúng ta chỉ là một loạt các ống. Đó là lý do tại sao tôi luôn dạy trong lớp sinh học thần kinh phát triển của tôi, nhưng điều đó là đúng. Trong sinh học phôi, bạn học rằng chúng ta về cơ bản được sinh ra từ một số ống mà sẽ thực hiện chức năng của chúng trong sự phát triển, nhưng ống tiêu hóa rõ ràng bắt đầu từ miệng. Vậy liệu có phải trường hợp là chúng ta nên tái tạo lại hệ vi sinh miệng nếu chúng ta uống một đợt kháng sinh không? Vâng. Vâng. Rất thường thì, cha mẹ của bệnh nhân sẽ báo cáo, ôi, con tôi vừa hoàn thành đợt kháng sinh này và giờ răng của chúng bị ố hoặc nướu của chúng bị viêm hoặc chúng chỉ đơn giản là có vẻ không ổn. Và điều đó thường là vì chúng đã tiêu diệt nhiều vi khuẩn khỏe mạnh. Bạn biết đấy, mọi thứ đều liên quan đến nhau. Vì vậy, tôi đề xuất cho bệnh nhân của mình, nếu tôi phải kê kháng sinh, điều mà tôi cố gắng tránh, nhưng đôi khi chúng ta phải, rằng họ nên dùng một loại probiotic chất lượng cao và tăng cường thực phẩm lên men giàu probiotic. Vì vậy, một viên probiotic chất lượng cao. Thông thường, đúng vậy. Ừ, bởi vì thật khó để có đủ, đặc biệt là với trẻ em, tôi sẽ tranh luận. Bạn biết đó, trẻ em thường không ăn nhiều dưa cải hay kim chi hay natto, nhưng bạn biết đấy, bạn có thể uống kefir, sữa chua, như bạn đã đề cập, kombucha ít đường, v.v.
    Nhưng thường thì một loại probiotic đường ruột chất lượng cao sẽ có một số lợi ích cho vi khuẩn miệng, nhưng họ cũng có các probiotic miệng nữa, tập trung vào hệ vi sinh vật của miệng. Còn về nước súc miệng thì sao? Ừm. Tôi chưa bao giờ thích chúng. Chúng cảm thấy, chúng cay cho một điều. Và sau đó tôi được biết vài năm trước, và điều này thật thú vị khi nhắc đến, cách đây khoảng tám, mười năm. Tôi nghe, có lẽ trên podcast của Tim Ferriss, ai đó nói, ôi, bạn biết không, nước súc miệng sẽ tiêu diệt một số hóa chất cần thiết cho chức năng tim mạch, vì vậy đừng sử dụng chúng, đừng sử dụng miếng dán miệng, đừng dùng bất kỳ thứ gì đó. Vào thời điểm đó, điều đó được coi như khoa học giả mạo rõ ràng. Không ai thích khoa học thay thế, điều đó thật bực bội. Giờ đây chúng ta biết điều này thực sự đúng. Và điều này luôn làm tôi vui và sợ hãi cùng một lúc rằng nhiều điều mà bây giờ mọi người nói, ôi, đó là khoa học giả mạo. Tôi, như creatine dường như đang là một điều lớn vào thời điểm này. Mười năm trước, chỉ có những người đam mê tập gym mới nói về nó. Giờ mọi người đều nói, creatine, creatine. Ai cũng cần nó. Vậy câu chuyện về nước súc miệng, miếng dán miệng và kẹo ngậm và những thứ tương tự là gì, mà lại như mọi người chỉ muốn có hơi thở thơm tho, hoặc ít nhất là không muốn là người có hơi thở hôi? Chắc chắn rồi. Vâng. Vì vậy, Listerine và những loại nước súc miệng mạnh hơn nói chung chứa cồn, chất làm se, và những chất kháng khuẩn rất mạnh. Bạn biết đấy, nó ghi là giết chết 99.9% vi khuẩn. Chà, tôi nghĩ chúng ta đã học được rằng chúng ta đang khử trùng quá mức. Bạn biết đấy, đây là lý do khiến bệnh hen suyễn gia tăng, eczema, dị ứng cũng tăng lên ở trẻ em của chúng ta. Giờ đây chúng ta nói hãy để trẻ em chơi với đất, hãy tiếp xúc với vi sinh vật và những thứ như vậy. Vì vậy, chúng ta đang thả bom carpet vào miệng. Điều chúng ta đã học được qua các dữ liệu, và bạn đúng, có những nghiên cứu cho thấy việc sử dụng nước súc miệng này một cách thường xuyên, bao gồm cả nước súc miệng theo đơn thuốc, như chlorhexidine là một ví dụ phổ biến, có thể làm tổn thương các vi khuẩn chuyển đổi nitrate. Vì vậy, chúng ta có vi khuẩn ở mặt lưng lưỡi của chúng ta, cụ thể là trên lưỡi, có chức năng chuyển đổi nitrate thành nitrite, mà nitrite là tiền chất của nitric oxide. Nitric oxide là một phân tử rất quan trọng cho sức khỏe tim mạch và giãn mạch và sức khỏe miễn dịch. Vì vậy, nếu chúng ta không phân biệt trong việc thả bom miệng với những chất làm se và nước súc mạnh này, chúng ta có thể ảnh hưởng đến sức khỏe tim mạch của mình. Và có những nghiên cứu cho thấy nó có thể làm tăng huyết áp và có khả năng gây ra các vấn đề tim mạch. Vì vậy, khi tôi nghe ai đó nói, nhưng hơi thở của tôi quá hôi, bạn biết đấy, tôi phải sử dụng nó nhiều lần trong ngày, tôi ngay lập tức nghĩ, ôi trời, tại sao hơi thở của bạn lại tệ đến vậy? Thật bình thường khi có hơi thở hôi sau khi bạn ăn tỏi, bạn biết đấy, hummus tỏi hoặc uống một cốc cà phê. Nhưng nếu đó là chứng hôi miệng mãn tính hoặc hơi thở kém, tôi tò mò không biết bạn có bệnh nha chu hay không, đó là một vấn đề viêm mãn tính trong miệng, có thể gây ra hàng loạt hiệu ứng tiếp theo, mà chúng ta sẽ thảo luận sau một chút? Hoặc bạn có nhiễm trùng không? Nó có thể là nhiễm trùng xoang, chảy dịch mũi sau. Bạn có sỏi amidan hoặc nhiễm trùng amidan không? Như vậy còn điều gì khác đang xảy ra trong miệng của bạn khiến bạn cảm thấy cần cái này nhiều lần trong ngày để cảm thấy mình có thể xuất hiện trước công chúng? Những loại tinh dầu mạnh và kẹo ngậm. Một lần nữa, bạn nên cẩn thận với việc thỉnh thoảng nhai một miếng kẹo cao su hoặc một viên kẹo, tất nhiên. Thật sự việc sử dụng thường xuyên những thứ này có thể gây hại. Tôi muốn tạm nghỉ một chút và cảm ơn nhà tài trợ của chúng tôi, AG1. AG1 là một loại vitamin, khoáng chất, nước uống probiotic kết hợp với adaptogen. Tôi đã uống AG1 hàng ngày từ năm 2012, vì vậy tôi rất vui vì họ tài trợ cho podcast này. Lý do tôi bắt đầu uống AG1 và lý do tôi vẫn uống AG1 là vì nó là loại thực phẩm bổ sung dinh dưỡng chất lượng cao nhất và hoàn thiện nhất. Điều đó có nghĩa là AG1 đảm bảo rằng bạn nhận được tất cả các vitamin, khoáng chất và các vi chất dinh dưỡng cần thiết để tạo nền tảng vững chắc cho sức khỏe hàng ngày của bạn. AG1 cũng có probiotic và prebiotic hỗ trợ một hệ vi sinh vật đường ruột khỏe mạnh. Hệ vi sinh vật đường ruột của bạn bao gồm hàng triệu vi sinh vật bao phủ ống tiêu hóa của bạn và ảnh hưởng đến những thứ như trạng thái hệ miễn dịch, sức khỏe chuyển hóa, sức khỏe hormone và nhiều hơn thế nữa. Vì vậy, tôi thấy rằng khi tôi uống AG1 hàng ngày, tiêu hóa của tôi được cải thiện, hệ miễn dịch của tôi khỏe mạnh hơn, và tâm trạng cũng như sự tập trung của tôi là tốt nhất. Trên thực tế, nếu tôi chỉ có thể uống một loại thực phẩm bổ sung, thì loại bổ sung đó sẽ là AG1. Nếu bạn muốn thử AG1, bạn có thể vào drinkag1.com slash Huberman để nhận một ưu đãi đặc biệt. Họ sẽ tặng cho bạn năm gói du lịch miễn phí, cộng với một năm cung cấp vitamin D3K2 với đơn đặt hàng AG1 của bạn. Một lần nữa, vào drinkag1.com slash Huberman để nhận ưu đãi đặc biệt này. Tập hôm nay cũng được tài trợ bởi Juve. Juve sản xuất các thiết bị trị liệu ánh sáng đỏ đạt tiêu chuẩn y tế. Bây giờ, nếu có một điều mà tôi luôn nhấn mạnh trong podcast này, đó là ảnh hưởng vô cùng to lớn mà ánh sáng có thể có đối với sinh học của chúng ta. Bây giờ, ngoài ánh sáng mặt trời, ánh sáng đỏ và các nguồn ánh sáng gần hồng ngoại đã được chứng minh có tác động tích cực đến việc cải thiện nhiều khía cạnh của sức khỏe tế bào và cơ quan, bao gồm phục hồi cơ bắp nhanh hơn, cải thiện sức khỏe da và lành vết thương, cải thiện tình trạng mụn, giảm đau và viêm, thậm chí cả chức năng ti thể, và cải thiện cả thị giác. Điều làm cho đèn Juve nổi bật và tại sao chúng là thiết bị trị liệu ánh sáng đỏ được ưa thích của tôi là vì chúng sử dụng các bước sóng được chứng minh lâm sàng, nghĩa là các bước sóng cụ thể của ánh sáng đỏ và ánh sáng gần hồng ngoại kết hợp với nhau để kích thích các thích ứng tế bào tối ưu. Cá nhân tôi sử dụng bóng đèn Juve toàn thân khoảng ba đến bốn lần một tuần, và tôi cũng sử dụng đèn cầm tay Juve cả ở nhà và khi tôi đi du lịch.
    Nếu bạn muốn thử Juve, bạn có thể truy cập vào Juve, viết là J-O-O-V-V.com. Juve đang cung cấp một mức giảm giá độc quyền cho tất cả các thính giả của Huberman Lab với ưu đãi lên đến 400 đô la cho các sản phẩm Juve. Một lần nữa, đó là Juve, viết là J-O-O-V-V.com slash Huberman để nhận ưu đãi lên đến 400 đô la. Được rồi.
    Vậy đó là một số điều không nên làm. Còn những điều gì chúng ta có thể làm để cải thiện hóa học của nước bọt và miệng của chúng ta? Để tôi tiết lộ điều này, sẽ không giống với những gì mà hầu hết mọi người chờ đợi, nhưng điều tôi muốn nhấn mạnh ở đây là tất cả các khía cạnh hóa học của miệng. Bởi vì khi tôi nghĩ về sinh học, do quá trình đào tạo của mình, tôi nghĩ rằng bạn có lực lượng hóa học và bạn có lực lượng cơ học. Có những thứ mà thực sự di chuyển hoặc bạn có thể làm gãy răng hoặc những điều mà bạn không nên làm để bảo vệ răng của mình. Và sau đó là cách tạo ra môi trường hóa học đúng. Đúng vậy. Vậy đó thực sự là điều mà chúng ta đang nói đến ở đây. Và tôi đang cố gắng tìm hiểu, làm thế nào tôi có thể có nước bọt tốt nhất có thể? Đúng. Tôi muốn là người có nước bọt tốt nhất có thể. Nước bọt tốt. Đừng đánh giá thấp nước bọt của bạn. Điều đó là đúng. Nó là elixir vàng.
    Vì vậy, nếu tôi đặt nước bọt dưới kính hiển vi hoặc lấy một chút nước bọt của tôi và đưa vào thiết bị phân tích khối lượng để tách ra tất cả những thứ tốt đẹp ở đó, hãy cho chúng tôi biết về những loại goodies có trong nước bọt. Bởi vì nó chỉ trông như một đám chất lỏng trong suốt đối với mọi người, nhưng máu trông như một đám chất lỏng đỏ và có rất nhiều thứ bên trong. Có rất nhiều thứ trong đó. Nó rất quan trọng.
    Vì vậy, nó có vi khuẩn, virus, nấm, như đủ loại, động vật nguyên sinh. Hy vọng là với tỷ lệ đúng. Chúng ta muốn có vi khuẩn có lợi. Chúng ta đều có khoảng 5% vi khuẩn gây bệnh. Tuy nhiên, ở tỷ lệ đó, có thể những vi khuẩn này không phải là gây bệnh. Như chúng đang sống cộng sinh ở điểm đó. Chúng ta vẫn đang khám phá và học hỏi thêm về hệ vi sinh học trong miệng. Nhưng về cơ bản, bạn sẽ có vi khuẩn. Có hormone. Có cortisol tự do. Có hormone. Cortisol có trong nước bọt của chúng ta, mọi người. Đúng vậy, hoàn toàn đúng. Có enzyme hỗ trợ tiêu hóa. Có các tế bào miễn dịch và có cả khoáng chất đang trôi nổi xung quanh.
    Vì vậy, hãy nghĩ về tầm quan trọng của nước bọt đối với việc nhai. Nếu bạn có miệng khô hoặc bạn bị ốm, bạn không thể nhai và nuốt thức ăn của mình. Và đó là lý do tại sao nhiều người lớn tuổi gặp khó khăn trong việc ăn một số loại thực phẩm hoặc nếu bạn đã trải qua các liệu pháp điều trị ung thư và những thứ khác. Khi bạn bị xerostomia, miệng khô, răng của bạn có thể bị hỏng nhanh chóng. Vì vậy, nước bọt của bạn rất quan trọng. Vậy làm sao chúng ta giữ cho nó khỏe mạnh? Cung cấp đủ nước. Bạn biết đấy, rất nhiều người trong chúng ta bị mất nước. Tôi sẽ lập luận rằng chúng ta cũng không có đủ khoáng chất. Vì vậy, bạn biết đấy, tôi gợi ý cho một số trẻ em, tôi có thể nói trong miệng của một đứa trẻ liệu chúng có đủ nước hay không dựa trên cách nước bọt của chúng trông như thế nào. Nếu nó trông dày hơn và nhầy nhụa, chúng đang mất nước. Nếu nó trông như nước, thì nó khỏe mạnh. Điều này không cần thử nghiệm.
    Vì vậy, hãy cho một chút muối vào nước của bạn hoặc một số điện giải có thể thực sự giúp với khả năng sinh khả dụng và hấp thu. Cách bạn thở cũng cực kỳ quan trọng cho sức khỏe nước bọt của bạn. Nếu bạn thở bằng miệng, bạn sẽ có ít nước bọt hơn. Bạn biết đấy, miệng của bạn sẽ khô. Độ pH sẽ giảm và bạn sẽ gặp rắc rối. Bạn biết đấy, miệng khô dẫn đến sâu răng. Miệng khô dẫn đến bệnh nướu. Và rồi là những thực phẩm mà chúng ta ăn, tất nhiên, cũng vậy. Chúng ta muốn có một chế độ ăn giàu khoáng chất. Rất nhiều người trong chúng ta thiếu khoáng chất, chúng ta thiếu magie, chúng ta thiếu vitamin tan trong chất béo, đặc biệt là vitamin D3, K2.
    Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ việc làm các xét nghiệm là tốt. Tôi thích ý tưởng “Xét nghiệm, đừng đoán.” Bạn biết đấy, nếu bạn có khả năng làm việc với bác sĩ để xem bạn đang ở đâu với một số thứ này để biết xem bạn có cần bổ sung hay không hoặc cách bạn có thể thay đổi chế độ ăn uống của mình. Xin lỗi vì đã làm gián đoạn, nhưng tôi có nên kiểm tra nước bọt của mình không? Có một xét nghiệm nước bọt tốt nào không? Đó sẽ là một xét nghiệm khác. Vì vậy, đó sẽ chủ yếu là một xét nghiệm máu. Như một xét nghiệm máu tiêu chuẩn. Một xét nghiệm máu tiêu chuẩn. Nhưng có phân tích nước bọt, và chúng ta nên thảo luận về tầm quan trọng của việc kiểm tra hệ vi sinh miệng của bạn. Tôi nghĩ cũng giống như rất nhiều trong chúng ta hiện nay kiểm tra hệ vi sinh đường ruột của mình, bạn biết đấy, bản đồ tiêu hóa, xét nghiệm phân để hiểu những gì đang diễn ra trong ruột, giờ đây có phân tích nước bọt. Và nhiều nha sĩ chức năng đang làm việc hướng tới điều này. Tôi thực hiện phân tích nước bọt và phân tích các dấu hiệu sinh học trong thực hành của mình. Chúng ta có thể biết rất nhiều từ nước bọt của bệnh nhân và tỷ lệ cũng như loại vi khuẩn có ở đó, cũng như nấm và virus và những thứ khác.
    Vì vậy, nếu bạn có khả năng, nếu bạn thực sự muốn tối ưu hóa sức khỏe của mình, tôi gợi ý kiểm tra hệ vi sinh miệng của bạn vì có một số mầm bệnh đặc trưng mà bạn có thể gặp phải mà bạn không biết có thể dẫn đến nhiều vấn đề sau này. Và chúng ta có thể nhảy vào này bây giờ, nhưng mối liên kết giữa miệng và toàn bộ cơ thể thực sự đang bùng nổ bây giờ và cách vi khuẩn miệng, đặc biệt là các mầm bệnh, có thể góp phần vào bệnh Alzheimer, sa sút trí tuệ và các vấn đề sinh sản, các vấn đề mang thai, các vấn đề tim mạch, bệnh tự miễn, viêm khớp dạng thấp, tiểu đường, béo phì, rối loạn tâm trạng, ung thư. Nó cứ tiếp tục, tiếp tục mãi, tất cả đều quay trở lại với vi khuẩn trong miệng chúng ta. Thật đáng kinh ngạc. Tôi thực sự muốn không chỉ nhấn vào đó, mà thực sự tìm hiểu sâu vào đó, không có ý trêu chọc. Tôi cũng muốn hỏi vì một nhóm thính giả sẽ quan tâm đến cách họ có thể kiểm tra nước bọt của mình.
    Đúng vậy. Tôi chưa bao giờ kiểm tra nước bọt của mình. Tôi sẽ nói rằng dựa trên những gì bạn dạy trực tuyến, tôi đã nỗ lực uống nhiều nước hơn bên cạnh lượng lớn yerba mate và một ít cà phê. Tôi đã cố gắng, à, tôi đã chuyển sang một loại kem đánh răng chứa hydroxyapatite, cái mà đã rất tuyệt vời vì nhiều lý do khác nhau. Tôi thực sự đã nhấn mạnh việc thở bằng mũi.
    Đó là điều mà tôi đã quan tâm trước đây qua lĩnh vực hiệu suất thể thao vì người bạn của tôi, Brian McKenzie, một chuyên gia về hiệu suất con người, đã rất chú trọng vào điều này cách đây một thời gian. Thời điểm tham gia vào boxing khoảng năm năm, khi mà chức năng hô hấp và tim mạch của tôi là tốt nhất, tôi đã dùng một miếng bảo vệ miệng vừa vặn và thực hiện các bài chạy, các bài tập đường phố với miếng bảo vệ miệng và thở qua mũi. Điều đó đã dạy tôi cách thở đúng qua mũi. Nó đã chuyển sang việc tôi thở bằng mũi khi tôi ngủ. Tôi không ngủ với miếng bảo vệ miệng. Nhưng tôi nghĩ rằng thở bằng mũi là rất quan trọng vì những lý do mà bạn đang mô tả, như James Nestor đã trình bày. Tôi sẽ chia sẻ một thông tin nhỏ và sau đó tôi sẽ im lặng và thở bằng mũi. Một người bạn của tôi, một bác sĩ tại UCSF, đã nói với tôi rằng những người nghiện methamphetamine khi vào bệnh viện thì có hàm răng rất tệ. Ai cũng biết điều này. Những người nghiện meth thì có hàm răng rất tệ. Nhưng bạn biết tại sao không? Anh ấy làm việc với Trường Y khoa. Đó là vì họ thở bằng miệng. Tôi đã làm việc với đối tượng này trước đây. Meth không thực sự làm hỏng răng. Nó là do họ thở bằng miệng. Và tôi thấy điều này thật thú vị. Rồi, tất nhiên, có cuốn sách “Jaws” mà Paul Ehrlich và Sandra Kahn, những đồng nghiệp tuyệt vời của tôi ở Stanford, đã xuất bản nhiều năm trước. Và nhân tiện, khi họ xuất bản cuốn sách đó, mọi người đã nói, ôi, đây là khoa học giả. Điều này thật điên rồ. Bạn đang nói rằng thở bằng mũi là một đại dịch, kiểu chỉ để dọa dẫm người khác. Vâng, bây giờ chúng ta biết rằng đây là một điều thực sự. Đó là một đại dịch. Vậy làm thế nào bạn khuyến khích trẻ em và người lớn chuyển từ thở bằng miệng sang thở bằng mũi? Vâng. Đây là một phần lớn trong thực hành của tôi. Vì vậy, chúng ta cần hiểu lý do tại sao, giống như bất cứ điều gì khác. Tại sao bạn lại là người thở bằng miệng? Thực tế thì con người là những người thở bằng mũi bắt buộc, chúng ta được tạo ra để thở qua mũi. Thật không may, rất nhiều người trong chúng ta lại thở bằng miệng. Họ ước tính rằng lên tới 50% dân số hiện nay thở qua miệng. Cá nhân tôi nghĩ rằng đó là một con số thấp hơn so với những gì tôi thấy ở thực hành của mình. Vậy tại sao lại như thế? Lý thuyết là rằng từ xa xưa, chúng ta đã nhai và nghiền nát thức ăn tới bốn giờ mỗi ngày. Hành động nhai này lực đẩy, tạo ra lực. Nó thực sự là điều phát triển khuôn mặt, sự lệch lạc của lưỡi, lưỡi nâng lên. Nó sẽ làm cho hàm răng rộng ra, xoang mũi rộng ra, bao gồm cả việc cho con bú. Được rồi. Bây giờ chúng ta lùi lại 10, 12,000 năm. Được rồi. Vậy là chúng ta đã có cuộc cách mạng nông nghiệp. Chúng ta đã chuyển từ xã hội săn bắn hái lượm sang nông nghiệp. Rồi đến cuộc cách mạng công nghiệp. Chúng ta bắt đầu xay xát và chế biến mọi thứ. Mọi thứ giờ đều mềm và nhão. Chúng ta đã thường nhai bốn giờ một ngày. Giờ đây chúng ta chỉ nhai bốn phút một ngày. Vì vậy, rất ít. Về cơ bản là teo lại. Chúng ta hút đồ ăn vào miệng. Chúng ta hút đồ ăn vào miệng. Nó giống như bộ phim. Bộ phim tương lai nào đó với robot nhỏ ấy? Tôi ghét bộ phim đó. Ôi, tôi đã khóc trong bộ phim đó. Tôi ghét bộ phim đó. Tôi rất lo lắng về việc đó có thể trở thành sự thật. Và đây chúng ta. Vâng, họ đang hút đồ ăn, nằm trên ghế tựa. Đây chúng ta. Họ đã cho thuê gần như mọi thứ. Vâng, vâng. Đây là nhiều thế hệ đang diễn ra điều này. Chúng ta về cơ bản đang co lại. James Nestor nói rằng, chúng ta đang bị mất dần. Được rồi, vì vậy khuôn mặt đang co lại. Hàm đang co lại. Đây là lý do tại sao chúng ta thấy rất nhiều răng bị chen chúc. Nếu bạn đến Bảo tàng Lịch sử Tự nhiên ở New York hay Washington, D.C., hãy nhìn vào những bộ sọ tổ tiên. Răng rất sạch sẽ. Không có sự mục nát. Và tất cả 32 chiếc răng, bao gồm cả răng khôn, đều vừa vặn hoàn hảo vào cung răng. Điều đó không phải là cách đây quá lâu trong lịch sử con người của chúng ta. Vậy điều gì đã xảy ra? Đó là thức ăn của chúng ta. Đó là cách chúng ta nhai. Đó là cách chúng ta thở. Và vì vậy nếu cấu trúc này co lại, thể tích mũi co lại, xoang mũi co lại, đường thở co lại, lưỡi của chúng ta không còn chỗ trong miệng nữa. Thế nên nó hoặc là thè ra, lực đẩy lưỡi, hoặc là nó bị rơi xuống, bạn biết đó, và gây cản trở cho chúng ta. Vậy nên hiện nay có rất nhiều chứng rối loạn giấc ngủ, thở không điều chỉnh, và chứng ngưng thở khi ngủ mà không được chẩn đoán. Vậy nếu chúng ta nhìn vào trẻ em sớm và họ đến với tôi và tôi có thể thấy điều đó khi họ bước vào, họ thường có tư thế đầu hướng về phía trước vì họ đang cố gắng mở đường thở của mình, được không? Tư thế đầu hướng về phía trước. Họ có quầng thâm. Điều đó gọi là sự tích tụ tĩnh mạch. Đó là dấu hiệu của viêm do thở bằng miệng. Bạn có thể thấy nhiều hơn tròng trắng của mắt họ. Vì vậy, điều đó liên quan đến mặt phẳng nhìn của họ. Vì vậy, tư thế đầu hướng về phía trước, đôi mắt sụp mí do viêm, bạn thấy nhiều hơn màng trắng của mắt. Họ chỉ trông như bị ngạt mũi và ốm yếu. Họ chỉ, và miệng họ mở ra. Và những đứa trẻ đó có vấn đề lớn về đường thở, và chúng ta cần hiểu lý do tại sao. Vậy nên đó thường là vấn đề về mô cứng hoặc mô mềm. Vậy vấn đề về mô cứng sẽ là gì? Đó sẽ là kích thước và hình dạng của hàm, kích thước và hình dạng của vòm miệng, vị trí của hàm. Bạn biết không, hàm của bạn có lùi lại không? Nó có ở phía trước như một con chó bulldog không? Và bạn có bị lệch vách ngăn không? Bạn biết đấy, họ ước tính rằng 75% con người có thể có một số dạng lệch vách ngăn, và người ta nghĩ rằng điều đó thật vô lý. Không chỉ đơn giản là vì bạn đã tham gia một cuộc ẩu đả và bị gãy mũi. Vậy hãy nghĩ về điều này. Nếu vòm miệng của bạn bị hẹp, và tôi ép mặt bạn như vậy, vách ngăn phải đi đâu đó, và vì vậy nó sẽ không thể. Được không? Vậy nên đó là điều tạo ra vách ngăn bị lệch. Và nếu chúng ta mở rộng một khuôn mặt, và đây là những gì mà những bác sĩ chỉnh nha chức năng sớm, và đây là những gì tôi đang làm trong thực hành của mình, đang làm với những đứa trẻ trẻ hơn, bạn sẽ đặt một cái giữ mà có thể giúp mở rộng khuôn mặt, và vách ngăn thẳng lại, và bây giờ chúng ta có thể thở tốt hơn. Vì vậy, đó là mô cứng.
    Các mô mềm có thể là adenoid to, amidan to, rối loạn vận động miệng, âm thấp của lưỡi, vị trí lưỡi thấp nữa.
    Có bao nhiêu tính đàn hồi trong các xoang?
    Giả sử ai đó có vách ngăn mũi bị lệch một phần hoặc nghiêm trọng, và họ có thể phẫu thuật, tôi muốn nói về một số loại phẫu thuật khác nhau.
    Có một phương pháp mở rộng bóng bay mà trên mạng trông rất thú vị.
    Tôi muốn thử điều này.
    Tôi thực sự muốn điều này xảy ra với bản thân mình.
    Vâng, họ cho bóng bay vào đó, họ bơm phồng bóng bay.
    Khi được hướng dẫn, họ sẽ làm khi được hướng dẫn.
    Vâng, họ gây tê, sau đó họ lấy ra, và như bạn biết, kiểu như vậy.
    Thực ra, đây là cách đúng để làm, cả vào và ra qua mũi.
    Nhưng nếu ai đó cố gắng thở bằng mũi, có thể họ dán băng miệng vào ban đêm, hoặc tôi là một người rất thích việc chuyển từ thở bằng miệng sang thở bằng mũi bằng cách khăng khăng rằng tôi thở bằng mũi trong khi tập cardio, trừ khi tôi đang cố sức quá, và lúc đó tôi cần sử dụng thở bằng miệng.
    Nhưng tôi nhận thấy chỉ vì tôi có thể đo tiếng ngáy thông qua, tôi ngủ trên giường ngủ 8 giờ, tôi có thể đo tiếng ngáy theo cách đó.
    Nhưng ngay cả khi bạn không làm vậy, cũng có những cách khác để bạn có thể đo tiếng ngáy bằng một ứng dụng, hoặc ai đó có thể nói với bạn rằng bạn đang ngáy.
    Vì vậy, đây không phải là về một sản phẩm cụ thể.
    Nhưng nếu tôi buộc bản thân thở bằng mũi trong các buổi tập cardio, đặc biệt là những thứ kiểu như vùng hai, vùng ba, thì sẽ chuyển sang ít thở bằng miệng và ngáy hơn và giấc ngủ tốt hơn.
    Vì vậy, câu hỏi là, các xoang có thực sự nở rộng không?
    Hoặc nếu bạn có vách ngăn mũi bị lệch, liệu bạn có cần sửa chữa nó bằng phẫu thuật hoặc cách nào đó khác không?
    Nó phụ thuộc vào độ tuổi của bạn.
    Hầu hết sự phát triển khuôn mặt diễn ra xung quanh tuổi 10.
    Vì vậy, vấn đề mà tôi muốn nói đến với niềng răng truyền thống, đó là khi bạn chờ tất cả các chiếc răng sữa rụng và sau đó bạn đặt niềng, bạn không thể kiểm soát việc định hình khuôn mặt, giữa khuôn mặt và hàm, đó là lý do tại sao chúng tôi giờ đã bắt đầu sử dụng liệu pháp chức năng từ khi mới ba hoặc bốn tuổi với các bộ giữ.
    Vì vậy, ở giữa vòm miệng của chúng ta có một đường khớp được lấp đầy bằng sụn.
    Và với trẻ em, việc thao tác và thay đổi sự phát triển khuôn mặt rất dễ dàng.
    Nếu bạn làm cho các hàm rộng hơn, không chỉ cải thiện đường thở, mà các răng cũng sẽ mọc thẳng.
    Bây giờ chúng có chỗ.
    Lý do chúng mọc lệch là vì không có đủ không gian cho chúng mọc.
    Điều quan trọng là phải biết rằng sàn miệng, cái mái, xin lỗi, cái mái của miệng là sàn của mũi.
    Vì vậy, nếu bạn mở rộng vòm miệng, các xoang sẽ rộng hơn.
    Vách ngăn sẽ thẳng đứng.
    Mọi thứ đều được kết nối.
    Bây giờ, với tư cách là một người lớn, thật khó khăn để thao tác cấu trúc xương chỉ thông qua tư thế và thói quen.
    Có những nhà trị liệu cơ năng, họ là tốt nhất, và họ rất quan trọng trong cuộc trò chuyện này.
    Hãy nghĩ về họ như những nhà trị liệu vật lý cho việc thở, dạy bạn cách giữ cho môi khép kín, lưỡi lên.
    Tất cả các cơ này đều rất quan trọng.
    Toning nó.
    Nếu bạn không sử dụng nó, bạn sẽ mất nó.
    Vì vậy, nếu bạn là người thở bằng miệng, lưỡi bạn sẽ nằm thấp.
    Lưỡi của bạn là một cơ.
    Nó sẽ trở nên yếu.
    Nó sẽ trở nên nhão.
    Vì vậy, chúng ta muốn tăng cường những cơ này để giúp với việc bịt môi và thở bằng mũi.
    Nhưng với tư cách là một người lớn, nếu bạn có sự khác biệt về xương, thường thì bạn cần một dạng can thiệp nào đó.
    Bạn sẽ không chỉ thay đổi nó thông qua việc dán băng môi hoặc cách bạn tập luyện hay liệu pháp chức năng.
    Và giờ đây có những cách bảo tồn hơn ngoài phẫu thuật hàm thực sự.
    Có một thiết bị gọi là homeoblock, mà tôi biết là James Nestor đã sử dụng.
    Bạn có thể đọc về nó trong cuốn sách của anh ấy mà thực sự sẽ bắt đầu thay đổi cấu trúc khuôn mặt.
    Có những phương pháp điều trị ít xâm lấn hơn.
    Có một thiết bị MSC.
    Đó là một thiết bị mở rộng xương hàm trên.
    Nó sẽ đặt những chiếc vít mini vào vòm miệng của bạn, nhưng nó sẽ làm bật đường khớp.
    Và người lớn trong điều này, thực sự bạn sẽ phải muốn điều này vì bạn đang gặp khó khăn rất nhiều và những người không thở tốt, họ đang gặp khó khăn.
    Tôi nghĩ đây là điều quan trọng nhất cho sức khỏe đó là cách bạn thở và cách bạn ngủ.
    Và với trẻ em, nếu họ không thở đúng cách và thường xuyên tỉnh dậy, điều này lý giải lý do tại sao sẽ thú vị nếu bạn có một sản phẩm nào đó trên cơ thể.
    Tôi chỉ tò mò.
    Bạn có đi vào giấc ngủ sâu không?
    Bạn có vào được giấc ngủ REM không?
    Tôi có.
    Và điều đó rất tuyệt.
    Vâng.
    Tôi đang đo giấc ngủ sâu và giấc ngủ REM qua giường ngủ 8 giờ hoặc whoop hoặc cả hai.
    Giấc ngủ sâu của tôi rất tốt, miễn là tôi đi ngủ vào khoảng 10, 10 giờ 30, bởi vì đó là khi tôi thu được giấc ngủ sâu, khi tôi thu được khoảng thời gian giấc ngủ sâu.
    Nếu tôi đi ngủ vào khoảng 11 giờ hoặc nửa đêm, tôi sẽ bị thiếu một chút giấc ngủ sâu, ngay cả khi tôi ngủ lâu hơn.
    Vâng.
    Và giấc ngủ REM của tôi dạo này rất vững.
    Vâng.
    Tôi bị ấn tượng bởi dữ liệu thuyết phục về việc thở bằng mũi, cải thiện chức năng não.
    Có một vài nghiên cứu cho thấy nếu mọi người thở bằng miệng hoặc thở bằng mũi trong một nghiên cứu phòng thí nghiệm, những người thở bằng mũi sẽ có khả năng ghi nhớ tốt hơn.
    Nhưng đó là về các mùi.
    Vì vậy, mọi người đã nói, vâng, tất nhiên, đó là về các mùi và bạn đang thở qua mũi. Và vì vậy bạn có thể nhớ những mùi đó.
    Vì vậy, họ đã thực hiện những nghiên cứu này với các loại trí nhớ khác và chức năng não.
    Và thật sự rất rõ ràng rằng bạn cung cấp oxy cho não tốt hơn và bạn suy nghĩ tốt hơn.
    Khả năng nhận thức của bạn tốt hơn.
    Trí nhớ của bạn tốt hơn cho mọi thứ, không chỉ riêng các mùi.
    Vì vậy, bạn nhận được 20% oxy nhiều hơn khi bạn thở bằng mũi.
    Và điều này rất quan trọng cho trẻ em trong những năm phát triển não bộ này.
    Đó là lý do tại sao chúng tôi thấy các nghiên cứu cho thấy rằng những đứa trẻ thở bằng miệng có rối loạn giấc ngủ.
    Chúng có vấn đề hành vi và nhiều trẻ được chẩn đoán ADHD và có thể bị đưa vào thuốc khi thực tế nếu chúng tôi đã sàng lọc chúng về các vấn đề đường thở, có thể chúng tôi có thể tránh được một số điều này.
    Và điều này cũng liên quan đến việc chúng ta không thể vào giấc ngủ sâu. Hệ thống glymphatic không hoạt động. Chức năng hormone không được kích hoạt. Vì vậy, rất nhiều trẻ em, hormone tăng trưởng bị ảnh hưởng. Hormone chống bài niệu cũng bị suy giảm nếu chúng không vào được giấc ngủ sâu phục hồi. Đó chính là lý do tại sao chúng ta thấy tình trạng đái dầm. Một số dấu hiệu để tìm trong bạn đời hoặc trẻ em của bạn là trở mình, nghiến răng, ngáy hoặc thở ồn. Ngủ ở những tư thế thật kỳ lạ như ngửa cổ lên vì chúng đang cố gắng mở thông đường thở. Quay tròn trên giường. Bạn biết đấy, chân của trẻ nằm trong khi cơ thể lại nằm ra ngoài giường. Chăn ga trải giường thì vương vãi khắp nơi. Và chắc chắn là trẻ thức dậy mà không được nghỉ ngơi và rồi nhận thấy những vấn đề về hành vi nữa. Để thuyết phục nửa đàn ông của khán giả tập trung nhiều hơn vào việc thở bằng mũi, tất cả những gì bạn cần làm là nói với họ rằng thở bằng miệng sẽ khiến họ gặp rối loạn chức năng tình dục hoặc dễ mắc rối loạn chức năng tình dục, và họ sẽ bắt đầu tập trung vào việc thở bằng mũi. Bởi vì nitric oxide. Bởi vì nitric oxide. Vì vậy, các xoang cạnh mũi là nơi giúp sản xuất nitric oxide. Nếu bạn thở bằng miệng, không phải mũi, bạn sẽ không nhận đủ nitric oxide, thứ rất quan trọng cho sức khỏe tình dục. Nhưng chúng ta cũng biết rằng nam giới có bệnh nướu răng có khả năng mắc chứng rối loạn cương dương cao gấp 2,85 lần. Wow. Vậy nên, không có chảy máu nướu. Chúng ta không muốn nướu bị viêm và chảy máu. Chỉ nha khoa là một điều mà chúng ta chưa đề cập đến, nhưng nó vô cùng quan trọng không chỉ để ngăn ngừa sâu răng, mà còn cho sức khỏe nướu. Và nếu có bất kỳ dấu hiệu chảy máu nào, đó là dấu hiệu của viêm và nó không chỉ ở lại trong cơ thể. Nó có thể ảnh hưởng đến toàn bộ hệ thống. Vì vậy, hãy xem sức khỏe nướu của bạn một cách nghiêm túc, nếu không vì lý do gì khác, thì vì sức khỏe tình dục của bạn. Thông điệp tuyệt vời. Để chuyển sang việc thở bằng mũi, nếu ai đó thực sự gặp khó khăn với điều này, bạn có ủng hộ việc dán miệng không? Vâng. Bạn muốn chắc chắn rằng bạn có thể làm điều đó một cách an toàn. Đối với trẻ em, tôi luôn đề nghị họ được kiểm tra bởi một nha sĩ chuyên về đường thở hoặc có thể là một bác sĩ tai mũi họng. Đối với người lớn, có một bài kiểm tra mà bạn có thể thực hiện. Đó là bài kiểm tra ba phút. Bạn có thể thở qua mũi mà không cảm thấy hoảng sợ hoặc bị thử thách không? Bạn có thể đặt nước vào miệng, đặt một mảnh giấy, dán môi lại và tính thời gian. Và nếu bạn có thể thở qua mũi thành công, thì lý thuyết bạn có thể dán môi một cách an toàn. Có nhiều loại băng khác nhau mà bạn có thể dùng, như băng hở ở giữa để bạn có thể vẫn thải khí ra ngoài hoặc cảm thấy ít xâm nhập hơn. Và những gì tôi gợi ý nếu mọi người quan tâm là hãy bắt đầu năm phút khi bạn đang cắt rau cho bữa tối và sau đó tăng lên 30 phút khi bạn đang xem một chương trình và sau đó xem một bộ phim trong hai giờ. Và nếu bạn đã có thể dán lâu như vậy, bạn cũng có thể làm điều đó vào ban đêm. Tôi sẽ nói với bạn, đây là một trong những điều hàng đầu mà tôi đã làm để cải thiện sức khỏe của mình. Và tôi thấy điều đó với các thiết bị theo dõi và dữ liệu giấc ngủ của mình. Gần đây, tôi có cơ hội được thuyết trình tại Stanford với Renee Fleming. Bà là một trong những nghệ sĩ opera vĩ đại nhất còn sống ngày nay. Và tôi hỏi, bạn làm gì để thở? Bởi vì tôi đã nói rất nhiều cho podcast. Và bà đã cho tôi một số bài tập tăng cường cho phổi và cơ hoành. Nhưng sau đó điều mà bà đề xuất để nhấn mạnh việc thở bằng mũi vì có rất nhiều việc thở bằng mũi được thực hiện nhanh chóng và tinh tế để duy trì áp suất không khí trong phổi và cho công việc của bà, mà tôi biết rất ít về, thay vì làm tập tạ cho cổ, nó là một bài tập vui. Nó không làm cho cổ lớn lên, vì vậy những người không muốn có cổ lớn sẽ cảm thấy thích điều đó. Nhưng để tập luyện các cơ bên trong của cổ, cách bạn thực hiện điều này là một cái gọi là “hôn bầu trời”. Những võ sĩ quyền anh sẽ biết điều này, những võ sĩ quyền anh cũ. Nó trông thật ngớ ngẩn, nhưng tôi sẽ làm điều đó vì tôi trông ngớ ngẩn trên podcast này mọi lúc một cách có chủ ý. Bạn nhìn lên bầu trời và bím môi như bạn là một con cá nóc trong 15 giây mỗi bên. Thú vị. Bà nói rằng nó giúp tăng cường sức mạnh và kiểm soát thần kinh đối với các cơ bên trong của cổ. Vì vậy, một lần nữa, không làm cổ rộng ra hay dày lên, nhưng bên trong, và nó giúp dễ dàng hơn để thở sâu qua mũi. Có lẽ nó tăng lượng kháng lực để bạn có thể làm đầy phổi dễ dàng hơn. Vì vậy, tôi đã thử một chút “hôn bầu trời” và nó trông thật ngớ ngẩn. Nó cũng giống như một động tác yoga. Vâng. Và bạn chỉ cần thật sự bím môi như thể bạn sắp hôn bầu trời từ bên này sang bên kia, 15 giây mỗi bên, vài lần mỗi ngày, hoặc chỉ khi bạn nhớ đến. Và giọng nói của bà ấy thật tuyệt vời, như giọng nói nói và dáng đứng của bà ấy và mọi thứ. Vì vậy, tôi đã mượn điều đó từ bà ấy. Bạn có thể làm rất nhiều điều để cải thiện sức khỏe đường thở của mình thông qua việc phục hồi thở. Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ đó là một phần lớn bị thiếu trong các cuộc trò chuyện về sức khỏe đường thở. Bạn biết đấy, chúng ta nói rằng, bạn cần phải gặp nha sĩ chuyên về đường thở. Bạn cần gặp nhà trị liệu chức năng cơ, nhà chỉnh hình, bác sĩ tai mũi họng. Đó là rất nhiều. Chỉ riêng việc lên lịch hẹn đã khiến tôi muốn ngủ một giấc. Nhưng đúng là. Nó là rất nhiều để giải quyết các vấn đề về đường thở. Nếu có các bậc phụ huynh ngoài kia, có hai cuốn sách, ba cuốn tôi muốn giới thiệu nếu bạn thực sự quan tâm đến điều này vì nó ảnh hưởng đến rất nhiều người, chắc chắn là “Breath” của James Nestor, “Jaws”, như bạn đã đề cập, của Sondra Kahn, và “Sleep Wrecked Kids” của Sharon Moore, nếu bạn là một bậc phụ huynh. Tên cuốn sách là gì nhỉ? “Sleep Wrecked Kids”. “Sleep Wrecked”, W-R-E-C-K. Vâng, của Sharon Moore. Nó sẽ giúp bạn xem xét và hiểu tại sao chúng ta lo lắng về những điều này nhiều hơn.
    Nhưng, đúng rồi, chúng ta không thể nhấn mạnh quá nhiều về sức khỏe đường hô hấp, đặc biệt là ở trẻ em. Bạn biết đấy, phát hiện sớm và can thiệp kịp thời là rất quan trọng. Tuyệt vời. Trong việc duy trì sức khỏe đường hô hấp và nước bọt khoẻ mạnh, và giờ thì tôi rất thích nước bọt. Nó chứa tất cả những thứ hay ho trong đó. Tôi đã nghĩ rằng chỉ cần chúng ta biết máu có nhiều dưỡng chất, thì chúng ta cũng sẽ kiểm tra máu. Chúng ta biết về hệ vi sinh vật trên da. Chúng ta biết rằng, bạn biết đấy, phụ nữ đến gặp bác sĩ chuyên khoa sản phụ. Họ làm xét nghiệm Pap. Họ kiểm tra, bạn biết đấy, tôi có nghĩa là, nếu bạn đã từng nuôi dạy một đứa trẻ hoặc thay tã, bạn có thể cho biết rất nhiều về sức khỏe của ai đó qua các chất lỏng mà họ phát ra và có bên trong họ. Tôi muốn đặt nước bọt vào danh sách những thứ quan trọng cần chú ý. Nhưng nhai kẹo cao su thì sao? Điều này có tốt cho sự hô hấp và nước bọt của chúng ta hay không? Tôi không phải là người thích nhai kẹo cao su, nhưng nó có tốt, xấu, hay trung lập không? Vâng, tôi nghĩ rằng tùy thuộc vào thời điểm và địa điểm thì có thể rất có lợi. Nơi tôi thích điều đó là nếu, bởi vì tôi sẽ nói, hey, phụ huynh, bạn thực sự cần tránh bánh quy và khoai tây chiên và thanh granola. Và họ sẽ hỏi, vậy tôi cho con tôi ăn gì? Bạn biết đấy, vì vậy nếu chúng ta đã bỏ lỡ thời điểm giới thiệu thực phẩm cho trẻ em hoặc chúng chỉ thích những loại thực phẩm đó, chiến lược tốt của bạn là gì khi ra ngoài để giảm thiểu nguy cơ sâu răng và tăng cường sức khỏe nước bọt? Nhai một ít kẹo cao su, đặc biệt là kẹo cao su xylitol, vì xylitol sẽ ức chế sự phát triển của vi khuẩn. Nó sẽ giảm strep mutans, loại vi khuẩn gây sâu răng. Tôi rất thích xylitol. Vì vậy, việc cho một mẩu kẹo cao su xylitol sau khi tiếp xúc với một vài loại thực phẩm ăn vặt này, những carbohydrate có thể lên men rất tốt. Nó sẽ giúp làm lỏng thức ăn. Nó sẽ tăng cường sức khỏe nước bọt. Một số người thích nó để làm mạnh mẽ, bạn biết đấy, kẹo nhai mastic. Tôi luôn được hỏi về điều đó. Bạn có thể làm quá. Bạn biết đấy, tôi lo lắng về rối loạn khớp thái dương hàm. Tôi đã có một trải nghiệm không tốt với kẹo nhai mastic. Tôi đã mua nó. Tôi thích khía cạnh nguyên thủy của nó. Nó giống như nhựa cây mà bạn nhai. Nó được đóng gói trong một chiếc túi giấy đẹp và, bạn biết đấy, không có nhựa hay thứ gì cả. Bạn cho nó vào miệng và bạn cảm thấy như mình đang thực sự làm việc giống như chú chó bulldog của tôi, Costello sẽ làm. Nó đứng như thể bàn chân trên những viên gạch và như thể nó đang… và bạn cảm thấy thật tuyệt. Và rồi đột nhiên, bạn sẽ đi và hàm của bạn sẽ bị kẹt một chút, và sau đó, bạn sẽ cảm thấy, ôi, hàm của tôi thật sự đau. Hoặc bạn cảm thấy điều gì đó bật ra trong khớp của bạn. Cảm thấy điều gì đó bật ra. Và vâng, nó sẽ cho bạn, bạn biết đấy, mấy ngày này, những người trẻ tuổi nổi tiếng rất say mê điều này. Nó sẽ khiến hàm của bạn cảm thấy hơi sưng lên. Đó không phải là lý do mà tôi làm điều đó. Nhưng, ồ, nó khiến hàm bạn cảm thấy đau. Vâng. Vâng. Tôi không phải là một fan lớn. Tôi chỉ muốn giải thích về điều đó. Hãy nghĩ đến một vận động viên bóng chày. Họ, ý tôi là, có bao nhiêu người trong số họ phải nằm viện vì họ sử dụng quá nhiều vai của mình, mà nó cũng là một khớp tương tự, bạn biết đấy, nó có sự quay. Nếu bạn đang nhai, chúng ta chỉ nên nhai thật sự để sống sót. Đó là cách chúng ta tiến hóa. Vậy nên nếu bạn nhai kẹo cao su cả ngày, rất có khả năng nó sẽ làm mòn sụn trong khớp của bạn. Vậy nên tôi không phải là fan lớn của điều đó. Tôi cá nhân không thích nhai kẹo cao su, nhưng tôi cũng nghĩ về thời điểm và địa điểm. Đặc biệt từ góc độ sâu răng hoặc, ừm, sự hydrat hóa, bạn biết đấy, tăng cường lưu lượng nước bọt, nhưng chỉ cần, tôi sẽ chỉ nhai trong vài phút, rồi bỏ đi. Bạn không cần phải nhai trong thời gian dài. Nhưng nhai thức ăn thì tốt. Vâng. Vâng. Cảm ơn bạn. Vấn đề, như chúng ta đã đề cập, là, bạn biết đấy, chúng ta đang hút và nghiền nát thức ăn của mình. Tôi không làm như vậy, nhưng với tôi, bơ hạnh nhân như thể chưa từng tồn tại trong tự nhiên. Ý tưởng rằng bạn sẽ lấy, ý tôi là, hạnh nhân rất ngon. Đúng không? Nhưng mà bạn sẽ như thể xay nhỏ chúng và cho vào một loại bột nhão. Đối với tôi, kết cấu thật sự rất ghê. Chà, bạn làm điều đó trong miệng của bạn. Bạn nên làm điều đó bằng cách nhai. Cái sự thật là như, bơ đậu phộng của bạn, như với tôi, những thứ này hoàn toàn không có lý. Đó là những loại go-gurt và sốt táo và đồ ăn vặt trái cây. Thực phẩm trẻ em. Thực phẩm trẻ em. Chính xác. Đó là cho động vật và những người không có răng. Chính xác. Vậy nên tôi không ủng hộ một bên hay bên kia, có thể có sự pha trộn, nhưng bạn biết đấy, có thực phẩm được chế biến sẵn hoặc bạn có thể làm theo kiểu ăn dặm tự chỉ huy, tức là ăn nhiều thực phẩm thật sự hơn. Rõ ràng, xin hãy thông minh về điều này. Đừng để trẻ em của bạn gặp nguy hiểm với những thứ dễ bị nghẹt thở. Có rất nhiều thông tin ở đó mà bạn có thể xem cách chuẩn bị thực phẩm an toàn cho trẻ của bạn. Nhưng nhai là vô cùng quan trọng cho sự phát triển khuôn mặt. Vâng, tôi đã nghĩ về người lớn, tôi đã hơi chế nhạo thực tế rằng người lớn đang ăn như trẻ con. Wow. Như thể họ đang hút thức ăn của mình và họ đang như – Nugget gà và khoai tây chiên. Và vâng, chúng ta cần phải nhai. Khi thực sự được hỏi, điều gì đã xảy ra với đường hô hấp? Tại sao mọi người lại, tại sao các khuôn mặt đang co lại? Đó là do sự nhai. Chúng ta đã mất đi việc đó. Và có thể cho việc cho con bú nữa. Chúng ta đã rời xa việc cho con bú hoàn toàn. Thì con số về điều đó là gì? Tôi không biết con số về điều đó. Có bao nhiêu người, tôi cũng không biết nữa. Tôi không biết. Nhưng chắc chắn là giảm xuống. Tôi nghĩ rằng nó đang dần trở lại. Và nhiều người, tuy nhiên, đang làm sự kết hợp. Bạn biết đấy, chúng ta làm những gì mình cần làm. Ý tôi là, nhiều phụ nữ đang làm việc. Và vì vậy điều quan trọng là biết nếu bạn không thể cho con bú hoặc điều đó không phù hợp với bạn hoặc bạn đang làm việc và có máy bơm, thì có những cách khắc phục, được chứ? Vì vậy, điều này không phải là khủng hoảng, nhưng chỉ cần làm việc với ai đó để bắt kịp những vấn đề này sớm. Và cũng thật không may, ngay cả khi chúng ta làm mọi thứ đúng, giới thiệu những thức ăn cứng, đứa trẻ của chúng ta đang nhai và hít thở qua mũi và chúng ta đang cho con bú. Thật khó để chống lại nhiều thế hệ tiến hóa không đúng cách, thực sự.
    Nhiều người đang cần can thiệp ngay bây giờ.
    Tôi muốn tạm dừng một chút và ghi nhận một trong những nhà tài trợ của chúng tôi, Function.
    Năm ngoái, tôi đã trở thành thành viên của Function sau khi tìm kiếm phương pháp thay thế toàn diện nhất cho việc xét nghiệm lab.
    Function cung cấp hơn 100 xét nghiệm lab tiên tiến để cung cấp cho bạn cái nhìn tổng quan về sức khỏe toàn thể của cơ thể.
    Cái nhìn tổng quan này cung cấp cho bạn thông tin về sức khỏe tim mạch, sức khỏe hormone, chức năng miễn dịch, mức độ dinh dưỡng và nhiều vấn đề khác.
    Họ cũng mới đây đã thêm các xét nghiệm cho độc tố, như tiếp xúc với BPA từ nhựa độc hại, và xét nghiệm cho PFAS hoặc hóa chất vĩnh cửu.
    Function không chỉ cung cấp xét nghiệm hơn 100 dấu hiệu sinh học quan trọng cho sức khỏe thể chất và tinh thần của bạn, mà còn phân tích những kết quả này và cung cấp thông tin từ các bác sĩ hàng đầu trong các lĩnh vực liên quan.
    Chẳng hạn, trong một trong những xét nghiệm đầu tiên của tôi với Function, tôi phát hiện ra rằng mức thủy ngân trong máu của tôi cao.
    Function không chỉ giúp tôi phát hiện điều đó, mà còn cung cấp thông tin về cách tốt nhất để giảm mức thủy ngân của tôi, bao gồm việc hạn chế tiêu thụ cá ngừ.
    Tôi đã ăn nhiều cá ngừ, trong khi cũng cố gắng ăn nhiều rau xanh và bổ sung NAC và acetylcysteine, cả hai đều có thể hỗ trợ sản xuất glutathione và giải độc.
    Và tôi phải nói rằng, khi làm một xét nghiệm Function thứ hai, phương pháp đó đã thành công.
    Xét nghiệm máu toàn diện là rất quan trọng.
    Có rất nhiều thứ liên quan đến sức khỏe tinh thần và thể chất của bạn chỉ có thể được phát hiện qua xét nghiệm máu.
    Vấn đề là việc xét nghiệm máu luôn rất tốn kém và phức tạp.
    Ngược lại, tôi thực sự ấn tượng với sự đơn giản của Function và mức chi phí của nó.
    Nó rất phải chăng.
    Vì vậy, tôi đã quyết định tham gia vào hội đồng tư vấn khoa học của họ, và tôi rất hào hứng rằng họ đang tài trợ cho podcast.
    Nếu bạn muốn thử Function, bạn có thể truy cập functionhealth.com slash Huberman.
    Function hiện đang có danh sách chờ hơn 250.000 người, nhưng họ đang cung cấp quyền truy cập sớm cho những người nghe podcast của Huberman.
    Một lần nữa, đó là functionhealth.com slash Huberman để nhận quyền truy cập sớm vào Function.
    Trước đó, bạn đã đề cập đến nhiều hệ thống và bệnh tật khác nhau của cơ thể mà microbiome miệng đã được liên kết trực tiếp.
    Tôi sẽ nói rằng trong khoa học và y học, có những ảnh hưởng trực tiếp, như cái này tác động cái kia, và sau đó có những ảnh hưởng gián tiếp.
    Bạn biết đấy, nếu một báo động cháy vang lên giữa đêm, giấc ngủ của bạn sẽ không tốt, nhưng báo động cháy sẽ không điều chỉnh giấc ngủ.
    Chúng chỉ có thể điều chỉnh giấc ngủ của bạn.
    Nhưng theo hiểu biết của tôi, dù tôi không chuyên sâu về tài liệu này, nhưng tôi hiểu rằng chúng ta hiện đã có bằng chứng khá thuyết phục rằng một số loại vi khuẩn từ miệng đi vào não hoặc tim hoặc các mô khác và trực tiếp làm tăng sự xuất hiện hoặc độ nhạy cảm của chứng sa sút trí tuệ, bệnh tim mạch.
    Điều này không chỉ là, bạn biết đấy, ôi, bạn bị trật cổ chân, vì vậy bạn di chuyển ít hơn, bạn di chuyển ít hơn, tim bạn trở nên không khỏe mạnh, tim bạn trở nên không khỏe mạnh, não bạn trở nên không khỏe mạnh.
    Đây là cái điểm mà tôi đang cố gắng chỉ ra.
    Nhưng mà vi khuẩn trong miệng của chúng ta, vi khuẩn xấu, có thể gây ra những vấn đề thực sự cho não và tim.
    Vâng.
    Và nhiều hệ thống khác nữa.
    Có quá nhiều nghiên cứu.
    Họ đang tìm thấy 57 bệnh có liên quan đến sự rối loạn vi sinh miệng hoặc các tác nhân gây bệnh miệng, điều này là khá nhiều.
    Và các loài khác nhau có thể ảnh hưởng đến các phần khác nhau của cơ thể.
    Vậy tất cả những điều này đều quay về đâu?
    Nó quay về bệnh nướu.
    Vì vậy, điều quan trọng là lưu ý rằng khoảng 80% dân số toàn cầu mắc phải một số loại bệnh nướu.
    Điều đó là rất lớn, bạn biết đấy.
    Và khoảng 10% dân số sẽ bị bệnh nha chu nghiêm trọng, là mất xương và mô mãn tính.
    Và đây cũng là nguyên nhân gây mất răng.
    Vì vậy, nướu, nó giống như một chuỗi liên tiếp, nhưng tất cả những điều này có một điểm chung là loại vi khuẩn sống trong miệng của chúng ta.
    Và khi chúng mất cân bằng, có một điều gì đó gọi là phức hợp đỏ, đây là năm loại vi khuẩn ảnh hưởng nhiều nhất đến bệnh nướu và sự rối loạn vi sinh có thể ảnh hưởng đến tim và các hệ thống cơ quan khác.
    Các đối thủ lớn, P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum, T. denticola, có AA và cả streptococcus mutans cũng có thể ảnh hưởng đến tim.
    Nhưng tại sao những vi khuẩn này, chúng làm cách nào để đến nơi mà các hệ thống cơ quan khác và chúng đang làm gì?
    Tôi thích gọi điều này là nướu rò rỉ.
    Vì vậy, chúng ta đều đã nghe về ruột rò rỉ.
    Giả sử chúng ta chỉ trong tình trạng rối loạn vi sinh và có lẽ là do vệ sinh miệng của chúng ta không được tốt cùng với một số điều khác.
    Vì vậy, chúng ta không đang dùng chỉ nha khoa, giả sử.
    Và nướu của chúng ta chảy máu. Được rồi.
    Đó là một dấu hiệu của sự viêm.
    Nhưng bây giờ bạn đã tạo ra một vector, một lối vào trong da, trong màng nhầy, nơi vi khuẩn có thể vào hệ tuần hoàn, bắt một chuyến xe miễn phí và đến những nơi mà chúng không nên.
    Và điều đó tạo ra một phản ứng miễn dịch.
    Vì vậy, một sự viêm. Được rồi.
    Và sau đó những loại vi khuẩn này cũng phát ra endotoxin.
    Được rồi.
    Chúng có thể tạo ra bão cytokine, đủ loại thứ khác.
    Vì vậy, cơ thể không thích những loại vi khuẩn này xuất hiện ở những nơi mà chúng không nên.
    Vì vậy, bệnh tim chẳng hạn, nếu bạn có bệnh nướu, bạn có khả năng gấp đôi, gấp hai lần để gặp vấn đề tim mạch.
    Nếu bạn có bệnh nướu, bạn có khả năng cao gấp ba lần để có đột quỵ.
    Rất nhiều điều này là tương quan, chưa hẳn nguyên nhân nhưng một số trong số này có vẻ có ảnh hưởng hơn những cái khác và cần nhiều nghiên cứu hơn.
    Sự sinh sản là một điểm lớn mà tôi muốn nói đến.
    Vì vậy, phụ nữ có bệnh nướu có thể mất hai tháng lâu hơn để mang thai và thụ thai.
    Và có những nghiên cứu cho thấy ở các cặp vợ chồng không thể thụ thai thì 90% nam giới có dấu hiệu của bệnh nướu.
    Và khi họ đi vào điều trị, khả năng thụ thai của họ cải thiện đến 70%.
    Điều đó có ý nghĩa, bạn biết đó.
    Và không chỉ là bệnh nướu, mà bất kỳ nhiễm trùng nào trong miệng.
    Vi khuẩn gingivalis đang được liên kết với bệnh Alzheimer và chứng mất trí nhớ. Bạn biết đấy, những vi khuẩn này cuối cùng ngấm vào não. Chúng vượt qua hàng rào máu-não và tạo ra các mảng amyloid cùng với viêm trong não. Vì vậy, đã có nhiều nghiên cứu, rất nhiều nghiên cứu hiện nay. Một nghiên cứu lớn đến từ Harvard, nơi họ lấy mẫu dịch não tủy trong não và thấy rằng trong những mảng này, gần như 100% bệnh nhân có P. gingivalis. Và khi họ so sánh với các bệnh nhân khác đã qua đời mà không mắc chứng mất trí hay Alzheimer, họ không thấy bất kỳ P. gingivalis nào. Vì vậy, hiện tại có rất nhiều mối liên hệ và liên kết mà chúng ta cần nghiên cứu thêm. Một điều khác cần lưu ý là ung thư. Đó là lý do tôi muốn mọi người xem xét việc kiểm tra hệ vi sinh miệng. Tôi cá nhân có một người bạn mà chúng tôi đã kiểm tra hệ vi sinh miệng của cô ấy và chỉ số F nucleatum của cô ấy thì rất cao. Cô ấy hầu như không có triệu chứng nào khác. Nhưng F nucleatum có liên quan đến tăng nguy cơ mắc ung thư tuyến tụy, ung thư vú và ung thư đại trực tràng. Ý tôi là, chúng ta nuốt khoảng 2.000 lần một ngày. Và chúng ta biết rằng một số vi khuẩn này có thể sống qua axit dạ dày và xuống ruột. Ung thư tuyến tụy thì, xin lỗi vì đã ngắt lời, tôi phải nói rằng tôi có một vài người bạn đã chết vì ung thư tuyến tụy. Và mặc dù tôi không muốn bất kỳ loại ung thư nào, nhưng đây là loại tôi thực sự không muốn vì nhiều trường hợp trong số đó rất nguy hiểm. Tôi có một người rất gần gũi đang phải đối mặt với điều này ngay bây giờ. Anh ấy thật ra mới vừa lấy bỏ tuyến tụy một cách phòng ngừa vì nó đã có dấu hiệu tiền ung thư. Phẫu thuật Whipple. Đúng vậy. Nếu họ phát hiện sớm, có thể thực hiện phẫu thuật từ trước ra sau. Nếu bạn phát hiện sớm, họ có thể cắt bỏ phần trước, quy trình được gọi là Whipple. Nhưng thậm chí một đồng nghiệp của tôi, một kỹ sư sinh học xuất sắc vài năm trước đã thực hiện phẫu thuật Whipple và anh ấy đã hồi phục tốt. Và rồi anh ấy đã qua đời khoảng một năm rưỡi trước. Vâng, ung thư tuyến tụy là điều không thể đùa. Và vì vậy nếu bạn có thể chỉ cần kiểm tra nước bọt của mình, bạn biết đấy, đó là một bài kiểm tra đơn giản. Và tôi có thể cung cấp một số bài kiểm tra mà tôi thích trong ghi chú chương trình, nhưng bạn chỉ cần nhổ nước bọt vào một lọ nhỏ và gửi đi. Và sau đó họ gửi lại kết quả cho bạn. Ý tôi là, đó thật sự rất tuyệt. Bạn cần tìm một nha sĩ có thể hướng dẫn bạn. Bạn nên làm gì với thông tin này? Nhiều loại mầm bệnh trong số này thật sự cần kháng sinh. Chúng rất virulent. Chúng là vi khuẩn xoắn. Chúng có hình dạng như cái nút chai và có thể xâm nhập và bám vào mô. Vì vậy, đôi khi chúng tôi thật sự cần phải khá mạnh tay trong cách điều trị chúng. Loại kháng sinh nào được sử dụng để điều trị những thứ này? Thường thì đó là một loại kết hợp amoxicillin mà họ sẽ sử dụng. Được rồi, một ý tưởng cực đoan có thể sẽ khiến tôi gặp rắc rối với khán giả yêu thích sức khỏe tự nhiên hơn. Nhưng tôi nói chuyện với họ. Có phải nhiều thuốc hơn không? Có lập luận nào chống lại việc người lớn khỏe mạnh dùng một đợt kháng sinh một lần mỗi ba năm để tiêu diệt vi khuẩn không lành mạnh, làm bổ sung hệ vi sinh trong nhiều mô không? Chỉ để phòng ngừa thôi? Vâng, chỉ để phòng ngừa, như tiêu diệt những gì có thể sống trong miệng, như tiêu diệt những gì có thể sống trong tuyến tiền liệt. Gần đây tôi biết được rằng, bạn biết đấy, tuyến tiền liệt không có cùng một loại hệ miễn dịch bảo vệ. Và vì vậy, nhiều người đàn ông, bạn biết đấy, trong khi họ không mắc bệnh nhiễm khuẩn đường tiểu, họ bị viêm tuyến tiền liệt và họ cơ bản chỉ cần thực hiện một đợt kháng sinh 21 ngày hoặc 31 ngày. Và mọi người sẽ nói, ôi, bạn đang phát tán MRSAs với điều đó hoặc gì đó. Nhưng bạn có thể bảo vệ khỏi một số loại ung thư khác nhau liên quan đến tuyến tiền liệt và những thứ như vậy. Tại sao chúng ta không thực hiện điều này như một thực hành thường xuyên? Khoảng mỗi ba năm một lần, bạn chỉ cần tấn công hệ thống một cách mạnh mẽ trong khoảng một tuần, tiêu diệt một đống thứ xấu và một đống thứ tốt, và rồi bổ sung những thứ tốt. Vâng, đó là một câu hỏi hay. Ý tôi là, tôi nghĩ rằng việc tái sinh hệ vi sinh đường ruột và vi sinh miệng khó hơn những gì người ta nghĩ. Tôi thích phương châm “ít là nhiều”. Tôi nghĩ rằng có những cách tốt hơn để tiêu diệt những thứ xấu, như liệu pháp ozone đang được sử dụng rất nhiều. Tôi sử dụng ozone tại văn phòng của mình. Cho tôi biết thêm về ozone. Vì vậy, ozone, nó là O3, đúng không? Nó là một phân tử rất không ổn định. Tôi sử dụng nó ở dạng khí hoặc nước. Bạn có thể sử dụng nó như một loại dầu. Nó thường được mang trong dầu ô liu hoặc dầu gai hoặc dầu lanh. Vì vậy, nó có tính kháng khuẩn, kháng virus và kháng nấm. Và vì vậy, tôi sử dụng nó để điều trị bệnh nướu và các mầm bệnh viêm nướu, nhưng sau đó cũng dưới các loại trám hoặc dưới lớp niêm phong hoặc nếu tôi đang thực hiện một quy trình điều trị tủy hoặc một quy trình như một ống tủy. Vì vì vậy, nếu không, chúng ta chỉ đang phun nước khắp nơi. Đợi đã, vậy đây có phải là phương pháp dầu kéo không? Đây là cơ sở của… Tôi sử dụng nó như một dạng khí. Nó ra từ một máy và tôi sử dụng nó trong một cây bút dạng khí. Được rồi. Rất địa phương. Tôi phải thử điều này. Nhưng chuyện gì xảy ra với những người súc miệng dầu ô liu và phương pháp kéo dầu? Tôi biết điều này rất phổ biến trong một số… Tôi thậm chí không biết gọi nó là gì nữa. Điều gì từng được coi là tự nhiên và giờ thì đã trở thành chính thống? Nghe có vẻ như âm nhạc những năm 90, đúng không? Y học độc lập hiện giờ đã trở thành chính thống. Họ đã bán linh hồn, phải không? Vâng. Tôi chỉ đang đùa thôi, mọi người, nhưng không thực sự. Có rất nhiều mô phỏng giữa lĩnh vực sức khỏe và loại âm nhạc và nghệ thuật. Vâng. Nó từng là ngách. Nó trở nên thịnh hành và sau đó trở thành chính thống. Ai cũng thấy nó ổn bây giờ. Vâng. Yoga, tập thở, tập tạ từng là ngách. Súc miệng dầu ô liu, nhổ ra. Các nhà châm cứu rất thích điều này. Những người theo y học thay thế thích điều này. Có thật sự có điều gì đúng trong đó không? Liệu có liên quan đến ozone không? Có thể. Bạn có thể tìm thấy các loại dầu ozon hóa trên thị trường dùng cho việc kéo dầu. Vì vậy, đây là một phương pháp cổ xưa trong Ayurveda. Quay lại với ozone, tuy nhiên, chỉ việc tiêu diệt độc tố nấm và vi khuẩn. Điều này có thể gây tranh cãi một chút, nhưng nhiều nhà trị liệu tự nhiên sẽ sử dụng ozone khí, hoặc hoặc họ sẽ sử dụng IV nữa. Bạn phải đến với ai đó biết họ đang làm gì. Ozone trực tràng. Vâng.
    Để đi lên đến vi sinh vật miệng?
    Không, nó sẽ ảnh hưởng nhiều hơn đến khu vực ruột, tuyến tụy, gan, v.v.
    Không có gì khiến tôi sốc nữa.
    Nó được sử dụng rất nhiều để loại bỏ nấm mốc, loại bỏ mycotoxin.
    Bạn biết đấy, gần đây tôi nhận được rất nhiều câu hỏi về độc tố nấm, đặc biệt là từ những người ở Austin.
    Tôi không biết bạn có biết điều này không, nhưng, kiểu như, đó là lý thuyết hay hiện thực rằng rất nhiều người sống ở Austin hoặc đã từng sống ở Austin nghĩ rằng họ có độc tố nấm.
    Có phải vì có nhiều kiến trúc xây dựng mới không?
    Tôi không biết liệu có phải do sự khác biệt giữa nóng-lạnh và độ ẩm hay không.
    Tôi không biết.
    Tôi không biết liệu điều này có đúng hay không, nhưng bạn biết đấy, điều cuối cùng bạn muốn làm là nói với ai đó rằng họ nghĩ họ có điều gì đó nhưng thực tế không phải vậy.
    Và tôi không nói rằng họ không có.
    Tôi chỉ – tôi nghe điều này rất nhiều.
    Tôi biết một số người đã rời khỏi thành phố Austin vì họ không thể xử lý được nấm mốc.
    Thú vị ghê.
    Nấm mốc có thể đáng sợ.
    Ý tôi là, chúng tôi thấy nó ảnh hưởng đến răng.
    Một số trẻ em có kết quả kiểm tra mycotoxin rất cao cũng sẽ bắt đầu bị suy giảm răng.
    Vậy, ozone trực tràng.
    Ừ.
    Điên rồ.
    Chà, nghe này, đó là ống tiêu hóa.
    Ý tôi là, bạn biết đấy, chúng tôi là đội podcast khoa học sức khỏe.
    Họ có thể tự tìm hiểu, nhưng có những nhà cung cấp ở ngoài kia đang thực hiện điều này.
    Vì vậy, ozone có thể tuyệt vời như một chất kháng khuẩn thay vì một loại kháng sinh.
    Bây giờ, quay lại với phương pháp dầu kéo, dầu kéo là một phương pháp cổ xưa trong Ayurveda.
    Nó từng được thực hiện với dầu mè.
    Nhiều người bây giờ thực hiện với dầu dừa.
    Tôi thực hiện dầu kéo vài lần một tuần.
    Vậy, phương pháp này trông như thế nào?
    Vì vậy, tôi cho một muỗng dầu dừa hữu cơ thô vào miệng, để nó tan chảy và chỉ nhẹ nhàng xoay tròn khi tôi, bạn biết đấy, đang lững thững vào buổi sáng.
    Thở bằng mũi.
    Thở bằng mũi.
    Ừ.
    Đừng nhổ nó vào bồn rửa của bạn.
    Nó sẽ làm tắc bồn rửa của bạn.
    Nhổ nó vào thùng rác.
    Vậy, nó đang làm gì?
    Chà, nó đang đẩy lùi biofilm khi bạn xoay tròn, được chứ?
    Axit lauric, có trong dầu dừa, có tính kháng khuẩn.
    Nó có thể giúp kích thích hệ bạch huyết và cũng có một số đặc tính chống viêm.
    Và nhiều người cho biết rằng nó khiến răng họ trông sáng và trắng hơn.
    Ý tôi là, bạn thực sự có một hàm răng đẹp.
    Chà, tôi sẽ kể cho bạn lý do.
    Ý tôi là, trong nghề nghiệp của bạn, bạn cần có răng đẹp, nhưng khi tôi bước vào và gặp bạn lần đầu tiên, tôi đã nghĩ, wow, bạn có một hàm răng thực sự đẹp.
    Chúng không phải là thật.
    Tôi đã bị chấn thương mặt.
    Chúng ta có nên bàn về điều đó không?
    Ừ, hãy bàn về điều đó.
    Vậy, khi tôi 10 tuổi, đó là lý do tôi trở thành nha sĩ.
    Khi tôi 10 tuổi, tôi cố gắng thu hút sự chú ý của những người bạn lớn tuổi của anh trai tôi, những người rất thích đạp xe địa hình và BMX.
    Và chúng tôi vừa xem bộ phim Rad và tôi nghĩ rằng tôi sẽ gây ấn tượng với họ.
    Và họ đều đang thực hiện các trò chơi mạo hiểm trong khu phố.
    Và dài dòng ngắn gọn, tôi đã ngã khỏi xe đạp và rơi xuống vỉa hè và làm rụng mất răng.
    Tôi đã bị gãy vùng tiền hàm.
    Và bạn có thể thấy sẹo vẫn còn.
    Nhưng đây là một phần trong câu chuyện của tôi.
    Và đó là lý do tôi trở thành nha sĩ.
    Vì tôi đã thường xuyên vào và ra khỏi các phòng khám nha khoa và gặp các bác sĩ phẫu thuật miệng và chỉnh hình.
    Và vào thời điểm đó, tôi là một đứa trẻ yêu thích nghệ thuật.
    Tôi thích làm việc với đôi tay của mình.
    Nhưng theo thời gian, tôi nghĩ, ôi trời, tôi không muốn phải ngủ trên đi văng ở New York City.
    Tôi cần phải đảm bảo mình kiếm sống.
    Tôi sẽ làm gì?
    Và tôi thực sự yêu thích khoa học.
    Và tôi đã nghĩ, vậy làm thế nào tôi có thể làm việc với đôi tay của mình?
    Và đó chính là nha khoa.
    Và nha khoa cũng có thể hơi sáng tạo và nghệ thuật.
    Nên, những chiếc răng này không phải là thật.
    Nhưng cảm ơn bạn.
    Chà, không có gì.
    Và cảm ơn bạn vì sự tiết lộ đầy đủ.
    Chúng trông rất tự nhiên.
    Ừ.
    Không giống như một số chiếc răng giả của người khác, bạn biết đấy, hoặc bất cứ điều gì.
    Bạn gọi chúng là gì?
    Tôi gọi chúng là răng giả vì tôi có một chiếc răng bị nứt một nửa do bị đánh, thật lòng mà nói.
    Ngốc nghếch, bạn biết đấy.
    Nếu bạn định tham gia quyền anh, hãy chắc chắn rằng bạn đang được trả rất nhiều tiền.
    Và bạn phải đeo miếng bảo vệ miệng.
    Ừ, và hãy đeo miếng bảo vệ miệng.
    Có những môn võ thuật tốt hơn mà bạn có thể thoải mái thi đấu, như jiu-jitsu Brazil, nơi bạn có ít khả năng bị chấn thương não, hãy cứ nói như vậy.
    Vì vậy, với tư cách là một nhà thần kinh học, tôi không thể hỗ trợ quyền anh.
    Nhưng tôi nhớ bộ phim Rad.
    Tôi nhớ cú lộn ngược ở cuối.
    Tôi nhớ toàn bộ câu chuyện.
    Tôi nghĩ tôi đã cố gắng làm điều đó.
    Tôi không biết tôi đang làm gì.
    Dù sao thì, không thành công.
    Ừ.
    Không thành công.
    Chà, bạn đã thành công, nhưng là với mặt của bạn.
    Vì vậy, đây là một cái cầu.
    Bạn có thể làm implant.
    Mọi người có những chiếc răng giả.
    Chúng tôi đã nói về các cầu thủ khúc côn cầu trước đó.
    Bạn sẽ thấy họ đang xoay chiếc răng giả với những chiếc răng giả của họ.
    Vậy, một chiếc răng giả là một cái nẹp với những chiếc răng giả trên đó.
    Có rất nhiều điều khác nhau mà bạn có thể làm.
    Nhưng điều thú vị là, tôi đã tham gia vào việc làm ra những chiếc răng của mình.
    Tôi đã ngồi trong phòng thí nghiệm và giúp đỡ.
    Vì vậy, tôi muốn chúng trông không quá giả tạo, tôi đoán vậy.
    Chà, chúng trông rất tự nhiên.
    Ừ, cảm ơn.
    Và hôm nay, chúng ta đang tìm hiểu tất cả các cách mà răng thực sự là một phần của toàn bộ hệ sinh thái này rất quan trọng.
    Tôi phải hỏi, và chúng ta sẽ quay lại một số điều liên quan đến việc tránh những căn bệnh thực sự khủng khiếp bằng cách chăm sóc tốt sức khỏe miệng của mình.
    Nicotine.
    Những ngày này, mọi người đều biết hoặc nên biết rằng việc hút thuốc, vaping, nhai và dùng thuốc lá, và vâng, tôi đã nói đến vaping, đều rất tệ cho sức khỏe của bạn.
    Hơi thuốc sẽ nói rằng nó không gây ung thư, không gây bệnh ung thư.
    Và tôi sẽ nói, vẫn cần phải làm cho điều đó thật rõ ràng, nhưng vấn đề phổi popcorn thì rõ ràng là vấn đề.
    Nhưng nicotine không gây ung thư.
    Đó là cơ chế truyền tải.
    Ừ.
    Nhưng những ngày này, nhiều người, nhận ra sự nâng cao nhận thức, nếu bạn muốn, tôi thậm chí không thích cụm từ này, tác động kích thích của nicotine, đang sử dụng các gói nicotine đặc biệt, kẹo cao su, hãy để patch sang một bên trong giây lát, và kẹo mint và những thứ tương tự để có tác động kích thích.
    Đây là một chất kích thích không bình thường vì nó cũng làm thư giãn một chút cùng một lúc, vì vậy nó giống như một điểm ngọt ngào. Và tôi phải thừa nhận rằng thỉnh thoảng tôi sẽ dùng khoảng một đến hai miligam, liều rất thấp. Hầu hết các túi thường dao động từ ba đến tám miligam. Tôi sẽ dùng khoảng một đến hai miligam nicotine dưới dạng kẹo cao su. Tôi chỉ nhai nó một chút rồi bỏ ra. Nicotine là một chất co mạch. Nicotine ảnh hưởng đến hệ vi sinh miệng như thế nào? Bạn có định làm tôi bỏ nicotine không? Tôi không cảm thấy nghiện, nhưng mọi người nghiện đều nói như vậy. Bước đầu tiên là thừa nhận vấn đề. Vì vậy, tôi không muốn biến bất kỳ điều gì thành kẻ xấu. Không, bạn có thể biến nó thành kẻ xấu. Vậy tôi đồng ý với bạn. Tôi không nghĩ rằng chính nicotine là vấn đề, nhưng các túi, ví dụ, đang trở nên rất phổ biến. Vậy còn gì khác trong đó? Và có một nghiên cứu trường hợp rất thú vị mà có thể chúng tôi có thể liên kết để mọi người xem, và tôi sẽ chia sẻ nó với bạn sau. Và tôi có những đồng nghiệp đang báo cáo điều này trên toàn cầu. Nhưng một thương hiệu cụ thể của họ sẽ có mannitol và maltodextrin trong đó, là các loại đường cồn và một carbohydrate khác. Và họ tiếp thị chúng như là không đường. Các sản phẩm vẫn được phép có một lượng đường vết rất nhỏ trong sản phẩm và vẫn được gọi là không đường. Vấn đề với những sản phẩm này là thời gian tác dụng, thời gian tiếp xúc. Bạn được khuyên nên để chúng trong miệng từ 20 đến 30 phút. Tôi có đúng không? Đúng vậy. Vì vậy, đó là một khoảng thời gian khá dài để chúng nằm trên niêm mạc, dọc theo xương, và bên cạnh răng của bạn, nơi có thể có một chút đường. Được rồi. Vì vậy, nó giống như nếu bạn đang ngậm một viên kẹo cứng. Nhưng chúng ta cũng thấy sự thay đổi ở cấu trúc tế bào trong khu vực đó. Bạn có thể thấy leukoplakia, tức là như những mảng trắng, có thể là tiền ung thư. Vì vậy, đây là lý do tại sao tôi muốn mọi người được kiểm tra. Và chúng ta đang thấy mất xương và tụt nướu. Một lần nữa, bất cứ khi nào bạn cho bất kỳ thứ gì vào miệng, điều đó sẽ thay đổi và thay đổi hệ vi sinh. Và điều đó có thể là một miếng trám. Nó có thể là một miếng kẹo. Nó có thể là một que xỉa răng. Bất cứ điều gì, bạn biết đấy, có thể ngoài nước có pH trung tính. Và vì vậy, trong nghiên cứu trường hợp này, người đàn ông này đã đi vào. Tôi tin rằng ông ấy đã ở độ tuổi giữa 50. Ông bắt đầu sử dụng những túi này và luôn có các kiểm tra răng miệng rất tốt với chụp X-quang và đã tự đi kiểm tra thường xuyên. Và có thể ông ấy đã bỏ lỡ một cuộc hẹn. Và sau 15 tháng sử dụng, các chụp X-quang là không thể chấp nhận được. Ông ấy có sự mục nát lan rộng dọc theo bên nơi ông đã có túi. Rất có thể là do lượng đường vết đó. Hệ vi sinh thay đổi. Ý tôi là, nó trông giống như những mảnh bông gòn bị lấy ra khỏi răng của ông ấy và ông ấy đã mất một số răng. Wow. Vì vậy, điều này không phải để làm người khác sợ hãi, nhưng nếu bạn quyết định sử dụng chúng, tôi chỉ nói hãy biết rõ các rủi ro và đảm bảo rằng bạn được kiểm tra thường xuyên tại nha sĩ của bạn. Đừng chỉ bỏ rơi nha sĩ. Bởi vì nếu họ bắt đầu thấy sự thay đổi tế bào, tụt nướu, hoặc sâu răng sớm, thì có thể bạn sẽ nói, ôi, tôi thật sự nên giảm bớt việc này. Hoặc có thể nếu ai đó thực sự kiên quyết về việc sử dụng nicotine, họ nên chỉ dùng một viên nicotine liều một hoặc hai miligam. Vâng. Hoặc một miếng dán. Đúng. Bạn làm tôi sợ với leukoplakia. Vâng, vì khi lớn lên, chúng tôi đều được nói rằng không ai thực sự dùng thuốc lá ở Bắc California. Nhưng, bạn biết đấy, đừng dùng thuốc lá vì rồi tôi thấy những bức ảnh về leukoplakia, tụt hàm, và điều đó khá ghê. Vì vậy, bạn, thiết kế để làm tôi sợ, đã làm tôi sợ đủ rồi. Chắc chắn, tôi chưa bao giờ muốn nhai thuốc lá. Nhưng thật tốt khi biết điều đó. Cà phê. Tôi có cần ngừng uống cà phê không? Được rồi, cảm ơn bạn. Bạn đến từ Portland, sau tất cả. Vâng. Làm sao tôi có thể nói điều đó? Được rồi. Vâng. Vâng. Bạn sẽ không thể trở về nhà. Cà phê thì tuyệt vời. Ý tôi là, nó sẽ làm miệng bạn khô một chút, hãy bù đắp lại bằng việc uống nước, và nó sẽ làm ố răng của bạn. Vì vậy, hãy đi kiểm tra định kỳ để làm sạch, và bạn có thể muốn, ý tôi là, nếu điều đó làm phiền bạn, thì có những cách để làm trắng răng của bạn hoặc làm sáng răng của bạn. Hydroxy apatite là một cách tuyệt vời để cải thiện độ sáng và trắng của răng của bạn, cũng như sử dụng dầu kéo. Hoặc bạn có thể sử dụng các loại thuốc tẩy mạnh nữa. Chỉ cần đừng làm quá. Ai cũng làm quá mọi thứ bây giờ. Và việc làm trắng quá nhiều có thể làm hỏng răng của bạn. Nó có thể gây tổn thương hóa chất cho tủy hoặc dây thần kinh theo thời gian. Và một số người sẽ bị áp xe tự phát hoặc cần điều trị tủy. Ý tôi là, đây là những người thực sự đang làm trắng mọi lúc, những người mà bạn cần kính râm để nhìn vào răng của họ, và điều đó thực sự không phải là một thẩm mỹ tự nhiên. Nhưng một số người thích điều đó, nhưng hãy biết rõ các rủi ro. Đó là điều tôi muốn nói. Hai điều tôi đã làm trong vài năm qua đã hoàn toàn biến đổi sức khỏe răng miệng của tôi, theo lời nha sĩ của tôi, và cảm giác của tôi là, trước tiên, tôi đã chuyển đổi. Vài năm trước, tôi sẽ nói thực sự khoảng 14 tháng trước, tôi chỉ nói, đúng vậy. Tôi sẽ không ăn thực phẩm chế biến nữa. Tôi sẽ không làm điều đó. Vì vậy, tôi ăn thịt, cá, trứng, bạn biết đấy, trái cây, rau củ, và tôi ăn một chút cơm, bột yến mạch, và một chút bánh mì sourdough ngon, bơ, dầu olive. Tôi chỉ… điều này không có nghĩa là tôi sẽ không có một miếng pizza nào đó vào một ngày nào đó, nhưng tôi chỉ… tôi đã nói, đúng vậy. Như thể, tôi đã hơi chán với nó. 49 tuổi. Tôi đã ăn đủ những thứ đó. Tôi hơi… chán với nó rồi. Tôi nghe bạn. Và điều thú vị là tôi từng có rất nhiều mảng bám vôi hình thành. Um, mặc dù tôi đã đánh răng và chỉ nha khoa ở, um, những chiếc răng nanh dưới cùng gọi là gì? Răng cửa. Vâng. Và điều đó thì… họ đã cạo nó đi. Bây giờ không còn là vấn đề nữa. Thú vị thật. Nó hoàn toàn biến mất. Vâng. Chúng ta có các tuyến nước bọt nhỏ trên nền miệng của mình, và đó là nơi phổ biến. Mọi người sẽ thấy vôi hoặc mảng bám ở những chiếc răng dưới. Đó là nơi bạn sẽ cảm thấy nhân viên vệ sinh đánh răng nhiều.
    Nhưng tôi tự hỏi liệu có phải vì bạn đã tăng cường K2 trong chế độ ăn của mình, điều này giúp cải thiện chuyển hóa canxi.
    Và tôi bổ sung K2.
    Nhưng tôi đã làm điều đó trước đây.
    Và sau đó tôi, um, tôi đã chuyển sang sử dụng kem đánh răng của bạn và tôi muốn công khai hoàn toàn vì không có gì để tiết lộ.
    Tôi không có mối quan hệ tài chính nào với kem đánh răng mà bạn sản xuất hay kem đánh răng của, um, mà Gator Dentist sản xuất.
    Tôi không biết ai, thực ra tôi biết tên thật của anh ấy, nhưng anh ấy ẩn danh dưới cái tên Gator Dentist.
    Tôi thích Gator.
    Gator Dentist.
    Uh, nhưng tôi đã chuyển từ kem đánh răng có chứa fluoride, không phải vì sợ fluoride, mà vì sự hứng thú với hydroxyapatite.
    Vì vậy, tôi đã chuyển sang sử dụng kem đánh răng của bạn và thỉnh thoảng, à, tôi thường xuyên chuyển qua lại với các viên nén mà tôi nghĩ viết tắt là không BS, đó là sản phẩm viên nén đánh răng của Gator Dentist.
    Vâng.
    Vì vậy, tôi sử dụng chúng và cả hai đều không trả tiền cho tôi.
    Tôi trả giá đầy đủ.
    Um, tôi không, họ không gửi cho tôi.
    Tôi mua nó như bất kỳ ai khác.
    Và điều đó đã tạo ra sự khác biệt lớn, theo như nha sĩ của tôi nói, không có một cái răng sâu nào cả.
    Tôi đã phải vật lộn với điều này khi tôi còn nhỏ và có một loạt các vấn đề về sức khỏe răng miệng.
    Và tôi không muốn lãng phí thời gian của chúng ta để nói về những thứ đó ngay bây giờ.
    Có thể chúng ta sẽ quay lại với chúng một chút sau, nhưng, um, răng miệng và vi sinh vật trong miệng của tôi chưa bao giờ cảm thấy tốt hơn.
    Um, điều đó thật đáng kinh ngạc.
    Vâng.
    Nó thật sự đáng kinh ngạc.
    Và tôi có một thành viên trong gia đình gặp phải một số vấn đề về đường ruột, như là chỉ các vấn đề tiêu hóa.
    Và không rõ điều gì đang diễn ra ở đó.
    Và, um, tôi được truyền cảm hứng để cố gắng giúp họ giải quyết điều đó thông qua vi sinh vật miệng bằng cách
    chuyển sang hydroxyapatite và, và, um, và kiểm tra vi sinh vật miệng của họ.
    Điều đó sẽ rất thú vị để biết điều gì đang xảy ra ở đó.
    Bởi vì tôi nghĩ bạn đang nuốt.
    Xin lỗi.
    Có phải có một xét nghiệm tốt nhất không?
    Um, như là nếu, vì nhiều thính giả sẽ nói, được rồi, tôi muốn, nếu họ có
    thu nhập khả dụng, họ sẽ muốn kiểm tra vi sinh vật miệng của họ.
    Vâng.
    Có phải là cái mà văn phòng của bạn sử dụng hay không?
    Tôi sử dụng xét nghiệm SILHA, cái này chủ yếu là các dấu hiệu sinh học.
    Đó là S I L L H A.
    Được rồi.
    Điều này được thực hiện trong văn phòng.
    Nó chỉ kiểm tra các dấu hiệu sinh học cơ bản.
    Vì vậy, tôi sử dụng nó rất nhiều.
    Nó là một công cụ giáo dục.
    Nó sẽ cho thấy pH, độ axit, nếu có bạch cầu, nếu có hồng cầu, các dấu hiệu viêm.
    Vì vậy, nhiều bậc phụ huynh, điều này rất mới đối với họ khi tôi nói về điều này.
    Vì vậy, nhưng nó in ra dưới dạng biểu đồ cho họ.
    Đó có phải là lấy mẫu từ má không?
    Um, nước bọt.
    Nước bọt.
    Vì vậy, trẻ em hoặc người lớn sẽ khạc ra?
    Vâng.
    Trẻ em thường sẽ không khạc ra cho đến khoảng bốn tuổi, chỉ về mặt thể chất.
    Nó khó.
    Vâng.
    Nó khó.
    Huh.
    Được rồi.
    Dù sao.
    Um, nhưng tôi thực sự thích các xét nghiệm sử dụng metagenomics kiểu shotgun vì bạn đang tìm kiếm toàn bộ dãy DNA vi khuẩn.
    Um, và vì vậy, sở thích của tôi là Bristle, giống như lông bàn chải đánh răng và nó trực tiếp đến tay người tiêu dùng.
    Vì vậy, vì vấn đề là tôi có thể nói về tất cả những điều này, nhưng đôi khi thật khó để tìm được các nhà cung cấp cung cấp chúng.
    Vì vậy, tôi thực sự muốn mọi người có thể có được các công cụ để, ở trong nhà của họ.
    Vì vậy, Bristle, um, là một công ty mà mọi người có thể.
    Đó là một xét nghiệm vi sinh vật miệng.
    Vâng.
    Và nó rất thân thiện với người dùng.
    Giao diện của họ thật tuyệt vời và họ sẽ cung cấp hướng dẫn và quy trình.
    Bạn có liên kết với họ không?
    Tôi có thể nên hỏi vì một số khán giả sẽ.
    Thực ra tôi có.
    Vâng, tôi có.
    Điều đó không sao cả.
    Miễn là mọi người biết.
    Probiotic miệng của họ, um, chúng tôi có một sự hợp tác với probiotic miệng của họ, nhưng bất kể có phải Bristle hay không, bạn nên tìm một xét nghiệm sử dụng metagenomics kiểu shotgun.
    Metagenomics kiểu shotgun.
    Vâng.
    Được rồi.
    Um, cũng có xét nghiệm PCR, và nhiều nha sĩ sinh học sẽ cung cấp cái gì đó như DNA miệng, đây là xét nghiệm phổ biến nhất.
    Vấn đề với điều đó là nó thực sự chỉ nhìn vào 12 mầm bệnh hàng đầu, các mầm bệnh nha chu, điều này thì quan trọng, nhưng có thể có rất nhiều thông tin khác mà bạn đang bị bỏ lỡ.
    Vì vậy, đó là một nơi tuyệt vời để bắt đầu và nha sĩ của bạn có thể cung cấp điều đó.
    Um, lại một lần nữa, nó được gọi là DNA miệng và tôi không có liên kết với DNA miệng.
    Tuyệt.
    Cảm ơn bạn vì điều đó.
    Um, tôi nghĩ mọi người, à, một số người muốn kiểm tra vi sinh vật miệng của họ, um, và, và những thứ khác trong miệng của họ.
    Và ngày càng nhiều thứ nổi lên.
    Như vi sinh vật miệng thật sự đang phát triển mạnh mẽ.
    Vì vậy, đối với những ai đang tìm kiếm cơ hội đầu tư, tôi sẽ nói, hãy nhìn về vi sinh vật miệng.
    Nó giống như những gì mà vi sinh vật đường ruột đã làm cách đây hơn một thập kỷ.
    Vâng.
    Tôi cảm thấy vi sinh vật miệng dễ được giải quyết hơn rất nhiều.
    Ý tôi là, chuyển sang thở bằng mũi, tránh xa các loại nước súc miệng có chứa rượu, bạn biết đấy, hãy xem xét kem đánh răng chứa hydroxyapatite thay vì fluoride, điều này đưa chúng ta đến fluoride.
    Hãy nói về fluoride.
    Tôi đã từng bị cáo buộc là người phủ nhận kem chống nắng.
    Không, tôi thực sự tin rằng kem chống nắng tồn tại.
    Tôi thỉnh thoảng sử dụng kem chống nắng kẽm oxit một chút.
    Tôi thích sử dụng rào cản vật lý vì tôi sẽ đội mũ hoặc điều gì đó nếu tôi, bạn biết đấy, tôi không dễ bị bỏng, nhưng nếu tôi cảm thấy có thể bị cháy, tôi sử dụng một rào cản vật lý.
    Um, tôi đang hơi châm biếm ở đây vì mọi người sẽ nói đủ thứ, nhưng, um, tôi đã thực hiện một tập về nước, một chút về sức khỏe răng miệng, chắc chắn không sâu sắc,
    hoặc chuyên môn mà bạn đang cung cấp hôm nay.
    Vì vậy, cảm ơn bạn.
    Và tôi đã nói, vâng, fluoride làm ra nhiều điều.
    Câu hỏi của tôi là và nó vẫn là, tại sao chúng ta lại uống fluoride?
    Nhưng điều này liên quan đến việc, được rồi, tôi sẽ kể ngắn gọn câu chuyện này.
    Nó không thú vị như câu chuyện của bạn.
    Tôi đã được đưa đến nha sĩ khi còn là một đứa trẻ và họ đã đặt cho tôi, họ đã đặt một cái như thể, uh, giống như một miếng đệm với gel fluoride trên trên và dưới.
    Và họ đã ngồi tôi vào một cái ghế mây nhỏ trước một cái TV có hoạt hình.
    Và tôi ghét điều đó.
    Nó có vị tồi tệ.
    Nó giống như có một chút chua.
    Vì vậy, tôi khoảng sáu hoặc bảy tuổi.
    Tôi đã uống nó.
    Tôi chỉ hút nó lên, uống hết, quay lại, nôn ra khắp cái ghế mây.
    Ôi trời ơi.
    Fluoride là một loại độc tố, nhưng mọi thứ đều có thể trở thành độc tố ở nồng độ cao. Vì vậy, hầu hết mọi thứ đều là, là một loại fluoride, ờ, là một loại độc tố, xin lỗi, ở nồng độ cao. Tôi không có gì chống lại fluoride, nhưng nó là một độc tố. Câu hỏi đặt ra là, nếu một thứ không nguy hiểm ở liều lượng hoặc nồng độ nhỏ, thì tác động tích lũy của nó là gì? Đây là điều tôi có vấn đề. Như người ta hay nói, ôi, việc đi qua máy chụp X-quang không có gì to tát. Nhưng nếu bạn bay 150 lần một năm thì sao? Vâng. Liệu nó có tích lũy? Và như logic của những người phản đối truyền thống, nếu tôi có thể nói, cộng đồng đó thật tệ. Họ thật sự không hợp lý. Đôi khi đây là những đồng nghiệp của tôi, đúng không? Bạn đến nha sĩ, bạn chụp X-quang. Họ đã chạy qua tường kế bên, đặt bạn vào một lớp chắn chì, và rồi họ nói, ôi không, không có gì to tát. Vâng, bao nhiêu lần trong một năm bạn có thể làm điều này trước khi nó trở thành vấn đề? Vậy câu hỏi của tôi là, lý do gì để thêm fluoride vào nước, vào nước uống, khi mà thời gian tiếp xúc trong miệng rất ngắn? Và rồi, tác động tích lũy của việc đưa fluoride vào dạ dày lặp đi lặp lại là gì? Rồi trước đó bạn đã nói điều gì đó mà tôi chưa bao giờ nghĩ đến. Xương chứa hydroxyapatite, 60%, tôi nghĩ bạn đã nói vậy. 60% khoáng chất trong xương của bạn được làm từ hydroxyapatite. Fluoride thâm nhập vào khoáng chất của răng và thay thế nó. Vậy fluoride có đi vào xương của chúng ta không? Bệnh fluorosis xương. Được rồi. Tôi không cố gắng vẽ ra một bức tranh đáng sợ ở đây, nhưng, nhưng nói thật, và mọi người có thể nhận thấy, huyết áp của tôi tăng lên một chút khi mọi người nói, ôi, bạn biết đấy, bạn chống fluoride. Tôi không chống fluoride, nhưng tôi chỉ không hiểu lý do. Nó không hợp lý. Bạn đang suy nghĩ một cách cảm tính về nó. Như, tại sao tôi lại liên tục tấn công hệ thống của mình với fluoride ở cấp độ dạ dày, ở cấp độ xương của tôi? Nếu nó tốt cho tôi, hãy nói cho tôi biết nó tốt cho tôi. Nhưng họ nói, ôi, để những người nghèo không bị sâu răng. Nghe có vẻ là một lập luận tốt, không cần tranh cãi nữa. Nhưng tôi không thể nối lại logic. Và như hầu hết các lập luận về sức khỏe cộng đồng, tôi cảm thấy rằng cả hai bên đều không rõ ràng về việc họ đang tranh luận điều gì. Đó cũng là lý do tôi có podcast này để cố gắng làm rõ mọi thứ. Được rồi. Tôi sẽ cố gắng hết sức. Vâng. Và xin đừng lo lắng rằng bạn sẽ gây khó chịu cho ai đó vì tôi sẽ gây khó chịu cho mọi người. Họ đã nói đủ mọi thứ mà họ có thể nói. Và họ sẽ còn nói nhiều hơn nữa. Vì vậy, tôi không sợ mở ra những chủ đề này nữa. Tôi rất cảm kích điều đó. Và tôi sẽ chịu áp lực. Tôi, ừ thì tôi cũng sẽ gặp rắc rối. Đừng lo lắng. Tôi đã có da dày ở điểm này. Nhưng bạn có hàm răng tuyệt vời và họ thì không. Vâng. Và tôi đã không bị sâu răng trong nhiều thập kỷ và không sử dụng fluoride. Và Portland không dùng fluoride. Portland không dùng fluoride? Đúng, không dùng. Vậy hãy nói về điều đó. Một câu chuyện thú vị. Quay ngược lại năm 2011, 2012, tôi đã làm việc trong chiến dịch ủng hộ việc fluorit hóa nước, tình nguyện ở Portland, biểu tình và phát tờ rơi giáo dục. Bởi vì tôi nghĩ chúng ta cần nó trong nước của mình. Và điều này là bởi vì đó là cách tôi được đào tạo. Tôi chưa bao giờ nghi ngờ điều đó. Tôi chưa từng mở một tạp chí để xem mặt khác. Tôi nghĩ bất cứ ai lên tiếng phản đối việc fluorit hóa nước, đó là nhóm người có tư tưởng kỳ quặc. Đó là nhóm người hoang tưởng. Tất cả mọi thứ. Tôi đã từng là người như vậy. Nhóm người hoang tưởng. Nghe thật buồn cười. Tôi thích điều đó. Vậy tôi đã đến một cuộc tranh luận ở Portland, ủng hộ so với phản đối. Tôi không thích những thuật ngữ đó, nhưng đó chỉ là cách đơn giản nhất để mô tả. Và tôi ngồi ở phía ủng hộ và chỉ đợi để xem những nhà khoa học giả xuất hiện để phát biểu. Và tôi đã rất ấn tượng với những gì họ nói và cũng không hề biết rằng có bất kỳ mối quan tâm nào về fluoride. Tôi chưa bao giờ được dạy điều đó ở trường nha khoa. Sự phá vỡ nội tiết, độc tính thần kinh, bệnh fluorosis xương. Tôi biết về bệnh fluorosis răng, nhưng lúc đó, tôi đã nghĩ rằng, nó chỉ là thẩm mỹ, bạn biết đấy, nhưng răng của bạn thì mạnh hơn và cũng có vấn đề về hệ vi sinh. Vậy nên không mất nhiều thời gian. Tôi bắt đầu tìm hiểu sâu hơn. Và có rất nhiều tài liệu. Và điều này, một lần nữa, đã cách đây khá lâu. Và nhiều dữ liệu và tài liệu hơn đang được công bố để đặt câu hỏi về thực tiễn này. Vì vậy, điều quan trọng là quay lại lịch sử của việc fluorit hóa nước. Tôi sẽ cố gắng ngắn gọn, nhưng vào đầu những năm 1900, có một nha sĩ ở Colorado Springs, Frederick McKay, người đã nhận thấy bệnh nhân của mình có hàm răng đốm nâu, nhưng chúng rất khỏe. Họ không bị sâu răng. Và vì vậy điều này đã lan rộng, và họ đã bắt đầu cố gắng tìm hiểu lý do tại sao. Họ nhận ra rằng có một nồng độ fluoride tự nhiên rất cao trong nguồn cung cấp nước mà cộng đồng này đang uống. Và điều này đã lan rộng như cháy rừng với rất ít bằng chứng y học để hỗ trợ, vì điều này diễn ra vào đầu những năm 1900. Bây giờ là vào khoảng những năm 1930. Vì vậy không có nghiên cứu an toàn lâu dài hoặc nghiên cứu hiệu quả. Và nó đã được đưa vào như một thí nghiệm ở Grand Rapids, Michigan, vào giữa những năm 40. Sau khoảng một thập kỷ, họ nhận thấy tỷ lệ sâu răng, tỷ lệ lỗ sâu, đã giảm. Và dựa trên quan sát này, nó đã lan rộng như cháy rừng khắp Hoa Kỳ. Và tôi tin rằng khoảng 80% Hoa Kỳ đã được fluorit hóa. Vì vậy, những người ủng hộ pro, nếu bạn muốn, sẽ nói rằng đó là phong trào y tế công cộng vĩ đại nhất của thế kỷ vì sâu răng là một vấn đề lớn. Điều quan trọng là biết rằng sâu răng là căn bệnh mãn tính hàng đầu toàn cầu ở trẻ em và người lớn. Nó hầu như hoàn toàn có thể phòng ngừa được. Tôi nghĩ chúng ta đã đưa nó vào bình thường. Bạn sẽ bị sâu răng. Nhưng tôi muốn chỉ ra rằng chúng ta là một trong số ít loài gặp phải sâu răng. Động vật hoang dã thì không bị sâu răng.
    Here is the translated text in Vietnamese:
    Các loài động vật được thuần hóa của chúng ta đã bị ảnh hưởng bởi những gì chúng ta cho ăn, thức ăn viên, bạn biết đấy, thực phẩm động vật chế biến.
    Vậy là chúng ta đã ở đây.
    Từ đầu đã có nhiều tranh cãi về vấn đề này.
    Những người nghiên cứu dịch tễ học, nội tiết, thần kinh học luôn thách thức, nói rằng đây là một ý tưởng tồi.
    Đây là một nguyên tố phản ứng mạnh.
    Bạn biết đấy, ion fluoride có thể can thiệp vào sự hấp thụ i-ốt và, một lần nữa, gây ra fluorosis xương, độc tính thần kinh, v.v.
    Khoảng bảy năm trước, đã có một phiên tòa liên bang ở Bắc California, nhưng đó là liên bang.
    Người dân kiện EPA.
    Đó là một phiên tòa theo Đạo luật TASCA.
    Và điều này đã diễn ra trong suốt bảy năm qua.
    Và cơ bản, họ đã nói, đâu là dữ liệu an toàn của bạn, EPA, về các tác động lâu dài của việc fluor hóa nước?
    Ý tưởng là nếu chúng ta đưa nó vào nước, đó không phải là cách hiệu quả để đưa fluoride đến tay người dân, nhưng cuối cùng nó sẽ được vào nước bọt và có tác dụng tại chỗ thông qua nước bọt.
    Họ từng nghĩ rằng, theo hệ thống, nó thực sự được bổ sung vào răng đang phát triển của trẻ em, làm cho men răng khỏe hơn theo cách đó, nhưng điều đó đã bị bác bỏ.
    Vì vậy, giờ đây có lẽ vẫn là một lợi ích tại chỗ, có thể là một ít lợi ích hệ thống, chạm vào răng.
    Và chúng ta biết rằng fluoride thực sự cần phải hoạt động tại chỗ.
    Chúng ta không cần phải tiêu thụ nó.
    Và điều đó là rõ ràng qua các dữ liệu.
    Và họ đang dạy điều đó trong các trường nha khoa bây giờ, cũng vậy.
    Được chứ?
    Nhưng đây là cách dễ nhất để đưa fluoride đến tay đông đảo mọi người vì sâu răng là một vấn đề lớn.
    Bây giờ, bình luận đầu tiên của tôi về điều này là chúng ta không giải quyết nguyên nhân gốc rễ của sự sâu răng, đó là thực phẩm của chúng ta.
    Đó là tất cả các thực phẩm chế biến quá mức.
    Một lần nữa, chúng ta thực sự không thấy sâu răng ở con người cho đến khi cách mạng nông nghiệp, cách mạng công nghiệp, và bây giờ là cơn sốt thực phẩm chế biến quá mức đã xảy ra trong nhiều thập kỷ qua.
    Được chứ?
    Có đúng không?
    Vì vậy, nếu chúng ta nhìn vào bộ xương của những người chết, rõ ràng—à, bạn có thể nhìn vào bộ xương và người sống—bộ xương và người chết từ những người đã chết trước năm 1900, răng của họ như thế nào?
    Năm 1900, họ sẽ có sâu răng.
    Nhưng nếu bạn nhìn vào khoảng 10.000 năm trước, rất ít.
    Bạn biết đấy, trừ khi họ sống ở một khu vực có nhiều trái cây hoặc mật ong, như bạn lấy đường từ đâu?
    Bạn biết đấy, khi bạn đi hái một ít quả mọng trên một bụi cây, bạn đang cạnh tranh với động vật và chim.
    Bạn không có nhiều cơ hội để tiêu thụ đường quá mức.
    Nhưng, bạn biết đấy, đã có giao dịch đường, và sau đó chúng ta—đường là biểu tượng của sự giàu có và hoàng gia, và răng của mọi người chỉ bị hư hại.
    Và đó là do chế độ ăn uống của chúng ta.
    Vì vậy, đó là nguyên nhân gốc rễ mà không ai đề cập đến.
    Bạn biết đấy, chúng ta chỉ đang nói, hãy bôi fluoride lên nó.
    Sao không giáo dục và dạy mọi người biết điều gì thực sự gây ra sâu răng?
    Nhưng dù sao, được chứ.
    Vì vậy, phiên tòa TASCA đã diễn ra, và thẩm phán, Thẩm phán Edward Chen, đã chờ đợi báo cáo của Chương trình Độc học Quốc gia, thuộc Bộ Y tế và Dịch vụ Nhân sinh.
    Và điều này—nó đọc như một vở kịch truyền hình, thành thật mà nói với bạn.
    Và nó cứ bị trì hoãn và không được phát hành.
    Cuối cùng, theo Đạo luật Tự do Thông tin, ông nói điều này cần phải được phát hành.
    Và nó nói có mối tương quan mạnh mẽ giữa việc tiêu thụ fluoride tăng lên và các vấn đề IQ ở trẻ em.
    Và với điều đó, ông đã lấy thông tin này và đưa ra phán quyết của mình—bây giờ, điều này xảy ra sau nhiều năm các chuyên gia làm chứng nữa, được chứ—nói rằng có một rủi ro không hợp lý đối với các thực hành fluor hóa nước hiện tại ở Hoa Kỳ.
    Đây là phán quyết của ông đã xảy ra vào cuối năm ngoái.
    Ý tôi là, điều này rất mới.
    Và EPA, bây giờ bạn cần phải sửa điều này.
    Bạn cần điều chỉnh điều này tốt hơn.
    Những gì mọi người sẽ tranh cãi là nhiều nghiên cứu mà họ xem xét cho thấy IQ giảm ở trẻ em hoặc các vấn đề thần kinh nhận thức, nó ở mức 1,2 hoặc 1,5 miligam trên lít, bạn biết đấy, đó là nồng độ.
    Hoa Kỳ hiện nay làm là 0,7 miligam trên lít.
    Nhưng cái này—đó là trên mỗi lít, được chứ?
    Vì vậy, bạn uống bao nhiêu lít nước mỗi ngày?
    Đây là sự tranh cãi.
    Vì vậy, ví dụ, Học viện Nhi khoa Hoa Kỳ thường khuyến nghị phụ nữ mang thai uống từ hai đến ba lít mỗi ngày.
    Bạn có thể đang nấu ăn với nước fluor hóa, làm mì của bạn, làm súp của bạn.
    Làm thế nào chúng ta thực sự biết được có bao nhiêu người đang bị phơi nhiễm?
    Thành phần cơ thể của họ là gì?
    Họ nặng bao nhiêu?
    Các nguồn fluoride bên ngoài khác là gì?
    Họ có nuốt kem đánh răng không?
    Fluoride có trong nhiều loại dược phẩm vì nó giúp tăng cường khả năng sinh khả dụng, đặc biệt là SSRIs và Prilosec.
    Nhiều thứ này có chứa fluoride.
    Thật sao?
    Có.
    Thực phẩm chế biến quá mức sẽ có fluoride.
    Vì vậy, nhà máy sản xuất đồ uống Rockstar Energy của bạn hoặc Hy-C hoặc, bạn biết đấy, bất cứ thứ gì bạn đang tiêu thụ, họ không sử dụng thẩm thấu ngược để lọc nước.
    Vì vậy, bạn đang nhận fluoride theo cách đó.
    Nó được tìm thấy tự nhiên trong trà xanh và trà đen.
    Và điều này không phải để khiến mọi người lo lắng về trà xanh và trà đen.
    Tôi vẫn tiêu thụ chúng.
    Điều này chủ yếu để nói, làm thế nào chúng ta thực sự hiểu được bao nhiêu người đang bị phơi nhiễm?
    Và vì vậy, họ đã tìm thấy rằng phụ nữ mang thai, họ theo dõi, có nhiều nghiên cứu bây giờ, nhưng một nghiên cứu nổi tiếng là nghiên cứu Rivka Green ở Canada, và họ đã theo dõi khoảng 520 cặp mẹ-con.
    Họ thử nghiệm nồng độ fluoride trong nước tiểu của mẹ theo từng quý, tính trung bình, và sau đó theo dõi những đứa trẻ này đến ba hoặc bốn tuổi và làm các bài kiểm tra IQ và phát hiện rằng những bà mẹ có nồng độ fluoride trong nước tiểu cao hơn, những đứa trẻ đều có điểm IQ thấp hơn trong các bài kiểm tra của chúng, lên tới năm đến bảy điểm.
    Và điều đó ngang bằng với chì.
    Được rồi.
    Ngang bằng với chì.
    Ngang bằng với chì.
    Có.
    Vì vậy, điều đó đã xảy ra vào năm 2019.
    Đã có rất nhiều nghiên cứu khác bây giờ.
    Vì vậy, thẩm phán đã ra phán quyết, EPA, bạn cần phải điều chỉnh điều này tốt hơn.
    Trong khoảng thời gian đó, đã có một phân tích tổng hợp được công bố, tiếp tục ủng hộ báo cáo NTP bởi JAMA Pediatrics.
    Được rồi.
    Và đây thực sự là một vấn đề gây tranh cãi cho các biên tập viên khi công bố, nhân tiện nói vậy.
    Vì vậy, tôi khen ngợi họ.
    Cũng có một báo cáo từ Cochrane, Cochrane Collaborative, cho biết, báo cáo này cũng rất gần đây, nhìn vào tất cả các dữ liệu từ việc florua hóa nước, rằng việc florua hóa nước không làm giảm tỷ lệ sâu răng như chúng ta nghĩ.
    Nó chỉ giảm khoảng một phần tư sâu răng trên mỗi người, một phần tư sâu răng trên mỗi người.
    Vì vậy, điều đó không có ý nghĩa thống kê.
    Vì vậy, mọi người sẽ hỏi, vậy chuyện gì xảy ra? Tại sao tỷ lệ sâu răng lại giảm khi chúng ta thêm florua vào nước?
    Chà, khó mà nói. Có thể họ đã giảm xuống do giáo dục, dễ dàng tiếp cận việc vệ sinh răng miệng và chải răng, xỉa răng.
    Nhưng cũng vì bây giờ chúng ta đã có florua ở khắp mọi nơi trong kem đánh răng.
    Florua được cho vào nước vào những năm 1940. Nó không được thêm vào kem đánh răng của chúng ta cho đến những năm 1960.
    Giờ thì nó ở khắp mọi nơi.
    Chúng ta có florua ở mọi nơi.
    Chất súc miệng, các loại sơn bóng khiến bạn cảm thấy buồn nôn ở văn phòng.
    Và nhân tiện, điều đó rất phổ biến. Cảm giác buồn nôn đó rất phổ biến.
    Và đó là vì nhiều loại sơn bóng florua đó, đầu tiên, florua có nhãn cảnh báo độc. Bạn không nên nuốt nó.
    Nhưng những loại sơn bóng đó cũng có polyurethane và các dẫn xuất hexane.
    Đó là thứ khiến chúng trở nên dính.
    Tôi vẫn ghét việc đi đến nha sĩ.
    Tôi biết hương vị đó.
    Tôi nghĩ có thể là do sự liên kết từ sớm.
    Vâng.
    Vâng.
    Vì vậy, điều này thực sự gây tranh cãi.
    Và không may, chúng ta đã đánh mất cái nhìn về khoa học.
    Nó đang bị chôn vùi trong chính trị ngay bây giờ.
    Và điều đó thực sự khiến tôi khó chịu vì đây không phải là một vấn đề chính trị.
    Chúng ta chỉ cần xem xét dữ liệu.
    Và tôi cảm thấy như chúng ta đang đánh mất cái nhìn về phương pháp khoa học.
    Chúng ta, bạn biết đấy, Hiệp hội Nha khoa Hoa Kỳ, Học viện Nhi khoa Hoa Kỳ đang khẳng định rằng chúng ta phải thêm florua vào nước.
    Và không có lý do gì khác, tôi nghĩ điều quan trọng là biết rằng 97% thế giới không florua hóa nước của họ.
    Đây là một cuộc tranh cãi rất riêng của Hoa Kỳ.
    Nhiều quốc gia đã loại bỏ nó và nhận thấy, tôi nghĩ là Đan Mạch, Đức, Nhật Bản, họ có tỷ lệ sâu răng rất thấp.
    Và tại sao lại như vậy?
    Chà, họ đã giáo dục dân số của họ về nguyên nhân thực sự gây sâu răng và cũng đã làm cho kem đánh răng có florua trở nên dễ tiếp cận hơn.
    Và tôi có người thân Đan Mạch. Họ có hàm răng rất đẹp.
    Nếu bạn nói với tôi rằng không có florua trong nước uống ở Anh, tôi có thể, tôi có thể nói, chà, bạn biết đó, xin lỗi những người bạn Anh của tôi, nhưng đó là một khuôn mẫu, đúng không?
    Rằng răng của họ xấu.
    Tôi không nghĩ điều đó còn đúng nữa.
    Tôi nghĩ rằng đó đã từng đúng vào một thời điểm nào đó.
    Tôi nghĩ rằng họ cũng bị chen chúc và lệch lạc.
    Và nhiều điều đó tôi nghĩ có liên quan đến sự phát triển của khuôn mặt nữa.
    Tôi nghĩ rằng chúng ta, chúng ta thấy rất nhiều người Tây Âu, họ có loại khuôn mặt biến dạng đó, nếu bạn muốn, có thể từ việc thở qua mũi.
    Ai mà biết lý do tại sao?
    Cách mạng công nghiệp, dị ứng, thở bằng miệng, v.v.
    Tại sao nó lại có vẻ phổ biến hơn ở đó?
    Vì vậy, đó là cái nhìn tổng quan nhanh chóng về nó.
    Và vì vậy tôi chỉ nghĩ rằng điều này nên là một sự lựa chọn cá nhân.
    Bạn biết đấy, nếu bạn muốn sử dụng florua, bạn có thể ra cửa hàng.
    Tôi có nghĩa là, bạn có thể mua kem đánh răng có florua ở cửa hàng đồng giá bây giờ.
    Họ phát miễn phí tại nhiều phòng khám.
    Đối với tôi, tôi chỉ nghĩ rằng đây là một vấn đề đạo đức y tế.
    Chúng ta đang điều trị hàng loạt một dân số mà không có sự đồng ý của họ.
    Và vấn đề thậm chí còn lớn hơn đối với tôi là không ai đang nói về vấn đề này, cũng như tôi không thể tìm thấy bất kỳ tài liệu nào liên quan.
    Nó đang ảnh hưởng đến hệ vi sinh vật đường ruột như thế nào?
    Vì nó là một chất kháng khuẩn.
    Vì vậy, đó sẽ là một nghiên cứu tuyệt vời.
    NIH, nếu bạn đang lắng nghe, liệu chúng ta có thể thử nghiệm, bạn biết đấy, những người sống ở những khu vực có florua hóa so với những người không?
    Chúng ta có thể theo dõi họ không?
    Có thể đó là một nghiên cứu cohorte tiềm năng chỉ để xem hệ vi sinh vật của họ khác biệt như thế nào, vì điều này thực sự không hợp lý với tôi.
    Và tại sao chúng ta lại hấp thụ thứ gì đó toàn bộ khi có nhiều rủi ro tiềm tàng như vậy, trong khi chúng ta có thể chỉ sử dụng nó trên bề mặt hoặc thực sự nói về điều gì đang thực sự gây ra sâu răng?
    Nếu florua hóa hiệu quả, thì sâu răng sẽ không phải là bệnh hàng đầu ở nước ta, ở trẻ em của chúng ta.
    Và nhiều người lo lắng, chà, nếu chúng ta lấy nó ra khỏi nước, tỷ lệ sâu răng có thể tăng lên.
    Và điều đó có thể xảy ra.
    Tôi có nghĩa là, đã có, họ đã làm điều này ở Calgary, Canada, nơi tỷ lệ sâu răng đã tăng lên.
    Nhưng sau đó nếu bạn thực sự nhìn vào dữ liệu, tỷ lệ sâu răng đã bắt đầu tăng lên khi họ loại bỏ nó, nhưng họ chỉ cho bạn dữ liệu mà họ muốn cho bạn thấy về điều đó.
    Nhưng một lần nữa, đây là một phân tích rủi ro-lợi ích.
    Tôi có nghĩa là, tôi nghĩ các nha sĩ thường quá chú trọng vào răng.
    Và bạn đã đề cập, như, nếu họ nói rằng điều này tốt cho tôi, tôi sẽ làm điều đó.
    Vâng, tốt cho cái gì?
    Tốt cho răng của bạn hay tốt cho toàn bộ cơ thể bạn hay tốt cho não của bạn?
    Và tôi nghĩ rằng điều đó nên là một lựa chọn cá nhân.
    Tôi, với tư cách là một bậc phụ huynh, có muốn chọn một phần tư sâu răng ít hơn cho con mình hay muốn bảo vệ sự phát triển tối ưu của não chúng không?
    Ý tôi là, dữ liệu cho thấy những thiếu hụt tương đương với những gì người ta thấy với sự tiếp xúc với chì, điều đó là điều nổi bật nhất đối với tôi.
    Vâng.
    Và tôi là một nha sĩ.
    Tôi đã được đào tạo để sửa chữa răng.
    Tôi có thể sửa một phần tư sâu răng trong một chiếc răng.
    Tôi không thể sửa chữa một bộ não đang phát triển.
    Chúng ta chỉ có một cơ hội để phát triển một bộ não.
    Chúng ta chỉ có một cơ hội để phát triển một khuôn mặt.
    Bạn biết đấy, điều đó thực sự quan trọng.
    Tôi thật sự đánh giá cao bạn đã dẫn dắt chúng tôi qua toàn bộ lịch sử của nó.
    Tôi nghĩ điều này cực kỳ quan trọng để mọi người tiếp nhận thông tin đó để họ có thể bắt đầu hình thành ý kiến của riêng mình.
    Và bạn đã chỉ ra nhiều thiếu sót logic trong cách mà cả hệ thống đang được sắp xếp hiện tại, đó là sự điều trị hàng loạt tất cả mọi người bằng một hóa chất mạnh mẽ, đặc biệt là khi xem xét lượng nước mà mọi người uống và nấu ăn, v.v. mà không có sự đồng ý của họ.
    Và không có một đánh giá rủi ro nào.
    Dưới đây là bản dịch tiếng Việt của văn bản bạn đã cung cấp:
    Vì vậy, tỷ lệ phân hủy thấp của bạn, có thể tỷ lệ phân hủy của tôi lại rất cao. Bạn không cần bất cứ điều gì thêm. Chế độ ăn uống của bạn, sự cân bằng của bạn, microbiome của bạn đều tuyệt vời. Tôi thì không ăn uống tốt. Vệ sinh của tôi thì thảm hại. Bạn biết đấy, chúng ta không thể đối xử với mọi người như nhau một cách chung chung. Chúng ta phải thực hiện đánh giá rủi ro. Tôi muốn nghỉ giải lao một chút và gửi lời cảm ơn đến một trong những nhà tài trợ của chúng tôi, Element. Element là một loại đồ uống điện giải có đầy đủ mọi thứ bạn cần, nhưng không có gì thừa. Điều đó có nghĩa là các điện giải, natri, magiê, và kali, tất cả đều ở tỷ lệ đúng, nhưng không có đường. Sự hydrat hóa đúng cách là rất quan trọng cho chức năng tối ưu của não và cơ thể. Ngay cả một mức độ mất nước nhẹ cũng có thể làm giảm hiệu suất nhận thức và thể chất. Nó cũng quan trọng rằng bạn nhận đủ điện giải. Các điện giải, natri, magiê, và kali, là cần thiết cho sự hoạt động của tất cả các tế bào trong cơ thể bạn, đặc biệt là các neuron hoặc tế bào thần kinh. Uống Element hòa tan trong nước giúp bạn rất dễ dàng đảm bảo rằng bạn nhận đủ nước và đủ điện giải. Để đảm bảo rằng tôi có đủ lượng nước và điện giải, tôi hòa tan một gói Element trong khoảng 16 đến 32 ounce nước khi tôi thức dậy vào buổi sáng, và tôi uống ngay vào buổi sáng. Tôi cũng uống Element hòa tan trong nước trong bất kỳ loại bài tập thể chất nào mà tôi thực hiện, đặc biệt là vào những ngày nóng khi tôi đổ mồ hôi nhiều và do đó mất nhiều nước và điện giải. Họ có nhiều hương vị khác nhau của Element rất ngon miệng. Họ có hương dưa hấu, các loại citrus, v.v. Thành thật mà nói, tôi yêu tất cả chúng. Nếu bạn muốn thử Element, bạn có thể truy cập drinkelement.com slash Huberman để nhận một gói mẫu Element miễn phí khi mua bất kỳ gói pha chế Element nào. Một lần nữa, đó là drinkelement.com slash Huberman để nhận một gói mẫu miễn phí. Được rồi, tôi nghĩ điều đó đã đặt fluoride vào một hộp. Hãy để nói nó trên kệ cho tất cả chúng ta cùng nhìn, tôi nghĩ đây sẽ là một khía cạnh rất quan trọng của sức khỏe cộng đồng trong năm đến ba năm tới với chính quyền mới này và Bobby Kennedy đang dành nhiều sự chú ý đến fluoride. Và tôi thực sự thích điều bạn đã nói về việc cố gắng loại bỏ các khía cạnh chính trị của vấn đề này. Nếu điều này trở thành một cuộc chiến giữa đảng xanh và đảng đỏ, giữa trái và phải, chúng ta sẽ không bao giờ đi sâu vào bản chất của vấn đề. Và điều đó sẽ thật buồn. Những người thực sự chịu ảnh hưởng là trẻ em, những đứa trẻ. Vậy nên, một cái nhìn không đảng phái về điều này, đó là cách tôi lắng nghe tất cả những gì bạn đã nói. Có vẻ như nó rất quan trọng. Họ lấy fluoride từ đâu? Vì vậy, fluor hóa nước, fluoride mà họ nhận được là một sản phẩm phụ của ngành công nghiệp phân bón phosphate. Nó được gọi là axit hydrofluorosilicic. Là một sản phẩm phụ của ngành công nghiệp phân bón phosphate, nó được coi là chất thải độc hại và rất tốn kém để xử lý. Nhưng họ đã phát hiện ra rằng nếu được pha loãng theo lý thuyết và đưa vào, nó là một loại axit. Vì vậy, nếu nó được đưa vào hệ thống nước của chúng ta, nó được pha loãng đến mức an toàn. Nhưng tôi sẽ nói rằng, bạn biết đấy, mọi người có thể tự nghiên cứu vấn đề này và tự tìm hiểu, nhưng nó có dạng những túi xi măng với hình hộp sọ và xương chéo ở phía trước. Họ phải mặc đồ bảo hộ khi đưa nó vào nước của chúng ta. Họ phải titrate nó. Và tôi nghĩ điều thú vị là, bạn biết đấy, chúng ta phải nhắm đến 0.7 miligam mỗi lít. Tôi đã tham gia vào một số chiến dịch giáo dục và đã kiểm tra các cộng đồng xung quanh Portland. Rất khó để giữ nó trong phạm vi, bạn biết không? Và có một số cộng đồng đã thử nghiệm với mức cao nhất mà chúng tôi thấy là 2.2 miligam mỗi lít, điều này chắc chắn rơi vào, dựa trên khoa học và tài liệu, khu vực đáng lo ngại hơn về các vấn đề nhận thức thần kinh và các vấn đề sức khỏe khác. Vì vậy, nếu bạn lo lắng, bạn có thể gọi cho cơ quan nước địa phương của bạn, chính quyền đô thị. Tôi sẽ nói rằng, tôi không nghĩ chính phủ liên bang sẽ có nhiều quyền kiểm soát vấn đề này. Sẽ thật tuyệt nếu EPA can thiệp. Họ đã kháng cáo và và. Nhưng điều này sẽ phải phụ thuộc nhiều vào cấp bang và cấp địa phương. Và chúng tôi đã thấy các bang như Florida và Utah đã tiến hành và ban đầu đã quyết định sẽ cấm điều này như là một điều bắt buộc trong bang của họ. Và tôi nghĩ đó là Bắc Dakota, Kentucky. Có những bang khác cũng tiếp nhận vấn đề này, và những cộng đồng khác đang loại bỏ hoặc không thêm fluoride vào nước của họ. Vì vậy, đây là một thời điểm thú vị để quan sát tất cả điều này. Rất thú vị. Tôi sẽ kiềm chế cơn cám dỗ để hỏi các câu hỏi về tại sao dường như chủ yếu là các bang đỏ đang thực hiện điều này thay vì các bang xanh. Mặc dù Portland thì thuộc bang xanh. Portland truyền thống là thành phố xanh, chắc chắn. Thành phố xanh. Vâng. Vâng. Đúng rồi. Thành phố xanh trong một bang đỏ. Khi Oregon trở thành bang đỏ trong cuộc bầu cử vừa qua? Các thành phố tạo thành, nó giống như nhiều bang. Vì vậy, Eugene, Portland, Bend có xu hướng khá xanh. Và tôi nghĩ rằng những khu vực xung quanh thì bảo thủ hơn, nhưng không, nó đã thay đổi một chút, nhưng không đủ để thay đổi kết quả bầu cử. Được rồi. Tự do. Được rồi. Chúng ta sẽ làm một tập khác về chính trị trong khoảng 20. Hay 90 về. Um, trong khi đó, quay lại với microbiome miệng và những vấn đề khác, tôi rất quan tâm đến mối quan hệ giữa sức khỏe răng miệng và những gì bạn mô tả về khả năng sinh sản, thai kỳ và hormone. Và rõ ràng rằng hormone có thể liên quan đến cả nam và nữ, nhưng hãy nói về sức khỏe răng miệng và khả năng sinh sản. Có bất kỳ kiến thức nào về cách mà microbiome miệng hoặc sức khỏe răng miệng có thể ảnh hưởng đến sức khỏe trứng, khả năng sinh sản, quá trình rụng trứng, dự trữ buồng trứng không? Đó có phải là cấp độ mà việc điều chỉnh khả năng sinh sản được coi là xảy ra không? Có gì được biết về liên kết này không?
    Vậy là, nó lại liên quan đến việc chuyển vị và tạo ra phản ứng miễn dịch và viêm, cũng như các endotoxin được giải phóng. Về đặc biệt là nam giới, họ đang thấy có sự gia tăng các vấn đề về tinh trùng như khả năng di động và vận động của tinh trùng khi bệnh nướu và các tác nhân vi khuẩn gây bệnh nha chu gia tăng. Và một lần nữa, có lẽ nó liên quan đến viêm. Còn với phụ nữ, chúng ta có thể thấy rằng phụ nữ mất khoảng hai tháng lâu hơn để mang thai. Nó ảnh hưởng đến việc rụng trứng, chất lượng trứng, nhưng chúng ta cũng biết rằng điều này có thể dẫn đến sảy thai và sinh non, cũng như sinh con có cân nặng thấp, và những biến chứng trong thai kỳ khác. Chúng ta đang tìm thấy vi khuẩn trong miệng trong nhau thai, bạn biết đấy, chúng ta đang phát hiện có nhiều vi khuẩn sống khác nhau ở khắp mọi nơi. Bây giờ, vú của mẹ có một hệ vi sinh vật, nhau thai cũng có một hệ vi sinh vật. Và vì vậy, vi khuẩn trong miệng có thể xuất hiện ở nhiều nơi như vậy và tạo ra chuỗi sự kiện viêm. Và chắc chắn, đây là thời điểm thú vị để sống vì tất cả các nghiên cứu đang diễn ra. Và hiện tại, lại không liên quan đến nguyên nhân. Có rất nhiều mối tương quan, nhưng tôi rất muốn thấy các phòng khám sinh sản tập trung nhiều hơn vào sức khỏe răng miệng. Thật tuyệt vời nếu họ bắt đầu kiểm tra vi sinh vật của bệnh nhân và nếu họ nhận ra rằng vi khuẩn P. gingivalis hoặc F. nucleatum của họ đang ở mức rất cao và họ loại bỏ hoặc giảm được loại vi khuẩn đó. Tôi muốn thấy kết quả về thai kỳ và khả năng sinh sản sẽ thay đổi và có thể cải thiện như thế nào. Tuyệt vời. Những gì chúng ta có thể làm để cải thiện sức khỏe răng miệng của mình mà không phải là hóa chất là gì? Tất cả chúng ta đều được dạy nên đánh răng và dùng chỉ nha khoa hai lần một ngày. Tôi thậm chí có một đồng nghiệp mà có thể bị bắt gặp trong nhà vệ sinh để đánh răng sau bữa trưa. Vì vậy, ông ấy đang đánh răng ba lần một ngày. Tôi không biết điều gì đã thúc đẩy điều đó. Tôi cũng làm vậy. Bạn cũng làm vậy à? Tuyệt. Vậy vấn đề với việc đánh răng là gì? Khi, hãy nói, giống như việc tập thể dục. Giả sử nếu ai đó chỉ đánh răng một lần một ngày, thì làm vào buổi sáng hay buổi tối thì tốt hơn? Rõ ràng là mọi người nên đánh răng hai lần một ngày, hoặc nhiều hơn. Nhưng nếu một người chỉ có thể đánh răng một lần một ngày, thì sẽ là buổi sáng hoặc buổi tối? Vâng. Tôi hướng dẫn các bậc phụ huynh về điều này rất nhiều vì việc đánh răng cho trẻ em có thể là một thách thức. Thời gian buổi tối luôn quan trọng nhất. Thứ nhất, bạn đang loại bỏ các mảnh thức ăn từ cả ngày. Bạn đang phá hủy màng sinh học để bạn không ngủ với nó suốt đêm, tám, mười, mười hai giờ đồng hồ. Nếu bạn là một đứa trẻ với màng sinh học dính, có thể bị rối loạn, trên răng của bạn. Và thêm vào đó có thể là bạn đang thở miệng. Điều đó sẽ làm thay đổi vi khuẩn và giảm pH hơn nữa. Vì vậy, thật tốt khi đi ngủ với răng sạch. Vì thế, tôi gợi ý các bậc phụ huynh nên tập trung vào ban đêm. Những gì làm tôi hơi khó chịu một chút là việc chúng ta có xu hướng tập trung quá nhiều vào việc đánh răng, nhưng lại bỏ qua việc dùng chỉ nha khoa trong nhiều cuộc trò chuyện. Cảm ơn bạn đã đề cập đến điều đó. Nếu bạn đọc những cuốn sách cho trẻ em, bạn sẽ thấy chúng đều nói là hãy đi đánh răng, nhưng không bao giờ nói đến việc dùng chỉ. Vì vậy, chúng ta cần phải cải cách ở đó. Nhưng hầu hết các sâu răng mà tôi thấy ở trẻ em, và điều này cũng áp dụng cho người lớn, là ở giữa các răng hoặc giữa các răng hàm. Và điều đó rất phổ biến. Rất nhiều bậc phụ huynh sẽ đưa con em họ đến. Họ nghĩ rằng họ đã làm mọi thứ đúng. Họ chưa dùng chỉ nha khoa. Và chúng tôi chụp X-quang lần đầu tiên và trẻ em có tám cái sâu răng, nghe có vẻ như là quá nhiều, nhưng nó rất phổ biến vì chúng ta có tám chiếc răng hàm. Và vì vậy, nó xảy ra ở giữa các răng khi bạn ăn những món ăn như bánh quy cá vàng, những chiếc bánh quy xoắn, những chiếc khoai tây chiên. Chúng bị mắc kẹt giữa các răng. Vi khuẩn đến để tiêu thụ axit được phát ra và nó chỉ ngồi ở đó giờ này qua giờ khác, ngày qua ngày, thậm chí có thể là tuần qua tuần, nếu bạn không bao giờ dùng chỉ. Vì vậy, tôi thực sự muốn việc dùng chỉ nha khoa là một phần của thói quen hàng ngày. Một lần nữa, nếu bạn chỉ có thể làm điều đó một lần một ngày, điều đó cũng tốt. Hãy làm vào buổi tối. Tôi thích dùng chỉ trước, sau đó mới đánh răng. Bạn đang gỡ bỏ thức ăn ở giữa và kiểu như chải sạch nó đi. Thực sự có những nghiên cứu hỗ trợ cho điều này nữa, thứ tự đó. Tuy nhiên, người cần đồng ý có thể lựa chọn. Hãy làm nó. Bạn biết đấy, một số người sẽ sử dụng gương hút chân không. Họ sẽ làm điều đó trong vòi sen. Một số người làm điều đó trong khi họ đi lại trên xe hơi. Tôi sẽ không kén chọn về điều đó. Tôi cũng sẽ nói, khi chúng ta già đi, việc dùng chỉ nha khoa không luôn đủ. Vì vậy, hãy nghĩ về một đoạn chỉ nha khoa nhỏ. Bạn biết đấy, chúng ta muốn đặt nó giữa các răng và họ khuyên bạn nên thực hiện hình chữ C và chữ C ngược lại. Bạn đang cạo các mặt răng để phá hủy màng sinh học đó. Nhưng khi chúng ta già đi, tất cả chúng ta đều mất một chút xương. Vì vậy, bạn sẽ có một cái túi nhỏ mà chỉ không làm sạch vi khuẩn ra khỏi đó. Và đó là lúc một máy xịt nước có thể trở nên hữu ích. Và nếu bạn thực sự muốn trở thành một người xuất sắc, tôi cũng rất thích dùng máy xịt nước. Cá nhân tôi sẽ thay phiên nhau. Một đêm tôi có thể dùng chỉ nha khoa. Đêm tiếp theo tôi có thể xịt nước. Điều này rất hiệu quả với những bệnh nhân không thể đưa tay vào miệng. Có thể họ có một sự chậm chạp với điều đó. Trẻ em thường sẽ gặp khó khăn với việc dùng chỉ nha khoa. Vì vậy, máy xịt nước có thể mang lại sự thú vị. Bạn có thể làm điều đó trong bồn tắm để không bị lộn xộn. Hoặc trong vòi sen, họ có các phiên bản không dây. Nhưng tôi không thể nhấn mạnh đủ tầm quan trọng của việc dùng chỉ nha khoa. Việc làm sạch giữa các răng kích thích mô lợi, và bạn ít có khả năng mắc bệnh nướu hơn như một kết quả. Còn những cái tăm xỉa răng nhỏ với một đoạn chỉ nha khoa nhỏ treo, bạn biết đấy, những cái tăm cứng đó? Ừ, tăm chỉ nha khoa. Tăm chỉ nha khoa. Chúng rất tuyệt, đặc biệt là với trẻ em. Đó là cách duy nhất để dùng chỉ nha khoa cho răng của trẻ em, trước hết. Vì vậy, tôi muốn các bậc phụ huynh, ngay khi răng chạm nhau, họ nên bắt đầu dùng chỉ nha khoa. Điều này có thể là răng phía trước. Hàm của chúng ta đang co lại. Răng của chúng ta đang chen chúc.
    Rất hiếm khi tôi thấy một đứa trẻ có khoảng trống giữa các răng cửa. Đó là cách mà chúng ta nên phát triển vì răng vĩnh viễn rộng hơn răng sữa. Chúng cần nhiều chỗ hơn để mọc lên. Nhưng rất thường xuyên, chúng ta bị chen chúc. Vì vậy, bất cứ nơi nào răng chạm nhau, chúng ta nên dùng chỉ nha khoa. Nhưng thường thì vào khoảng độ tuổi hai rưỡi, các răng hàm đã chạm vào nhau. Và các bậc phụ huynh nhìn tôi như thể tôi điên, nhưng thực sự chúng ta nên dùng chỉ nha khoa. Nếu bạn bắt đầu một số thói quen này sớm, nó sẽ trở nên dễ dàng hơn và dễ dàng hơn. Chúng tôi biết rằng trẻ em dùng chỉ nha khoa trở thành người lớn dùng chỉ nha khoa. Nhưng chỉ nha khoa dạng que cũng tốt cho người lớn. Bạn biết đấy, có một số người có bàn tay to. Rất khó để dùng chỉ nha khoa. Đúng vậy, tôi cũng phải sử dụng chúng. Tôi không thể đưa tay vào miệng của mình. Chúng cũng ổn thôi. Vâng. Bạn chỉ muốn cố gắng không chỉ đi thẳng lên và xuống. Chỉ cần nghiêng một chút, nếu bạn có thể. Được rồi. Và có thể có cả máy tăm nước nữa. Tôi đã được nha sĩ của mình nói rằng, bàn chải mềm. Vâng. Bởi vì tôi có xu hướng vào trong và như tôi nghe thấy tất cả những điều này về việc sức khỏe răng miệng rất quan trọng cho não bộ, và bất kỳ điều gì đó có thể dẫn một số người, bao gồm cả tôi, vào trong và chỉ bắt đầu chà xát và chà xát và cố gắng loại bỏ mọi thứ. Và đó không phải là cách tiếp cận đúng. Hãy chải rất nhẹ nhàng. Vì vậy, bạn muốn thực hiện những chuyển động tròn nhẹ nhàng. Bạn không muốn làm mòn men răng của mình. Điều này cũng rất quan trọng. Nhiều người sau khi ăn sẽ chạy ngay vào nhà vệ sinh và đánh răng. Mỗi lần chúng ta ăn, răng của chúng ta sẽ bị mất khoáng chất một chút, đúng không? Nhớ rằng tôi đã đề cập đến việc mất khoảng 20 hoặc 30 phút để quá trình tái khoáng hóa bắt đầu. Vì vậy, nếu bạn đi đánh răng ngay lập tức, các sợi chỉ của bạn có thể làm hỏng men răng và tạo ra những vết xước nhỏ, và điều đó có thể dẫn đến tình trạng nhạy cảm và tụt nướu. Nếu có thể, hãy cố gắng đợi 20 hoặc 30 phút sau khi ăn hoặc uống để đánh răng, điều này bao gồm cả trường hợp nôn ói, cũng giống như vậy. Tất cả chúng ta đều muốn đánh răng sau khi có thể bị ốm. Cố gắng chỉ súc miệng một chút, có thể với một ít baking soda. Rất nhiều điều này là trong một thế giới lý tưởng. Được rồi. Và tôi hiểu điều đó, nhưng chỉ cần tôi muốn mọi người có thông tin. Bạn đã nói về việc đánh dấu, và tôi định hỏi một điều gì đó trước đó, không muốn quay lại cuộc trò chuyện về fluoride, nhưng bạn đã nói rằng người ban đầu nghĩ ra việc đưa fluoride vào điều trị sâu răng đã nhận thấy rằng răng của trẻ em có những vết đen trên chúng. Liệu fluoride có gây ra sự tối màu trên răng không? Có thể. Tôi tin rằng đó là bệnh nhân nhi và người lớn của ông ấy. Tất cả cộng đồng đó đã có những chiếc răng bị đốm. Đó là cái mà gọi là fluorosis răng. Những vết đốm và dấu hiệu trên răng có thể là nhiều điều khác nhau. Một là fluorosis. Một có thể là men răng thiếu phát triển. Tôi nghĩ rằng chúng ta nên đề cập đến điều đó. Nhưng fluorosis có thể nhẹ, trung bình hoặc nặng. Khi nó trở nên nặng hơn, đó là khi nó có thể trở nên tối màu, đốm, màu cam, nâu. Fluorosis nhẹ thường sẽ sáng hơn màu trắng. Bạn thường thấy nó ở đầu răng hoặc ở đỉnh ngọn của răng hàm. Đó không phải là một đặc điểm hấp dẫn. Không phải. Và đó là dấu hiệu cho thấy bạn đã nhận được quá nhiều fluoride, biết không? Và tôi sẽ nói rằng 40% thanh thiếu niên hiện nay bị fluorosis răng. Điều đó rất có thể có nghĩa là họ cũng có một mức độ fluorosis xương nhất định. Vì vậy, với tất cả những thách thức mà cuộc tranh luận xung quanh việc fluor hóa nước có, tôi sẵn sàng đặt cược một số tiền tiết kiệm của mình rằng vấn đề này sẽ trở thành vấn đề then chốt. Nó có thể có vẻ điên rồ, đúng không? Như đây là chất mà có thể an toàn hoặc không an toàn mà chúng ta đang tiêu thụ vì nhiều lý do khác nhau. Và có một lịch sử ở đó, điều mà bạn đã mô tả rất hay. Nhưng trải qua một thời gian trong lĩnh vực giáo dục sức khỏe hướng tới công chúng, cho người bình thường kiểu như “Vâng, bất cứ điều gì, tôi đã uống nước và tôi cảm thấy ổn” hoặc “Con của tôi cảm thấy ổn” hoặc “Không có gì mà tôi có thể làm về điều đó bây giờ. Chúng đã 15 tuổi.” Có thể chúng, bạn biết đấy, giảm 10 điểm IQ so với nơi mà chúng sẽ ở. Nhưng nếu bạn nói với mọi người, điều mà tôi thấy rất thú vị về tâm lý con người, nếu bạn nói với mọi người, “Bạn có biết rằng fluoride không chỉ có thể có một số tác động đến sự phát triển của thần kinh, mà có thể đang thẩm thấu vào xương của bạn cũng giống như nó thẩm thấu vào răng của bạn không? Nhưng bạn biết rằng những vết đốm trên răng của bạn, những vết trắng hoặc vết đen thực sự không hấp dẫn chút nào. Đó là vì fluoride.” Bây giờ bạn đã có được mọi người. Thẩm mỹ. Thẩm mỹ. Và thật đáng tiếc hay bất cứ điều gì rằng đây là cách mà con người tồn tại. Nhưng ngay khi mọi người nhận ra rằng điều gì đó mà có thể có lợi cho họ hoặc được cho là có lợi cho họ có thể xấu cho sức khỏe lâu dài của họ, bạn sort of đã có được họ. Nhưng những mối quan hệ lâu dài này rất khó tạo động lực cho hành vi của con người. Nhưng những vết trắng đó, không ai muốn có. Vết đen trên răng, không ai muốn có. Và tôi sẵn sàng đặt cược rằng điều đó sẽ trở thành một trong những vấn đề then chốt. Và nếu mọi người nói, “Ồ, lắng nghe, thực sự đang làm cho răng của tôi xấu đi.” Vâng. Có thể mạnh nhưng xấu hơn. Tôi cá rằng điều này sẽ trở thành một yếu tố trong cuộc đối thoại. Điều đó sẽ đến từ phía công chúng. Nhưng tôi sẽ nói với bạn, tôi có những nha sĩ, khi tôi nói về fluor hóa nước và fluorosis, cụ thể nói rằng, “Chà, chỉ là vấn đề thẩm mỹ. Ít nhất thì răng của họ cũng mạnh.” Như thể họ đang quyết định cho bệnh nhân. Và tôi nghĩ rằng đó không phải là quyền của chúng tôi với tư cách là nhà cung cấp để đưa ra quyết định đó cho ai đó. Nhưng điều này rất phổ biến. Fluorosis phổ biến rất nhiều. Tôi thậm chí đã thấy dữ liệu gần đây nói rằng tỷ lệ có thể lên đến 60%. Nhưng 40% là con số tiêu chuẩn mà chúng tôi đang sử dụng cho thanh thiếu niên bị fluorosis. Có một điều gọi là men răng thiếu phát triển. Đây là điều mà tôi rất đam mê. Đây là men răng thiếu khoáng chất. Và tôi tin rằng đây là một đại dịch âm thầm ở trẻ em. Tôi thấy ngày càng nhiều trẻ em mà răng của chúng mọc lên. Và chúng bị đốm và màu phấn.
    Và một số trường hợp nghiêm trọng đến mức chúng đang bị hỏng. Tôi đã thấy một sự gia tăng lớn trong tình trạng này trong suốt 20 năm sự nghiệp của mình. Dữ liệu cũng bắt đầu cho thấy điều này. Và thật không may, rất nhiều bậc phụ huynh, con cái của họ sẽ bị sâu răng. Điều này thật sự phổ biến. Họ bị xấu hổ và bị đổ lỗi. Như kiểu, bạn đang cho chúng ăn gì vậy? Bạn không đánh răng và dùng chỉ nha khoa cho chúng. Bạn đang bỏ mặc chúng. Hoặc họ được bảo ngừng cho con bú vì điều đó đang gây ra vấn đề. Nhưng thực sự là do răng, men răng không hình thành đúng cách. Nó không kháng acid tốt. Nó dễ gãy hơn. Nó mong manh hơn, giống như que gỗ hơn là những khối gỗ Lincoln, được không? Tôi tin và các đồng nghiệp trên toàn cầu đều đồng ý rằng rất có thể là do tất cả các thiếu hụt khoáng chất mà chúng ta đang thấy trên toàn cầu. Và sự thiếu hụt vitamin D mà chúng ta thấy trên toàn cầu, bạn biết đấy, chúng ta ở bên trong suốt thời gian. Chúng ta không ở bên ngoài. Tất cả ánh sáng rác mà chúng ta nhận được, ánh sáng xanh. Nó cũng có thể đến từ các độc tố môi trường, sốt cao, virus. Nhưng đây là một mối quan tâm thực sự. Rất nhiều trẻ em giờ phải trải qua gây mê toàn thân để sửa chữa răng. Nghiên cứu mà tôi đọc cho biết khoảng 100.000 đến 150.000 ca mỗi năm cho một vấn đề có thể phòng ngừa. Bạn biết đấy, có rủi ro với việc gây mê toàn thân. Và đây là lý do tôi rất muốn xem xét một cách tiếp cận bảo tồn hơn. Như là, liệu chúng ta có thể tái khoáng hóa những chiếc răng này không? Có những chiến lược nào mà chúng ta có thể thực hiện để ít nhất là trì hoãn cho đến khi đứa trẻ lớn hơn, để chúng có thể ngồi lại để điều trị, để chúng ta không phải đưa nhiều trẻ em đi gây mê? Bởi vì tôi không nghĩ rằng chúng ta có đủ dữ liệu về tất cả các tác dụng tích lũy dài hạn tiềm năng. Và chúng tôi đã nói về điều này trước đây. Nó không chỉ là một lần tiếp xúc, đúng không? Không chỉ là một lần tiếp xúc từ tia X hoặc một lần tiếp xúc từ fluor hay một lần tiếp xúc với mê một cách nào đó, mà nó là tác động tích lũy mà chúng ta không có đủ dữ liệu. Quay lại mối quan hệ giữa vi sinh vật miệng, sức khỏe miệng và hormone, và tập trung cụ thể vào hormone nữ, chu kỳ kinh nguyệt/ rụng trứng xảy ra hàng tháng, cũng như giai đoạn tiền mãn kinh, mãn kinh, khoảng một nửa trong số những người lắng nghe chúng ta là phụ nữ. Và tôi tò mò, có những giai đoạn nhất định nào trong chu kỳ kinh nguyệt hoặc những giai đoạn nhất định của tiền mãn kinh, mãn kinh, hoặc trước đó, mà phụ nữ nên chú ý đặc biệt đến sức khỏe miệng của họ không? Có liên quan đến việc, có một mối liên hệ nào đã được biết đến khi estrogen tăng lên hoặc giảm xuống thì vi sinh vật miệng có xu hướng dễ bị tổn thương hơn và có thể họ nên dành nhiều sự chú ý hơn đến sức khỏe miệng của mình không? Có. Chúng ta thấy điều này cả hai chiều, cả lúc tăng và giảm. Khoảng thời gian dậy thì, chúng ta sẽ thấy sự thay đổi về sức khỏe nướu. Nhiều cô gái trẻ sẽ bị viêm nướu nhiều hơn hoặc viêm nướu. Và chắc chắn nếu họ đang sử dụng biện pháp tránh thai bằng đường uống, điều đó cũng có thể làm thay đổi mọi thứ. Họ sẽ đến gặp nha sĩ và bị cáo buộc có thể không đánh răng hoặc dùng chỉ xỉa răng đúng cách, nhưng thực sự đó là vấn đề hormone. Vì vậy, điều quan trọng là phải biết điều đó, cũng như phụ nữ đang mang thai. Viêm nướu khi mang thai ảnh hưởng đến 50-70% phụ nữ. 50-70%? Thật nhiều. Wow. Đúng vậy. Và nó thường biến mất khi bạn sinh em bé và bạn đã trải qua một thời gian cho con bú và hormone điều chỉnh lại. Nhưng điều quan trọng là phải biết rằng bạn cũng có thể có relaxin, điều đó giúp chúng ta chuẩn bị cho quá trình sinh nở, nhưng nó có thể làm dịch chuyển răng. Chúng ta có một dây chằng quanh răng của mình, giống như chúng ta có các dây chằng trong xương chậu. Và dây chằng quanh răng bị ảnh hưởng bởi relaxin. Vì vậy, bạn có thể thấy răng dịch chuyển và di chuyển. Và phụ nữ có thể thỉnh thoảng nói, cắn của tôi bây giờ khác. Sức khỏe nướu của tôi khác. Vì vậy, rất quan trọng trước khi có con và chắc chắn trong suốt thời kỳ mang thai, phải lo lắng về vệ sinh răng miệng của bạn càng tốt và thường xuyên gặp nha sĩ. Và sau đó, trong giai đoạn tiền mãn kinh và mãn kinh, có rất nhiều vấn đề xảy ra với phụ nữ và từ góc độ sức khỏe răng miệng với những thay đổi hormone, bạn biết đấy, sự giảm xuống của estrogen và progesterone có thể ảnh hưởng đến sự tổng hợp collagen. Vì vậy, nhiều TMD, nhiều cơn đau đầu, chắc chắn viêm nướu, miệng khô, hội chứng miệng bỏng, nhiều hơi thở hôi, thay đổi vị giác cũng vậy. Và vậy nếu chỉ cần có thể trao đổi những cuộc trò chuyện này với phụ nữ thật mạnh mẽ, thay vì chỉ nói, ồ, chỉ cần sử dụng sản phẩm này, đánh răng và dùng chỉ xỉa răng nhiều hơn. Có thể chúng ta có thể nói, xét từ góc độ hormone, liệu liệu pháp thay thế hormone có phù hợp với bạn không? Hoặc chúng ta có thể giúp bạn hỗ trợ theo những cách khác? Có thể bạn nên gặp nha sĩ mỗi hai hoặc ba tháng một lần thay vì mỗi sáu tháng một lần. Và cũng chỉ có thành phần sức khỏe tâm lý để nói, ờ, điều này không phải là điều bạn đang bỏ bê. Đây là sự thay đổi mà cơ thể bạn đang trải qua. Và vì vậy chúng ta có thể hỗ trợ bạn từ cộng đồng nha sĩ bằng cách nào? Vâng. Cảm ơn vì điều đó. Ngày càng nhiều người đang hỏi tôi những câu hỏi trên mạng xã hội và ở những nơi khác về, bạn biết đấy, điều này khác biệt như thế nào cho phụ nữ so với nam giới? Và đặc biệt là các giai đoạn khác nhau của chu kỳ và tiền mãn kinh, mãn kinh và về cơ bản là toàn bộ cuộc đời. Thật biết ơn vì điều đó. Vâng. Tôi cũng nhận được rất nhiều câu hỏi về cảm giác bỏng miệng từ cộng đồng của tôi. Cảm giác bỏng miệng là gì? Nghe thật tệ. Vì vậy, miệng của bạn cảm thấy giống như kim loại và thực sự cảm thấy như đang bị bỏng, gần giống như ngứa ngáy, tôi nghĩ thế. Tôi chưa trải nghiệm, nhưng đó là cách mà mọi người mô tả với tôi hoặc kiểu như miệng khô. Nó có thể là dấu hiệu của sự thiếu hụt kẽm hoặc sự thiếu hụt vitamin B và chúng ta có thể thấy những thay đổi này trong những người có tiền mãn kinh và mãn kinh. Tôi nghĩ điều quan trọng là phải biết rằng miệng là cổng vào cơ thể và chúng ta cũng có thể thấy sự thiếu hụt dinh dưỡng trong miệng. Vì vậy, những vết nứt ở góc môi có thể là một dấu hiệu thiếu hụt kẽm. Điều tương tự cũng áp dụng cho những vạch trắng trên móng tay của bạn. Điều đó có thể là thiếu hụt kẽm. Vitamin B có thể là cảm giác bỏng miệng hoặc lưỡi địa lý là thứ mà mọi người trải nghiệm. Lưỡi địa lý do đâu mà có? Tôi không có nó.
    Tôi có một thành viên trong gia đình mắc phải điều này và nó là vĩnh viễn vì họ đã lớn tuổi và vẫn còn mắc phải từ thời thơ ấu. Chúng tôi được dạy ở trường nha khoa rằng có thể mọi thứ đã thay đổi, nhưng đây là một vấn đề lành tính, bạn biết đấy, và chỉ cần bảo bệnh nhân tránh các loại thực phẩm có tính axit và cam quýt, nó cũng liên quan đến dị ứng latex và bệnh vảy nến. Vì vậy, đây là một vấn đề tự miễn. Nó có thể là dấu hiệu của việc thiếu dinh dưỡng, thường là kẽm, vitamin B hoặc sắt. Và nó cũng có thể là dấu hiệu của bệnh celiac, Crohn hoặc các vấn đề về đường ruột. Một lần nữa, tất cả đều liên quan đến nhau. Vì vậy, nhiều lần khi trẻ em đến gặp tôi, tôi sẽ gửi chúng đến bác sĩ y học chức năng hoặc bác sĩ đông y chỉ để kiểm tra, bạn biết đấy, và cũng có những yếu tố di truyền nữa.
    Khi chúng ta tiếp tục cuộc trò chuyện này, những ý tưởng này nảy ra trong tâm trí tôi mà tôi chưa bao giờ nghĩ đến trước đây, như là, ừm, vì tôi không có thói quen sử dụng chúng như, ừm, son dưỡng môi, son môi. Ừm, tôi không sử dụng son môi. Tôi không sử dụng son dưỡng môi. Tôi đoán là mình đã sử dụng một loại kem chống nắng khi mình đi trượt tuyết hoặc trượt ván nhiều năm trước trên môi của mình, và, ừm, giờ tôi đang tự hỏi liệu đó có phải là một ý tưởng tồi tệ không? Ý tôi là, không bị cháy nắng thì tốt. Đúng không? Mọi người sẽ sử dụng, nhưng tôi đoán cụ thể như son môi, liệu chúng có an toàn cho vi sinh vật trong miệng không? Chà, tôi không nghĩ rằng nó vào trong miệng của bạn, tôi có nghĩa là, hy vọng là bạn không ăn nó nhiều như vậy, nhưng tôi có nghĩa là, chúng ta cần phải chú ý đến các sản phẩm của mình. Bạn biết đấy, có nhiều sản phẩm chứa dầu mỏ, nhiều loại son môi, son dưỡng môi có chứa những thành phần độc hại trong đó. Chúng ta đang học hỏi ngày càng nhiều và bạn biết đấy, chúng không nhất thiết được quản lý ở đây từ góc độ mỹ phẩm như chúng có thể ở EU. Vì vậy, hãy đọc thành phần, nhưng nhiều sản phẩm chứa dầu mỏ sẽ thực sự gây khô hơn, bạn biết đấy, và nó có tác động ngược lại, đó là lý do tại sao mọi người bị nghiện son dưỡng môi. Tôi nghĩ họ chỉ càng thêm khô môi hơn.
    Nhưng khi tôi thấy môi khô mãn tính, tôi nghĩ ngay đến tình trạng mất nước và liệu bạn có đang thở bằng miệng không? Bởi vì khi bạn thở bằng miệng, tất cả các mô sẽ khô lại. Vì vậy, nếu một đứa trẻ đến với môi khô mãn tính, tôi tự hỏi liệu chúng có phải là người thở bằng miệng không. Một cách khác để đánh giá xem có phải bạn đang có người thở bằng miệng hay không là, bạn có thường xuyên yêu cầu ai đó trong cuộc sống của bạn nhai với miệng đóng không, đặc biệt là trẻ em? Vì vậy, khi chúng ta nhai, chúng ta phải thở. Vì vậy, bạn nên nhai, miệng đóng, thở qua mũi. Nhưng nếu bạn không thể bởi vì có vật cản, lệch vách ngăn, các cuống mũi bị viêm, bạn sẽ có đứa trẻ mà miệng luôn mở và chúng thường không nhai đủ. Chúng giống như nghiền nát thức ăn và nuốt nó vì chúng lo lắng về việc cung cấp oxy. Những đứa trẻ này thường trở nên kén chọn trong ăn uống vì chúng tránh xa thịt, cà rốt, táo, những thực phẩm mà bạn phải nhai nhiều. Và chúng ăn nhiều món gà rán, mì phô mai vì bạn chỉ cần nghiền nát và nuốt nó. Điều đó có thể là dấu hiệu của rối loạn vận động miệng ở người trưởng thành và trẻ em. Vì vậy, nếu bạn gặp khó khăn khi nhai với miệng đóng, đó là điều bạn có thể khám phá và cần giúp đỡ.
    Liệu chúng ta có nên nhai đều ở cả hai bên miệng không? Bạn nên nhai đều ở cả hai bên miệng. Vì vậy, nếu bạn chỉ nhai ở một bên, không chỉ bạn sẽ bị phát triển quá mức cơ bắp ở bên đó, mà nó cũng có thể gây ra sự lệch hướng, đặc biệt là ở trẻ em, về cách bạn phát triển. Nhưng tôi muốn biết lý do tại sao. Tại sao bạn lại nhai như vậy? Khớp cắn của bạn có bị lệch không? Bạn có tránh một chiếc răng vì bạn đang bị đau không? Nó có thể là một thói quen xấu. Có những cách để đào tạo lại, nhưng mọi thứ nên đối xứng. Vì vậy, bạn nên nhai, lưỡi của bạn nên di chuyển khối thức ăn sang bên kia, nhai nhai. Nếu bạn không thể làm điều đó, điều đó cũng có thể là dấu hiệu của rối loạn vận động miệng. Có thể lưỡi của bạn không có phạm vi vận động hoặc khả năng di chuyển tốt. Có thể bạn có hiện tượng dính lưỡi hoặc trương lực thấp. Vì vậy, có rất nhiều yếu tố có thể liên quan đến điều đó. Và đây là nơi gặp một nhà trị liệu chức năng có thể thật sự giúp ích.
    Bạn đã nói điều đó. Vì vậy, tôi sẽ phải hỏi. Dính lưỡi vài năm trước, đây là một lĩnh vực gây tranh cãi. Dính lưỡi là phần da kéo dài giữa đáy lưỡi và đáy của, cái gì nhỉ, đáy của? Sàn miệng. Sàn miệng. Uh-huh. Cảm ơn bạn. Và ý tưởng rằng ở trẻ sơ sinh thì nên cắt. Những người khác nói rằng không nên cắt. Và rồi mọi người bắt đầu nhìn xung quanh. Ý tôi là, tôi nghĩ lưỡi của tôi dường như đã tự nhiên bị rách lại một chút. Nhưng, bạn biết đấy, vấn đề với dính lưỡi là gì? Liệu có nên cắt không? Chúng ta đang bước vào tất cả những cuộc trò chuyện gây tranh cãi ở đây. Tôi sẽ chịu trách nhiệm cho việc đó. Vì vậy, điều đó được gọi là frenum của bạn. Được rồi. Tất cả chúng ta đều có một cái frenum. Đó là dải mô nối lưỡi của chúng ta với sàn miệng. Chúng ta cũng có một frenum môi. Và đôi khi bạn có những frenum má nhỏ ở đây trong khoang miệng. Được rồi. Gần má. Ừm. Nếu bạn cho ngón tay vào miệng mình, bạn sẽ cảm thấy. Ồ, đúng rồi. Bạn có thể có chúng. Bạn có thể không có. Và chúng đã làm khô miệng tôi vì điều gì đó một lần khi chúng kéo chúng lại. Nó giống như là có màng. Ừm. Vậy nên cả cuộc trò chuyện này đều liên quan đến chức năng. Được rồi. Vậy lưỡi của bạn và các cấu trúc miệng có hoạt động đúng cách không? Trong trường hợp đó, bạn ổn. Bạn biết đấy? Điều khó khăn là phải chú ý. Bạn không thể chẩn đoán ai đó chỉ từ một bức ảnh trên mạng xã hội. Vì vậy, tôi thấy rất nhiều blog của phụ huynh nói rằng, con tôi có dính lưỡi. Con tôi có dính môi. Bạn không thể nói được. Chúng ta phải xem xét chức năng. Vậy liệu nó có ảnh hưởng đến việc cho trẻ bú không? Lưỡi có nâng lên đúng cách không? Tất cả đều liên quan đến việc nâng, nâng cao và di chuyển sang bên. Nhiều người nghĩ rằng dính lưỡi ảnh hưởng đến việc bạn có thể thè lưỡi ra hay không. Chúng tôi không quan tâm nhiều về điều đó. Điều gì tạo hình mặt và vòm miệng trong bụng mẹ và sau đó là lưỡi nâng lên, nâng cao và mở rộng vòm miệng, gần như như một thiết bị mở rộng, giống như một thiết bị mở rộng chỉnh hình.
    Và nếu nó không thể nâng lên, đó là dấu hiệu đầu tiên. Điều đó có nghĩa là nó không thể kéo được mô vú và cho con bú một cách thích hợp. Trẻ sơ sinh có thể gặp nhiều vấn đề về trào ngược. Phụ nữ sẽ gặp phải cơn đau. Được rồi. Nên đó là một trong những điều đầu tiên chúng tôi xem xét. Nhưng khi trẻ lớn hơn, chúng tôi xem xét, liệu có phải có dây lướt lưỡi có thể dẫn đến việc thở bằng miệng không? Khi môi bạn đóng lại và bạn thở qua mũi, lưỡi của bạn nên nằm ở vòm miệng và nó nên có đủ lực để ở đó, lý tưởng nhất là trong khi chúng ta ngủ. Nhưng nếu lưỡi của bạn bị mắc kẹt, nó không thể nâng lên, lưỡi của bạn sẽ nằm thấp và bạn sẽ có vẻ ngoài giống Napoleon Dynamite, được chứ? Tư thế miệng mở và đầu ngả về phía trước đó chỉ là vì lưỡi không thể nâng lên. Nhiều khi khi mọi người có dây lướt lưỡi, vòm miệng của họ cũng hẹp vì trong bụng mẹ, lưỡi không được nâng lên để phát triển khuôn mặt một cách tối ưu. Và điều này cũng di truyền trong gia đình, có sự dễ mắc phải. Vậy thì điều tiếp theo chúng tôi xem xét là khả năng nói, bạn biết đấy, và liệu nó có ảnh hưởng đến khả năng nói hay không, hoặc có ảnh hưởng đến việc nhai và nuốt không? Nếu tất cả những điều đó đều ổn, nếu có dấu hiệu của dây lướt lưỡi, nhưng bạn vẫn phát triển tốt, bạn đang làm rất tốt, giả sử bạn không phải bù đắp và sử dụng các cơ khác, và giờ đang gặp các tác động tiếp theo như đau vai, đau đầu, vấn đề tư thế, thì bạn hoàn toàn ổn. Nhưng nếu một đứa trẻ gặp vấn đề và bạn đã thực hiện sàng lọc đúng cách và có cuộc thảo luận về lợi ích-rủi ro với phụ huynh, tôi thực sự nghĩ rằng một cuộc phẫu thuật cắt dây lướt lưỡi là cần thiết, bạn biết đấy, và tôi cũng đã thực hiện một lần và nó đã giúp ích rất nhiều cho tôi. Vấn đề của tôi là căng thẳng vùng cổ và căng thẳng vai nhiều đến nỗi có rất nhiều mô fascial bị ảnh hưởng bởi dây lướt lưỡi hoặc có thể bị ảnh hưởng. Và thế là nó đã giúp tôi rất nhiều. Nhưng không có gì là một kích cỡ phù hợp với tất cả và chúng ta đều khác nhau, bạn biết đấy. Vì vậy, đây là nơi bạn muốn làm việc với người đã được đào tạo thêm để xem liệu bạn có bị dây lướt lưỡi không, bạn biết đấy, họ đang đánh giá điều đó như thế nào? Và sau đó liệu nó có làm cản trở chức năng không? Và bạn có thực sự cần một thủ tục được thực hiện không? Đôi khi chỉ cần làm việc với một nhà trị liệu chức năng cơ hoặc những người làm việc khác như bác sĩ chỉnh hình, nhà trị liệu dẫn truyền sọ não, bác sĩ nắn xương có thể đủ để tạo ra sự cân bằng một lần nữa. Vì vậy, không phải lúc nào cũng cần can thiệp phẫu thuật. Trong trường hợp của bạn, đó là gây mê toàn thân hay gây mê cục bộ? Tôi đã phẫu thuật cắt amidan cũng rất gần đây, chỉ vài năm trước. Và vì tôi đã bị viêm amidan mãn tính, nên tôi biết rằng tôi đã có dây lướt lưỡi phía sau và tôi chỉ nói với bác sĩ phẫu thuật, cứ tiến hành đi. Tôi đã cắt amidan rồi. Chắc chắn rồi. Bạn đã ở trong đó rồi. Đúng vậy. Nhưng đối với hầu hết mọi người, điều đó sẽ là gây mê toàn thân. Thường thì không. Thường thì là cục bộ. Thực sự không tệ chút nào, đặc biệt là bây giờ họ đang sử dụng laser cho thủ tục của họ. Nó khá đơn giản. Đúng. Điều đó có thể đông máu khi bạn cắt. Chính xác. Bạn thực sự muốn khâu lại và bạn muốn chắc chắn rằng bạn đang làm việc với một nhà trị liệu chức năng trước và sau để có kết quả tối ưu. Hãy tưởng tượng nếu tôi đi phẫu thuật thay khớp gối, tôi sẽ không chỉ đi vào phòng phẫu thuật. Đây là đầu gối của tôi. Thường thì có liệu pháp vật lý trước và sau để đảm bảo bạn đã được tối ưu hóa. Và vì vậy, điều đó cũng giống như khi giải phóng lưỡi. Peptides và liệu pháp ánh sáng đỏ. Bây giờ chúng ta đang ở trong lĩnh vực chuyên môn, một loại tiên tiến về sức khỏe và sức khỏe tự định hướng, hoặc tự định hướng/kết hợp làm việc với một chuyên gia như bạn, chăm sóc sức khỏe răng miệng. Vậy, liệu liệu pháp ánh sáng đỏ, như chiếu ánh sáng đỏ và gần hồng ngoại, ánh sáng với bước sóng dài vào miệng có mang lại lợi ích cho một người không có vấn đề nào khác không? Như họ chỉ muốn tối đa hóa sức khỏe răng miệng của họ. Điều đó có phải là điều có thể hữu ích không? Điều gì khác có thể hữu ích? Ừm, chắc chắn không thể gây hại. Tôi chưa thấy dữ liệu cụ thể nào về điều đó, nhưng, nó có thể giảm viêm, cải thiện, ừm, lưu lượng máu, bạn biết đấy? Vì vậy, tôi không phản đối nó. Nó thật tuyệt vời sau khi phẫu thuật, bạn biết đấy? Vì vậy, nếu bạn có răng khôn được cắt bỏ hoặc phẫu thuật nướu, rất nhiều, ừm, nha sĩ và chuyên gia đang sử dụng liệu pháp ánh sáng đỏ ngoài miệng hoặc trong miệng để giúp thúc đẩy quá trình hồi phục, tổng hợp collagen, v.v. Ừm, peptides là mới và exosomes cũng vậy đang được sử dụng, đặc biệt trong các liệu pháp tủy răng và có thể cả các phẫu thuật thối răng và những thứ tương tự. Ừm, một lần nữa, chỉ để giúp giảm viêm, hồi phục, tổng hợp collagen. Ừm, điều đó thật tuyệt vời. Nó rất tiên tiến và rất mới và có rất ít người đang làm điều đó ngay bây giờ. Có một vài nơi ở LA mà tôi biết đang làm như vậy, vì vậy tôi có thể chia sẻ tên, nhưng, ừm, ý tưởng là tái tạo mô, đặc biệt là với peptides. Nó có thể, khi được đưa vào buồng tủy, có thể giúp, ừm, xây dựng lại ngà trong răng và có thể giúp tăng cường sự cung cấp máu, đưa lại một ít sức sống cho răng nữa. Vì vậy, điều đó thật tuyệt vời. Ừm, đúng rồi. Vậy chúng ta sẽ đợi thêm thông tin về điều đó. Đúng. Có nên lo lắng về các loại trám kim loại không? Ừm, tôi không biết vật liệu nào họ sử dụng cho các loại trám khác. Và đôi khi họ sẽ sử dụng những gì họ gọi là lớp trám, như khi họ thấy một chỗ thụt, họ sẽ đặt một ít lớp trám vào đó. Ừm, và các thiết bị duy trì được làm từ nhựa. Bây giờ mọi người đều lo lắng về nhựa. Vậy, có vấn đề gì không? Vì vậy, nha khoa tốt nhất là không nha khoa. Tôi sẽ luôn nói như vậy. Vì vậy, đó là lý do tại sao chúng tôi luôn muốn tiếp cận theo hướng phòng ngừa tốt nhất có thể, nhưng đó không phải là sự thật vì 90% chúng ta đã từng trải qua một số dạng bệnh răng miệng trong cuộc đời. Ừm, vì vậy trám amalgam thủy ngân, điều này có thể gây tranh cãi. Ừm, tôi nghĩ điều đầu tiên nên làm, tôi không thích trám amalgam thủy ngân và tôi, tôi, nó đã bị cấm gần đây ở châu Âu. Ừm, tôi nghĩ nếu bạn đang có một cái trám mới, tôi sẽ cố gắng không để thủy ngân được đặt.
    Đó sẽ là khuyến nghị của tôi. Hãy cố gắng sử dụng một loại composite, lý tưởng là vật liệu sinh học giả gốm. Nhưng nếu bạn đã có những chiếc trám amalgam chứa thủy ngân và bạn lo lắng, điều đầu tiên bạn cần làm là kiểm tra. Hãy làm một xét nghiệm máu để xem mức độ thủy ngân của bạn như thế nào. Nếu chúng ở mức bình thường, tôi sẽ không quá lo lắng. Nếu bạn có tình trạng độc tố thủy ngân hoặc mức thủy ngân quá cao, thì có lẽ bạn nên có một cuộc trò chuyện với đội ngũ nha khoa và y tế của mình để xem liệu điều này có thể đến từ những chiếc trám của bạn không? Um, và chắc chắn nếu một chiếc trám bị vỡ, bị hư hỏng và cần phải thay thế, có thể cân nhắc không làm trám kim loại amalgam. Đó là quan điểm của tôi về vấn đề này. Um, các chiếc trám composite, bạn biết đấy, chúng chủ yếu là nhựa, hầu hết đều không chứa BPA, nhưng điều đó có phần giống như một chiến lược tiếp thị. Bạn biết đấy, vẫn còn có các loại chất tạo dẻo khác bên trong, như BizGMA, v.v. Vì vậy, um, tôi thực sự thích các vật liệu dựa trên gốm nếu bạn có thể tìm thấy chúng. Không có gì là hoàn hảo. Bạn biết đấy, đây là những gì chúng ta có sẵn tốt nhất.
    Về các loại giữ răng, tôi cũng nhận được câu hỏi này rất nhiều. Um, các giữ răng làm từ acrylic, đó là những chiếc giữ màu hồng. Điều thú vị là methyl methacrylate có thể chứa gluten. Vì vậy, nếu bạn bị bệnh celiac, đã có báo cáo trường hợp về những thanh thiếu niên, đặc biệt là những người thường xuyên gặp rối loạn tiêu hóa hoặc phát ban bởi vì bệnh celiac thường có thể biểu hiện lên da. Um, và họ không thể hiểu tại sao, và nó liên quan đến chiếc giữ răng của họ. Vì vậy, hãy lưu ý về điều đó. Và sau đó mọi người sẽ hỏi, về Invisalign. Và một lần nữa, không có gì là hoàn hảo. Um, thường thì hầu hết các loại giữ răng và những thứ này chỉ được sử dụng trong một khoảng thời gian ngắn khi bạn đang cố gắng sửa chữa vấn đề đường thở của mình. Vì vậy, ít hơn của hai cái ác. Ý tôi là, tôi là một người ủng hộ lớn cho đường thở. Tôi muốn mọi người thở một cách tối ưu. Um, đó là điều quan trọng nhất cho sức khỏe của bạn, theo ý kiến của tôi, là sự tối ưu hóa lượng oxy, việc thở, nghỉ ngơi và phục hồi. Vì vậy, bạn biết đấy, tôi là một người ủng hộ cho việc mở rộng trong một số vật liệu và sản phẩm này, um, trong thời gian ngắn nếu cần thiết. Vì vậy, chúng ta không thể loại bỏ tất cả các rủi ro ra khỏi mọi thứ. Đúng không? Và đó là lý do tại sao việc chủ nhà đảm bảo phản ứng miễn dịch của bạn được tối ưu hóa, các con đường giải độc của bạn mở, quá trình giải độc gan giai đoạn hai của bạn được tối ưu hóa. Bạn biết đấy, đó là lý tưởng.
    Vì vậy, yeah. Rau cải, um, bổ sung sulforaphane, có thể là bồ công anh, những thứ giống như những gì đã được khuyến nghị trong tập về microplastics mà tôi đã thực hiện mà, um, những người khác đã đề cập đến. Vì vậy, những điều như xông hơi, sulforaphane, um, việc tiêu thụ rau cải nên giúp liên kết với một số microplastics mà chắc chắn chúng ta đang hấp thụ. Mọi người đều có chúng. Vì vậy, bạn chỉ cần cố gắng giảm thiểu sự tiếp xúc của bạn. Um, và sau đó là các lớp phủ, tôi là một người ủng hộ cho các lớp phủ. Chúng thực sự làm giảm nguy cơ sâu răng. Um, thường thì chúng được đặt lên các chiếc răng hàm trong các rãnh và khe ở răng phía sau. Um, nhưng một lần nữa, tôi sử dụng, vì vậy tôi, tôi sử dụng, um, phổ kế để đảm bảo rằng tôi không đang khóa vi khuẩn lại. Vì vậy, đó là một hình ảnh cho tôi thấy nếu có sâu răng hoặc lỗ sâu ở đó, tôi sử dụng ozone để đảm bảo tôi tiêu diệt vi khuẩn. Đôi khi tôi sử dụng laser của mình, cái này cũng giúp tiệt trùng, để mở rộng rãnh lên. Và sau đó tôi cũng sử dụng các vật liệu dựa trên gốm. Um, vì vậy tôi nghĩ có, điều này còn phụ thuộc vào mức độ rủi ro của bạn nữa. Nếu bạn có nguy cơ thấp, bạn không ăn nhiều đồ ăn chế biến siêu phẩm, thì có thể bạn ổn. Um, nhưng nhiều trẻ em, bạn biết đấy, chúng ta chỉ kiểm soát chế độ ăn uống của trẻ em một cách hạn chế. Và sau đó chúng đi vào trung học và bắt đầu ăn những thứ như Takis và Doritos và, bạn biết đấy, có thể chúng sẽ đưa ra một số lựa chọn không tốt. Và vì vậy nếu bạn muốn bảo vệ răng của chúng nhất có thể, tôi khuyên bạn nên sử dụng các lớp phủ.
    Đó là một chủ đề hơi không thoải mái, nhưng là điều mà tôi đã nghe lặp đi lặp lại, và tôi không biết liệu điều này có đúng hay không, là bác sĩ nha khoa có tỷ lệ tự tử cao hơn so với những người trong bất kỳ nghề nào khác. Um, và sau đó có một câu đùa khá đen tối mà mọi người hay nói, bạn biết đấy, tay họ lúc nào cũng trong miệng người khác, vì vậy họ không có ai để nói chuyện, bạn biết đấy, hoặc, bạn biết đấy, hoặc, và sau đó tôi luôn nghĩ, ừm, logic ở đó là sai. Thực ra họ có thể nói chuyện nhiều như họ muốn. Chính các bệnh nhân không thể nói chuyện. Vì vậy, bạn biết đấy, loại bỏ những điều như vậy, um, bạn biết đấy, sự hài hước đen tối mà tôi không thích, không phải là phong cách hài hước của tôi. Um, bác sĩ nha khoa có tự tử nhiều hơn những người trong nghề khác không? Có. Cảm ơn bạn đã nêu vấn đề này. Tôi nghĩ điều quan trọng là phải nói về điều này, um, bác sĩ nha khoa có tỷ lệ trầm cảm, lo âu rất cao, và có, cả tỷ lệ tự tử cũng vậy. Và tôi cũng đã nghe điều này ngay cả khi tôi chưa trở thành bác sĩ nha khoa, và um, đó là một nghề rất khó khăn. Và vì vậy, chúng tôi thường trở thành đối tượng cho những câu đùa, bạn biết đấy, chúng tôi có trong bài hát, um, có những bài hát như “Tôi sợ bác sĩ nha khoa trong bóng tối”, của Vance Joy và như Steve Martin vào vai bác sĩ nha khoa lập dị trong nhiều bộ phim khác nhau. “Tiệm Cắt Tóc Kinh Dị”, “Tiệm Cắt Tóc Kinh Dị”, um, “Sếp Tồi”. Có một bác sĩ nha khoa điên rồ. Luôn luôn có bác sĩ nha khoa trong phim kinh dị. Ý tôi là, chúng tôi một phần là đối tượng của những câu chuyện cười. Và um, đó là điều khó khăn. Và không may, có rất nhiều trải nghiệm tiêu cực về trẻ em tại nha sĩ. Và một phần lý do tôi chọn làm bác sĩ nhi khoa là vì tôi đã là bác sĩ nha khoa cho người trưởng thành trong nhiều năm. Tôi cảm thấy rất không hài lòng với sự nghiệp của mình vì tôi cảm thấy như mình không tạo ra sự khác biệt. Bạn biết đấy, bệnh răng miệng rất phổ biến và, và trừ khi chúng ta nói về điều này từ góc độ nguyên nhân gốc rễ, chúng ta sẽ không thể thay đổi mọi thứ, nhưng rất khó khi bạn đã lọt vào hệ thống để thoát ra khỏi nó. Bạn biết đấy, cách mà thời gian hẹn của chúng tôi được sắp xếp và chi phí rất cao và nợ sinh viên bây giờ và, và các áp lực mà bác sĩ nha khoa phải chịu là chúng tôi là những người thực hành lâm sàng, nhưng chúng tôi cũng giống như một phần là CEO của doanh nghiệp của chúng tôi.
    Như nhiều người trong chúng ta có các phòng khám tư.
    Vì vậy, bạn đang phải đảm nhiệm hai vai trò.
    Khi bạn đã kết thúc điều trị cả ngày và gặp gỡ bệnh nhân cả ngày, thì bạn lại ngồi trước máy tính và có những người giúp đỡ, nhưng bạn vẫn đang cố gắng quản lý doanh nghiệp.
    Và chúng ta không học ở trường để làm điều đó, bạn biết đấy, nhìn vào các bảng tính, vấn đề nhân sự, v.v.
    Và nhiều người trong chúng ta đang làm việc độc lập, vì vậy có thể rất cô đơn, nhưng đồng thời chúng ta cũng thường có xu hướng là những người cá tính loại A, cầu toàn và nha khoa thì khó khăn.
    Không, có rất nhiều điều chưa biết.
    Có rất nhiều biến số.
    Bạn biết đấy, tôi có thể đặt một miếng trám vào miệng bạn, nhưng tôi không thể đảm bảo rằng bạn sẽ đánh răng, dùng chỉ nha khoa, tuân theo quy tắc của tôi, không, biết rằng bạn không ăn thức ăn chế biến siêu nhiều.
    Bạn đang thở bằng mũi, hệ vi sinh vật của bạn như thế nào.
    Vì vậy, bạn đang làm tất cả những điều mà tôi đã chỉ dẫn bạn không làm.
    Và rồi bạn lại quay lại vì miếng trám thất bại và chúng tôi là những người phải chịu trách nhiệm cho điều đó.
    Và đừng hiểu lầm tôi.
    Có rất nhiều biến thể của các nhà cung cấp ở đó và có những người làm việc xuất sắc và những người làm việc không xuất sắc.
    Nhưng tôi nghĩ điều quan trọng là mọi người cần hiểu rằng nhiều nha sĩ đang gặp khó khăn với công việc, đặc biệt là sau COVID, tôi nghĩ vậy.
    Có rất nhiều áp lực lên bảo hiểm nha khoa rất khó khăn.
    Bạn biết đấy, nó không thực sự giống như bảo hiểm y tế.
    Nó thực sự là một gói lợi ích.
    Và vì vậy bạn thường chỉ nhận được một ngàn hoặc một ngàn hai trăm đô la mỗi năm, và tất cả những gì khác thì phải trả túi.
    Và vì vậy mọi người nhìn chúng tôi như thể đó là một trò lừa đảo, bạn biết đấy, như thể nó thật sự đắt đỏ.
    Nhưng điều họ không nhận ra là nhiều công ty cung cấp vật liệu nha khoa này, họ thực sự có thể coi như độc quyền chúng tôi.
    Như thiết bị của chúng tôi thì có giá không tưởng.
    Và giá cả liên tục tăng lên.
    Nhưng điều không thay đổi là việc hoàn trả từ bảo hiểm.
    Vậy, sự chênh lệch đó đến từ đâu?
    Và thường thì nó cũng đến từ túi của nha sĩ.
    Vì vậy, đó là lý do tại sao nha khoa tập đoàn đang chiếm ưu thế theo nhiều cách, giống như những gì đã xảy ra trong y học.
    Nhưng tôi chỉ muốn nói hãy tử tế với nha sĩ của bạn.
    Gần đây, điều này thật kịp thời, nhưng tôi không biết điều này đến từ đâu.
    Có thể đó là một trào lưu trên TikTok nào đó.
    Nhưng đã có những lá thư được gửi đến, cụ thể là tôi thấy ở vùng Tây Bắc Thái Bình Dương, Oregon và Portland, rằng các nha sĩ đã nhận được những lá thư căm ghét này nói rằng nha sĩ là những kẻ tồi tệ và họ nên tự tử.
    Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ điều quan trọng là mọi người biết rằng chúng tôi thường phải đối phó với những điều đó sau cánh gà.
    Bạn biết đấy, và chỉ cần đối xử tử tế với nha sĩ của bạn.
    Và tôi muốn nói rằng nếu có ai đó không phù hợp với bạn, nếu tính cách của họ không phù hợp với bạn, chỉ cần tìm một nha sĩ khác.
    Và tôi muốn hiểu rằng có rất nhiều rối loạn căng thẳng sau chấn thương từ các bệnh nhân thực sự sợ nha sĩ.
    Thông thường đó là từ những trải nghiệm trong thời thơ ấu.
    Và đó là điều tôi cũng muốn thay đổi.
    Tôi chỉ nói rằng nó không cần phải như thế này.
    Chúng ta có thể biến nha khoa thành một nơi rất tích cực, một nơi an toàn để trẻ em trở thành người lớn mà không bị bệnh răng miệng, nhưng cũng là nơi mà họ thấy nha sĩ là một nơi an toàn, thoải mái để đến.
    Vì vậy, ý tôi là, một số người, nếu bạn thực sự sợ hãi, có thể xem xét liệu pháp hoặc một loại thuốc an thần nào đó, bạn có cần một thứ gì đó để giúp bạn cảm thấy bình tĩnh hơn khi đến nha sĩ không?
    Nhưng tôi khuyến khích mọi người đến nha sĩ.
    Đừng tránh nha sĩ, nhưng cũng cố gắng hiểu rằng đây là một nghề khó khăn.
    Nó thực sự là như vậy.
    Và có rất nhiều điều chưa biết.
    Và cũng có một số thách thức về sức khỏe tâm thần ở đó nữa.
    Chà, cảm ơn bạn đã là một đại sứ tuyệt vời cho nha khoa.
    Và không nhỏ phần đó đến từ sự tốt bụng rõ ràng và lòng tốt của bạn và cả sự nghiêm túc mà bạn tiếp cận với nó.
    Vì vậy, cả hai đều không tương khắc.
    Bạn là bằng chứng cho điều đó.
    Cảm ơn bạn.
    Tôi tự hỏi liệu bây giờ có phải là thời điểm tốt để chúng ta tổng kết lại mười hoặc mười hai điều hàng đầu không.
    Có rất nhiều điều không nên làm.
    Có lẽ chúng ta có thể bỏ qua những điều đó, như tránh thực phẩm ngọt, bột, hay thực phẩm nhiều tinh bột bị mắc kẹt giữa răng, kiểu như vậy.
    Nhưng có thể tôi sẽ đưa ra một số và bạn có thể cho tôi biết tôi đã bỏ lỡ gì.
    Hãy thở bằng mũi, không thở bằng miệng.
    Trừ khi bạn đang ăn hoặc nói, hãy giữ cho miệng bạn khép lại, cơ bản là vậy.
    Đúng không?
    Hoàn toàn đúng.
    Hoặc bạn đang tập luyện rất vất vả và bạn cần hút không khí.
    Hoặc bạn đang lặn scuba và bạn sẽ chết đuối nếu không.
    Ăn thực phẩm không chế biến, chế biến tối thiểu.
    Chúng ta thường nghe điều đó rất nhiều những ngày này.
    Đánh răng hai lần một ngày.
    Dùng chỉ nha khoa hai lần một ngày.
    Sử dụng máy nước nếu có thể.
    Vâng, điều đó có thể gánh nặng rất nhiều cho mọi người.
    Tôi sẽ nói rằng hãy dùng chỉ nha khoa ít nhất một lần một ngày.
    Dùng chỉ nha khoa hai lần một ngày là thêm điểm cộng.
    Tuyệt vời.
    Vì nhiều người không dùng chỉ nha khoa.
    Chúng ta muốn bắt đầu từ mức độ hợp lý.
    Trước khi đi ngủ.
    Vâng, lý tưởng là như vậy.
    Vì vậy, đó là đánh răng rồi mới dùng chỉ nha khoa.
    Dùng chỉ nha khoa rồi đánh răng.
    Dùng chỉ nha khoa rồi đánh răng.
    Nhưng làm thế nào bạn có thể thực hiện nó.
    Không, không, không. Tôi không nhầm lẫn có chủ đích.
    Tôi cũng thích cạo lưỡi.
    Chúng ta đã quên nói về cạo lưỡi.
    Vâng.
    Vì vậy tôi muốn thêm vào những điều này.
    Có thể kéo dầu ba lần một tuần.
    Đặt một chút dầu dừa vào đó.
    Khuấy đều.
    Thực hành thở qua mũi trong khi làm điều đó.
    Đúng rồi.
    Nhổ ra.
    Nhưng không phải vào bồn rửa.
    Không phải vào bồn rửa.
    Và tại sao chỉ vài lần một tuần?
    Tôi không biết tôi đã rõ ràng về điều đó chưa.
    Đó là vì dầu dừa có tính kháng khuẩn.
    Vì vậy, tôi đang hướng đến việc cẩn trọng vì nó sẽ nhắm tới nhiều vi khuẩn gây bệnh kỵ khí hơn.
    Nhưng ít vẫn tốt hơn nhiều.
    Chúng ta không muốn làm rối loạn quá nhiều vi khuẩn ở miệng.
    Vì vậy chỉ cần một vài lần một tuần.
    Bạn không cần làm điều đó hàng ngày.
    Tuyệt vời.
    Bàn chải đánh răng mềm.
    Hãy nhẹ nhàng.
    Tránh dung dịch nước súc miệng có chứa rượu vì nhiều lý do khác nhau.
    Chú ý đến cuộc tranh luận về fluoride.
    Vâng.
    Xem xét hydroxyapatite nếu bạn lo lắng.
    Tuyệt vời.
    Tôi rất thích những loại kem đánh răng chứa hydroxyapatite này. Của bạn và của nha sĩ Gator. Tôi yêu chúng. Tôi không nhận một xu nào cho điều đó. Tôi tự bỏ tiền ra để mua chúng. Tôi thực sự rất thích chúng. Răng của tôi giờ khỏe mạnh hơn rất nhiều. Tôi cũng chỉ thích chúng thôi. Tôi thích rằng tôi có thể… Chúng có vị ngon. Thực ra tôi không súc miệng sau đó. Chúng ta chưa nói về điều đó. Nhưng lý tưởng là bạn không nên súc miệng sau khi đánh răng. Hãy nghĩ xem nếu bạn là một người ủng hộ lớn cho kem chống nắng hoặc kem dưỡng da. Bạn thoa nó lên, rồi lập tức nhảy vào phòng tắm. Bạn đang rửa tất cả chúng đi. Vậy nên, điều này cũng giống như kem đánh răng của bạn. Có một khoảng thời gian tác dụng mà cần thiết cho hiệu quả tối đa. Nếu bạn đánh răng trong hai phút rồi nhổ và súc miệng, thì tất cả những lợi ích đó đều bị trôi xuống cống. Vậy nên nó thật sự nên… Bạn vẫn có thể nhổ. Mọi người thường bị nhầm lẫn về điều này. Bạn vẫn có thể nhổ, nhưng hãy cố gắng không súc miệng quá mạnh để làm sạch mọi thứ. Bạn thực sự muốn để chúng lưu lại trên răng và trong nước bọt một chút. Tránh nicotine. Và rượu. Và rượu. Uống đủ nước. Vâng. Điện giải. Giữ cho nước bọt của bạn phong phú. Vâng. Đặc biệt là đối với người lớn tuổi. Vâng. Đúng. Đúng. Việc thở bằng mũi trong khi ngủ, chúng ta có thể xem xét kỹ hơn một chút về điều đó. Vâng. Chắc chắn rồi. Bởi vì điều đó sẽ giúp giấc ngủ của bạn đúng đắn. Bởi vì điều đó kiểm tra rất nhiều yếu tố. Tôi sẽ nói về các khoáng chất tối ưu và vitamin tan trong mỡ. Đây là những thứ kiểu như của Weston Price. Tôi đang cố gắng nghĩ xem còn gì tôi đã bỏ lỡ. Chà, chúng ta có thể nói về việc cạo lưỡi. Cạo lưỡi. Xin lỗi. Tôi thực sự thích cạo lưỡi. Một lần nữa, theo Ayurveda, bạn biết đấy, y học Trung Quốc sẽ nhìn vào lưỡi từ góc độ sức khỏe. Nếu bạn có lớp màu trắng trên lưỡi, đó là dấu hiệu của sự mất cân bằng vi sinh. Bạn có thể có nấm candida. Điều này rất quan trọng để đề cập đến. Strep mutans bị đổ lỗi nhiều cho sâu răng, đặc biệt là ở trẻ em. Nhưng với trẻ em, chúng ta thực sự cần tập trung vào nấm nữa. Vậy nên, candida thực sự phổ biến trong sự l decay sớm ở trẻ em. Không ai kiểm tra điều này hoặc điều trị nó. Candida yêu thích đường, bạn biết đấy. Và điều này cũng xảy ra với những người tiểu đường. Chúng ta đang thấy mối quan hệ hai chiều giữa bệnh nha chu, bệnh viêm nướu và kháng insulin cũng như sự mất cân bằng đường huyết. Nhưng cạo lưỡi, và nó sẽ làm tốt hơn cả bàn chải của bạn. Mọi người luôn hỏi vì nó loại bỏ biofilm trong khi bàn chải chỉ đang di chuyển xung quanh. Vậy nó loại bỏ lớp màng vi khuẩn đó. Tôi biết điều đó khá gớm ghiếc, nhưng chúng có xu hướng là kỵ khí. Và điều đó cũng có thể giúp với việc sản xuất nitric oxide nữa vì các vi khuẩn tốt trên lưỡi thường sống sâu hơn trong các hốc của lưỡi. Vậy nên bạn không muốn cạo quá mạnh, nhưng hãy chỉ gỡ bỏ lớp màng đó. Bạn cũng sẽ nhận thấy cải thiện trong cảm nhận vị giác của bạn vì bạn đang lấy đi những mảnh vụn thực phẩm và những thứ khác. Tôi không muốn điều đó. Vâng. Oh, tôi yêu điều đó. Khi bạn bắt đầu cạo lưỡi, thường thì hầu hết mọi người đều trở thành những người ủng hộ lớn cho điều đó. Cảm ơn bạn rất nhiều. Cảm ơn bạn, Andrew. Vì cuộc hành trình thực sự chi tiết và rõ ràng này về sức khỏe răng miệng. Tôi chắc chắn rằng mọi người sẽ rút ra nhiều điều mà họ có thể áp dụng. Và tôi rất cảm kích vì bạn đã là một người ủng hộ mạnh mẽ cho việc chỉ ra rằng sức khỏe răng miệng không chỉ là về răng. Không chỉ về hơi thở. Nó liên quan đến điều đó, nhưng cũng liên quan đến toàn bộ đường tiêu hóa và sức khỏe não bộ cùng với sức khỏe tim mạch. Ý tôi là, chúng ta có khá nhiều quyền kiểm soát đối với khía cạnh này của cơ thể chúng ta, khác với sức khỏe tim mạch, mà chúng ta phải gián tiếp tiếp cận trừ khi chúng ta là một bác sĩ phẫu thuật tim. Vâng. Hoặc sức khỏe đường ruột, mà chúng ta cũng phải gián tiếp tiếp cận trừ khi chúng ta là một bác sĩ tiêu hóa, đúng không? Bạn có quyền truy cập vào biofilm nào khác? Ý tôi là, nó thực sự là một cái nhìn vào cơ thể. Vì vậy, nếu bạn có bệnh nướu hoặc sâu răng, đó là dấu hiệu của sự mất cân bằng chuyển hóa trong cơ thể bạn. Vậy nên không phải để làm bạn hoảng sợ, nhưng tôi chỉ muốn mọi người coi trọng điều này, rằng nó là một cái nhìn vào những điều khác có thể đang xảy ra sâu hơn trong hệ thống. Chà, tôi thực sự yêu công việc mà bạn đang làm. Tôi không thể nghĩ ra ai khác tốt hơn để mời đến đây để giáo dục chúng tôi tất cả. Và như tôi đã nói, bạn đã cung cấp cho chúng tôi rất nhiều công cụ quý giá và chúng tôi sẽ cung cấp liên kết đến tất cả những nguồn tài nguyên tuyệt vời mà bạn đang tiếp tục phát hành ra thế giới. Vậy nên cảm ơn bạn vì đã làm điều đó. Cảm ơn bạn đã đến đây. Cảm ơn bạn vì rõ ràng đây là một công việc xuất phát từ tình yêu với bạn. Không chỉ là về việc làm sạch răng hay gì đó. Vì vậy, đúng, rằng bạn, có lẽ mọi người không thể thấy, chắc chắn nếu họ đang nghe, họ không thể thấy những ghi chú cực kỳ phong phú mà bác sĩ Whitman đã mang theo và chữ viết tay tuyệt vời của cô ấy. Ôi trời ơi. Chữ viết tay thật đẹp. Cảm ơn bạn. Để tôi có thể đọc sau. Không phải tất cả bác sĩ đều có chữ viết tay xấu. Không, họ thường có chữ viết tay xấu, nhưng của bạn thì, bạn chắc chắn đã bù đắp cho bất kỳ sai sót nào về chữ viết tay mà các bác sĩ khác có. Vậy đây thực sự là một cuộc trò chuyện thú vị. Cảm ơn bạn rất nhiều. Cảm ơn. Chúng ta sẽ làm lại điều này. Và tôi thực sự biết ơn bạn đã đến đây hôm nay. Cảm ơn. Cảm ơn. Cảm ơn bạn đã tham gia cùng tôi hôm nay trong cuộc thảo luận với bác sĩ Stacey Whitman. Tôi hy vọng bạn thấy điều đó cũng thú vị và hữu ích như tôi. Để tìm các liên kết đến công việc của bác sĩ Whitman và các tài nguyên khác nhau mà chúng tôi đã thảo luận, vui lòng xem các chú thích trong chương trình. Nếu bạn học hỏi từ và/hoặc thích podcast này, vui lòng đăng ký kênh YouTube của chúng tôi. Đó là một cách tích cực không tốn phí để hỗ trợ chúng tôi. Ngoài ra, vui lòng theo dõi podcast bằng cách nhấn nút theo dõi trên cả Spotify và Apple, và trên cả Spotify và Apple, bạn có thể để lại cho chúng tôi đến 5 sao và giờ đây bạn có thể để lại bình luận cho chúng tôi trên cả Spotify và Apple. Vui lòng kiểm tra các nhà tài trợ đã đề cập ở đầu và trong suốt tập hôm nay. Đó là cách tốt nhất để hỗ trợ podcast này.
    Nếu bạn có câu hỏi hoặc bình luận nào cho tôi về podcast, khách mời hoặc các chủ đề mà bạn muốn tôi xem xét cho podcast Huberman Lab, xin hãy để lại trong phần bình luận trên YouTube. Tôi sẽ đọc tất cả các bình luận.
    Đối với những ai chưa biết, tôi có một cuốn sách mới sắp ra mắt. Đây là cuốn sách đầu tiên của tôi. Nó có tiêu đề “Protocols, an Operating Manual for the Human Body” (Các giao thức, một cẩm nang vận hành cho cơ thể con người). Đây là một cuốn sách mà tôi đã làm việc trong hơn năm năm và dựa trên hơn 30 năm nghiên cứu và kinh nghiệm. Cuốn sách đề cập đến các giao thức cho mọi thứ từ giấc ngủ, tập thể dục, kiểm soát căng thẳng, các giao thức liên quan đến sự tập trung và động lực. Và tất nhiên, tôi cũng cung cấp căn cứ khoa học cho các giao thức đã được đề cập.
    Cuốn sách hiện đã có sẵn để đặt trước tại protocolsbook.com. Tại đó, bạn có thể tìm thấy các liên kết đến nhiều nhà cung cấp khác nhau. Bạn có thể chọn nhà cung cấp mà bạn thích nhất. Một lần nữa, cuốn sách có tên là “Protocols, an Operating Manual for the Human Body”.
    Và nếu bạn chưa theo dõi tôi trên mạng xã hội, tôi là Huberman Lab trên tất cả các nền tảng mạng xã hội. Nên nhớ rằng đó là Instagram, X, Threads, Facebook và LinkedIn. Trên tất cả các nền tảng đó, tôi thảo luận về khoa học và các công cụ liên quan đến khoa học, một số nội dung trùng lặp với những gì trên podcast Huberman Lab, nhưng nhiều thông tin khác lại khác biệt với thông tin trên podcast Huberman Lab. Một lần nữa, tên của tôi là Huberman Lab trên tất cả các nền tảng mạng xã hội.
    Và nếu bạn chưa đăng ký bản tin Neural Network của chúng tôi, bản tin Neural Network là một bản tin hàng tháng miễn phí mà bao gồm tóm tắt podcast, cũng như những gì chúng tôi gọi là giao thức dưới dạng PDF từ một đến ba trang mà đề cập đến mọi thứ từ cách tối ưu hóa giấc ngủ, cách tối ưu hóa dopamine đến việc tiếp xúc lạnh có chủ ý. Chúng tôi có một giao thức thể dục nền tảng bao gồm đào tạo tim mạch và đào tạo sức đề kháng. Tất cả đều hoàn toàn miễn phí.
    Bạn chỉ cần vào trang HubermanLab.com, vào thẻ menu ở góc trên bên phải, cuộn xuống bản tin, và nhập email của bạn. Tôi nên nhấn mạnh rằng chúng tôi không chia sẻ email của bạn với bất kỳ ai.
    Cảm ơn bạn một lần nữa đã tham gia cuộc thảo luận hôm nay với Tiến sĩ Stacey Whitman. Và cuối cùng, nhưng chắc chắn không kém phần quan trọng, cảm ơn bạn đã quan tâm đến khoa học. Cảm ơn bạn.
    歡迎來到Huberman Lab Podcast,在這裡我們討論與科學相關的日常生活工具和科學知識。
    我是安德魯·胡伯曼,我是史丹佛醫學院的神經生物學和眼科教授。
    今天的嘉賓是史泰西·惠特曼博士。
    史泰西·惠特曼博士是一位功能性牙醫,專長於治療成人和兒童病人。
    她專注於口腔健康,這是整體腸道健康的關鍵特徵,也是影響男性和女性的大腦長壽、心臟健康、荷爾蒙和生育的重要調節因素。
    今天,我們將討論許多關於牙齒和牙齦護理的常見迷思,以及如何利用特定的營養、呼吸和清潔方法來修復蛀牙、美白牙齒和清新口氣,同時改善口腔微生物群。
    這是非常重要的,因為正如惠特曼博士所解釋的,多數人在追求更好的牙齒健康、外觀和清新口氣的過程中,實際上會損害他們的口腔微生物群,甚至可能導致嚴重的心血管問題。
    因此,今天我們將討論如何刷牙、如何使用牙線。
    我知道我們都有聽說過需要刷牙和使用牙線,但惠特曼博士將具體解釋如何進行這些操作,以便最大限度地提高我們的牙齒健康、牙齦健康,以及整體口腔健康。
    我們還將討論舌頭刮除和油拔等方法的科學及其好處,還有氟化物,這無疑是一個非常有爭議和時效性的重要話題。
    這是一個非常有趣的對話,我相信每個人,不論年齡、父母或孩子,都應該了解這些內容。
    我們還會討論一些治療舌繫帶、偏鼻中隔、口腔潰瘍等問題。
    在今天的節目結束時,您將能夠掌握最新的口腔健康護理解決方案,不僅出於美觀原因,還能減少蛀牙和牙齦疾病,從而支持您的大腦和心臟的長壽。
    在開始之前,我想強調這個播客與我在史丹佛的教學和研究角色是分開的。
    然而,這是我希望向大衆提供零成本消費者信息的努力之一,內容涉及科學及相關工具。
    基於這個主題,本集包括贊助商。
    接下來是我與史泰西·惠特曼博士的討論。
    史泰西·惠特曼博士,歡迎您。
    謝謝你,安德魯。
    我非常期待從各個角度討論口腔健康。
    你在社交平台,特別是Instagram上所創作的公開內容,徹底改變了我對我所稱之為嘴巴的看法,
    人們可能將其視為牙齒、嘴巴、呼吸和舌頭等,作為評估和維護自己大腦、身體健康的關鍵部位,今天你將清楚解釋為什麼會這樣。
    我想從大多數人聽到“口腔健康”這幾個字時所想到的角度入手,
    即人們希望,似乎,擁有白皙或非常白的牙齒,這取決於他們的偏好。
    他們希望口氣清新,至少不會有臭味。
    而且他們希望嘴巴感覺良好,對吧?
    我想問的是,許多人在想要有潔白牙齒和清新口氣的過程中,做了哪些實際上會對我們的牙齒和口腔微生物群造成嚴重損害的事情?
    如果我們從這個進入點開始這場對話,那麼我們就可以深入探討這些問題為什麼會這樣。
    那麼,你認為人們常見的某些非處方牙膏,雖然聞起來有薄荷味,且味道也很清新,可是它們真的能有效清潔牙齒嗎?
    而根據其成分,它們是否對牙齒造成了損害?
    這真的取決於成分。
    所以我希望人們開始檢視他們的口腔護理產品。
    就像開始查看食品標籤一樣,我們應該閱讀成分並了解它們的用途。
    它們來自哪裡?
    但無疑,我認為許多人認為有效的產品必須有刺痛感和起泡。
    刷牙究竟是什麼?
    它實際上在做什麼?
    你是在干擾生物膜,這實際上是附著在牙齒上的牙菌斑或細菌。
    因此,所有這些附加的裝飾和補充,都是額外的獎勵。
    但如果你的狀態是完美平衡的,我們不需要這些剝離劑和強烈的薄荷。
    因此,例如月桂醇硫酸鈉是一種起泡劑,但它也可能對口腔粘膜造成相當大的干擾,並可能導致口腔潰瘍。因此,這是一種常見的起泡成分,我認為我們不需要它。你的牙膏不應該泡沫,當然也不應該讓人感到刺痛。精油,我們認為,哦,那是天然的,對吧?它們是健康的,對吧?實際上,許多精油具有強烈的抗菌特性。因此,它們可能會損害口腔中的健康細菌。因此,許多牙膏使用後感到的強烈刺痛,實際上你並不需要這種感覺。如果你的口氣如此糟糕,或者你有口臭以至於覺得需要這樣的產品,那我會說,我們應該更深入地探討一下,為什麼你的口氣會如此失衡?可能還有其他問題。因此,我真的鼓勵人們開始了解自己的產品。我認為我們往往把牙科和牙齒的護理放在一旁,很多時候這只是後顧之憂。就像我們重視護膚、洗髮等放在身體上的產品一樣,我們也需要關注口腔健康護理產品中的成分。特別是因為我們實際上是將其放入我們的身體,而不僅僅是放在表面上。那種起泡劑是什麼?月桂醇硫酸鈉。問題在於還有衍生物。因此,一些較清潔的版本可能有椰子衍生的SLS衍生物。許多人對這些還能接受。但我在診所經常聽到的一個常見抱怨是口腔潰瘍。而我首先會想到的是你牙膏裡面含了什麼。它有SLS或其衍生物嗎?因為我們每個人都不同,有些人對這些成分更敏感,反應更強烈。口腔潰瘍是潰瘍性口腔嗎?是的。或者是潰瘍性口腔?Aptus潰瘍,是的。所以如果有人得了口腔潰瘍,那反映了什麼?通常來說——假設這與牙膏無關。那是微生物組的失衡嗎?或者是由於物理傷害,比如牙齦的咬傷?都有可能。好的,那可能是由於創傷引起的,當然。它也可能與病毒有關。因此,疱疹病毒通常會導致口腔潰瘍。HSV-1。是的。但還有一些人很少注意到的,口腔是進入身體的入口,口腔也是腸道。我希望人們能這樣思考。因此,口腔發生的事可能反映了腸道中發生的情況。因此,很多時候,當我有患者因為反覆出現的Aptus潰瘍或潰瘍而來診所時,這可能是克隆病或乳糜瀉、腸易激綜合徵,如此深層的問題需要我們去評估,包括食物敏感性等等。我想稍作休息,來感謝我們的贊助商8Sleep。8Sleep製造配備降溫、加熱和睡眠追蹤功能的智能床墊套。如今,我在這個播客上曾經提到過,我們每晚都需要充分的高品質睡眠。現在,確保良好睡眠的最好方法之一就是確保你睡眠環境的溫度正確。因為為了進入深度睡眠並保持深度睡眠,你的體溫實際上必須下降約1到3度。而為了能夠醒來感到神清氣爽和精力充沛,你的體溫實際上必須上升約1到3度。8Sleep會根據你的獨特需求自動調節床的溫度。我發現這非常有用,因為我喜歡在睡眠開始時把床墊調得很冷,在午夜時更冷,等我醒來時再變暖。這樣會使我獲得最多的慢波睡眠和快速眼動睡眠。我知道因為8Sleep有一個很棒的睡眠追蹤器,它告訴我我睡得有多好,以及我整晚獲得了哪些類型的睡眠。我已經在8Sleep床墊套上睡了四年,這完全改變了和提高了我的睡眠質量。他們最新的型號Pod 4 Ultra還具備打鼾檢測,會自動將你的頭抬起幾度,以改善你的氣流並防止你打鼾。如果你決定試試8Sleep,你有30天的時間在家試用,如果不喜歡可以退回。無需解釋。但我相信你會喜歡它的。前往8sleep.com/HUberman可以節省高達350美金的Pod 4 Ultra。8Sleep在包括墨西哥和阿聯酋在內的多個國家提供配送。再次提醒,前往8sleep.com/HUberman可以節省高達350美金的Pod 4 Ultra。今天的節目也得到了BetterHelp的支持。BetterHelp提供由持牌治療師提供的專業治療,完全在線進行。我已經做了超過30年的每週治療。起初,我沒有選擇,這是我能否繼續上學的條件。但是很快我意識到,治療是整體健康的重要組成部分。實際上,我認為定期進行治療就與Regular Exercise一樣重要,當然,我也每週都進行鍛鍊。優秀的治療基本上提供三樣東西。首先,它提供良好的信任關係,讓你可以與某人談論任何問題。其次,它可以提供情感支持或有針對性的指導。第三,專業治療可以提供有用的洞見。通過BetterHelp,他們使找到與你相符並能提供這些有價值的治療的專家變得很簡單。此外,因為BetterHelp的治療是在完全在線進行的,非常方便,很容易融入繁忙的日程中,無需通勤到治療師的辦公室或在候診室等待。如果您想嘗試BetterHelp,請前往BetterHelp.com/HUberman。
    本月,即2025年3月,BetterHelp為您提供此節目中最大的折扣,首次療程的第一週可享九折優惠。請洽BetterHelp.com/Huberman以獲得九折優惠。
    現在,我們可能會談到一個有趣的概念:牙齒基本上可以在沒有糖分攝取和其他因素影響的情況下,自我生成及自我破壞。如果可以的話,您能否簡要地帶我們了解一下牙齒的礦化和去礦化過程?我覺得這非常有趣,稍後我會分享一些我的口腔健康歷史,坦白說,我的情況非常複雜。如果我早些知道您即將告訴我們的事情,我想我可能會避免很多痛苦。
    抱歉聽到這個,但我們會深入探討這個話題。不幸的是您不是我的牙醫。不,我也有一些故事可以分享。我想很多人都有這樣的經歷,這就是問題所在。有趣的是,我在牙科學校並沒有學到這些知識。因此,這是我在臨床實踐中 later 學到的東西。這是個理念:如果牙齒有小蛀牙,它們是可以自然地再礦化的。不過,我們先從更早的時期說起。
    牙齒不斷地經歷去礦化和礦化的過程,這是非常自然的。每次我們將任何東西放進嘴裡(可以說是中性水除外),這和pH值有關。因此,當我們進食時,我們的嘴巴是消化系統的開始。我們釋放澱粉酶,這是一種幫助分解食物的酶。這樣一來,pH值就會下降。這是我們開始消化的方式。當這發生時,我們的牙齒會流失礦物質。酸性物質會從牙齒中溶出鈣、磷和其他礦物質。然而,我們擔心的是不希望它們長時間保持在酸性狀態或去礦化狀態。因為如果我們允許身體運行其過程,唾液會自然地幫助我們的牙齒再礦化。這一切都是健康平衡系統的一部分。
    我們的唾液是身體的黃金靈藥,含有免疫細胞和酶,還有在平衡狀態下進行再礦化所需的礦物質。因此,有一個叫做Stefan曲線的東西,本質上是顯示我們的口腔如何在飲食中酸性和中性之間波動的。問題在於,在現代社會中,我們經常會隨時吃零食、咀嚼、喝水。所以我們並沒有給口腔足夠的時間休息,足夠的機會進行礦化。我們中的許多人持續處於酸性和去礦化的狀態。
    但有趣的是,如果您有一個小蛀牙或尚未真正形成孔洞的病灶,也就是說,如果在 X 光片中我看到您牙齒上的陰影,這被稱為初期病灶。那些如果仍然在牙釉質內,它們可以「癒合」或再礦化。而這需要您與一位功能性或生物牙醫合作,以了解您的蛀牙有多深。一旦形成了孔洞,通常需要某種治療。但我們的身體本來就具有穩定性。您知道它該如何運作,但您的飲食方式、進食頻率,以及我們可以再深入討論您的呼吸方式,確實您所使用的產品和口腔衛生習慣也都會影響到這一切。
    所以我了解的是,構成牙齒的礦物質並不是許多常見口腔護理產品中所含的材料。因此,現在不展開討論水中的氟,但稍後我們會談到這個話題。不過,為了在到達那裡時正確地框定這個問題,您能否解釋一下為什麼大多數牙膏中都含有氟?因為我們在出生時的牙齒中基本上沒有氟,但牙齒中有某些牙膏所含的其他礦物質。因此,為什麼我們要給牙齒使用人造物質呢?或許您可以在氟及這些其他礦物質的背景下解釋一下去礦化和再礦化的過程。
    我們有氫氧基磷灰石,這基本上是塑造牙齒的鈣和磷。我們的牙釉質大約有90%是氫氧基磷灰石。牙本質,即在牙釉質下的層,也有大約60%。而我們的骨骼也有氫氧基磷灰石,大約60%。我們的肢骨?嗯哼。所有的骨骼都是。60%氫氧基磷灰石。是的,就是鈣和磷。我們的唾液中也會有鈣和磷在裡面。
    那麼氟做的就是打破氫氧基磷灰石中的羥基,將其從氫氧基磷灰石轉變為氟磷灰石。因此,它稍微重新結構了它。當它這樣做時,這些鍵一般被認為是更強的。而牙齒的結晶結構則更密集填充。因此,它被認為有更高的耐酸性。我們可以深入探討它的歷史,但基本上氟是在1960年代被添加到牙膏中的,並變得非常流行。這也是為什麼許多牙醫喜愛氟,因為您在使用它,而它讓您的牙齒更加耐酸。同時,它也具有一些抗菌效果。
    我目前的問題是,我們可以稍後再詳細探討,它並不是非常具有選擇性。因此,它不僅僅選擇厭氧菌或病原性細菌,還可能損害有益細菌。這就是為什麼牙膏中含有氟的原因。它還會降低臨界pH值。臨界pH值是牙釉質開始去礦化或降解的pH值。對於牙釉質來說,這個值是5.5。而對於牙本質來說,這個值接近6.5。因此,氟所做的就是提高pH的抵抗力。
    我明白了。因此,對於不熟悉pH的人來說,這是衡量一個環境或物質的堿性或酸性的指標。因此,您告訴我的就是,氟讓牙齒變得超級強壯。
    這不是牙齒通常會接觸到的礦物質。
    比如說,如果一個孩子從來沒有使用氟化牙膏或喝過氟化水的話,他們的牙齒基本上就會,
    除非他們剛好喝到了有氟的溪水。
    他們的牙齒依賴羥基磷灰石來進行再礦化。
    但是我們將氟化物加入牙膏和水中,這會使牙齒變得更強壯以及更能抵抗酸。
    是的。
    有些人認為琺瑯質的結構其實較弱。
    這是非常微妙的議題。
    但一般來說,牙科界認為這是一種更強的琺瑯質版本。
    有些人會爭辯說,當你在掃描電子顯微鏡下查看時,晶體結構可能會更波浪狀,且潛在的鍵結更容易斷裂。
    但一般而言,局部氟化物確實是有效的。
    然而,它無法與不良飲食相抗衡,你知道嗎?
    所以所有這些都回到你在吃什麼。
    這會使你患蛀牙的風險降低,但並不是萬無一失的。
    這24小時周期中,我們的牙齒在什麼時候會進行自我修復?
    這就像是半夜,如果某個人正在睡覺,他們不吃東西。
    他們不喝水,除非他們起來喝水或別的東西。
    餐與餐之間,他們不在吃東西。
    如果我只是自然地進行間歇性禁食,我通常在上午11點左右第一次吃東西,有時會更早。
    但這只是習慣。
    這也算是間歇性禁食的一種做法。
    所以我和許多人會有從3到14小時的時間沒在攝取任何食物或熱量飲料。
    那是再礦化發生的時候嗎?
    這是一個難題。
    這是一個難題。
    再礦化。
    我們必須做到。
    再礦化。
    對。
    哦,沒錯。
    你必須強調重音。
    再礦化。
    謝謝。
    這有幫助。
    你之前也說過。
    是的。
    謝謝。
    那是我們的牙齒自我修復的時候嗎?
    是的。
    這很棒。
    這很重要。
    所以一般來說,在你吃完東西後,你知道的,正如我提到的,你的口腔會變得更酸。
    大約20到30分鐘後,你的唾液會自然開始緩衝。
    所以它會開始上升並提高pH值。
    我希望看到我們更定期地進食。
    所以一般每兩小時就會進行最佳的再礦化。
    問題是我們是一個忙碌的社會,吃餅乾、薯片和穀物棒,邊吃邊喝咖啡。
    因此我們從未讓再礦化發揮其全部效果。
    所以是的,當你在嘴裡沒有放入任何食物或飲料時,理論上,如果你的唾液是最佳化的,我們也應該討論這一點,就會進行再礦化。
    但不幸的是,我確實覺得我們中的許多人並不平衡。
    你知道,我們被脫水了。
    我們缺乏礦物質。
    我們缺鈣。
    我們缺磷。
    我們也在用嘴呼吸。
    所以光是因為用嘴呼吸,pH就會改變,讓口腔更酸。
    因此有很多因素在影響。
    但理論上,如果我可以給出一個建議給那些可能在蛀牙上掙扎的人,我想知道你不僅在吃什麼,還有你經常吃的頻率。
    這也是為什麼從牙科的角度,禁食、間歇性禁食或限時進食是對抗牙齒蛀洞的好方法。
    這對腸道健康也有益。
    你知道,移動的複合體、可清潔性,給事物一點休息和放鬆是非常重要的。
    我從小就聽說糖會導致蛀牙。
    糖真的會導致蛀牙嗎?
    當我們提到糖時,當然所有的生物學家和有營養背景的人都會翻白眼,因為糖是一個非常廣泛的說法,對吧?
    有簡單的糖,有果糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖等等,各種單糖和複合碳水化合物都有變化。
    但當我說糖時,我是思考那些味道甜或含有被其他味道掩蓋的糖的食物,這樣不至於複雜化。
    就像添加的糖。
    就像添加的糖。
    我指的是,如果你現在買一包餅乾,通常,如果你看包裝,上面會有一些糖,這是荒謬的,但這又是另一個話題。
    是的。
    或者我們甚至可以說澱粉類碳水化合物。
    我喜歡稱之為可發酵碳水化合物。
    可發酵碳水化合物。
    但這有點學術化。
    所以不是直接的。
    其實是酸。
    這才會導致蛀牙。
    所以糖的作用,我希望大家能把麵粉想像成糖。
    這也是非常重要的,因為我們口中的細菌,尤其是致病菌,都以糖為生。
    但麵粉在口中也像糖一樣起作用。
    所以它們也會在麵粉上繁殖。
    比如說餅乾、麵包。
    連好的酸麵包也會嗎?
    嗯,問題在於接觸時間。
    所以那些黏黏的、乾燥的食物我會爭辯。
    比如餅乾或吐司。
    薯片。
    薯片。
    想一想,如果你拿了一把金魚餅乾。
    我好久沒這麼做了。
    但是可以想像一下。
    它們全在你的牙齒間、牙齒之間、下凹處。
    這是黏的。
    這對細菌來說就是一個自助餐。
    那麼當細菌代謝糖或麵粉時,它們會怎麼做?
    它們會釋放酸。
    所以如果那種食物基質長時間黏在牙齒上,而這些食物又是特別適口的。
    所以我們會進行不斷的零食、吃東西,觸碰到快感的尖端。
    你知道,抓一把,去做一些事情,回來再抓一把。
    你就不斷地在餵養那細菌。
    所以你的嘴巴就會保持持續的酸性。
    因此真正引起蛀牙的就是酸。
    但我認為糖或麵粉是促使細菌產生失衡的催化劑。
    這樣說是否公平,我知道你更喜歡“發酵碳水化合物”這個術語,或者嘗試用這個詞來表達,大多數人並不以澱粉與纖維或簡單的概念來思考,雖然如今人們對這類事情的理解更深刻,但如果把它們放進嘴裡,稍微停留一會兒,它們就會像餅乾一樣溶解。
    是的。
    就像薯片、米飯、義大利麵一樣,而不是像西蘭花那樣,後者會變得 soggy,但因為含有很多纖維材料,所以在口中不會溶解。
    有趣的是,西蘭花或益生元纖維正是滋養好細菌的來源。
    我現在主要與兒童合作,我們可以談談為什麼會發生這樣的轉變。
    我曾經與成人合作,但我教他們吃各種顏色的食物,滋養好細菌。
    好的,所以我們希望滋養我們的健康細菌,而不是壞細菌。
    這並不是說你不能享受一些有趣的食物,但一切都與平衡有關。
    所以我認為人們未意識到牙齒疾病的真正根本原因主要是飲食。
    你知道,我們對氟化物、牙膏和漱口水中的成分以及所有這些產品過於專注,但這些所有東西實際上只是掩蓋了潛在的問題,即這些細菌的行為如何?
    我們的口腔中有什麼類型的細菌,比例如何,我們多久餵養它們一次?
    所以我聽到的重複主題是飲食和生活方式將比藥物或產品在保持口腔健康和美觀方面更重要。
    是的。
    例如,我個人多年來沒有使用過氟化物,我的孩子們也沒有,因為我知道還有其他方法可以預防疾病。
    我有很多病人也選擇不使用氟化物或這些產品。
    我認為太多人被告知必須擁有這種產品,氟化物等等,才能保持沒有蛀牙和疾病。
    但如果你保持清淡的飲食,專注於健康的一些支柱,那也會轉化為口腔健康。
    或許值得提及的是什麼是清淡飲食的一些方面,通過你的視角來看,什麼是你認為的清淡飲食。
    當然。
    所以我並不主張任何一種飲食,我確信我們每個人都是不同的。
    對某些人有效的對其他人可能無效。
    但一般來說,我建議高質量的蛋白質來源,廣泛的蔬菜和水果。
    我會主張如果你有高蛀牙風險,應該限制水果的攝入,因為它們含有糖分和果糖。
    但我不想把水果妖魔化。
    它包含了許多健康的多酚等好處。
    所以堅果、種子、橄欖、醃菜。
    我喜愛發酵食品對腸道健康和口腔微生物組的支持。
    所以基本上是一種全食飲食,來自大地的食品,更多來自農場,少工廠,少一些袋裝食品。
    可以說盡量避免或最小化超加工食品,然後遵循最小加工或未加工食品。
    這樣說是否公平,如果一個人這麼做,不論是兒童還是成人,他們的口腔微生物組不僅會變得更健康,而且他們的牙齒會變得更白?
    我持續提到這一點的原因是我認為很多人想要白牙,或者至少不想要黃牙。
    當然。
    參與公共衛生教育行業一段時間後,我意識到,任何被鼓勵對我們有益,卻剝奪了讓人們想要好看和感覺的方式,都是很難取得進展的。
    所以我喜歡你所說的事情,主要是食用未加工或最小加工的食物,這些對我們整體身體都是有益的。
    很好這對我們的口腔微生物組也很好。
    這很可能也對我們的整體健康有好處,至少部分是因為其對微生物組的影響。
    但是什麼讓牙齒變白?
    支持口腔微生物組會使我們的牙齒變得更白嗎?
    是的。
    順便說一下,有些人的牙齒在我看來需要稍微不那麼白。
    同意。
    完全同意。
    我們在開玩笑,但也不是。
    但是我認為大多數人都希望擁有大多數被定義為白色的牙齒。
    我們想看起來好。
    我的確欣賞和尊重這一點。
    我確實認為我們在某些方面已經偏離了現實。
    所以我同意你的觀點。
    我認為有些牙齒不必那麼明亮,但讓它隨你。
    我認為每個人都應該做讓自己感到快樂的事。
    那麼,什麼讓牙齒變白呢?
    有趣的是,如果你把一顆嬰兒牙與一顆成人牙比對,我時常接到家長的電話。
    所以小孩掉了第一顆嬰兒牙,成人牙開始長出來。
    成人牙比嬰兒牙要黑得多,後者非常白且明亮。
    他們在擔心,孩子的牙齒怎麼了?怎麼那麼黃。
    這實際上是很自然的牙釉質顏色。
    為什麼會這樣呢?
    這完全與結晶結構和礦化有關。
    嬰兒牙的礦化程度較低,結晶結構稍微有些雜亂無章。
    並不那麼井然有序。
    所以不如說是林肯木積木那樣排成一行,更多地像是一堆撿起來的棍子。
    為什麼會這樣呢?
    嬰兒牙是為了被重吸收、溶解和掉落。
    好的。
    所以這就是為什麼嬰兒牙更容易蛀牙。
    所以牙齒的白度取決於光如何反射和折射在牙齒上,這也是為什麼你聽說如果用羥基磷灰石甚至椰子油,它在改變表面,進行表面修飾。
    所以這改變了光線如何從牙齒反射和折射,使其看起來更白、更亮。當然,對於成人的牙齒,如果你使用漂白劑,比如過氧化氫或過碳酸氫鈉,一些較強的漂白劑,這實際上是滲透進牙齒並改變其結構,去除污漬。人們會這樣做嗎?他們會用過氧化氫漱口嗎?實際上,他們會使用漂白托盤。來說,人們會用過氧化氫漱口,是的,這確實會讓你的牙齒變得更明亮、更白,但我告訴你,這會對你的口腔微生物群造成影響。因此,我建議這種做法非常有限。我唯一一次有過嚴重的潰瘍是因為我用了50%的水和50%的過氧化氫來漱口,因為一位針灸師推薦這麼做。他看了我的舌頭,然後說你應該這樣做,所以我就這樣做了。然後,四五天後,我的嘴頂上長了一個像一角硬幣大小的潰瘍,我當時覺得,不行。而且我想說,我對任何特定產品都沒有任何產品關聯,但自從改用含有羥基磷灰石的牙膏以來,我的牙齒確實變得更白。我喝了很多馬黛茶和咖啡,並且我會刷牙,但這是一個漸進的問題,我的牙齒逐漸變暗。因此,這樣的改變很棒。我小時候經常有蛀牙。我稍後會談談這個。但自從改用羥基磷灰石牙膏以來,假設我的牙醫仔細檢查,我的牙齒得到了非凡的檢查結果。我相信他在仔細檢查,但我們會看看。對我來說,這樣的做法更有道理。就像給牙齒提供它們通常用來礦化的礦物質,這是有道理的。這是仿生的。我認為這取決於你如何看待生活。我個人偏好仿生材料。這再次是一種個人的選擇,但我同意你的看法。我的病人如果改用了羥基磷灰石,我想指出並不是所有的羥基磷灰石牙膏都是一樣的。這取決於原料和其他成分。但一般來說,他們的牙齒看起來更健康、更強壯、更白、更亮。他們看起來更營養、更水潤。他們的微生物群也看起來更平衡。談到孩子,如果他們的牙齒有點黃,這是正常的。有一件事讓我印象深刻,隨著長壽主題似乎越來越受到關注,我偶爾會遇到一些70歲、80歲甚至90歲的人。遇到一位80歲或90歲的人,他的牙齒不是這種茶的顏色,是非常罕見的。對於那些在聽,這是一種非常深的棕色。我從未見過,除非他們做一些高度人工的漂白,否則我從未見過75歲或以上的人的牙齒不是基本的黃到棕色。更深的。當你看到臨近死亡的人,他們的牙齒往往看起來非常不透明。嗯,這是什麼?是血流問題嗎?那到底發生了什麼?是的,這可能是口乾症或乾燥的口腔。因此,隨著年齡增長,我們確實失去了唾液的能力。很可能是更口呼吸。因此,口呼吸者的牙齒通常會顯得較暗,因為牙齒會乾燥。隨著時間的推移,你會經歷礦物質的流失。幾十年的咖啡、茶和葡萄酒也會這樣。嗯,我不喝酒,但自小我確實有喝咖啡和茶。我從五歲開始喝馬黛茶。這很好。是的,美味的。是的,要活出生命。是的。但是,隨著時間的推移,他們也會流失礦物質,你知道,牙齒會受到傷害。我們現在活到100歲。維持我們身體這種不脫落的表面是一段長時間的事,而這也取決於世代,但某些世代,尤其是,如你提到的,70、80年代,我想知道四環素的暴露,每當有些抗生素,我們現在不再使用的時候,它們是已知會使牙齒變暗的,這也是為什麼它們被從常用處方中撤回。這引發了一個我從未想過的問題。所以如果一個人要服用抗生素,通常的建議是攝取低糖的康普茶,吃一些保加利亞或希臘酸奶,像是補充健康微生物的基質。我們現在知道,因為你告訴我們,口腔就是腸道,這完全說得通。我們不過是一系列的管道。這就是為什麼我總是在發展神經生物學課上教這個,但這是真的。在胚胎學中,人們學到我們基本上是由一堆管道組成,這些管道將在發展中發揮作用,但消化道很明顯是從口腔開始的。所以如果這樣的話,是不是應該在服用抗生素的時候,重新補充口腔微生物群呢?是的。是的。很常見,病人的父母會報告,哎呀,我的孩子剛剛完成這一療程的抗生素,現在他們的牙齒發黃或牙齦發炎,或者他們似乎不太對勁。通常是因為他們消除了很多健康細菌。你知道,這一切都是相互連接的。因此,我會建議我的病人,如果我必須開抗生素(我會盡量避免,但有時我們必須這樣做),他們應該服用高品質的益生菌,同時增加他們的益生菌豐富的發酵食品。因此需要一顆高品質的益生菌藥丸。一般來說,對的。是的,因為很難攝取足夠的量,尤其是在孩子身上,我會這麼說。你知道,孩子通常不會吃很多酸菜、泡菜和納豆,但你知道,可以喝開菲爾、酸奶,像你提到的,低糖的康普茶等等。
    但通常高品質的腸道益生菌對口腔微生物群也會有一些好處,但他們也有專注於口腔細菌的口腔益生菌。那漱口水呢?是的,我從來不喜歡漱口水。它們讓人感覺燒灼,這是一方面。而且幾年前我得知了一些有趣的事情,大約是八、十年前。我在 Tim Ferriss 的播客上聽到,有人說,哦,漱口水會摧毀某些對心血管功能至關重要的化學物質,所以不要使用它們,不要使用漱口條,不要用任何那種東西。在那個時候,那被視為明確的“伪科學”。沒有人會喜歡替代科學,這真是匪夷所思。現在我們知道這其實是真的。這總是讓我感到愉快同時又害怕,因為現在許多被認為是“伪科學”的事情,其實在過去十年中的很多研究結果讓我們發現了它們的真實性。比如說,肌酸現在似乎是一個熱門話題,十年前只有健身狂才會提到。現在每個人都在說,肌酸,肌酸,大家都需要它。那么,漱口水、漱口條和薄荷糖等東西的情況如何呢?人們只是想要有新鮮的口氣,或者至少不想成為有口臭的人嗎?當然。對啊。所以,麗仕漱口水和那些強力漱口水通常含有酒精、收斂劑,以及非常強效的抗微生物劑。你知道的,上面寫著可以殺死99.9%的細菌。嗯,我認為我們已經學到我們過度消毒。這就是為什麼哮喘、濕疹和過敏在我們孩子中越來越普遍。現在我們在說要接觸泥土,接觸微生物等等。所以我們在口腔裡進行大規模轟炸。根據數據,我們了解到,你說得對,有研究表明,這些漱口水的慢性習慣使用,包括處方強度的漱口水,像氯己定就是一個常見的例子,會損壞還原硝酸鹽的細菌。我們的舌頭背面有些細菌,基本上就是你的舌頭,能將硝酸鹽轉化為亞硝酸鹽,而亞硝酸鹽是氧化氮的前體。氧化氮是一種對心血管健康、血管擴張和免疫健康非常重要的分子。因此,如果我們不加區别地用這些非常強效的收斂劑和漱口水對口腔進行轟炸,可能會影響我們的心血管健康。並且有研究表明,它可以提高血壓,甚至可能引起心血管問題。因此,當我聽到有人說,但我的口氣太差了,我需要一天使用這個多次時,我馬上就會想,天哪,為什麼你的口氣那麼差?吃了大蒜、紅豆泥或喝了一杯咖啡後有口臭是正常的。但如果是慢性口臭,我好奇,你是否有牙周病,這是一種在口腔中的慢性炎症問題,可以有一系列的下游影響,我們待會兒再討論?或者你是否有感染?可能是鼻竇感染或後鼻滴漏。你是否有扁桃體結石或扁桃體感染?還有什麼在你口腔中發生的事情讓你覺得必須一天多次使用這些東西才能讓自己在公開場合看起來正常?很強的精油和薄荷糖,又要謹慎,偶爾能吃一片口香糖或薄荷糖,當然可以。真正的問題在於這些東西的習慣性使用會造成損害。我想先停一下,感謝我們的贊助商 AG1。AG1 是一種全合一的維生素、礦物質、益生菌飲品,還含有適應原。我自2012年起每天服用 AG1,因此我很高興他們贊助了這個播客。我開始服用 AG1 的原因以及我仍然服用 AG1 的原因,是因為它是質量最高和最完整的基礎營養補充劑。這意味著 AG1 確保你能獲得所有必要的維生素、礦物質和其他微量營養素,從而建立你每日健康的堅實基礎。AG1 還含有益生菌和益生元,以支持健康的腸道微生物群。你的腸道微生物群由數萬億微生物組成,排列在你的消化道中,並影響你的免疫系統狀態、代謝健康、荷爾蒙健康等各種因素。因此,我發現,當我每天服用 AG1 時,我的消化能力提高了,免疫系統變得更強健,情緒和心理集中度達到最佳。事實上,如果我只能選擇一種補充劑,那個補充劑就是 AG1。如果你想嘗試 AG1,可以訪問 drinkag1.com slash Huberman 以獲得特別優惠。他們會在你訂購 AG1 時贈送你五包免費旅行裝,還有一年的維生素 D3K2 供應。再次提醒,請訪問 drinkag1.com slash Huberman 以獲得這個特別優惠。今天的節目還是由 Juve 贊助的。Juve 製造醫療級紅光治療設備。如果有一件我在這個播客中始終強調的事情,那就是光對我們生物學的驚人影響。除了陽光外,紅光和近紅外線光源已被證明對改善細胞和器官健康的許多方面有積極影響,包括更快的肌肉恢復、改善皮膚健康和傷口癒合、改善痤瘡、減少疼痛和炎症,甚至改善線粒體功能和視力本身。Juve 燈具的獨特之處在於它們使用臨床驗證的波長,這意味著特定的紅光和近紅外線光波長的組合,能夠觸發最佳的細胞適應。就我個人而言,我每週使用 Juve 全身面板大約三到四次,還在家中和旅行時使用 Juve 便攜式燈具。
    如果你想嘗試 Juve,可以前往 Juve 的網站,拼寫為 J-O-O-V-V.com。Juve 正在為所有 Huberman Lab 的聽眾提供獨家折扣,最高可享 $400 的優惠。再次重申,這是 Juve,拼寫為 J-O-O-V-V.com slash Huberman,可以獲得最高 $400 的折扣。好的。這些是一些我們不應該做的事。那麼,有哪些方法可以改善我們唾液和口腔的化學作用呢? 在這裡我想說明的是,這不是大多數人期待的披露,因為我想探討的是口腔化學的所有化學方面。因為當我想到生物學時,由於我的專業背景,我會想到化學力量和機械力量。就像一些東西真的會移動,或者你可能會崩掉一顆牙齒,這些都是我們為了保護牙齒而不該做的事情。然後還有如何創造正確的化學環境。沒錯。所以這就是我們在這裡討論的重點。我正在試著找出,如何能擁有最好的唾液?沒錯。我想成為擁有最佳唾液的人。好的唾液。不要低估你的唾液。這是真的。它是金色的靈藥。所以如果我把唾液放在顯微鏡下,然後再取一些唾液用質量分析儀來分離出裡面所有的好東西,能否給我們介紹一下唾液裡都有些什麼好東西呢?因為對於人們來說,它看起來只是一些透明的液體,但血液看起來也只是一堆紅色的液體,而其中有很多東西。裡面真的有很多東西。它是如此重要。它含有細菌、病毒、真菌,各類微生物,希望能以合適的比例存在。我們希望擁有有益的細菌。我們每個人大約有 5% 的病理性細菌。然而,在那個比例下,它們可能並不是病理性的。就像是在那個時候是共生的。我們仍在挖掘並學習更多關於口腔微生物組的知識。但基本上,你會有細菌。還有荷爾蒙。還有游離皮質醇。荷爾蒙。皮質醇在我們的唾液中,朋友們。是的,絕對如此。還有幫助消化的酶。還有免疫細胞,還有礦物質在裡面漂浮。所以想想唾液對於咀嚼的重要性。如果你有口乾或生病,你就無法咀嚼和吞嚥食物。這就是為什麼很多老年人吃某些食物會非常困難,或者如果你接受過癌症療法等。一旦你出現口乾症,你的牙齒可能會迅速惡化。所以你的唾液是如此重要。那麼,怎樣才能保持唾液的健康呢?水分補充。你知道,我們中的很多人都是脫水的。我認為我們也沒有攝取足夠的礦物質。所以,我有時對一些孩子提出建議,我可以通過他們的唾液外觀判斷他們是否水分充足。如果看起來更厚、更黏稠和黏液狀,那麼他們就是脫水的。如果看起來像水,那就是健康的。這是沒有任何檢測的。因此,在你的水中加一小撮鹽或一些電解質,真的能幫助生物利用率和吸收。你的呼吸方式對唾液健康也極其重要。所以如果你是用嘴呼吸,你的唾液就會減少。你知道,你的嘴巴會變得乾燥。pH 值會下降,這樣你會陷入麻煩。你知道,口乾會導致蛀牙。口乾會導致牙齦疾病。所以,還有我們所吃的食物,當然也是。 我們希望擁有富含礦物質的飲食。我們中很多人缺乏礦物質,我們缺乏鎂,缺乏脂溶性維生素,特別是維生素 D3 和 K2。因此,我認為這是好的。我喜歡「測試,而不是猜測」的想法。你知道,如果你有能力與醫生合作,以看你在這些方面的情況,了解你是否需要補充或如何改變飲食。抱歉打斷,但我會特別測試我的唾液嗎?是否有好的唾液測試?這將是一個不同的測試。因此,這更像是一個血液檢測。像標準的血液檢測。標準的血液檢測。但有唾液分析,我們應該討論測試你口腔微生物組的重要性。我認為,正如我們中許多人現在對腸道微生物進行檢測,你知道,腸道映射、糞便檢測,以了解腸道發生了什麼,現在也有唾液分析。這是許多功能性牙醫正在努力的方向。我在我的實踐中進行唾液分析和生物標記分析。我們能夠通過病人的唾液了解很多,包括那裡的細菌類型和比例,以及真菌和病毒等。因此,如果你有能力,如果你真的想優化你的健康,我建議測試你的口腔微生物組,因為你可能有一些你不知情的基石病原體,這會導致許多後續問題。我們現在可以談談,但口腔系統連接現在真的很重要,口腔細菌,特別是病原體,如何能夠導致阿茲海默症、癡呆、懷孕問題、心血管問題、自身免疫疾病、類風濕性關節炎、糖尿病、肥胖、情緒障礙、癌症。這些問題不斷出現,所有這些都與我們口腔中的細菌有關。驚人。我真的想要的不僅僅是加倍點擊,而是深入探討,沒有雙關語。我想問一下,因為有一部分聽眾會對他們如何檢測唾液感興趣。是的。我從來沒有測試過我的唾液。我想說,根據你在網上的教學,我已經努力喝更多水,除了大量的馬黛茶和少量的咖啡之外。我已經努力了,嗯,我換用了含有氫氧磷灰石的牙膏,這對很多原因來說都非常好。我真的很強調鼻呼吸。
    這是我之前在運動表現領域所關注的事情,因為我的朋友布萊恩·麥肯齊,他是一位人類表現專家,之前對這個話題非常熱衷。我曾經的呼吸和心血管功能在當時是最健康的,但這不是我建議人們隨意嘗試的,除非這是他們的專業。我曾經拳擊了大約五年,佩戴了合適的護齒,訓練時會佩戴護齒並通過鼻子呼吸來進行跑步和道路訓練。這教會了我如何正確通過鼻子呼吸。這也促使我在睡覺時轉為鼻呼吸。我不會在睡覺時佩戴護齒。但我認為,正如詹姆斯·內斯特所描述的,通過鼻子呼吸是非常重要的。我會分享這個小事實,然後我會閉嘴並進行鼻呼吸。我的一位朋友是加州大學舊金山分校的醫生,他告訴我,來看診的冰毒成癮者的牙齒非常糟糕。這是大家都知道的。冰毒成癮者的牙齒非常糟糕。但你知道為什麼嗎?他與牙醫學院合作。原因是他們是通過嘴巴呼吸的。我以前曾經與這個族群合作過。冰毒並不會讓牙齒變差。事實上,是因為他們是嘴巴呼吸者。因此我覺得這很有趣。當然,還有一本書《下巴》,是由保羅·厄爾利希和我在斯坦福大學的驚人同事山德拉·卡恩多年前出版的。對了,當他們出版這本書時,人們說,哦,這是偽科學。這真瘋了。你在說鼻呼吸流行病,恐嚇的說法。然而,我們現在知道這是真的。這是一個流行病。所以你如何鼓勵孩子和成年人從嘴巴呼吸轉向鼻子呼吸?是的。這是我診所的一個重要部分。因此,我們需要了解為什麼,跟任何事情一樣。你為什麼是嘴巴呼吸者?所以人類是不得不通過鼻子呼吸的,我們本來就是應該這樣呼吸的。不幸的是,現在我們當中很多人都是嘴巴呼吸者。他們估計現在高達50%的人口是通過嘴巴呼吸。我個人認為這是一個低估,根據我在診所見到的情況。那麼這是為什麼呢?理論是祖先時代,我們每天大約會咀嚼和嚼食四個小時。咀嚼的這個行為會推動,會迫使牙齒生長。這實際上是促進臉部生長,舌頭的側向發展,舌頭向上抬起。這會讓下顎變寬,鼻竇變寬,包括母乳餵養。好吧。我們把時間往前推進一萬到一萬兩千年。好吧。我們經歷了農業革命。我們從狩獵採集社會轉變為農業社會。然後是工業革命。開始對所有東西進行加工和製作。現在一切都變得柔軟和糊狀。我們之前每天咀嚼四個小時,現在每天只咀嚼四分鐘。因此幾乎沒有什麼。可以說是萎縮。我們吃東西時都是在啜飲。我們啜飲食物。就像那部電影。那部有小機器人的未來主義電影是什麼?我討厭那部電影。哦,我在那部電影中哭了。我討厭那部電影。我是如此擔心這是真的。現在我們就這樣陷入了。是啊,他們啜飲食物,躺在躺椅上。現在我們就這樣。我們幾乎外包了一切。是的,是的。因此這已經發生了很多代人。我們在實質上是縮小的。詹姆斯·內斯特形容我們在“反進化”。好吧,臉部正在縮小。下顎正在縮小。這就是為什麼我們看到牙齒擁擠的原因。如果你去紐約的自然歷史博物館,華盛頓特區的博物館,看看祖先的頭骨。牙齒都是完美無瑕的。沒有蛀牙。所有32顆牙齒,包括智齒,都完美地適合牙弓。因此,這在我們人類的歷程中並不是很久之前發生的。那麼發生了什麼?這是我們吃的食物。這是我們的咀嚼方式。這是我們的呼吸方式。因此,如果這個結構縮小,鼻腔的容積縮小,鼻竇縮小,氣道縮小,我們的舌頭就沒有空間了。所以它要麼突出,要麼舌頭向後滑,妨礙了我們。因此,現在有很多睡眠呼吸障礙、呼吸失調和睡眠呼吸暫停症沒有得到診斷。因此,如果我們早期評估孩子們,他們來到我這裡時,我能看到他們進來的樣子,他們通常會有前傾的頭部姿勢,因為他們試圖打開氣道。好吧?前傾的頭部姿勢。他們有黑眼圈。這叫做靜脈淤積。這是由於嘴巴呼吸引起的炎症的跡象。你能看到他們眼白部分變多。因此,這與他們的視覺平面有關。前傾的頭部姿勢,因發炎而下垂的眼睛,眼白部分變多。他們看起來只是充血和虛弱。他們的嘴是張開的。那些孩子有很大的氣道問題,我們需要理解原因。因此,這通常是硬組織問題或軟組織問題。那麼硬組織的問題會是什麼?那就是下顎的大小和形狀、顎的大小和形狀、顎的相對位置。你的下顎是向後的嗎?還是像鬥牛犬一樣向前?而且你有偏曲的鼻中隔嗎?你知道嗎,他們估計75%的人類可能會有某種偏曲的鼻中隔,而人們認為這很荒謬。這不僅僅是因為打架受傷造成鼻子骨折。想想這樣。如果你的上顎很窄,而我把你的臉壓扁,鼻中隔就必須放到某個地方,因此它無法正常排列。好吧?這就是造成偏曲鼻中隔的原因。因此,如果我們擴大一個臉,這就是早期功能性矯正醫生在做的事情,也是我在我的診所做的事情,對這些年幼的孩子,你放入一個小的矯治器,可以幫助擴大臉部,鼻中隔變直,現在我們可以更好地呼吸。這就是硬組織的部分。
    軟組織可能是增大的腺樣體、增大的扁桃腺、口腔運動功能障礙、低舌調、舌位過低等問題。竇的可塑性有多大?假設某人的鼻中隔部分或嚴重偏斜,他們可以選擇手術,我想談談不同的手術方式。有一種氣球擴張的方式,線上看起來真的很酷。我想試試這個。我真的希望這件事能發生在我身上。對,他們把氣球放進去,然後充氣。當它受到引導時,他們就這樣做。是的,他們會麻醉,然後取出,這種方式就是這樣。其實這是正確的做法,通過鼻子進去和出來。但是如果有人努力用鼻子呼吸,可能晚上用嘴封住嘴巴,或者我非常喜歡改變從任何嘴巴呼吸轉變為鼻子呼吸,堅持在進行任何心肺運動時用鼻子呼吸,除非我真的很拼命,那時需要使用嘴呼吸。但我已經注意到,因為我可以測量鼾聲,我用八小時睡眠裝置來測量鼾聲。即使不這樣,還有其他方式可以通過應用程式測量鼾聲,或者有人可以告訴你你在打鼾。因此,這不是關於某一產品的問題。但如果我在心肺運動期間強迫自己進行鼻子呼吸,尤其是第二和第三區域的運動,這會導致更少的嘴巴呼吸、打鼾和睡眠問題。所以問題是,鼻竇真的會擴張嗎?還是如果你有鼻中隔偏斜,是否需要通過手術或其他方式修復?這取決於你的年齡。大多數面部發展在10歲左右完成。因此,我認為傳統牙齒矯正的問題在於,你等所有乳牙脫落後才戴牙套,但你無法控制面部、中面部和下顎的建模,這就是為什麼我們現在開始使用功能性療法,年齡可以低至三或四歲,使用保持器。在我們的上顎中間是充滿軟骨的縫合線。對於孩子來說,操控和改變面部發展真的很容易。如果你讓下顎變寬,不僅改善了氣道,牙齒也會直長進來。現在它們有空間。牙齒長歪的原因是沒有足夠的空間。重要的是要知道,口腔的底部,即上顎,是鼻子的底部。因此,如果你擴張上顎,鼻竇會變得更寬。鼻中隔會直立。一切都是相互連接的。作為成年人,通過姿勢和習慣來操控骨骼結構真的很難。有口腔功能療法師,他們是最好的,並且在這個話題中非常重要。可以把他們想像成呼吸的物理治療師,教你保持嘴唇閉合,舌頭向上。所有這些肌肉組織真的很重要。鍛煉它。如果你不使用它,它就會失去功能。所以如果你是嘴巴呼吸者,你的舌頭會低垂。你的舌頭是一種肌肉,它會變得虛弱,甚至鬆弛。因此,我們想加強這些肌肉,以協助嘴唇密封和鼻呼吸。但作為成年人,如果你有骨架差異,通常你需要某種形式的干預。你不會僅僅通過貼嘴巴膠帶或某種訓練或口腔功能療法來改變。而且現在有比真正的下顎手術更保守的方法。有一種叫做homeoblock的裝置,我知道詹姆斯·內斯特使用過。你可以在他的書中閱讀到,這實際上會開始改變面部結構。有更少侵入性的治療方法。還有一種被稱為MSC的裝置,也就是上顎骨骼擴張器。它會在你的上顎上放置這些小螺絲,但是它會打開縫合線。而成年人則真的需要非常想要這個,因為他們正在與呼吸不良而奮鬥。我認為,對健康而言,最重要的事情就是你的呼吸和睡眠質量。而對於兒童來說,如果他們呼吸不當,經常醒來,這就是為什麼我們會想要獲得某種產品。我只是很好奇。你有進入深睡眠嗎?你進入REM睡眠嗎?我會。而且很不錯。是的。我通過八小時睡眠裝置或whoop或兩者一起測量深睡眠和REM睡眠。我的深睡眠很好,前提是我在大約十點、十點半入睡,因為那時可以捕捉到深度睡眠的窗口。如果我在11點或午夜入睡,即使我睡得更長,我也會失去一些深睡眠。是的。我的REM睡眠在這段時間真的很穩定。是的。我驚訝於數據對鼻子呼吸改善大腦功能的說服力。有幾項研究顯示,在實驗室研究中,如果人們口腔呼吸或鼻子呼吸,鼻子呼吸者的記憶回憶更好。但那些是氣味的研究。因此每個人都說,好的,當然是氣味,因為你是通過鼻子呼吸的,因此你能記住這些氣味。因此,他們現在已經對其他類型的記憶和大腦功能進行了這些研究。顯然你能更好地氧合大腦,思維變得更好。你的認知在提高。無論是什麼,需要記憶的東西都會變得更好,不僅僅是氣味。因此,通過鼻子呼吸,你能獲得20%的更多氧氣。這對於在這些兒童大腦發展的關鍵階段是非常重要的。這就是為什麼我們會看到研究顯示,口呼吸的兒童有睡眠障礙。他們有行為問題,很多正被診斷為ADHD,甚至可能被給予藥物,如果我們真的對他們進行了氣道問題的篩查,我們本可以避免一些這些情況。
    這段文字翻譯成繁體中文如下:
    而這也跟我們進入深度睡眠的問題有關。淋巴系統無法啟動。荷爾蒙功能也無法啟動。因此,許多這些孩子的生長激素受到影響。如果他們沒有進入深層的恢復性睡眠,抗利尿激素也會受到影響。所以這就是我們看到尿床現象的原因之一。你可以留意伴侶或孩子的一些徵兆,例如翻來覆去、緊咬牙關、磨牙、打鼾或呼吸聲音很大。睡姿非常奇怪,比如伸長脖子因為他們想要打開呼吸道。在床上旋轉,你知道,孩子的腿在床上,而身體卻在床外,床單四處散亂。而且肯定會醒來感覺沒有休息好,然後也會注意到行為問題。要說服男性觀眾更加專注於鼻呼吸,其實只需要告訴他們,不要使用漱口水,因為用嘴呼吸會導致性功能障礙,或者使他們容易出現性功能障礙,他們就會開始重視鼻呼吸。因為這涉及到一氧化氮。因為這涉及到一氧化氮。副鼻竇會幫助產生一氧化氮。所以如果你通過口呼吸,而不是通過鼻子呼吸,你就得不到足夠的一氧化氮,而這在性健康中是非常重要的。我們也知道,牙周病的男性有2.85倍的可能性會出現勃起功能障礙。哇。所以,沒有出血的牙齦。我們不想要發炎出血的牙齦。牙線清潔是我們還沒有提到的,但它對於防止蛀牙和牙齦健康來說都是非常重要的。如果水槽裡出現粉紅色,任何程度的出血都是發炎的標誌,而且這不僅僅停留在身體內,它可以影響整個系統。所以,請認真對待你的牙齦健康,若因為其他原因也好,為了你的性健康。這是一個很棒的訊息。那麼如果要轉向鼻呼吸,如果有人真的在這方面掙扎,你是否喜歡嘴部膠帶?是的。你要確保你能安全地這樣做。對於孩子們,我總是建議他們由專注於呼吸道的牙醫或潛在的耳鼻喉科醫生進行篩查。對於成人,有一個測試可以進行。那就是三分鐘測試。你能在不恐慌或感到交感神經挑戰的情況下,通過鼻子呼吸三分鐘嗎?所以你可以用水在嘴裡,放一張紙,貼住嘴唇,然後計時。如果你可以成功地通過鼻子呼吸,那麼理論上,你可以安全地使用嘴部膠帶。有不同的膠帶可以使用,中間開放,這樣你仍然可以排氣,感覺不會那麼侵入性。我建議如果有人對此感興趣,可以在切蔬菜做晚餐時開始五分鐘,然後再增加到看節目時的三十分鐘,然後看一整部電影兩個小時。如果你能這樣膠帶那麼久,你晚上也可以這樣做。我告訴你,這是我改善健康的最重要方法之一。我在可穿戴設備上和我的睡眠數據中確實看到變化。最近,我有幸在史丹佛大學與蕾妮·弗萊明一起講課。她是當今世界上最偉大的歌劇歌手之一。我問她,你為了呼吸做了哪些事情?因為我在播客中講了很多。她給了我一些加強肺部和橫膈膜的運動。但她為強調鼻呼吸所建議的一個運動,因為有很多快速且微妙的鼻呼吸是為了維持肺部的氣壓和她的藝術表現,而我對這個領域知之甚少,但這其實是一種有趣的運動。這不會讓脖子變粗,所以不想要更粗脖子的人會喜歡這一點。這是鍛煉脖子內部肌肉的一個方法,這個動作叫做“吻天空”。拳擊手其實會知道這個,老派拳擊手也會知道。看起來很搞笑,但我會這樣做,因為我在這個播客上故意看起來很搞笑。所以你仰望天空,像河豚一樣鼓起嘴唇,每邊停15秒。很有趣。她說這能增強對脖子內部肌肉的力量和神經控制。所以再次強調,不是讓脖子變寬或增厚,而是內部的訓練,這使得通過鼻子深吸氣變得更容易。這可能增加了阻力,讓你更容易充滿肺部。因此,我一直在做“吻天空”,雖然看起來完全搞笑。這也是一種瑜伽動作。是的。然後你真的很像是用嘴唇拍打,彷彿要從一側吻向天空,每邊15秒,每天幾次,或者就隨時記得做。我是說,她的聲音太棒了,無論是說話的聲音還是姿勢等等。所以我借用了她這一點。你可以通過呼吸康復做很多事情來改善你的呼吸道健康。所以我覺得這在呼吸道健康的談話中是一個缺失很大的部分。我們談到,你需要去看專注於呼吸道的牙醫。你需要見肌功能治療師,正畸醫生和耳鼻喉科醫生。這太多了。僅僅是安排這些就會讓我想打個盹。但是確實如此,呼吸道問題需要進行很多工作。如果在座的父母,如果你對此非常感興趣,我有兩本書,三本書想推薦,因為這影響了很多人,當然是《呼吸》 by James Nestor、《頜骨》 by Sondra Kahn,以及《睡眠失控的孩子》 by Sharon Moore,如果你是父母。再重複一遍書名?《睡眠失控的孩子》。睡眠失控,W-R-E-C-K。是的,由Sharon Moore所著。這將幫助你篩選和理解為什麼我們對這些問題如此關注。
    但對,我們不能過於強調氣道健康,尤其是在我們的孩子身上。你知道,及早發現和早期干預真的很重要。很好。在維持氣道健康和健康唾液的過程中,而現在我對唾液非常著迷。這很酷,它裡面有很多東西。我在想,我們知道血液裡有這些有益的成分。我們檢測血液。我們知道皮膚微生物組。我們知道女性去看婦產科醫生時會進行子宮頸抹片檢查。我們知道,如果你曾經養過小孩或換過尿布,你可以通過他們排出的液體和體內的液體告訴很多關於某人健康的事情。我想將唾液列入需要關注的關鍵項目中。但咀嚼口香糖對我們的呼吸和唾液有好處嗎?我不是一個常常咀嚼口香糖的人,但這是好事、壞事還是中性?是的,我認為在某些時候和場合是非常有益的。所以我喜歡在以下情況下使用它:因為我會告訴父母,你們真的需要避免餅乾、薯片和穀物棒。他們會問,我該給孩子吃什麼?所以,如果我們錯過了如何將食物引入孩子體內的時機,或者他們偏愛那些類型的食物,你的良好策略是,如果你在外出時怎樣最小化蛀牙風險並增加唾液健康?咀嚼一些口香糖,特別是木糖醇口香糖,因為木糖醇會抑制細菌的增殖。它會減少導致蛀牙的變形鏈球菌,我非常喜歡木糖醇。因此,在暴露於一些這些零食、可發酵碳水化合物之後,提供一塊木糖醇口香糖是很好的。它會鬆動食物,增加唾液健康。有些人喜歡它來增強,譬如說咀嚼樹脂口香糖。我總是被問到這個。你可以過度使用它。你知道,我擔心顳顎功能障礙。我有過不好的咀嚼樹脂口香糖的經驗。我在買它。我喜歡它原始的特質。就像是你咀嚼的樹膠。它裝在這個漂亮的紙包裡,沒有塑膠或其他東西。你開始咀嚼,它會讓你覺得你真的在用力,就像我的鬥牛犬科斯特羅那樣。他的牙齒像磚頭一樣堅硬,他非常努力,你感覺良好。然後突然間,你會發現你的下巴有點卡住,然後,後來你會感覺到,哇,我的下巴真的很痛。或者你感覺到關節裡有東西彈起來。聽到彈起的聲音。是的,這會導致你現在年輕的網紅對此特別著迷。這會讓你的下巴有一點高爾夫球大小的肥大。這不是我做這件事的原因。不過,天啊,這真的會讓你的下巴感覺酸痛。是的。是的。我並不特別喜歡。我只是想解釋一下。想像一下棒球投手。他們,我是說,有多少人因為過度使用肩膀而上傷病名單,這是一個相似的關節,你知道,旋轉。如果你咀嚼,我們其實是為了生存而咀嚼的。就是這樣我們進化出來的。所以如果你整天咀嚼口香糖,很可能會磨損你關節中的軟骨。所以我不太喜歡這個。我個人上也不喜歡咀嚼口香糖,但我覺得在適當的時間和地點也是可以的。尤其是從蛀牙的角度來看,或者,嗯,水合作用,你知道,增加唾液流量,但就是,我會建議你咀嚼幾分鐘,然後扔掉。你不需要長時間咀嚼它。但咀嚼食物是好的。是的。是的。謝謝。所以,正如我們提到的問題是,你知道,我們在吮吸和潰爛我們的食物。我不這樣做,但向我看,杏仁醬在自然界中就像從未存在過。就像你會想,你會把這樣的東西,我是說,杏仁是如此美味。對吧。但是你會像把它們磨成糊狀。對我來說,這種質地是如此可怕。你在嘴裡做那個。你應該通過咀嚼來做到這一點。僅僅是你那種花生醬,對我來說,這些事情完全沒道理。去吃果凍和蘋果醬和水果小吃。嬰兒食品。嬰兒食品。沒錯。這是給動物和沒有牙齒的人。沒錯。所以我並不是在提倡某一方,而可以有混合,但你知道,有提供的混合食物,或者你可以更多地實施嬰兒主導的斷奶,這樣就可以進食更多的真正食物。顯然,請對此保持明智。不要給你的孩子帶來窒息的風險。外面有很多信息,你可以查看如何安全地為你的孩子準備食物。但是咀嚼對臉部發展來說是非常重要的。嗯,我在想,對於成年人來說,我有點在取笑成年人像孩子一樣吃東西。天啊。他們像在吮吸他們的食物,然後他們就像——雞塊和薯條。是的,我們需要咀嚼。當真的被問到,氣道發生了什麼事?為什麼每個人的臉都在縮小?就是咀嚼。我們失去了咀嚼。還要說母乳餵養,我們也從完全母乳餵養轉變了。那個數字是什麼?我不知道那個數字是多少。多少人,我也不知道。我不知道。但是它肯定是下降的。我認為它正在重新興起。但是很多人是混合的。你知道,我們會做我們需要做的事情。我是說,許多女性工作。因此,如果你無法母乳餵養或這不符合你的需求,或者你在工作而使用吸奶器,了解有解決方案很重要,好嗎?所以這並不嚴重,但只是與某人合作以儘早發現這些問題。同時,不幸的是,即使我們做對了所有事情,引入硬食物,我們的孩子在咀嚼,他們的鼻子呼吸,我們在母乳餵養。在這種情況下,對抗幾代人的進化退化是非常困難的,基本上。
    所以現在很多人需要干預。我想先暫停一下,感謝我們的一位贊助商——Function。去年,我在尋找最全面的實驗室檢測方法後,成為了Function的一名會員。Function提供超過100項先進的實驗室檢測,讓你對整個身體健康有一個關鍵的快照。這個快照能提供你心臟健康、荷爾蒙健康、免疫功能、營養水平等方面的見解,還有很多其他信息。他們最近還增加了對毒素的檢測,例如來自有害塑料的BPA暴露,以及PFAS或永恆化學物質的檢測。Function不僅提供超過100項與你的身心健康密切相關的生物標誌物的檢測,還會分析這些結果,提供來自相關領域專家頂尖醫生的見解。例如,在我第一次進行Function檢測時,我發現我的血液中汞的含量偏高。Function不僅幫助我檢測到這一點,還提供了如何降低我的汞水平的見解,包括限制我對金槍魚的攝入。我之前吃了很多金槍魚,並努力多吃葉菜類蔬菜,還補充NAC和乙醯半胱氨酸,這兩種物質都可以支持谷胱甘肽的生成和解毒。我應該說,通過進行第二次Function檢測,那種做法確實有效。全面的血液檢測至關重要。與你的身心健康相關的許多事物只能在血液檢測中檢測出來。問題是,血液檢測一直都非常昂貴和複雜。相比之下,我對Function的簡單性以及成本水平感到非常驚艷。它非常經濟實惠。因此,我決定加入他們的科學諮詢委員會,並且我很高興他們贊助了這個播客。如果你想試試Function,可以訪問functionhealth.com/Huberman。目前Function的候補名單上有超過25萬人,但他們正在為Huberman播客的聽眾提供提前訪問。再次強調,請訪問functionhealth.com/Huberman以提早獲得Function的訪問權。你之前提到口腔微生物群與人體的許多不同系統和疾病之間存在直接聯繫。我會說,在科學和醫學上,有直接影響,比如這個中介那個,然後有間接影響。比如,如果在半夜火警警報響起,你的睡眠會受到影響,但火警警報並不調節睡眠。它只是可以改變你的睡眠。然而,我的理解是,儘管我並不精通這方面的文獻,但我們現在已經有相當確鑿的證據表明,某些口腔中的細菌會進入大腦、心臟或其他組織,並直接增加癡呆症、心血管疾病的發生或易感性。這並不是說,哦,你摔了腳踝,所以你運動少了,運動少了,你的心臟就變得不健康,心臟不健康了,你的大腦就變得不健康。這是我想要表達的觀點。口腔中的壞細菌確實會對大腦和心臟造成真正的問題。是的,還有許多其他系統。研究很多。他們發現57種疾病與口腔失調或口腔病原體有關,這相當多。不同的細菌種類會影響身體的不同部位。所以這一切歸結於什麼呢?它歸結於牙齦疾病。因此,值得注意的是,全球約80%的人口都受到某種牙齦疾病的困擾。這是個驚人的數字。而約10%的人口會有嚴重的牙周疾病,這是慢性骨質流失和組織流失。這也是我們喪失牙齒的原因。因此,牙齦疾病是一個連續體,但所有這些都有一個共同點,就是我們口腔中存在的細菌種類。當它們失去平衡時,就會出現所謂的紅色複合體,這五種細菌最能影響牙齦疾病和失調,並可能影響心臟及其他器官系統。主要的細菌有牙周致病菌、福氏核菌、牙狀菌,還有厭氧鏈球菌,以及變形鏈球菌也會影響心臟。但這些細菌為什麼,怎麼會出現在其他器官系統裡,它們在做什麼呢?所以我稱之為“漏牙齦”。我們都聽說過“漏腸”。假設我們只是處於失調狀態,可能因為我們的口腔衛生不佳,以及其他一些原因。所以我們不在使用牙線,假設。然後我們的牙齦會出血。好的,這是一個炎症的跡象。但你現在已經創造了一個向量,在皮膚、黏膜中開了一個口,讓細菌能進入循環系統,搭便車到達它們不應該到達的地方。這就會引發免疫反應。因此出現了炎症。所以,這些細菌不會想要出現在不該出現的地方。所以以心臟病為例,如果你有牙齦疾病,你患心血管疾病的可能性是兩倍。如果你有牙齦疾病,你中風的可能性是三倍。這些大部分是相關性,而不是因果關係,但其中有些可能會有更大的影響,還需要更多的研究。生育是一個我喜歡談的話題。因此,有牙齦疾病的女性懷孕和受孕的時間可能會延長兩個月。有研究表明,在無法受孕的夫婦中,90%的男性都有某種牙齦疾病的跡象。一旦他們接受治療,他們的生育和受孕率提高了70%。這是相當重要的,對吧?而且不僅僅是牙齦疾病,任何口腔感染也會影響生育。
    牙齦梭菌(P. gingivalis)與阿茲海默症及癡呆症有關聯。你知道,這些細菌最終會進入大腦。它們會穿越血腦屏障,並在大腦中形成淀粉樣斑塊和引發炎症。因此,現在已有很多研究。一項來自哈佛的大型研究中,研究人員對腦脊髓液進行取樣,發現在這些斑塊中,幾乎所有患者都有牙齦梭菌的存在。而當他們將這些患者與其他沒有癡呆或阿茲海默症的已故患者進行對比時,卻沒有發現牙齦梭菌的存在。因此,目前有很多關聯和鏈結,我們需要進一步的研究。
    另一個需要注意的問題是癌症。而這也是我特別希望人們考慮口腔微生物群檢測的原因。我個人有一位朋友,我們對她的口腔微生物群進行了檢測,她的F. nucleatum指數異常高,除此之外幾乎沒有其他症狀。然而,F. nucleatum與增加胰腺癌、乳腺癌和結直腸癌的風險有關。我們每天會吞嚥2000次。我們知道這些細菌可以在胃酸中存活,然後進入腸道。胰腺癌,我很抱歉打斷,坦白說我有幾位朋友因胰腺癌去世。我絕對不想有任何癌症,但這是我最不想要的類型,因為許多都是致命的。我有一位非常親密的人目前正在與此抗爭。他實際上剛因為胰腺有癌前病變而進行了預防性的胰腺切除手術,這叫做Whipple手術。對,如果能夠早期發現,就能從前到後切除。如果能夠早期發現,他們可以切除前面的部分,這就是所謂的Whipple手術。但是幾年前,我的一位才華橫溢的生物工程師同事也進行了Whipple手術,起初恢復良好,但大約一年半前去世了。是的,胰腺癌可不是開玩笑的。所以如果你能測試你的唾液,這是一個簡單的測試。我可以在節目註解中提供一些我喜歡的檢測方法,只需將唾液吐入這個小瓶中並郵寄過去。然後他們會將結果發回給你。我想這非常神奇。你確實需要找一位能夠引導你的牙醫,告訴你該如何處理這些資訊。許多病原體確實需要抗生素,因為它們非常具毒性,是螺旋體形狀,能夠侵入並嵌入組織。因此,有時我們確實需要非常強烈地治療它們。
    用來治療這些情況的抗生素通常是阿莫西林類的混合物。好吧,這是一個極端的想法,可能會讓我在自然健康界備受爭議。但我還是要這麼說。對於健康成年人來說,是否有論據反對每三年進行一次抗生素療程來消滅不健康細菌,並在各種組織中重建微生物群?只是預防性的?是的,純粹是預防性的,像是消滅嘴裡可能存在的細菌,還有前列腺裡可能存在的細菌。我最近了解到,前列腺的免疫系統保護並不像其他部分那樣好。因此,許多男性雖然沒有尿道感染,但卻有前列腺炎,他們基本上只需要進行21天或31天的抗生素療程。然後每個人都會說,“哦,你這樣會傳播耐甲氧西林金黃色葡萄球菌(MRSA)之類的。”但是你能夠預防與前列腺相關的多種癌症,像這樣的東西。我們為什麼不把這當作一個常規做法?例如每三年進行一次,你就可以在大約一周內猛烈清除體內大量的壞細菌和好細菌,然後再補充好的部分。是的,這是一個好問題。我認為重新增殖腸道和口腔微生物群比人們想像的要困難得多。我喜歡“少即是多”的方法。我認為有更好的方法來消滅壞菌,比如臭氧療法正在廣泛使用。我在我的診所中也使用臭氧。
    告訴我更多關於臭氧的事情。臭氧是O3,對吧?這是一種非常不穩定的分子。我以氣體形態或者水的形式使用它。你也可以將其作為油使用,通常是以橄欖油、 hemp油或亞麻油為載體。它具有抗微生物、抗病毒和抗真菌的特性。因此,我會用它來治療牙周病和牙周病原體,還有在填充物或密封劑下,或者在進行牙髓切割或根管治療時使用。因為否則,我們只是到處噴灑水。等等,那這是油漱口嗎?這是……我使用的是氣體形式,通過一台機器出來,然後我用一個棒子以氣體的形式使用。好的,非常局部化。我需要試試這個。但是人們漱口橄欖油和油漱口是怎麼回事?我知道這在某些地方是很流行的……我甚至不知道該怎麼稱呼它。以前是替代療法,現在卻成為主流?聽起來就像90年代的音樂,對吧?獨立醫療現在已經主流了。他們賣掉了,對吧?是的。我只是在開玩笑,但其實不是。在健康領域和音樂及藝術之間有許多相似之處。曾經是利基市場,然後成為潮流,最後成為主流。現在大家都覺得這沒什麼。是的,瑜伽、呼吸訓練、抗阻訓練以前都是小眾。漱口橄欖油,然後吐掉。針灸師們都喜歡這個。替代醫療的人們喜歡這樣。這有沒有道理?它與臭氧有關嗎?可以這樣說。因此,你可以在市場上找到臭氧化油用於油漱口。這是一種古老的阿育吠陀實踐。不過要回到臭氧,淨化霉菌毒素和細菌。這可能會有爭議,但許多自然療法醫生會使用氣體臭氧,無論是直腸使用還是靜脈注射。你必須去找會這麼做的人。直腸臭氧。是的。
    要達到口腔微生物組嗎?
    不,它影響的更多是腸道區域、胰臟、肝臟等等。
    我現在已經不再感到震驚了。
    它在消除霉菌和真菌毒素方面使用得非常頻繁。
    你知道,目前我收到了許多關於霉菌毒性的問題,尤其是來自奧斯丁的人們。
    我不知道你是否知道,但很多住在奧斯丁或曾經住在奧斯丁的人認為自己有霉菌毒性。
    這是因為很多新建築嗎?
    我不知道是不是像熱冷變化和濕氣這樣的原因。
    我不知道。
    我不知道這是否真實,但你知道,你最不想做的,就是告訴一個認為自己有某種問題的人,實際上並沒有。
    我並不是說他們沒有。
    我只是……我聽到的確實很多。
    我知道幾個因為無法應對霉菌而離開奧斯丁的人。
    有趣。
    霉變可能很可怕。
    我的意思是,我們看到它影響了牙齒。
    在一些檢測出高濃度真菌毒素的孩子身上,牙齒也會開始降解。
    所以,直腸臭氧。
    對。
    瘋狂。
    好吧,聽著,這是消化道。
    我的意思是,你知道,我們是一個健康科學播客團隊。
    他們可以自己查一下,但外面有服務提供者在做這個。
    所以,臭氧作為抗微生物劑可以很好地替代抗生素。
    現在回到油拔,油拔是一種古老的阿育吠陀實踐。
    它以前是用芝麻油的,但現在更多人使用椰子油。
    我每週偶爾會油拔幾次。
    那麼,這個實踐是怎樣的呢?
    我把一勺有機生椰子油放進嘴裡,讓它融化,然後在早上閒逛時漱口。
    鼻呼吸。
    鼻呼吸。
    對。
    不要把它吐到水槽裡。
    那樣會堵住你的水槽。
    把它吐進垃圾桶裡。
    那麼,這是做什麼呢?
    好吧,當你漱口時,它正在脫掉生物膜,了解嗎?
    椰子油中的月桂酸是抗微生物的。
    它有助於淋巴系統的刺激,還有一些抗炎特性。
    很多人報告說,它使他們的牙齒看起來更明亮和更白。
    我的意思是,你的牙齒確實很好。
    好吧,我告訴你為什麼。
    我意思是,從你的職業來看,擁有良好的牙齒是應該的,但當我第一次見到你時,我在心裡想,哇,你的牙齒真的很好。
    它們不是真的。
    我曾經受過面部外傷。
    我們要談談那個嗎?
    對,要談談那個。
    所以,當我10歲的時候,這就是我成為牙醫的原因。
    當我10歲時,我在試著引起我哥哥朋友的注意,他們非常喜歡越野摩托和BMX單車。
    我們剛剛看過電影《Rad》,我覺得我會讓他們印象深刻。
    他們都在鄰里裡做特技。
    長話短說,我從自行車上摔下來,摔在了柏油路上,撞掉了我的牙齒。
    我摔斷了我的前上顎骨。
    你仍然可以看到疤痕。
    但這是我故事的一部分。
    這就是我成為牙醫的原因。
    因為我常常進出牙科診所、口腔外科醫生和正畸醫生的辦公室。
    那時候,我是一名藝術劇場孩子。
    我喜歡用手工作。
    但隨著時間的推移,我想,天哪,我不想在紐約市的沙發上睡覺。
    我需要確保能夠養活自己。
    我該怎麼辦?
    而且我真的很喜歡科學。
    我想,嗯,我怎麼才能用我的手工作?
    那就是牙科。
    而且牙科也是可以有一點創意和藝術性的。
    所以,這些不是真的。
    但謝謝你。
    不客氣。
    謝謝你坦誠相告。
    它們看起來很自然。
    對。
    不像一些人的假牙,你知道的,或者其他什麼。
    你稱它們為什麼?
    我稱它們為假牙,因為我有一顆牙齒實際上是從被打到而裂成兩半的,老實說。
    真傻,你知道。
    如果你打拳,一定要確保你能拿到很多錢。
    而且要戴護齒。
    對,還要戴護齒。
    有更好的武術,你可以充分發揮,例如巴西柔術,讓你大腦受傷的機會小得多,可以這麼說。
    所以,作為一名神經科學家,我不支持拳擊。
    但我記得電影《Rad》。
    我記得結尾時的後空翻。
    我記得整個過程。
    我想我在試著做那個。
    我不知道我在做什麼。
    總之,沒有成功。
    對。
    沒有成功。
    好吧,你成功了,但摔在了臉上。
    所以,這是一個橋接。
    你可以植牙。
    人們有假牙。
    我們之前在談論冰球運動員。
    你會看到他們在轉動假牙,帶著假牙。
    所以,假牙是一種帶有假牙的保持器。
    有很多不同的方案可以採取。
    但有趣的是,我參與了我的牙齒制造過程。
    我坐在實驗室裡幫忙。
    所以,我希望它們看起來不要那麼矯揉造作。
    好吧,它們看起來非常自然。
    對,謝謝。
    今天,我們正在學習有關牙齒如何只是這整個生態系統的一部分,而這個生態系統是如此關鍵的所有方式。
    我必須詢問一下,我們將回到一些與通過更好地照顧口腔健康來避免可怕疾病相關的問題。
    尼古丁。
    如今,人人都知道或應該知道吸煙、電子煙、嚼煙和鼻煙,對你的健康都很糟糕。
    吸煙者會說它不是致癌物,沒有致癌作用。
    我會說,這個問題仍然需要澄清,但整個“爆米花肺”的問題顯然是有問題的。
    但尼古丁不會導致癌症。
    問題在於傳遞機制。
    是的。
    不過,如今,很多人認識到尼古丁的認知增強作用,雖然我自己不喜歡這個詞,尼古丁的興奮效果,特別是在使用尼古丁小袋、口香糖、暫時擱置尼古丁貼片以及薄荷等物品。
    這是一種不尋常的興奮劑,因為它同時也讓人稍微放鬆,所以有點像那種,你知道的,理想狀態。我承認,我偶爾會服用一到兩毫克,非常低的劑量。大多數袋子含有三到八毫克。我要吸收約一到兩毫克的尼古丁,通常是通過口香糖的方式。我會咀嚼它,然後再把它取出。尼古丁是一種血管收縮劑。尼古丁對口腔微生物組有什麼影響?你是要讓我戒掉尼古丁嗎?我不覺得上癮,但每個上癮者都會這麼說。第一步是承認問題。所以我不想把任何東西妖魔化。不,你可以妖魔化它。所以我同意你的看法。我不認為是尼古丁本身,但比如說,這些袋子變得非常受歡迎。那裡面還有什麼?有一個非常有趣的案例研究,也許我們可以連結給大家看,我稍後會與你分享。然後我有一些同事正在全球各地報告類似的情況。但他們的一個品牌中特別含有甘露醇和麥芽糊精,這些是糖醇和不同的碳水化合物。他們把這些產品宣傳為無糖的。其實產品是允許含有微量的糖,而仍然可以標示為無糖。這些產品的問題在於作用時間,即接觸時間。你應該讓它們放在嘴裡20到30分鐘。我沒有說錯吧?沒錯。所以這樣在黏膜、骨頭和牙齒上保持的時間非常長,這裡面可能有一些糖。好吧。感覺就像在吃硬糖。而且我們還發現上面那一區的細胞結構也在改變。所以你可能會看到白斑,這就像白色的斑塊,可能是潛在的癌前病變。因此我希望大家都去檢查一下。我們看到骨質流失和牙齦退縮。每當你在口腔內放入任何東西,都會改變和影響微生物組。這可以是一個補牙材料、一片口香糖或者一根牙籤。任何東西,除了中性pH的水。因此,在這個案例研究中,這位先生去檢查,我相信他已經五十多歲了。他開始使用這些袋子,而他一直都會定期去找牙醫,牙科檢查和X光都非常好。然後他可能錯過了一次約診。在使用了15個月後,X光的情況十分糟糕。他在使用袋子的位置出現了極其嚴重的蛀牙。很可能是由於那微量的糖。微生物組發生了變化。我的意思是,他的牙齒看起來像是被蛀掉的衣蛾塊,並且失去了一些牙齒。哇!我不是要嚇大家,但如果你選擇使用這些產品,我只是想讓你了解風險,並確保你定期去看牙醫。不要只是置之不理,因為如果他們開始看到細胞變化、退縮或早期蛀牙,那麼你可能會說,天哪,我真的應該減少這個了。或者如果有些人堅持要使用尼古丁,他們應該只服用一到兩毫克的尼古丁藥片。是的。或者一個貼片。對。你嚇到我了,因為白斑的存在。是啊,因為在我成長的過程中,大家都告訴我們,北加州沒有人會用,但你知道的,不要用,因為我看到這些白斑、下顎退縮的照片,真是令人反感。所以你們企圖用這個來嚇唬我,確實讓我感到足夠害怕。當然,我本來就不想咀嚼煙草。但這樣知道是好事。咖啡。我需要停止喝咖啡嗎?好的,謝謝。畢竟你來自波特蘭。是啊。我怎麼可能說出這樣的話呢?好的。是的。你不會能回家。咖啡很好。我的意思是,它會讓口腔稍微乾燥,只需以水分補充來抵消,並且它會讓你的牙齒變色。所以定期去做清潔,如果那讓你困擾,有些方法可以美白你的牙齒或變亮。氫氧基磷灰石是一種改善牙齒亮度和潔白度的非常好的方法,而油拉也很有效。或者你也可以使用強效漂白劑。只要不要過度使用。現在每個人都在過度使用一切。過度漂白會損害牙齒。隨著時間的推移,可能會對牙髓或神經造成化學傷害。一些人會得到自發性膿腫或需要根管治療。就我而言,這些人真的很頻繁地去漂白,他們的牙齒讓你需要戴上太陽眼鏡看,實際上這不是自然的美學。但有些人喜歡這樣,但只要知道風險就好。這是我想說的。在過去幾年中,我做的兩件徹底改變了我的口腔健康的事情,牙醫這樣說,還有我自己的感受,首先,我開始改變。幾年前,我可以說大約14個月前,我就說,我不再吃加工食品。我絕對不想這樣做。所以我吃肉、魚、蛋、你知道的水果、蔬菜,還有一些米飯、燕麥和好的酸麵包、黃油、橄欖油。我只是這樣,這並不是說我不會在某一天吃一片比薩,但我就這麼想:就這樣吧。像是,我對這些都感到厭倦了。今年49歲。我已經吃夠了這些東西。我現在也有點厭倦了。我懂你的感受。有趣的是,我以前有很多牙石積聚。儘管我有刷牙和使用牙線,但在,下前牙的那些叫什麼?門牙。我知道了。而且,它們會把牙石刮掉。這現在已經不成問題了。有趣的是,已經完全消失了。是的。我們的口腔底部有小唾液腺,那是常見的地方。人們會看到牙結石或牙石堆積在那些下牙齒上。那是你會覺得牙齒衛生師經常刮的地方。
    但我想知道是否因為你增加了飲食中的K2,這有助於鈣的代謝。而且我也補充了K2。但我之前就有在這樣做。然後我,嗯,我開始轉換,因為在此我必須完全透明,因為沒有什麼好隱瞞的。我與你們製作的牙膏或Gator Dentist的牙膏之間沒有任何金錢關係。我不知道他,實際上我知道他的真實名字,但他以Gator Dentist自居。我喜歡Gator。Gator Dentist。呃,但我從含氟牙膏轉換過來的,不是因為對氟的恐懼,而是對羥基磷灰石的興奮。因此,我轉用你的牙膏,偶爾,也就是說,我定期在Gator Dentist的無廢話產品與牙膏之間來回切換。是的。因此,我使用它們,兩者都不付錢給我。我按全價購買。嗯,他們沒有寄給我。我就像其他人一樣購買。而且我的牙醫說這真的產生了巨大的差異,完全沒有蛀牙。我在小時候一直在這方面掙扎,還有許多口腔健康問題。我現在不想浪費時間談論那些問題,也許稍後我們會再回到這些問題,但我必須說我的牙齒和口腔微生物組從未感覺如此良好。嗯,這真的是非凡的。是的。這真的很非凡。我還有一位家庭成員有一些腸道問題,比如消化問題。至於那到底發生了什麼,還不太清楚。嗯,我受到啟發,想嘗試幫助他們通過口腔微生物組解決這個問題,方法是改用羥基磷灰石,並測試他們的口腔微生物組。知道裡面發生了什麼會非常有趣。因為我覺得你是在吞嚥。抱歉。是否有最佳測試?嗯,比如,如果,有很多聽眾會說,好吧,我想,如果他們有可支配的收入,他們會想測試他們的口腔微生物組。 是的。你的辦公室有使用的嗎?我使用SILHA測試,這是一個更基礎的生物標記測試。所以是S I L L H A。好的。這是在辦公室進行的,只是測試基本的生物標記。所以我經常使用它。這是一個教育工具。它會顯示pH值、酸度、是否存在白血球、紅血球、炎症指標。對很多父母來說,當我談論這些時,這是非常新的東西。因此,它會以圖表形式打印出來給他們。這是頰拭子測試嗎?嗯,唾液。唾液。因此,小孩或成人會唾液嗎?是的。小孩通常要到四歲才會唾液,因為生理上很難。是的。這很難。嗯。好吧。無論如何。呃,但我真的喜歡使用槍式宏基因組學的測試,因為你正在尋找整個細菌DNA的範圍。嗯,我最喜歡的是Bristle,就像牙刷的毛一樣,並且是直接面向消費者的。因此,因為問題在於我能談論所有這些,但有時很難找到提供這些服務的供應商。所以我真的希望人們能夠在家裡獲得這些工具。因此Bristle,嗯,是一個人們可以。這是一個口腔微生物組測試。是的。而且它真的很友好用戶。他們的界面很棒,並且會提供指導和協議。你與他們有關聯嗎?我應該問,因為一些觀眾可能會。其實我有。是的,我有。這很好。只要人們知道。他們的口腔益生菌,嗯,我們與他們的口腔益生菌有合作,但無論是否是Bristle,你都應該尋找使用槍式宏基因組學的測試。槍式宏基因組學。是的。好的。嗯,也有PCR檢測許多生物牙醫會提供一些像口腔DNA測試這樣的東西,它是最受歡迎的。問題在於它真的只關注前12個病原體,牙周病原體,這是重要的,但可能還有很多其他信息你會錯過。所以這是一個很好的起點,你的牙醫可能會提供這個。嗯,它叫再一次是口腔DNA,我與口腔DNA沒有任何關係。很好。謝謝你。嗯,我覺得有些人,呃,有些人想測試他們的口腔微生物組,嗯,以及他們口中的其他東西。並且有越來越多的選擇出現。如果口腔微生物組真的會爆炸。因此對於那些尋找投資機會的人,我會說,看向口腔微生物組。它就像十多年前腸道微生物組做的事情。是的。我覺得口腔微生物組要好得多。我是說,轉向鼻呼吸,遠離含酒精的漱口水,你知道,考慮使用含羥基磷灰石的牙膏而不是氟,這也帶我們進入氟。讓我們談談氟。我已經被指控為防曬霜否認者。不,我實際上相信防曬霜是存在的。我偶爾會用一些氧化鋅防曬霜。我更喜歡實體屏障,因為如果我,嗯,我不容易曬傷,但如果我感覺可能會曬傷,我會使用物理屏障。嗯,我這裡有點諷刺,因為人們會說各種各樣的事情,但,嗯,我做了一集關於水,還有一點關於口腔健康,肯定不是你今天提供的深度或專業知識。所以謝謝你。我說,是的,氟的確做了很多事情。我的問題是,而且仍然是,我們為什麼在喝氟?但這與,好的,我簡短講這個故事。它不如你的故事那麼酷。我小時候被帶到牙醫那裡,他們給我戴上了像是,呃,裡面有氟凝膠的牙盤,上下都放了一個。然後他們把我放在前面一把小藤椅子上,面前是一台放著卡通的電視。我討厭這個。味道糟透了。還有一種酸味。因此我,那時大概六或七歲。我就喝下去了。我只是吸上去,喝下來,轉過身來,全部吐在小藤椅上。哦,我的天啊。
    氟化物是一種毒藥,但在高濃度下,所有東西都是毒藥。因此,大部分東西,嗯,氟化物,呃,都是毒藥,對不起,在高濃度下。所以我對氟化物沒有什麼反對意見,但它確實是一種毒藥。那麼問題就變成了,如果某些東西在小劑量或濃度下不是危險的,它的累積效應是什麼?這是我遇到的問題。例如,人們會說,哦,通過X光檢查機沒什麼大不了的。但如果你每年飛150次呢?是的,它是累積的嗎?因此,傳統社區的反對意見是很多這種東西的推回,嗯,邏輯不好。他們就是不合邏輯。這些有時也是我的同事,對吧?你去看牙醫,做X光檢查。他們在下一面牆後面跑去,給你放上鉛盾,然後他們說,哦不,沒關係。好吧,你知道,可能每年可以這樣做多少次才會變成問題?所以我的問題是,在飲用水中添加氟化物的理由是什麼,考慮到口腔內的接觸時間這麼短?然後,不斷將氟化物引入腸道的累積效應又是什麼?然後你之前說了一些話,而我從未想到過這一點。骨頭含有羥基磷灰石,我想你說是60%。你的骨礦物質中有60%是由羥基磷灰石組成。氟化物滲透到牙齒的礦物質中並取代它。所以氟化物會進入我們的骨頭嗎?骨骼氟中毒。好的。所以我不是想畫一幅可怕的畫面,但老實說,人們可能也能察覺到,當人們說,哦,你知道,你是反氟化的時候,我的血壓會稍微上升。我不是反氟化的,但我只是不明白這種邏輯。這不合邏輯。你在批判性思考這個問題。就像,為什麼我會不斷地用氟化物攻擊我的系統,從我的腸道到我的骨頭?如果這對我有好處,就告訴我這對我有好處。但他們在說,哦,這樣貧困人口就不會有蛀牙。聽起來是個不錯的論點,甚至也不是反駁它。但我無法將邏輯拼湊在一起。就像大多數公共衛生論據一樣,我覺得雙方對於他們所爭論的到底是什麼都不是明確的。這部分是我有這個播客的原因,試圖澄清事情。好了。我會盡力而為。是的。請不要擔心你會冒犯到任何人,因為我會冒犯所有人。他們已經說了他們能說的一切,他們會說更多。所以我不怕再打開這些話題了。好吧,我很感謝這一點。我會承擔這些壓力。我,嗯,我也會面對這些。別擔心。我現在已經有厚皮了。但你牙齒很好,而他們沒有。是的。我已經好幾十年沒有蛀牙了,也沒有使用氟化物。而波特蘭是不加氟的。波特蘭不加氟?不是。那我們來談談這個。那是一個有趣的故事。回到2011年、2012年時,我在波特蘭參加推廣水氟化活動,義務參加抗議及發放教育傳單。因為我認為我們的水中需要氟化物。這是因為我受過這樣的訓練。我從未質疑過這一點。我從未翻開期刊去看另一面的觀點。我以為任何反對水氟化的人都是戴著鐵帽的團體。那是迷信派。所有的東西。我曾經是那個人。迷信派。這聽起來很好笑。我喜歡這個。所以我參加了波特蘭的一場辯論,支持與反對。我不喜歡這些術語,但這是最簡單的描述方式。我當時坐在支持的一方,等著看這些偽科學家出來發言。我對他們所說的印象深刻,也完全不知道氟化物會有任何擔憂。我在牙醫學校時從未學到過這些。內分泌擾動、神經毒性、骨骼氟中毒。我知道牙齒氟斑症,但到那時我認為,這只是外觀上的,但你的牙齒更強韌,還有微生物組的問題。因此我很快就開始深入研究。而且有很多文獻。再一次,這是相當久之前的事。越來越多的數據和文獻出現質疑這一實踐。因此,回顧水氟化的歷史是非常重要的。我會盡量簡短,但在1900年代初,有位來自科羅拉多斯普林斯的牙醫,弗雷德里克·麥凱,注意到他的病人牙齒上有斑駁的棕色齒斑,但它們非常強壯,沒有蛀牙。於是這種情況擴散,他們開始試圖理解這背後的原因。他們發現這個社區飲用的自然水源中氟化物的濃度非常高。這種情況在1910年代的某個時候,如野火般地擴散,幾乎沒有任何實證醫學的支持,因為那是1900年代初期。到1930年代時,沒有長期的安全性研究或療效研究。然後在1940年代中期,它作為一項實驗在密歇根州的格蘭德拉皮茨開始。在大約十年之後,他們注意到蛀牙率在下降。因此基於這一觀察,水氟化便如野火般在美國各地蔓延。我相信大約80%的美國都加了氟化物。所以支持的倡導者,如果可以這麼稱,他們會說這是世紀公共衛生運動中最偉大的成就,因為蛀牙問題曾經如此嚴重。重要的是要知道,牙齒蛀壞是全球兒童和成人中的首要慢性疾病,幾乎完全可以預防。我認為我們只是不斷將它正常化。你只會有蛀牙。但是我想指出,我們是唯一有蛀牙的物種之一。野生動物沒有蛀牙。
    我們的家養動物因為我們給它們的飼料,這些飼料是你知道的,經過加工的動物食品,所以我們現在面對這個問題。一開始這就是個有爭議的話題。流行病學家、內分泌學家和神經科學家一直在挑戰這一點,說這是一個錯誤的做法。這是一種高度活性的元素。你知道,氟離子會干擾碘的攝取,並且再次引起骨氟中毒、神經毒性等等。
    大約七年前,在北加州有一個聯邦審判,但這是聯邦的,人民對抗環保署(EPA)。這是一個TASCA(毒物控制法案)審判,並且在過去的七年中一直在進行。基本上,他們在問,EPA,你們的水氟化長期影響的安全數據在哪裡?這個想法是,如果我們把氟放在水中,雖然這不是一個非常有效的方式來讓人們攝取氟,但最終它會進入唾液中,並透過唾液發揮局部作用。他們曾經認為,系統性地,它實際上是在兒童的發展中被納入牙齒,使琺瑯質變得更強壯,但這一說法已經被推翻。因此,現在最有可能的仍然是局部效益,可能還有一點系統性效益,觸及牙齒。我們確實知道,氟需要局部作用,我們不需要攝取它。這一切都是來自於數據,現在牙科醫學院也在教授這些內容。
    不過,這是讓大眾攝取氟的最簡單方法,因為蛀牙是如此嚴重的問題。對此,我的首個評論是,我們並沒有針對牙齒腐爛的根本原因進行討論,那就是我們的飲食。所有的超加工食品。再者,在農業革命、工業革命,以及過去幾十年出現的超加工食品熱潮之前,我們其實並沒有在人體上看到牙齒腐爛的情形。這樣說,正確嗎?因此,如果我們檢視1900年之前死者的骸骨,顯然——好吧,死亡者與活人中都能看到骸骨——他們的牙齒怎麼樣?1900年的時候,他們會有蛀牙。但如果你看看大約一萬年前,則幾乎沒有。你知道,除非他們居住在擁有大量水果或蜂蜜的區域,比如說你是從哪裡獲得糖分的?當你去樹叢中採摘一些漿果的時候,你是在和動物和鳥類競爭。你沒有太多的機會過量攝取糖分。不過,你知道,曾經有糖貿易,然後我們只是在——糖是財富和皇室的象徵,人們的牙齒就這樣腐爛了。這都是因為我們的飲食。所以這才是根本的原因問題,但沒有人在談論這個。你知道,我們只是說,讓我們在上面塗氟。為什麼不去教育和教授人們究竟是什麼真正造成蛀牙的呢?
    不過,好的。TASCA審判仍在進行中,而法官愛德華·陳(Edward Chen)在等待這份國家毒理學計畫的報告,該計畫隸屬於健康與人類服務部。說實話,這看起來就像一部肥皂劇。這份報告不斷被延遲和推遲,他們不願意釋出。最後,在信息自由法下,他說這需要被公佈。報告中提到,氟攝取增加與兒童智商問題之間有強烈相關。因此,基於這個訊息,他做出了裁決——這是在多年的專家證詞之後——認為目前美國的水氟化做法存在不合理的風險。這是他去年年底做出的裁決。這非常新鮮。而EPA,現在你需要改善這一點。你需要更好地進行監管。人們會爭辯,很多他們所查看的研究顯示兒童智商下降或神經認知問題,都是在1.2或1.5毫克每升的濃度下。美國現在的濃度是每升0.7毫克。但這是每升,好的?所以你每天喝多少升水?這就是爭議所在。因此,舉例來說,美國兒科學會一般建議孕婦每天飲用兩到三升水。你可能還在用含氟水做飯,比如煮意大利麵、做湯。我們怎麼能真正知道某人接觸到多少?他們的身體組成是什麼?他們多重?還有哪些其他外界氟源?他們在吞咽牙膏嗎?氟在許多藥物中都有,因為它幫助增加生物可用性,特別是在選擇性血清素再吸收抑制劑和質子泵抑制劑上。很多這些藥物中都有氟。真的?是的。超加工食品也會含有氟。因此,製作你所喝的Rockstar能量飲料或Hy-C的工廠,他們不會使用反滲透過濾水。所以你是這樣攝取氟的。它自然存在於綠茶和紅茶中。這不是為了讓人們擔心綠茶和紅茶,我仍然在喝它們。更多是想說,我們如何真正理解接觸的數量?因此,他們發現孕婦的情況有很多研究跟進,但一個著名的例子是來自加拿大的Rivka Green 研究,他們追蹤了大約520對母子。研究期間對母親的尿氟進行檢測,按學期平均,然後跟蹤這些孩子到三到四歲,並進行智商測試,發現尿氟濃度較高的母親,其孩子在智商測試中的得分較低,損失了五到七分。這個數據與鉛相當。好的,與鉛相當。是的。因此那是在2019年。現在出現了太多的其他研究。所以法官裁定,EPA,你需要更好地監管這件事。
    在這段時間內,出現了一項進一步支持NTP報告的綜合分析,該報告由《JAMA Pediatrics》發佈。好的。順便說一句,這對於這些編輯來說是非常有爭議的,所以我讚揚他們。此外,還出了一份Cochrane報告,Cochrane Collaborative指出,這又是非常近期的研究,檢視了水氟化的所有數據,結果顯示水氟化並不像我們想的那樣能夠減少蛀牙。它每個人僅減少了大約四分之一的蛀牙。因此,這在統計上並不顯著。所以人們會問,為什麼在我們把氟化物加到水中時,蛀牙率會下降呢?這很難說,或許他們本來就因為教育、更多的牙齒衛生洗漱和刷牙、使用牙線而在下降。但現在我們的牙膏中到處都有氟化物。因此,氟化物是在1940年代添加到水中,而直到1960年代才加入到我們的牙膏中。現在到處都是。我們在漱口水、在會所讓你嘔吐的氟化物清漆中都能接觸到氟化物。順便說一句,這是非常常見的。因為很多這些氟化物清漆,首先,氟化物,你知道,確實有一個毒物控制標籤,你不應該吞下去。但這些清漆還有聚氨酯和己烷衍生物,這使它們變得如此黏膩。我仍然非常討厭去牙醫那裡。我知道那種味道。我想這是因為早期的聯想。是的。是的。所以這非常有爭議。不幸的是,我們已經失去了對科學的把握。現在正被政治所掩蓋。這真的讓我很不高興,因為這不是一個政治問題。我們只是需要看數據。我覺得我們正在失去科學方法的視野。美國牙科協會、美國兒科學會都在堅持說我們必須在水中加氟。無論如何,我認為了解97%的世界並不氟化水是很重要的。這是一個非常美國的爭議。許多國家已經去除了氟化物並發現,比如丹麥、德國、日本,他們的蛀牙率非常低。這是為什麼呢?他們對自己的人口進行了教育,告訴他們真正造成蛀牙的原因,並且讓氟化牙膏更易獲得。我有丹麥的親戚,他們的牙齒非常好。如果你告訴我英國的飲用水中沒有氟化物,我可能會這樣想,哦,抱歉,我的英國朋友們,但這就是刻板印象了,對吧?他們的牙齒不好。我不認為這再是真實的。我認為這曾經是事實。我認為他們的牙齒也擠滿了,而且有些歪。我覺得這很多都與臉部發展有關。我們看到很多西歐人,他們確實有那種如果你願意稱之為成形障礙的臉,可能是因為鼻呼吸。誰知道為什麼?工業革命、過敏、口呼吸等等。為什麼在那裡似乎更為普遍?所以這就是觀點,快速看法。因此,我認為這應該是個人選擇。你知道,如果你想使用氟化物,可以去商店。我是說,你現在甚至可以在一元商店買到氟化牙膏。他們在很多診所免費提供。對我來說,我認為這是一個醫療倫理問題。我們在沒有他們同意的情況下大規模對人群進行醫療。對我來說,更大的問題是沒有人在談論這個,我也找不到任何相關文獻。這對腸道微生物群有什麼影響?因為它是一種抗微生物劑。所以這將是一項精彩的研究。NIH,如果你正在收聽,我們能否測試住在氟化區域的人與住在無氟區域的人的差異?我們能跟蹤他們嗎?也許這是一項前瞻性的隊列研究,以看看他們的微生物群是如何不同的,因為這對我來說並沒有意義。我們為什麼要系統性地攝取這些有潛在風險的東西,而我們完全可以局部使用或實際上討論真正造成蛀牙的原因?如果氟化水有效,蛀牙就不會是我們國家,尤其是我們的孩子中最常見的疾病。很多人擔心,如果我們去掉水中的氟化物,蛀牙率可能會上升。可能會。我是說,在加拿大卡爾加里,他們確實這麼做過,那裡的蛀牙率上升了。但是如果你實際查看數據,當他們去除氟化物時,蛀牙率已經在上升,但他們僅顯示他們想看的數據。但同樣,這是一個風險-效益分析。我認為牙醫們往往對牙齒過於關注。因此你提到,如果他們說這對我好,我就會這樣做。那麼,對什麼好呢?對你的牙齒好,還是對你的整個身體好,還是對你的大腦好?我認為這應該是個別的選擇。作為一個家長,我想選擇在我的孩子身上少一個四分之一的蛀牙,還是希望保護他們的最佳大腦發展?我是說,數據顯示的缺陷與鉛暴露的影響相當,這是對我來說最突出的事。是的。我是一名牙醫。我受過修復牙齒的訓練。我可以修復牙齒上的四分之一蛀牙。但我無法修復發育中的大腦。我們只有一次機會來發育大腦。我們只有一次機會來成長臉部。你知道,這真的很重要。我非常感謝你帶我們走過整個歷史的過程。我認為這對人們來說是極其重要的,這樣他們才能開始形成自己的看法。而你指出了整個系統目前安排的幾個邏輯缺陷,這就是用一種強效化學物質對每個人進行的大規模治療,尤其考慮到人們飲用和烹飪時所需的水量,而這一切都是在沒有他們同意的情況下,以及沒有風險評估。
    所以你的低衰減率,我可能是一個非常高的衰減率。你不需要任何額外的東西。你的飲食、平衡和微生物組都很棒。我吃得不好。我的衛生習慣很差。你知道,我們不能一概而論地對待每個人。我們應該進行風險評估。我想稍微休息一下,並感謝我們的贊助商,Element。Element是一種電解質飲品,包含你所需的一切,但沒有任何多餘的成分。這意味著電解質、鈉、鎂和鉀,都是以正確的比例,但沒有糖。適當的水分補給對於最佳的腦部和身體功能至關重要。即使是輕微的脫水也會降低認知和身體表現。確保攝取足夠的電解質也很重要。電解質、鈉、鎂和鉀對於你體內所有細胞的運作都是至關重要的,特別是神經細胞。飲用溶解在水中的Element,能非常方便地確保你得到足夠的水分和電解質。為了確保我獲得適當的水分和電解質,我會在早上醒來時把一包Element溶解在約16到32盎司的水中,然後基本上在早上第一件事就喝下。我還會在進行任何體育運動時飲用加入水中的Element,特別是在炎熱的日子裡,當我大量流汗並因此失去很多水分和電解質時。Element有多種好喝的口味,包括西瓜、柑橘等。坦白說,我都很喜歡。如果你想嘗試Element,可以前往drinkelement.com / Huberman,購買任何Element飲品混合包,即可索取免費的Element樣品包。再次強調,網址是drinkelement.com / Huberman以索取免費樣品包。好吧,我想這基本上可以把氟化物放在一個框裡,讓我們大家都能看到。我認為這將是未來一至三年公共健康中非常重要的方面,因為新的政府和Bobby Kennedy都在密切關注氟化物。我真的很喜歡你對試圖消除這一問題的政治因素所說的話。如果這成為藍州與紅州、左派與右派的對立,我們就永遠無法觸及問題的核心。這樣真的會很可悲。那些真正受苦的將是孩子們。所以,我的看法是非黨派的,我聽到你說的每一句話都讓我覺得十分關鍵。他們是從哪裡獲得氟化物的呢?水氟化的氟是來自磷酸肥料產業的副產品。這種物質叫做氟化硅酸。在磷酸肥料產業中,這被視為有害廢物,處理起來成本高昂。但他們發現如果按照理論稀釋並放入我們的水系統,這種酸在非常稀釋的情況下是安全的。不過我需要說的是,大家可以自己去研究了解,但它確實是以水泥袋包裝,前面有骷髏和交叉骨的圖案。他們在將其加入我們的水中時確實需要穿上危險材料防護服。他們應該進行滴定。我覺得有趣的是,我們的目標是每升0.7毫克。 我曾參與一些宣傳活動,並測試過波特蘭周邊的一些社區。實際上很難保持在這個範圍內。所以有些社區的檢測數值高達每升2.2毫克,這根據科學和文獻的標準,確實進入了更令人擔憂的神經認知問題和其他健康問題的區域。因此,如果你擔心,可以致電當地的水務局或市政府。我會說,我不認為聯邦政府能對此有太大的控制。如果環保局能出手,那會更好。順便說一句,他們已經提起上訴了。但這會更多地取決於州和地方層面。我們已經看到像佛羅里達州和猶他州這樣的一些州,已經通過並最初決定這是一項強制性禁令。而且我認為北達科他州、肯塔基州也在採取行動,還有其他一些州和社區在取消或者不再將其添加到水中。所以觀察這一切真的是一段有趣的時光。超級有趣。我會抵制詢問為什麼聽起來似乎主要是紅州在做這件事,而不是藍州的誘惑。雖然波特蘭位於藍州。波特蘭無疑是個藍色城市。藍色城市。對。對。沒錯。藍色城市位於一個紅州。俄勒岡州在去年選舉時變紅了嗎?嗯,城市的情況與許多州有點類似。所以尤金、波特蘭、班德通常都是藍色的,而周圍地區則更保守,但是,不過這確實有些變化,但不足以改變投票結果。好的。自由派。好吧,我們將在20、90作另一期政治相關的內容。與此同時,回到口腔微生物組,此外,我對口腔健康與你所描述的生育、妊娠與荷爾蒙之間的關係非常感興趣。顯然,荷爾蒙可以關乎男性或女性,但我們先來談談口腔健康與生育之間的關係。關於口腔微生物組或口腔健康如何影響卵子健康、生育、排卵及卵巢儲備,是否有任何相關的知識?這是否是生育調節被認為發生的層面?關於這方面的連結,具體已知的有什麼呢?
    所以再次回到那個轉位以及創造免疫反應和炎症的問題上,以及釋放的內毒素。嗯,特別是男性,他們發現隨著牙齦疾病和牙周病原體的增加,精子的運動性和活動性出現了更多挑戰。而且,這可能與炎症有關。嗯,對於女性來說,我們可以顯示女性懷孕的時間需要多兩個月。嗯,這確實會影響排卵和卵子的質量,嗯,但我們也知道這可能導致流產、低體重出生、早產,以及懷孕併發症。因此,我們在胎盤中發現了口腔細菌,嗯,我們發現各處都有不同的微生物組。現在乳腺有微生物組,胎盤有微生物組。因此,口腔細菌可能會出現在許多這些地方,並且創造出這連鎖的炎症事件。因此,嗯,現在生活在這個時代確實令人興奮,因為有很多研究正在進行。目前,它再次不是因果關係。雖然有很多相關性,但我希望看到生育診所更加專注於口腔健康。假如他們開始測試病人的微生物組,並且發現其在 P. gingivalis 或 F. nucleatum 上非常高,並消除了或減少了這些細菌,那會是多麼驚人。我想看到懷孕和生育結果如何改變和改善。
    很好。有哪些機械的方法,而不是化學的方法,我們可以用來改善我們的口腔健康?所以我們都被教導每天刷牙和牙線兩次。嗯,我甚至有一位同事,他經常在午餐後被發現正在浴室刷牙。嗯,所以他每天刷三次牙。我不知道他是受到什麼激勵。我也這樣做。你也是?好吧。嗯,刷牙的問題是什麼?假設,像運動一樣。假設如果有人每天只刷一次牙,早上刷還是晚上刷比較好?顯然他們應該每天刷兩次牙,或者更多。但如果只能刷一次,應該是在早上還是晚上?是的。我經常指導家長這方面,因為給孩子刷牙可能會很有挑戰性。晚上永遠是最重要的。首先,你是在清除白天的食物殘渣。你正在破壞那個生物膜,這樣你就不會僅僅因為有那種黏稠的、潛在的失調生物膜在牙齒上,而整晚(8、10、12小時)睡著。如果你是一個有口呼吸的孩子,那將會改變微生物組並降低pH。因此,擁有潔白的牙齒上床睡覺是非常好的。所以我建議把重心放在晚上。嗯,讓我有點抓狂的是,我們往往過於專注於刷牙,但在談話中卻常常忽視使用牙線。謝謝你提到這一點。如果你閱讀兒童書籍,你會看到,它們都說去刷牙,但從來不提使用牙線。所以我們需要在這方面進行改進。但我在孩子身上看到的大多數蛀牙,這對成人群體同樣適用,都是在牙齒之間或臼齒的近接處。嗯,這是非常常見的。因此,許多家長會帶著孩子來看牙醫,他們認為自己一直在正確地做所有事情,但其實他們還沒有開始使用牙線。一旦我們第一次拍 X 光片,孩子們就會有八個蛀牙,這聽起來很驚人,但事實上很常見,因為我們有八顆臼齒。因此,它發生在牙齒之間,當你吃那些金魚餅乾、脆餅或薯片時,它們會卡在牙齒之間。細菌來了,食物釋放酸,這些食物就一直留在那裡,日復一日、時復一時,甚至可以說是周復一周,如果你從不使用牙線。所以我真的很希望牙線能成為日常習慣的一部分。如果你只每天做一次,那很好,完全可以。晚上做。我喜歡先用牙線,然後再刷牙。嗯,你是在清除牙齒之間的食物並把它刷掉。其實也有研究支持這個順序。不過,乞丐不能選擇,只要做到就好。你知道,有些人會購買吸盤鏡子,在淋浴時使用牙線。有些人在車上通勤時使用牙線。我不會在這方面挑剔。嗯,我還要說,隨著年齡增長,單靠使用牙線已經不夠了。想一想一小段牙線。你知道,我們想把它放在牙齒之間,他們建議你做 C 字型和倒 C 字型。你是在刮擦牙齒的側面以破壞那個生物膜。但隨著年齡增長,我們都會失去一點骨頭。這樣一來,你就會得到這個小口袋,邪教而那根牙線無法清除裡面的細菌。這就是水牙線的用武之地。因此,如果你真的想成為過度努力的人,我也非常喜歡使用水牙線。我個人會交替進行。所以一個晚上我可能會用牙線,下一個晚上我可能會用水牙線。嗯,這在那些無法將手放入嘴裡的病人中效果很好。也許他們對此有一定的厭惡。感官方面,嗯,孩子們經常會在使用牙線方面掙扎。所以水牙線可能會很有趣。你可以在浴缸中使用,這樣不會弄得一團糟。或者在淋浴中,他們還製作無線版本。不過我無法過於強調使用牙線的重要性,那種近接清潔,它能刺激牙齦組織,這樣你就不太可能因而得牙周病。那麼那些有小牙籤、上面有一小段牙線的,嗯,你知道的,硬牙籤那種?是的,牙線牙籤。牙線牙籤很好,尤其是在孩子中。嗯,它是唯一能給孩子刷牙的方式。所以我希望家長們,一旦牙齒相接,就應該開始使用牙線。這可能是前牙。我們的下顎正在縮小,我們的牙齒也擁擠。
    很少見我會看到孩子的門牙有空隙。這正是我們應該發展的方式,因為成人牙齒比嬰兒牙齒寬,需要更多的空間來長出來。但是我們常常擁擠。因此,任何牙齒接觸的地方,我們都應該使用牙線。但通常在兩歲半左右,磨牙已經開始接觸了。家長們看我的眼神就像我瘋了一樣,但我們真的應該使用牙線。所以,如果你早早開始一些這些行為,會變得越來越容易。我們知道用牙線的孩子會變成用牙線的成年人。不過,牙線棒對成年人也很合適。你知道,有些人手很大,很難將牙線放進去。是的,我也得用它們。我無法將手放進嘴裡。它們很好,對。好吧。你只想試著不要只是上下直接刷。盡量鬆動角度,如果可以的話,好嗎?然後或許可以使用水牙線。我聽我的牙醫說,軟毛牙刷是最好的。是的,因為我傾向於進去,然後聽到有很多關於口腔健康對大腦的重要性的消息,這讓一些人,包括我自己,開始裡面“刷刷刷”試圖將所有的東西都刷出來。這並不是正確的方法。刷牙時要非常柔和。因此,你應該做輕柔的圓周運動。你不想磨損你的牙釉質。這也很重要。許多人會吃完東西後就跑去洗手間刷牙。每次我們吃東西時,我們的牙齒都會稍微去礦化,對吧?還記得我提到過需要大約20到30分鐘才能開始再礦化。因此,如果你馬上去刷牙,刷毛可能會損傷你的牙釉質,並且會造成磨損和留下小痕跡,這會導致敏感和牙齦退縮。所以如果你能試著在吃完或喝完東西後等20到30分鐘再刷牙,這包括嘔吐也是一樣。所以,當我們可能生病後,都想刷牙。試著只是漱口,或許用一點小蘇打。很多這些都是完美世界的想法。好吧,我明白,但我希望人們能獲得這些資訊。你提到了標記,而我本來想早些問一件事情,並不是要讓我們回到氟化物的對話中,但你提到最早提出在蛀牙治療中加入氟化物的人的時候,注意到孩子的牙齒上有黑斑。氟化物會造成牙齒變暗嗎?可能會。因此,我相信是他的小兒和成年人病人,這整個社區有這些斑駁的牙齒。這被稱為牙齒氟斑症。牙齒上的斑點和痕跡可以有很多種原因。其中一個是氟斑症,還有可能是牙釉質發育不全。我認為我們應該提到這一點。但是氟斑症可以是輕微的、中度的或重度的。當它變得更重時,會呈現出深色、斑駁、橘色或棕色。輕度氟斑症通常顏色較白。你經常會在切牙的邊緣或磨牙的尖峰部位看到它。這不是一個很吸引人的特徵,的確不是。這是你接受過多氟的跡象,你知道嗎?我會說40%的青少年現在有牙齒氟斑症。這很可能也意味著他們在骨骼上也有某種程度的氟斑症。因此,對於圍繞水氟化的辯論所面臨的所有挑戰,我敢打賭我的一筆可觀的儲蓄,這個問題將最終成為關鍵問題。這可能看起來很瘋狂,對吧?像是這種物質可能安全也可能不安全,我們因各種原因攝取它。這裡有一段歷史,你描述得很美好。但在這段時間裡,我一直從事公共健康教育的工作,對於一個典型的人來說,會說:“是的,隨便,我一直喝水,我覺得很好,或者我的孩子也沒問題,現在我也無能為力,他們15歲了。”也許他們智商比該有的低了10分。但如果你告訴人們,我發現人類心理非常有趣,如果你告訴人們:“你知道嗎,氟化物不僅可能對神經發展有影響,還可能進入你的骨骼,就像它進入你的牙齒一樣。但是你知道牙齒上的那些白點或黑斑非常不吸引人,那是因為氟化物。”現在你讓大家都明白了。美學,美學。而這是一個恥辱或其他什麼東西,這就是人們的方式。但是一旦人們意識到一些原本對他們有益或被認為對他們有益的東西可能對他們的長期健康有壞的影響時,你就能抓住他們了。但這些長期的相關性很難激勵人類行為。但那些白點,沒人想要。牙齒上的黑斑,沒人想要。我敢打賭這會成為關鍵問題。如果人們說:“哦,聽著,它實際上讓我的牙齒變得更醜。”是啊,可能更強但更醜。我打賭這會成為討論中的一個分歧。這將來自於公眾。但我會告訴你,我有牙醫,當我像這樣談論水氟化和氟斑症時,具體說會說:“哦,那只是美學。至少他們的牙齒很健康。”像是他們在替病人做決定。我認為這不是我們作為提供者應該替某人做的決定。但這真的很常見。氟斑症非常常見。我甚至看到最近的數據顯示多達60%。但40%是我們通常所認為的有氟斑症的青少年的標準數字。有一種叫做牙釉質發育不全的東西。這是我非常熱衷的主題。這是未礦化的牙釉質。我相信這在孩子中是一場無聲的流行病。我越來越多地看到孩子們的牙齒長出來時,並且它們的顏色很不均勻且粉筆狀。
    一些情況非常嚴重,以至於牙齒開始崩潰。在我20年的職業生涯中,我見到這種情況大幅增加,數據也開始顯示出這一點。不幸的是,許多家長的孩子會受蛀牙的困擾,這在孩子中非常普遍。家長們通常會受到羞辱和指責,像是「你給他們吃什麼?」或者「你沒有好好幫他們刷牙和牙線?」或「你在忽略他們。」有時還會被告知要停止母乳餵養,因為這可能會造成問題。其實,問題在於牙齒和牙釉質並未正常形成,它們的抗酸能力不強,也更加脆弱。這就像竹筷子一樣比林肯積木來得脆弱,我們全球的同事都認為這很可能與我們在全球範圍內看到的礦物質缺乏有關,以及我們看到的維生素D缺乏,因為我們總是在室內,而不是在戶外,還有所有的垃圾光源,藍光等。這也可能是環境毒素、高燒、病毒引起的。但這確實是一個值得擔憂的問題。現在許多孩子需要接受全身麻醉來修復牙齒。我讀到的一項研究顯示,這類可預防的問題每年大約有100,000到150,000例。全身麻醉是有風險的,因此我喜歡考慮更保守的方法。比如,我們能否幫助這些牙齒再礦化?是否有策略可以讓我們先延遲治療,直到孩子長大,能夠耐心等待治療,而不需要將這麼多孩子置於全身麻醉之下?因為我不認為我們擁有所有長期潛在累積影響的數據。我們之前也談到過,這不僅是一次性暴露,對吧?並不是來自X光的一次暴露或氟化物的一次暴露,或者一次麻醉的暴露,而是那種我們沒有足夠數據的累積效果。
    回到口腔微生物組、口腔健康和荷爾蒙之間的關係,特別關注女性荷爾蒙,每個月發生的月經/排卵週期,以及圍絕經期、絕經期,聽眾中大約一半是女性。我很想知道,在月經週期的某些階段或圍絕經期、絕經期或之前的某些階段,女性是否應該特別注意她們的口腔健康?也許在雌激素上升或下降時,口腔微生物組是否特別容易受損,她們可能應該多加注意自己的口腔健康?是的,我們可以看到這方面的變化,無論是上升還是下降。大約在青春期,我們會看到牙齦健康的變化。很多年輕女孩會有更多的牙齦炎或牙齦發炎。而且,如果她們正在使用口服避孕藥,這也可能會改變情況。她們會去看牙醫,可能會被指責沒有好好刷牙或使用牙線,但其實這是荷爾蒙的問題。因此,了解這一點是很重要的,尤其是對於懷孕的女性。懷孕牙齦炎影響50%到70%的女性。50%到70%?這可不少。哇。是的。通常在你生完孩子,經過了一段哺乳期並且荷爾蒙恢復正常後,這種情況會消失。但重要的是要知道,放鬆素也可以幫助我們為分娩做好準備,但它會使牙齒移位。我們的牙齒周圍有韌帶,就像我們的骨盆中有韌帶一樣。這種牙周韌帶會受到放鬆素的影響,因此我們可以看到牙齒的移動。女性有時會說,我的咬合變了,我的牙齦健康也變了。因此,在懷孕前和懷孕期間,最好能夠確保口腔衛生,並定期看牙醫。在圍絕經期和絕經期,女性會面臨一系列口腔健康問題,因為荷爾蒙的變化,雌激素和孕酮的減少會影響膠原蛋白的合成。這會導致更多的牙關節病、更頻繁的頭痛、牙齦發炎、口乾症、灼燒口腔綜合症、口臭以及味覺改變等問題。因此,能夠和女性開展這樣的對話是多麼強而有力,而不僅僅是說,嗯,使用這個產品,多刷牙和用牙線。也許我們可以從荷爾蒙的角度來探討,像是荷爾蒙替代療法對你是否合適?或者我們如何以其他方式支持你?或許你應該每兩到三個月去看一次牙醫,而不是每六個月去看一次。而且還要強調心理健康的成分,告訴她們這不是她們忽視的問題,而是身體正在經歷的一種變化。因此,我們如何能從牙科界支持你呢?是的。謝謝你。越來越多的人在社交媒體和其他地方詢問這個問題,像是,這對女性和男性有什麼不同?尤其是在不同的生理週期階段以及圍絕經期、絕經期以及整個生命週期。因此,我很感謝你的回答。對了,我的社區也經常有人問我有關灼燒口腔的問題。什麼是灼燒口腔症?聽起來很糟糕。你的口腔感覺金屬般的味道,確實感到灼燒,幾乎像是發癢。我並沒有經歷過,但這是人們對我描述的,或者有點像口乾的感覺。它可能是鋅缺乏或維生素B缺乏的跡象,我們在圍絕經期和絕經期的女性中也可以看到這種變化。我認為重要的是要知道,口腔是進入身體的門戶,我們也可以在口腔中看到營養缺乏的跡象。因此,嘴角的裂口可能是鋅缺乏的表現。指甲上的白色條紋也可能是鋅缺乏的表現。維生素B缺乏可能會導致灼燒口腔或地理性舌頭是一些人會經歷的情況。地理性舌頭是由什麼引起的?我沒有這個。
    我有一位家庭成員患有這種情況,並且這是永久性的,因為他們現在年紀已經很大,從孩提時代起就一直有。 我們在牙醫學校時被告知可能有變化,但這是良性的,你知道的,只需告訴患者避免柑橘類和酸性食物,並且這與潛在的乳膠過敏和牛皮癬相關聯。 所以這是一種自體免疫問題。 這可能是營養缺乏的徵兆,通常是鋅、維生素B或鐵。 另外,它也可以是乳糜瀉、克隆病或腸道問題的徵兆。 再次強調,這一切都是相互關聯的。 所以很多時候當孩子來看我時,我會把他們轉介給功能醫學醫生或自然療法醫生,以排除這些問題,知道,還有基因易感性。 隨著我們在這個話題上的交流更深入,這些我從未想過的想法浮現在我的腦海中,例如,因為我不太會用到它們,比如唇膏、口紅。 我不使用口紅。 我不使用唇膏。 我想我曾在幾年前滑雪或單板滑雪時用過一次防曬霜在我的嘴唇上,而現在我在想,那是否真的是一個糟糕的主意? 我的意思是,不曬傷是好事。對吧。 人們會使用,但我想具體來說,像口紅這樣的產品,它們對口腔微生物群安全嗎? 我不認為它會進入你的體內,我是說,希望你不會吃那麼多,但我的意思是,我們需要注意我們的產品。 你知道,有很多口紅和唇膏是以石油為基礎的,它們裡面包含一些有害成分。 我們在學習越來越多,並且知道它們在這裡的化妝品監管上並不一定像在歐盟那樣嚴格。 所以要仔細閱讀成分,但許多石油基產品實際上會導致更多的乾燥,並且有相反的效果,這就是為什麼人們對潤唇膏上癮的原因。 我認為他們的嘴唇會變得更乾。 但當我看到慢性乾燥的嘴唇時,我就會想到脫水,你是否用嘴呼吸? 因為當你用嘴呼吸時,所有的組織都會乾燥。 所以如果一個孩子來看診時嘴唇長期乾燥,我確實會懷疑他們是否是用嘴呼吸。 另一種評估你是否在身邊有用嘴呼吸的人的方法是,你是否經常要生活中的某個人(尤其是孩子)閉嘴咀嚼? 所以當我們咀嚼時,我們必須呼吸。 所以你應該閉嘴咀嚼,通過鼻子呼吸。 但如果因為有阻塞、偏曲鼻中隔、鼻甲腫脹無法這樣做的話,你就會有那種嘴總是張開的孩子,而他們往往不會充分咀嚼。他們只是把食物壓碎後吞下,因為他們擔心氧氣供應。 這些孩子往往會挑食,因為他們避免肉、胡蘿蔔、蘋果等需要咀嚼的食物。 他們吃得更多的是雞塊、起司通心粉,因為可以壓碎然後吞下去。 這可能是成人和孩子的口腔運動功能障礙的跡象。 所以如果你在嘴閉著的情況下咀嚼有困難,那是可以探索和尋求幫助的事情。 我們應該能夠在嘴的兩側均勻地咀嚼嗎? 你應該在嘴的兩側均勻地咀嚼。 如果你只在一側咀嚼,那不僅會使那一側的肌肉肥大,還可能導致,特別是在孩子中,生長方式的變化。 但我想知道為什麼。 你為什麼會那麼咀嚼? 你的咬合或咬合不正嗎? 你是否因為牙痛而避免某顆牙齒? 這可能是一個壞習慣。 有方法可以重新訓練,但一切都應該對稱。 所以你應該這樣咀嚼,舌頭應該把食物球移到另一側,咀嚼。 所以如果你無法做到,那也可能是口腔運動功能障礙的跡象。 也許你的舌頭沒有良好的活動範圍或靈活性。 也許你有舌帶或低肌肉張力。 所以有很多因素會影響到這個。 在這裡,經過肌功能治療師的指導會真的有幫助。 你說得對,所以我得問一下。 幾年前,舌帶是一個有爭議的話題。 舌帶是指連接舌頭底部與口腔底部的皮膚繩。 口腔底部。 嗯,謝謝。 有人認為嬰兒應該割舌帶。 其他人認為不應該割。 然後大家都開始尋找。我想我的舌帶似乎自然撕裂了或有一些距離。 但,你知道的,舌帶到底是怎麼回事? 是否應該割掉? 我們正在進行所有有爭議的對話。 我會承擔這個壓力。 這就叫做“舌帶”。 好的。所以我們每個人都有舌帶。 它是連接舌頭與口腔底部的組織帶。 我們還有唇帶。有時你在前庭這裡會有小帶。好的。 在臉頰附近。 嗯。 如果你把手指放進嘴裡,你會感覺到。 哦,是的。 沒錯。 你可能會有,也可能不會。 它們曾經因為某些情況把我的牙齒弄乾。 它就像是有網狀物。 對。所以這段對話的重點是功能。 所以你的舌頭和口腔結構功能正常嗎? 如果是這樣,那就很好。 你知道的。 需要注意的是,不能通過社交媒體上的照片對任何人進行診斷。 我看到很多父母部落格在說,我的孩子有舌帶。我孩子有唇帶。 你無法從中判斷。 我們必須關注功能。 那麼,它是否妨礙或影響母乳餵養? 舌頭能否適當抬起? 這一切都與抬起、提升和側移有關。 很多人認為舌帶影響你伸出舌頭的能力。我們對此不那麼在乎。 在子宮內及之後,促進面部和顎骨生長的就是舌頭的抬起、提升和擴張,就像擴張器一樣,幾乎就像正畸擴張器。
    因此,如果無法提起,這就是首個徵兆。這意味著它無法適當地將乳腺組織拉入並進行哺乳。嬰兒可能會有大量的胃食道逆流。女性會感到疼痛。好的。這是我們首先考慮的事項之一。但隨著孩子年齡的增長,我們會考慮,是否有舌帶可能導致張口呼吸?當你的嘴唇閉合,通過鼻子呼吸時,你的舌頭應該在上顎,並應有足夠的緊張度保持在那里,理想情況下,睡覺時也是如此。但如果你的舌頭被固定住,它無法抬起,舌頭就會低垂,你會有更多拿破侖·達賴特的外觀,好嗎?所以那種張嘴和前傾頭部姿勢,只是因為舌頭無法抬起。許多時候,當人們有舌帶時,他們的上顎也會狹窄,因為在產前,舌頭沒有抬起來以最佳方式發展臉部。這在家族中也會遺傳,存在這種遺傳傾向。接下來我們要考慮的是語言,也就是是否影響演講或影響咀嚼和吞嚥。因此,如果所有這些都很好,雖然看起來有舌帶,但你在健康地發展,做得很好,前提是你醫薬沒有補償使用其他肌肉,並且沒有其他下游影響,例如肩膀疼痛、頭痛、姿勢問題,那你很好。但是如果孩子有問題,你已經進行了正確的篩查且與父母進行了風險-收益的討論,我認為趨舌的手術是必要的。我自己做過手術,對我幫助很大。我的問題是頸部疼痛和許多肩部緊張,其實,有很多筋膜組織因為舌帶受到影響。這對我幫助巨大。但並非所有情況都是一個大小適合所有,我們每個人都不同。因此,在這裡,你確實要和有額外培訓的專業人士合作,以查看你是否有舌帶,他們是如何評估的?然後它是否在妨礙功能?你是否真的需要進行手術?有時候,只是與一個口功能治療師或其他身體工作者,如脊醫、顱骶治療師、整骨醫生合作,可能足以再次創造平衡。所以這並不總是需要手術介入。在你的情況下,是全身麻醉還是局部麻醉?我幾年前也剛剛做過扁桃體切除手術。因為我有慢性扁桃腺炎,所以我知道我有後舌帶,我就告訴外科醫生,直接做吧。我已經在切除我的扁桃體了。當然,你已經進去裡面了。是的,已經在裡面了。但對於大多數人來說,通常是全身麻醉。一般來說,不,不。通常是局部麻醉。真的不算糟糕,特別是他們現在使用激光進行手術,這是一個相當簡單的程序。對的,這在切割時可以進行熱凝固。完全正確。你通常想要縫合,而且你會想要確保在最佳結果之前和之後與一個口功能治療師合作。想想看,如果我去做膝關節置換手術,我不會隨便走進手術室,這是我的膝蓋。通常手術前後都有物理治療,以確保優化。因此,舌頭釋放也一樣。肽和紅光療法。現在,我們在某種專業領域,健康和自我導向的健康,或者自我導向與像你這樣的專業人士合作,口腔健康護理。因此,像紅光療法一樣,將紅光和近紅外線長波光線照射進口腔,對於沒有其他問題的人是否能提供任何好處?例如,他們只是想盡量提高自己的口腔健康。這樣的東西是否會有所幫助?還有什麼其他可能的好處?是的,它肯定不會傷害。我並沒有看到任何具體的數據,但它確實會減少發炎,改善血流。所以我對它並不反對。這在手術後是非常好的。因此,如果你拔牙或進行牙周手術,許多牙醫和專家都在使用紅光療法來幫助加速癒合、膠原蛋白合成等等。肽和外泌體是較新的,特別是在根管治療和也許是空腔手術中的應用。再次,這主要是為了幫助減少炎症、癒合、膠原蛋白合成。這相當酷。這是非常尖端的,非常新,目前在外面做的人非常少。我知道洛杉磯有幾個這樣的,所以我可以分享名稱,但這個概念是通過肽再生組織。當放置在牙髓腔中時,它可以幫助在牙齒內部建立牙本質,也許有助於增加血管化,讓牙齒獲得更多活力。因此真的相當酷。好的。我們會保持關注。是的,保持關注。我們是否應該擔心金屬填充物?不管怎麼樣,我不知道他們用什麼材料填充其他牙齒。而有時候他們會使用所謂的密封劑,比如如果看見一個凹坑,他們會在裡面放點密封劑。而保持器是由塑料製成的。現在,每個人都擔心塑膠。所以,這究竟是怎麼回事?所以最好的牙科就是沒有牙科。我永遠會這樣說。因此,我們總是希望能盡可能采取預防的觀點,但這並不是現實,因為90%的我們在生活中都曾遭受過某種牙科疾病。汞填充物,這可以爭議。我認為首先我不喜歡汞合金填充物,並且我知道它們在歐洲最近被禁止。我認為如果你要進行新的填充,我會儘量避免使用汞。
    這就是我的建議。嘗試使用複合材料,理想情況下,選擇一種基於陶瓷的生物仿生材料。但是如果你有現成的汞填充物、合金填充物,並且你感到擔心,第一步是進行檢測。做個血液檢測,看看你的汞水平。如果在正常範圍內,我不會太擔心。如果你的汞毒性過高,那麼你可能應該跟你的牙科團隊和醫療團隊討論一下,這是否可能來自於你的填充物?而且如果填充物破損、受損並需要更換,或許考慮不使用合金金屬填充物。所以,我的立場就是這樣。複合填充物,基本上就是塑料,大多數是不含BPA的,但這在某種程度上是一種行銷概念。裡面仍然有其他的塑化劑,例如BizGMA等等。因此,如果你能找到基於陶瓷的材料,我真的很喜歡。沒有什麼是完美的,這是目前我們擁有的最佳選擇。
    關於固定器,我經常被問到這個問題。丙烯酸固定器,就是粉紅色的固定器。有趣的是,這些甲基丙烯酸酯可能含有麩質。因此,如果你是乳糜瀉患者,曾經有過報告提到一些青少年,他們不斷出現腸胃不適或皮疹,因為乳糜瀉常常會在皮膚上表現出來。他們無法弄清楚原因,而這與他們的固定器有關。所以要注意這一點。然後人們會問,隱適美怎麼樣。再說一次,沒有什麼是完美的。通常這些固定器都是短期佩戴的,因為你在試著改善呼吸道問題。因此,這算是一種兩者之惡的較小者。我是呼吸道的支持者,我希望人們能夠最佳地呼吸。在我看來,對於你的健康而言,最佳的氧合、呼吸以及休息和恢復是最重要的。因此,我支持在某些材料和產品的短期擴展,如果有必要的話。因此,我們不能將所有風險都排除在外。對吧?這就是為什麼要確保你的免疫反應優化,解毒途徑暢通無阻,肝臟第二階段解毒得到優化。這樣是理想的。
    所以,對於十字花科蔬菜、硫代葡萄糖素補充、可能的蒲公英,這些都是我在之前的微塑膠節目中提到的,其他人也提過的。因此,像桑拿、硫代葡萄糖素、十字花科蔬菜的攝入應該有助於結合一些我們肯定正在攝入的微塑膠。每個人身上都有這些。因此,你只是盡量減少自己的接觸。
    至於密封劑,我是密封劑的支持者。它們確實能減少蛀牙風險。通常會在後牙的溝槽和裂縫處塗上。但同樣,我使用光譜儀來確保我沒有把細菌封住。因此,這是一種顯示我是否有齲齒或蛀牙的影像,我使用臭氧來確保我正在消滅細菌。有時我會使用激光,這也有助於消毒,來打開溝槽。然後我也會使用基於陶瓷的材料。因此,我認為這也取決於你的風險。如果你是低風險,並且吃的並不多這些超加工食品,那麼你可能沒問題。但很多孩子,我們對孩子的飲食控制只有一定的範圍。然後他們進入中學,開始吃Takis、Doritos,知道嗎,可能會做出一些錯誤的選擇。因此,若想讓他們的牙齒盡可能受到保護,我建議使用密封劑。
    這是一個有些不愉快的話題,但我聽到的訊息不斷,且不知其是否確實,牙醫自殺的比率比其他職業高得多。而且人們開這個非常黑暗的玩笑,說他們的手總是在其他人的嘴裡,所以他們沒有任何人可以傾訴,或者說,然後我總是想,邏輯不對。他們其實可以隨便講話,是病人無法講話。所以,撇開那種像是,呃,這種有些幽默的冷笑話,我不認為這是一種幽默風格。
    那麼,牙醫是否自殺的比率比其他職業高得多?是的,謝謝你提出這個問題。我認為這很重要,牙醫確實有很高的抑鬱、焦慮,是的,自殺率也很高。我在成為牙醫之前就聽過這些,這是一個非常艱難的職業。因此,我們經常是笑話的主角,我們在歌曲中,如Vance Joy的《我害怕黑暗中的牙醫》,還有Steve Martin在多部電影中飾演古怪的牙醫。像《小商場的恐怖故事》、《可怕的老闆》等。恐怖電影中都有牙醫。我們在某種程度上都是笑話的受害者。而且,不幸的是,牙醫的童年經歷中有很多負面的經歷。這部分原因促使我選擇了兒童牙科,我曾經是一名成人牙醫多年,對我的職業感到非常不滿,因為我覺得我沒有造成任何改變。牙科疾病如此普遍,除非我們從根本原因來談論,否則不會有實際進展;但進入系統後,想要脫離它是非常困難的。我們的預約時間設置以及開支非常高,學生負債現在也很高,對於牙醫來說,我們是臨床醫生,但同時也是我們企業的CEO。
    像我們許多人有私人診所一樣。
    所以你要戴上兩頂帽子。
    當你整天完成治療,見病人後,你又坐在電腦前,雖然有助手,但你還在試著管理業務。
    而且,我們上學時並沒有為此而學習,譬如查看電子表格、人力資源問題等等。
    很多人都是獨立執業,因此有時會感到非常孤單,但我們通常也屬於類型A的性格,完美主義者,而牙科工作是非常艱難的。
    其中有很多未知因素。
    有很多變量。
    你知道,我可以幫你填補牙齒,但我無法保證你會刷牙、使用牙線、遵循我的規則,不去吃超加工食品。
    你用鼻子呼吸,你的微生物組狀況如何。
    所以你會做我指示你不要做的所有事情。
    然後你回來了,因為填補失敗,而我們則要為此負責。
    不要誤會我的意思。各種醫療提供者的差異存在,有人做得很好,也有人做得不太好。
    但我確實認為,讓每個人知道,許多牙醫面臨著工作困難,特別是在COVID之後,我會這麼說。
    我們的牙科保險面臨著很多壓力,非常具有挑戰性。
    你知道,這並不像醫療保險那樣是真正的保險,而更像是一種福利計劃。
    所以你每年只獲得一千或一千兩百美元,其他的都要自費。
    人們也常常把我們視為一種騙局,認為牙科診療太貴。
    但他們不知道,許多這些牙科供應公司本質上是對我們的壟斷。我們的設備價格昂貴得離譜。
    價格不斷上漲。
    但保險報銷卻沒有變化。
    那麼,這之間的差距來自哪裡呢?
    通常也是發自牙醫的口袋。
    所以這就是為什麼企業牙科在很多方面接管了行業,就像醫療行業發生的情況一樣。
    但我想說的是,要對你的牙醫友善。
    最近,這非常及時,但我不知道這是從哪裡來的,也許是某個TikTok的東西。
    但有信件專門寄送給牙醫,特別是在太平洋西北地區,俄勒岡州和波特蘭,牙醫收到這些恨信,說牙醫是混蛋,應該自殺。
    所以我認為重要的是讓人們知道我們在幕後所處理的事情,並且對牙醫友善。
    如果某個牙醫的個性不合你的胃口,那就去找其他牙醫。
    我也想說,有很多患者對牙醫懷有真正的恐懼,這通常源自於童年時期的經歷。
    我希望能改變這一點。
    我只是想說,事情不必這樣。我們可以讓牙科變成一個非常積極的地方,一個安全的地方,讓孩子們成年時不會有牙病,而且也能讓他們把牙醫視為一個安全舒適的地方。
    這麼說來,如果你真的那麼害怕,或許考慮一下療法,或某種抗焦慮藥物,像是在牙醫那兒,你是否需要一些能幫你放鬆的東西?
    但我鼓勵每個人去看牙醫。
    不要避免去看牙醫,同時也要努力了解,這是一個具有挑戰性的職業,的確如此。
    而且面臨著一些心理健康挑戰。
    謝謝你成為牙科的出色代言人。
    這在很大程度上要歸功於你顯而易見的善良和正直,以及你對工作的嚴謹態度。
    所以這兩者間當然是相互兼容的。
    你就是最好的例證。
    謝謝你。
    我想知道現在是否是一個總結十大或十二大事項的好時機。
    有一堆注意事項,也許我們可以將它們留出來,比如避免吃那些在牙齒間卡住的糖分、澱粉和麵粉食物之類的。
    但或許我可以提出幾個,你幫我補充一下我漏掉的事项。
    要用鼻子呼吸,而不是用嘴巴呼吸。
    除非你在吃東西或講話,否則基本上要保持嘴巴閉合。
    對吧?
    完全正確。
    或者你運動得非常激烈,需要吸進一些空氣。
    或者你潛水,否則就會溺水。
    吃非加工或最少加工的食物。
    最近我們不斷聽到這個。
    每天刷牙兩次。
    每天使用牙線兩次。
    如果可以的話,還要用水牙籤。
    是的,這對人們來說負擔很大。
    我會建議每天至少使用一次牙線。
    每天使用兩次牙線就算是額外加分。
    很好。
    是的。
    因為很多人不使用牙線。
    所以我們要以合理的方式開始。
    在睡覺前。
    是的,理想情況下。
    所以是先刷牙再使用牙線。
    或者先使用牙線再刷牙。
    但請隨意選擇。
    不,不,我不是故意說錯。
    我也喜歡刮舌頭。
    我們忘了談刮舌頭的事。
    是的。
    所以我想把這些事情添加進來。
    也許每週油拉三次。
    放一些椰子油進去。
    在口中漱口。
    在這個過程中練習鼻子呼吸。
    沒錯。
    吐出來,但不是在水槽中。
    不是在水槽裡。
    那麼,為什麼只做幾次呢?
    我不知道我是否解釋清楚。
    是因為椰子油具有抗菌特性。
    所以我小心翼翼,以免它對更厭氧的病理細菌影響過大。
    但少就是多。
    我們不想破壞口腔微生物組。
    所以每週做幾次就好。
    不需要每天都做。
    很好。
    軟毛牙刷。
    要輕柔。
    因為各種原因要避免含酒精的漱口水。
    注意氟化物的辯論。
    是的。
    如果你擔心,考慮使用羥基磷灰石。
    很好。
    我喜歡這些羥基磷灰石牙膏。
    你的和Gator Dentist的牙膏,
    我都喜歡。
    我並未因此賺到一毛錢。
    我是自己花錢買的。
    我真的很喜歡它們。
    我的牙齒現在健康多了。
    我也只是喜歡它們。
    我喜歡我能夠…
    它們味道很好。
    我其實不會在刷牙後漱口。
    我們沒有談到這一點,
    但理想上在刷牙後不應該漱口。
    所以想想如果你是防曬霜或乳液的強力倡導者。
    你塗上後立刻就跳進淋浴,
    把所有東西都沖掉。
    所以牙膏也是一樣。
    它的最大效果需要一定的時間來發揮。
    所以如果你刷牙兩分鐘就吐掉並漱口,
    那些好東西就會被沖進下水道。
    所以其實應該…
    你仍然可以吐。
    人們對這點常常感到困惑。
    你仍然可以吐,但儘量不要用力漱口,把所有東西都沖掉。
    你確實希望能讓它在牙齒和唾液上待一會兒。
    避免尼古丁,
    和酒精。
    和酒精。
    保持良好的水分攝取。
    是的。
    電解質。
    保持你的…
    電解質。
    讓你的唾液充足。
    是的。
    特別是對老人來說。
    是的。
    對。
    對。
    在睡眠中的鼻呼吸,我們可以深入探討一下。
    是的。
    絕對如此。
    因為這能讓你睡得更好。
    因為這樣可以檢查許多方面。
    我會說優化礦物質和脂溶性維生素。
    這有點像韋斯頓·普萊斯的理念。
    我在想是否有什麼我漏掉的。
    好吧,我們可以提到刮舌頭。
    刮舌頭。
    對不起。
    我確實喜歡刮舌頭。
    所以再次強調,阿育吠陀和中醫都會從健康的角度來看舌頭。
    如果你的舌頭上有白色的覆蓋物,那是微生物失衡的標誌。
    你可能有念珠菌。
    這點很重要。
    特別是孩子們,鏈球菌被指責造成蛀牙。
    但對於孩子來說,我們的焦點也必須放在真菌上。
    因此,念珠菌在兒童早期蛀牙中非常普遍。
    沒有人在篩查或治療這個。
    念珠菌喜歡糖,你知道的。
    這也適用於糖尿病患者。
    我們看到牙周病和胰島素抵抗、血糖失衡之間有雙向關係。
    但所以刮舌頭,它的效果會比你的牙刷更好。
    人們總是問,因為它是在去除生物膜,而牙刷只是把它移動。
    所以它是在去掉那層細菌膜。
    我知道這有點噁心,但它們往往是厭氧的。
    這也能幫助產生一氧化氮,因為舌頭上的好細菌往往生存在更深的隱窩裡。
    所以你不想刮得太用力,但要把那層膜去掉。
    你也會注意到你對味道的感知改善,因為你會去掉食物殘渣和其他東西。
    我不想要那樣的。
    是的。
    哦,我愛它。
    一旦你開始刮舌頭,通常大多數人都會成為它的擁護者。
    非常感謝你。
    謝謝你,安德魯。
    這次關於口腔健康的深入且清晰的探討。
    我相信人們會從中學到許多可行的知識。
    我真的很感謝你一直強調,口腔健康不僅僅關乎牙齒。
    這不僅僅是關於呼吸。
    雖然是,但也關乎整個消化道、腦部健康以及心臟健康。
    我的意思是,我們對我們身體這個特定方面有很大的控制權,與心臟健康不同,除非我們是心臟外科醫生,否則必須間接處理。
    是的。
    或者腸道健康,除非我們是腸胃病學家,否則也必須間接處理。
    你還有其他的生物膜可以接觸到嗎?
    這真的讓我們窺探身體的窗口。
    所以如果你有牙周病或蛀牙,那是你體內新陳代謝失衡的標誌。
    所以不想讓你驚慌,但我只想讓人們認真對待,因為這是深層系統中可能發生其他問題的一扇窗。
    好吧,我非常喜愛你正在做的工作。
    我想不出誰更適合來這裡教育我們所有人。
    就像我說的,你給了我們如此寶貴的工具,我們將提供你不斷發布出的所有了不起的資源的連結。
    所以謝謝你這麼做。
    謝謝你來到這裡。
    謝謝,很明顯這對你來說是出於熱愛的勞動。
    這不僅僅是關於清潔牙齒或別的什麼。
    所以是的,這樣一來,人們可能看不見,當然,如果他們在聽,根本看不見惠特曼醫生所帶來的那些精彩且詳細的筆記,以及她那驚人的字跡。
    哦,天哪。
    多麼美麗的字跡。
    謝謝你。
    所以我可以之後再讀。
    不是所有的醫生字跡都不好。
    不,他們通常字跡都不太好,但你的字跡肯定彌補了其他醫生的書寫缺陷。
    所以這真的很有趣。
    非常感謝你。
    謝謝。
    好吧,我們會再做一次。
    我真的很感激你今天能來這裡。
    謝謝。
    謝謝。
    謝謝你今天和我一起進行與史黛西·惠特曼醫生的討論。
    我希望你發現它和我一樣有趣和有用。
    要查找惠特曼醫生的工作和我們討論的各種資源的連結,請查看節目說明的說明。
    如果你從這個播客中學到東西或享受它,請訂閱我們的YouTube頻道。
    這是一種零成本支持我們的好方法。
    此外,請在Spotify和Apple上點擊關注按鈕來關注播客,並且在這兩個平台上,你可以給我們留下最多五顆星的評論,現在在Spotify和Apple上也可以留下評論。
    請也查看今天節目開頭和中間提到的贊助商。
    那是支持這個播客的最好方式。
    如果您對我有任何問題,或對播客、嘉賓或希望我考慮的主題有任何評論,請在YouTube的評論區留下這些意見。我會閱讀所有的評論。對於還未聽說的朋友們,我即將出版一本新書。這是我的第一本書,書名為《協議:人體操作手冊》。這是一本我花了五年多的時間來完成的書,基於超過三十年的研究和經驗。內容涵蓋了從睡眠、運動到壓力控制的各種協議,還包括與專注和動機相關的協議,當然,我也提供這些協議的科學驗證。目前這本書在 protocolsbook.com 上可以預購,您可以找到各個供應商的連結,選擇您最喜歡的那一個。再次重申,書名是《協議:人體操作手冊》。如果您還沒有在社交媒體上關注我,我在所有社交媒體平台上都是 Huberman Lab,包括Instagram、X、Threads、Facebook和LinkedIn。在所有這些平台上,我討論科學及相關工具,部分內容與 Huberman Lab 播客的內容重疊,但大部分是與 Huberman Lab 播客信息不同的內容。再次提醒,所有社交媒體平台上的帳號都是 Huberman Lab。如果您還沒有訂閱我們的神經網絡通訊,神經網絡通訊是一個每月零成本的通訊,包含播客摘要,以及我們所謂的協議,這些協議以一至三頁的 PDF 形式呈現,涵蓋了如何優化睡眠、如何優化多巴胺、故意的冷暴露。我們有一個基礎健身協議,涵蓋心血管訓練和抗阻訓練。所有這些資料完全免費。您只需訪問 HubermanLab.com,點擊右上角的菜單標籤,向下滾動到通訊,然後輸入您的電子郵件。我必須強調,我們不會與任何人分享您的電子郵件。再次感謝您今天與我一起參加與Stacey Whitman博士的討論。最後,再次感謝您對科學的興趣。謝謝。

    My guest is Dr. Staci Whitman, DMD, a board-certified functional dentist for kids and adults. We discuss the critical importance of oral care and the oral microbiome for brain and bodily health. We examine the negative effects of common oral care product ingredients such as alcohol, astringents, and bleaches. We also explore the history and real impact of fluoridated drinking water on oral, bone, and systemic health.

    Then we discuss healthy, lesser-known solutions for bad breath, canker sores, cavities, and teeth whitening. We cover how teeth can be made to repair their own cavities and the connection between oral health and cardiovascular health, male and female fertility, dementia, and cancer.

    This episode goes far beyond the best approaches to brushing and flossing and will be a valuable resource for anyone seeking to improve their oral health and appearance at any age.

    Read the episode show notes at hubermanlab.com.

    Thank you to our sponsors

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    Timestamps

    00:00:00 Dr. Staci Whitman

    00:02:04 Oral Health & Oral Microbiome

    00:05:01 Oral Healthcare Ingredients, Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS); Canker Sores

    00:08:45 Sponsors: Eight Sleep & BetterHelp

    00:11:38 Cavities & Teeth De-/Remineralization, Fluoride

    00:19:14 Cavities, Tool: Meal Frequency, Fasting

    00:21:51 Sugar, “Dissolvable” Carbs & Cavities, Tools: Feed the Rainbow, Clean Diet

    00:27:41 White Teeth, Bleaching, Hydroxyapatite, Mouth Breathing

    00:34:34 Antibiotics, Gut & Oral Microbiome, Tool: Probiotics

    00:36:20 Mouthwash, Alcohol, Astringents, Cardiovascular Risk, Bad Breath

    00:39:54 Sponsors: AG1 & Joovv

    00:42:21 Saliva, Dry Mouth, Salivary Analysis, Tools: Hydration; Nasal Breathing

    00:47:23 Mouth vs. Nasal Breathing, Hard & Soft Tissue Issues

    00:54:19 Deviated Septum, Therapies, Kids & Adults, Mouth Breathing & Sleep Disorders

    01:00:42 Gum Health, Flossing; Sexual Health

    01:01:50 Shifting to Nasal Breathing, Mouth Taping, Tools: 3-Minute Test, Kiss The Sky

    01:05:53 Chewing Gum, Mastic Gum, Tool: Xylitol; Chewing Food, Breastfeeding

    01:11:28 Sponsor: Function

    01:13:15 Gum Disease, “Leaky Gums”, Cardiovascular Disease, Dementia, Cancer

    01:20:05 Antibiotics, Ozone Therapy, Oil Pulling, Mold, Tool: Coconut Oil; Facial Trauma

    01:28:07 Nicotine Gum & Pouches, Oral Health; Coffee, Teeth Whitening

    01:34:16 Whole Foods, Hydroxyapatite Toothpaste; Tool: Testing Oral Microbiome

    01:39:39 Water Fluoridation, History, Other Fluoride Sources, Neurocognitive Issues

    01:54:57 Drinking Water & Fluoride, Toothpaste, Cavities

    01:59:51 Sponsor: LMNT

    02:01:07 Water Fluoridation & Levels

    02:04:52 Oral Health & Fertility

    02:07:03 Toothbrushing, Flossing, Waterpik, Tool: Toothbrushing & Meals

    02:13:23 Teeth Spots & Markings, Fluorosis, Hypoplastic Enamel

    02:19:10 Oral Health, Women, Pregnancy, Menopause & Burning Mouth

    02:23:16 Geographic Tongue; Lip Balm; Mouth Breathing, Symmetrical Chewing

    02:27:09 Tongue Tie, Chewing & Speech Function, Intervention

    02:32:27 Red Light Therapy, Peptides & Exosomes

    02:34:40 Mercury Fillings, Ceramic Composites, Retainers, Sealants

    02:39:08 Dentists, Depression, Anxiety, Suicide; Insurance

    02:45:05 Recap, Top Behavioral Tools for Oral Health, Tongue Scrapping

    02:52:10 Zero-Cost Support, YouTube, Spotify & Apple Follow & Reviews, YouTube Feedback, Protocols Book, Social Media, Neural Network Newsletter

    Disclaimer & Disclosures

  • Prof G Markets: Has a Global Market Rotation Begun? + Inside the Ultra-Luxury Hotel Industry

    AI transcript
    0:00:03 Thumbtack presents the ins and outs of caring for your home.
    0:00:10 Out. Uncertainty. Self-doubt. Stressing about not knowing where to start.
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    0:00:25 In. Knowing what to do, when to do it, and who to hire.
    0:00:28 Start caring for your home with confidence.
    0:00:31 Download Thumbtack today.
    0:00:37 There’s over 500,000 small businesses in BC and no two are alike.
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    0:01:01 Visit bcaa.com slash smallbusiness and use promo code radio to receive $50 off.
    0:01:02 Conditions apply.
    0:01:03 Hey there.
    0:01:09 This is Peter Kafka, the host of Channels, a show about tech and media and what happens when they collide.
    0:01:16 And this week I’m talking to PJ Vogt, who used to have a big podcast with a big audience and lots of resources.
    0:01:18 And then he didn’t.
    0:01:20 So he had to figure out how to start again.
    0:01:23 I have a lot more appreciation for people who run businesses.
    0:01:29 I have spent, you know, years being that like artist baby side of it.
    0:01:30 And you’re just like, oh, it is its own art.
    0:01:31 It is its own creativity.
    0:01:32 It’s really hard.
    0:01:37 That’s this week on Channels from the Vox Media Podcast Network.
    0:01:41 Today’s number 63,000.
    0:01:48 That’s how many pages are in the newly released JFK assassination files, but none of them contain any revelations.
    0:01:51 Ed, what do JFK and Bill Clinton have in common?
    0:01:51 What’s that?
    0:01:54 Both their careers ended with a stained dress.
    0:02:08 That’s wrong.
    0:02:10 Dark and gross.
    0:02:13 Any thoughts on the JFK file, Scott?
    0:02:15 How did JFK break his arm?
    0:02:16 Oh, a joke.
    0:02:16 Good.
    0:02:18 How did he break his arm?
    0:02:21 By helping Jack off a horse.
    0:02:25 I don’t get it.
    0:02:27 Jack off a horse.
    0:02:29 Break your arm.
    0:02:33 That’s not even JFK specific.
    0:02:34 Yeah.
    0:02:35 Yeah.
    0:02:36 I’m reaching.
    0:02:37 I’m reaching.
    0:02:38 You’re reaching.
    0:02:39 You’re scraping the barrel.
    0:02:43 By the way, you know, today is a very special day.
    0:02:43 Special day.
    0:02:44 You know what it is.
    0:02:49 I had that same anxiety that when my partner asked me, you know, wakes up, it’s like, oh,
    0:02:50 something.
    0:02:52 I’m like, happy birthday anniversary.
    0:02:56 It’s like, okay.
    0:02:58 I’m about to drop a bomb on you.
    0:02:59 It’s my birthday today.
    0:03:00 Oh, my gosh.
    0:03:04 Ed, that’s great because you get your driver’s license this year, right?
    0:03:05 Yeah, exactly.
    0:03:06 I’m finally eligible.
    0:03:07 26?
    0:03:07 26.
    0:03:12 The first thing I say about you when people ask me about you is I’m like, everyone said,
    0:03:14 people say very nice things about you.
    0:03:16 And I would say, you know, he’s 25.
    0:03:17 And people are like, I know.
    0:03:18 That’s so amazing.
    0:03:19 So, wow.
    0:03:19 26.
    0:03:20 That’s not as impressive.
    0:03:21 Yeah, not as impressive.
    0:03:26 Do you have any advice for me as I enter my 27th year on this planet?
    0:03:31 Advice to you at 26, try and get a great shape.
    0:03:34 I think every man under the age of 30 should be a fucking monster.
    0:03:38 You’ve still got a ton of testosterone and great double-twitch muscle and great bone structure.
    0:03:42 And you’re going to spend the rest of your life from 35 on just trying to maintain.
    0:03:44 So, get to a really good place physically.
    0:03:45 Bulk up.
    0:03:45 Okay.
    0:03:46 Say yes to everything.
    0:03:47 Invest in relationships.
    0:03:49 Try and establish as many friendships.
    0:03:51 It gets harder to establish friendships as you get older.
    0:03:54 So, try and establish as many friendships as you can.
    0:03:56 And in the meantime, work around the clock.
    0:04:01 Try and get professional trajectory such that you can have economic security by the time
    0:04:05 you’re in your 40s and 50s and spend more time with your family.
    0:04:09 Any mistakes you made at 26 that I should avoid?
    0:04:09 I made a lot.
    0:04:12 I think my biggest mistake was I wasn’t as kind as I should have been.
    0:04:13 I looked at relationships as a transaction.
    0:04:17 If I wasn’t getting as much, I exited the relationship.
    0:04:19 I saw my employees.
    0:04:26 I started companies from the age of 27 as kind of a transaction where I thought if I’m
    0:04:28 not getting more value out of them than I’m paying, I would fire them.
    0:04:30 Well, you’ve had a massive turnaround on that.
    0:04:31 Yeah.
    0:04:34 Now I’m like, no, it’s just the wrong role.
    0:04:40 I came of professional age in the Bay Area in the 90s.
    0:04:44 And there was this general zeitgeist that if you were talented and nice, it meant you were
    0:04:44 talented.
    0:04:48 But if you were talented and an asshole, it meant you were Steve Jobs.
    0:04:49 It meant you were a genius.
    0:04:58 And there was this terrible zeitgeist or cultural norm that being an asshole somehow indicated
    0:04:59 that you were super talented.
    0:05:00 And I adopted that.
    0:05:06 I was never mean, but I could have been a lot kinder professionally with people.
    0:05:14 And also personally, I looked at my relationships as a transaction, not as like, how do I end up
    0:05:15 on the right side of the ledger?
    0:05:21 And then something I did right was I spent a ton of time with my mom.
    0:05:24 And I know that sounds sort of lame, but I was very close to my mom.
    0:05:25 We spent a lot of time together.
    0:05:27 She constantly came, stayed with me.
    0:05:29 I constantly stayed with her.
    0:05:30 And that was, you know, I’m an only child.
    0:05:31 So that was very rewarding.
    0:05:33 And we’re really glad I did that.
    0:05:36 So I’ll work on getting ripped.
    0:05:41 I will try to be nicer and I’ll spend more time with my parents.
    0:05:44 I think that’s a good, I think it’s a good list of to-dos.
    0:05:46 I’ll check back a year from now.
    0:05:47 You’re at a point right now.
    0:05:52 So up until the age of like 22, you’re basically a total draw.
    0:05:55 You’re a total, you know, liability for your parents.
    0:05:57 As a young man, I mean, especially, think about you.
    0:06:00 You’re literally out of central casting for parents right now.
    0:06:04 And any time you spend with your parents right now, they’re just going to get so much enjoyment
    0:06:04 out of.
    0:06:11 And, you know, it’s sad, but you don’t, it’s impossible to realize or really register.
    0:06:13 It’s impossible.
    0:06:15 Have you ever lost anyone close to you?
    0:06:17 Just my granddad last year.
    0:06:18 Yeah, but that’s natural.
    0:06:21 I would say that’s sort of, you’re sort of expecting that and the fact you’ve been at
    0:06:21 grandparents.
    0:06:25 No, I really, I am very inexperienced with loss and death.
    0:06:26 I will say that.
    0:06:26 Yeah.
    0:06:30 And you don’t realize, especially with your parents, you don’t realize how quickly it
    0:06:31 comes when they’re really old.
    0:06:35 And I really, that was something I got right.
    0:06:36 I spent a lot of time with my mom.
    0:06:37 Okay, I like that.
    0:06:38 All right, fuck that.
    0:06:40 Talk about AI and GDP.
    0:06:41 Let’s get on with this shit.
    0:06:42 Let’s get on with tariffs.
    0:06:48 I just want to remind our listeners that we have a weekly newsletter now for ProfG Markets.
    0:06:52 It’s the ProfG Markets newsletter, which breaks down key market moves with data-driven analysis
    0:06:59 from me and from Scott and from the ProfG team, including our fan favorite, Mia Silverio,
    0:07:01 our research lead at ProfG Media.
    0:07:03 And that goes out every Monday.
    0:07:09 So I encourage you to go subscribe to that newsletter, go to profgmarkets.com, and you’ll
    0:07:12 have the updates every Monday in your inbox.
    0:07:13 It’s a great newsletter.
    0:07:16 And with that, let’s start with our weekly review of Market Vitals.
    0:07:29 The S&P 500 climbed, the dollar increased, Bitcoin broke its losing streak, and the yield on 10-year
    0:07:31 Treasuries dipped, shifting to the headlines.
    0:07:37 The Federal Reserve held interest rates steady, but raised its inflation forecast for the year
    0:07:38 to 2.7%.
    0:07:44 They also lowered their 2025 GDP growth projection to 1.7%.
    0:07:46 That’s a dip from December’s estimates.
    0:07:52 However, the major indices rose as Fed officials pencilled in two rate cuts for the year.
    0:07:58 Novak Djokovic’s Professional Tennis Players Association is suing the game’s governing bodies,
    0:08:00 alleging that they operate as a cartel.
    0:08:04 The organization claims that the men’s and women’s tours, along with the International
    0:08:09 Tennis Federation, colluded to restrict competition and limit players’ earnings.
    0:08:16 And finally, BYD shares hit an all-time high after the company unveiled a new technology
    0:08:20 that fully charges its latest EVs in just five minutes.
    0:08:26 The charging system will debut in the company’s new sedan and SUV, both set to launch next month.
    0:08:30 Scott, let’s start with your thoughts on the interest rate decision from the Fed.
    0:08:35 This is tough because they say that the markets sometimes climb a wall of worry.
    0:08:38 And just as we started saying that the markets were really in trouble,
    0:08:40 it feels like the last two days they’ve kind of rallied a bit.
    0:08:44 But I just saw this as a bit of a nothing burger.
    0:08:44 What did you think?
    0:08:48 Yeah, I mean, I think you raise rates if inflation is heating up,
    0:08:51 and you cut rates if the economy is slowing down.
    0:08:54 That’s what these rate decisions are about.
    0:08:58 If you don’t know what’s going on, if you don’t have enough data or evidence to support
    0:09:01 a move in either direction, you don’t do anything.
    0:09:03 And that’s basically what Powell said.
    0:09:09 He said, quote, uncertainty is remarkably high, so we’re not going to be in any hurry to move,
    0:09:11 and we’ll wait for further clarity.
    0:09:15 And this is the same dynamic we discussed last week in the context of companies and the struggles
    0:09:20 that they’re facing, where they can’t make decisions because they just don’t know what
    0:09:21 Trump is going to do.
    0:09:25 They don’t know what the tariffs are going to look like, and they don’t know how supply
    0:09:26 chains are going to shift.
    0:09:31 And so what you have now is an economy where, from the bottom all the way up to the top, from
    0:09:36 Main Street businesses, then to corporations, and then to Jerome Powell at the Federal Reserve,
    0:09:42 everyone is stuck in this state of limbo, where it’s kind of like purgatory.
    0:09:46 You don’t know if you’re going to heaven or if you’re going to hell, so you just sit around
    0:09:47 waiting.
    0:09:52 And I think that’s one of the big concerns, that we’ve gone from this economy that is very
    0:09:58 active, that does everything, to an economy that does nothing, that has no choice but to
    0:10:02 basically just sit around and wait for someone else to make a move.
    0:10:09 And I think the other thing to remember here, you know, this was unsurprising that he held
    0:10:10 rates steady.
    0:10:14 Most economists and most markets and analysts expected this.
    0:10:18 But if you look back a few months ago, that was not true.
    0:10:23 You know, a few months ago, there were actually a lot of predictions that we would see a rate
    0:10:28 cut in March, because a lot of people believed that inflation was getting under control, we
    0:10:33 were moving towards that target of 2%, and we might be able to cut rates earlier than we
    0:10:34 expected.
    0:10:41 And I think the fact that this was so unsurprising to everyone is another indication of where we
    0:10:43 are from an inflation perspective.
    0:10:47 We’re basically resigned to this notion that prices are going to go up again.
    0:10:53 And I think you have to feel for Jerome Powell, who has done an incredible job so far, getting
    0:10:55 inflation under control, trying to get to 2%.
    0:11:00 He’s been doing this for years now, very diligently, and it’s been working.
    0:11:06 And then, you know, Trump makes all these decisions that move everything in the opposite
    0:11:06 direction.
    0:11:09 He has to be incensed about this.
    0:11:16 Trump has thrown a wrench in this whole operation that he’s been working so long to get under control.
    0:11:24 And it’s kind of remarkable the way he handles these press conferences, because you know
    0:11:25 he’s pissed.
    0:11:26 There’s no way he couldn’t be pissed.
    0:11:28 People also about the tariffs.
    0:11:33 He said, quote, with the arrival of the tariff inflation, further progress may be delayed.
    0:11:39 He’s so neutral and so calm about everything, but he just has to be angry on the inside.
    0:11:43 But he’s done such a good job of just saying, you know, this is what we’re going to do.
    0:11:47 We’re just going to react to whatever the executive branch decides.
    0:11:48 And we’ll see what happens.
    0:11:55 So it’s sort of a masterclass in, I would say, objectivity, but also stoicism and not showing
    0:11:56 your cards.
    0:11:58 And maybe we have something to learn from that.
    0:12:02 I think the Fed chair has basically one job description, and that is remain calm and carry
    0:12:03 on.
    0:12:07 It just wouldn’t help if he showed up sweating, freaked out and like, fuck, I don’t know.
    0:12:10 It’s I’ve never I’m just I’m totally weak.
    0:12:11 I can’t sleep.
    0:12:13 I’m I’m so freaked out.
    0:12:14 And look at this data.
    0:12:16 Jesus Christ, I don’t know what to make of this.
    0:12:17 And yeah, maybe I’m giving him too much credit.
    0:12:22 If you want someone to kind of look nonplussed, like they’re sleeping fairly well and not to
    0:12:25 be too alarmed, it needs to be the Fed chair.
    0:12:31 Like if the Fed chair shows up, you know, without his shoes and like he’s been on a bender all
    0:12:34 night, it’s just like and popping pills.
    0:12:35 Like I think it would be way better for us.
    0:12:37 That would be more fun to cover.
    0:12:39 If every 15 seconds he said, I’m sorry, hold on a second.
    0:12:44 And he like struggled to get his pills out of his briefcase and then like started like
    0:12:48 throwing pills into his mouth and crunching on these things.
    0:12:48 That would be good.
    0:12:49 I’d love to see.
    0:12:53 I’d love for him just in the middle of these questions from senators, just love to see him
    0:12:57 just like bend over and just do a giant rail academy.
    0:13:02 What would happen to interest rates then?
    0:13:03 What happened to the?
    0:13:05 Well, how would the tenure respond then?
    0:13:07 What would happen to the stock market?
    0:13:07 Exactly.
    0:13:08 Yeah, I don’t know.
    0:13:11 I, you say you got to feel for Chairman Powell.
    0:13:17 I feel for the American people that are, have to live under a fascist ass clown making decisions
    0:13:21 that no one can, no one can discern like which direction we’re headed in.
    0:13:23 This is, is that unfair?
    0:13:24 Fascist ass clown?
    0:13:26 FAC.
    0:13:30 I, I, this is, the silver lining is the following.
    0:13:37 And that is, I do think the American economy, the, the gears just keep turning.
    0:13:44 And people, people keep innovating, people keep wanting to buy shit, people keep wanting to
    0:13:47 make money, people keep coming up with new ideas.
    0:13:54 And I think we probably overestimate the impact that the White House has on, it makes for a
    0:13:55 lot of headlines.
    0:13:59 But I wonder, I’m pretty sure we overestimated it or underestimated it.
    0:14:00 We give them too much blame and too much credit.
    0:14:07 But I would argue that this is, um, these decisions, it would be impossible, I think, for them not to
    0:14:08 trickle down.
    0:14:14 And the fact that the GDP estimates have already come down, I think as evidence, these decisions
    0:14:16 are, are not good for the economy.
    0:14:22 Let’s talk about this tennis lawsuit that was filed by Novak Djokovic and his association
    0:14:24 of tennis players, also strangely funded by Bill Ackman.
    0:14:32 And I read the complaint that they filed in, in New York federal court, and I gotta say, it is so
    0:14:32 compelling.
    0:14:40 I mean, issue after issue that, I mean, the, the first main thing that they address is price
    0:14:40 fixing.
    0:14:44 The fact that these tennis leagues all collude with each other to suppress the amount that
    0:14:46 they pay their tennis players.
    0:14:47 And they have many specific examples.
    0:14:53 One of them, which is kind of interesting is that Larry Ellison, who bought the BNP Paribas
    0:14:57 Open, which is one of these tournaments, he actually tried to increase the prize money.
    0:14:58 He wanted to increase it by $1.6 million.
    0:15:04 And the ATP tour and the WTA tour said, no, we’re not going to do that because that means
    0:15:06 we’re going to have to increase the prize money for all the other tournaments.
    0:15:11 They also have examples of limiting the endorsements that these players can make.
    0:15:17 Like if you want to compete in these leagues, you have to forfeit your name and your image
    0:15:18 and your likeness rights.
    0:15:21 They also control the kind of equipment you can use.
    0:15:25 They control which kinds of sponsors and sponsorships you can accept.
    0:15:30 And then there’s some interesting stuff about the working conditions, which sounds a little
    0:15:36 ridiculous, like boo-hoo, professional tennis players, but it honestly does sound quite grueling
    0:15:37 when they lay it out.
    0:15:40 You have to play in every tournament year round.
    0:15:45 And if you don’t, if you skip a game, you get penalized, even if it’s for like an emergency.
    0:15:50 And it’s intentionally an extremely packed schedule.
    0:15:55 They overfill the schedule specifically so that other tournaments that might pay the players
    0:15:57 more don’t compete.
    0:16:00 And so the players don’t go play in other tournaments.
    0:16:07 And so what you have here is an extremely vibrant, clear antitrust monopolization situation.
    0:16:14 But as I think you’ll probably bring up, the situation with antitrust and sports leagues
    0:16:16 is quite precarious.
    0:16:18 And I can go into that in a second.
    0:16:21 But I do first just want to get your reactions to this lawsuit.
    0:16:22 I love this.
    0:16:28 I think there are a few sectors that are more corrupt than sports leagues.
    0:16:32 And that is they leverage the fact that people feel really benign about them to establish regulatory
    0:16:33 capture.
    0:16:38 And they get even legislation that enables them to be monopolies.
    0:16:43 I mean, if you and I wanted to start a football team, an NFL team in Chicago, we can’t.
    0:16:46 The NFL gets to decide they can control supply.
    0:16:50 And the owners love it because that means that they buy $4 billion.
    0:16:54 And if they hold on to it for 10 years, they know it’ll go up in value because they know
    0:16:57 the number of billionaires will increase as the economy increases.
    0:16:59 And there’s a fixed set of supply.
    0:17:02 I mean, these things are so corrupt.
    0:17:04 And they leverage this monopoly power.
    0:17:07 And they extract rents from the players, from consumers.
    0:17:09 Ticket prices have accelerated.
    0:17:12 They’re essentially legal monopolies.
    0:17:18 And it’s just ridiculous to think that why shouldn’t you be able to start a tournament,
    0:17:20 create another team?
    0:17:25 I mean, think about any business that said, OK, for every city, there can only be two software
    0:17:25 companies.
    0:17:31 And the governing body ruled by the owners of these software companies get to decide who
    0:17:33 the entrants are or are not.
    0:17:39 And then if they basically have one league, that means you extract rents from the players
    0:17:44 where you’re the only game in town and you get to decide how much money they make or don’t
    0:17:44 make.
    0:17:54 So it’s especially bad in tennis where the players command only 18% of the total revenue generated
    0:17:59 by the sport compared to basketball, where the players get 50% and soccer get they get
    0:18:00 61%.
    0:18:02 So I love this.
    0:18:08 And I love that Liv came in and basically challenged the monopoly of the PGA.
    0:18:15 So I think competition is a good thing, but this is a perfect example of corruption with
    0:18:20 this veneer of benign goodwill because people have such affection for sports.
    0:18:27 But these are monopolies and the rents being charged to ticket holders or consumers and advertisers
    0:18:30 who have a limited supply of games, etc.
    0:18:35 And to the players themselves is, bottom line, it’s corrupt.
    0:18:37 I love this, Ed.
    0:18:37 I love it.
    0:18:41 I think the important thing you mentioned there, though, is legal monopoly.
    0:18:46 And this is the very interesting thing about sports and sports leagues.
    0:18:50 We have very robust antitrust laws in America and in Europe.
    0:18:55 We crack down on anti-competitive behavior constantly.
    0:18:59 I mean, we talk a lot on this show about antitrust and antitrust enforcement.
    0:19:06 There is one exception, both in the US and in Europe, to antitrust laws, and that is sports
    0:19:06 leagues.
    0:19:14 They have decided in the courts, both, again, both in America and in Europe, that sports leagues
    0:19:18 are not like regular businesses, that sports leagues actually need monopolization.
    0:19:24 They need these governing bodies to cooperate with each other because their belief is that
    0:19:32 sports only work if you have basically cooperation among the governing bodies such that the teams
    0:19:35 and the players can compete on an even playing field.
    0:19:39 In other words, their belief is it needs to be rigged in favor of entertainment.
    0:19:45 And this is a long, strange history that goes back all the way to 1922, when there was an
    0:19:50 antitrust lawsuit against the professional baseball league in America, what is now the MLB.
    0:19:55 And the Supreme Court decided to make an exemption for the baseball league.
    0:20:01 And that is why today the MLB is the only entity in the United States that is not subject to
    0:20:02 antitrust laws.
    0:20:06 So this will be really interesting to see because, yes, they make a great case here.
    0:20:09 Yes, if you look at all of the details, it’s 100% a monopoly.
    0:20:11 There’s no question about it.
    0:20:17 But if you look at the history of antitrust in sports, I think it would indicate that this
    0:20:21 is probably not going to go through because every time this happens, the courts review it.
    0:20:25 They look at the legislation and they say, yeah, you know, we see where you’re coming from,
    0:20:27 but sports is different.
    0:20:28 So we can’t convict here.
    0:20:30 So we’ll see what happens.
    0:20:33 I’m kind of rooting for the tennis players.
    0:20:35 Maybe that’s just because I like Djokovic.
    0:20:41 But if I had to predict, I would say that the PTPA here does not win this case.
    0:20:44 I would predict that the sports leagues will come out on top.
    0:20:48 You may be right because I don’t know what the kind of established law is, but you want
    0:20:49 to talk about corruption.
    0:20:53 Start talking about the international bodies that don’t even have to abide by anyone.
    0:20:57 They live in this kind of nether, netherland where there’s no, essentially, they’re not
    0:20:59 subject to laws of any one nation.
    0:21:04 And they’ve established such monopolies and people have tried to take them on and it hasn’t
    0:21:04 worked.
    0:21:08 Ted Turner started something called the Goodwill Games, trying to start a competitive.
    0:21:14 My big idea when the World Cup was going through all of this nonsense, I do work with Nike, Adidas.
    0:21:20 And I brought up with both of them, I said, why wouldn’t you basically start a nonprofit and
    0:21:25 host a competitor or start a competitor of the World Cup and just give all the money back
    0:21:32 to the, you know, try and break even, but basically try and root out the corruption that about six,
    0:21:38 eight years ago, the corruption at UEFA went just absolutely insane with paying off local
    0:21:44 officials and it became about bribes who, what host country got to host the World Cup.
    0:21:50 So anyways, I would like to see, I hope this works, but I trust that you’ve done the homework
    0:21:53 here and don’t think that you think the courts are going to side with the, with the league.
    0:21:59 Let’s move on to BYD that remember, this is the Chinese electric vehicle company, and they’ve
    0:22:05 just come out with this new charger for their vehicles, which is four times more powerful
    0:22:06 than Tesla’s supercharger.
    0:22:10 So it adds 80 kilometers for every minute of charging.
    0:22:13 There are some technical questions that need to be addressed.
    0:22:19 For example, there are concerns over what this does to the lifetime durability of the battery.
    0:22:21 It might decrease the quality over time.
    0:22:24 Supposedly, it doesn’t work very well for older car batteries.
    0:22:29 So there are little questions around it, but the overarching implication here is quite simple.
    0:22:33 BYD is pulling away from Tesla, both in terms of the vehicle sales.
    0:22:35 We’ve talked a lot about that.
    0:22:40 BYD is now the global leader in EV sales as of last quarter.
    0:22:47 But now, you know, Tesla had this differentiator, this supercharging system that everyone was very
    0:22:51 excited about, and BYD is now pulling ahead in charging too.
    0:22:57 So Scott, your reactions to this news and the fact that BYD climbed again, it’s now at a record
    0:22:57 high.
    0:22:59 There’s just no getting around it.
    0:23:02 BYD has surpassed Tesla on almost every level in terms of tech.
    0:23:06 And Tesla sales in China have been cut in half in February.
    0:23:10 They’re down 49%, while BYDs rose 161%.
    0:23:16 Their latest vehicle is 75% less expensive, so four BYDs for the price of one Tesla.
    0:23:22 This feels like it sort of is a metaphor for China in general, and that is in the last three months,
    0:23:29 China, as kind of evidenced or indicated or a metaphor for the resurgence, is BYD.
    0:23:37 A year-to-date, BYD stock is up 64%, and it trades at 33 times earnings, while Tesla is down 38%,
    0:23:43 but still trades at 166 times earnings, or said differently, and I love this stat.
    0:23:52 The market values each Tesla car sold at $425,000 in market cap, and each car from BYD, even after
    0:23:55 this run-up, for $39,000 a car.
    0:24:03 So even despite the fact that BYD’s stock has skyrocketed and Tesla’s has come down, I mean,
    0:24:04 think about this.
    0:24:11 The market still values Tesla at 10 times the value per car produced of BYD, and BYD is growing.
    0:24:16 So one of these, it would appear, it would appear either BYD is dramatically, and this
    0:24:21 is the question, is BYD dramatically undervalued, or is Tesla dramatically overvalued?
    0:24:23 And of course, I believe the answer is yes.
    0:24:31 Yeah, it is pretty remarkable, the stock performance of this company so far, up 60% year-to-date.
    0:24:34 It’s up almost 100% in the past year.
    0:24:36 It’s doubled in the past year.
    0:24:42 And I think there was a great article by Liam Denning at Bloomberg, which I think you shared
    0:24:42 with us.
    0:24:48 And it basically just plots the stock prices of these two companies in the past three months,
    0:24:50 year-to-date, Tesla versus BYD.
    0:24:57 And what is so striking is that it looks like, it’s basically a mirror image.
    0:25:02 I mean, if you’re listening to the podcast, it’s harder to describe, but, you know, for
    0:25:10 every dollar increase in BYD stock, you see a dollar decrease in Tesla stock, and, you know,
    0:25:11 you just plot it out.
    0:25:17 BYD up 50%, 50% to 60%, Tesla coming down 50% to 60%.
    0:25:22 And basically, what it tells you is, this isn’t just a matter of, oh, BYD is doing really
    0:25:23 well right now.
    0:25:27 This is a matter of, BYD is actively eating Tesla’s lunch.
    0:25:33 Every time Tesla does not make a sale or their sales decline, you’re seeing an increase reflected
    0:25:35 in the sales of BYD.
    0:25:39 Every time Tesla’s stock comes down, BYD stock goes up.
    0:25:44 So I think we can only expect this trend is going to continue, and it does feel like
    0:25:50 the market is beginning to recognize that this other company in China that has these cheaper
    0:25:55 cars, it also has cheaper software, it’s got these superchargers that are four times more
    0:25:56 powerful than Tesla’s.
    0:26:01 It’s becoming very clear BYD is probably going to be the new Tesla.
    0:26:06 We’ll be right back after the break with a look at Germany’s defense spending.
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    0:26:12 get your podcasts.
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    0:26:27 We’re all juggling a lot in our day-to-day, but you want to spend your energy on the right
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    0:27:29 This week on Unexplainable, the final installment of Good Robot, our four-part series on the
    0:27:31 stories we tell about AI.
    0:27:36 So what I want you to do first is I want you to open up ChatGPT.
    0:27:38 This time, the robots.
    0:27:46 And I want you to say, I’m going to give you three episodes of a series in order.
    0:27:47 Come for our jobs.
    0:27:49 Why are you laughing?
    0:27:50 I don’t know.
    0:27:51 It’s like a little creepy.
    0:28:01 Good Robot, a four-part series about AI from Julia Longoria and Unexplainable, wherever you listen.
    0:28:11 We’re back with ProfG Markets.
    0:28:16 German lawmakers approved a major boost in defense and infrastructure spending.
    0:28:22 The plan removes borrowing limits for defense spending above 1% of GDP and creates a $533
    0:28:24 billion infrastructure fund.
    0:28:30 It’s a major shift for Germany, which is historically cautious on defense spending and on debt.
    0:28:34 Previous borrowing limits were capped at 0.35% of GDP.
    0:28:39 Now, this move could drive up to $1 trillion in investments over the next decade.
    0:28:46 We’ve discussed on this show how increased defense spending in Europe may boost their equity markets,
    0:28:49 right, as investors are looking for an exit strategy from the U.S.
    0:28:53 It does appear that that rotation is already starting to materialize.
    0:28:55 And I have some data we can go through.
    0:28:59 But first, Scott, I want to get your reaction to this news from Germany.
    0:29:04 Massive defense spending, a big increase in infrastructure spending, too.
    0:29:09 And also, the German stock market on that news hit a record high.
    0:29:10 I think this is overdue.
    0:29:15 And just to call balls and strikes, I think that this is a benefit that we’ve derived from the Trump administration.
    0:29:17 I don’t like the way they’re going about it.
    0:29:27 But, you know, for a long time, everyone has been saying that Japan and Germany and Europe have been freeloading or free riding off of the military umbrella and expenditure of the United States.
    0:29:31 And finally, it looks like they’re stepping up.
    0:29:37 And I do think that that is a direct function of Trump’s withdrawal or basically saying you can no longer count on us.
    0:29:42 I mean, this will be good, I think, for the German economy because they’re outstanding in manufacturing.
    0:29:46 So, you would think that they would make great weapons systems.
    0:29:47 And I like the idea.
    0:29:51 I think Germany is a well-run, well-governed place.
    0:29:55 And like I said, I think defense spending could be the stimulus.
    0:29:58 And also, I’m trying to play this trade.
    0:30:01 I think the Europe and defense trade is going to be a big one.
    0:30:10 And I’ve just recently made an investment in a European aviation company that I think has some defense opportunities.
    0:30:12 And I’m doing it based on two things.
    0:30:19 I’m hoping to get sort of a double whammy of capital flows into Europe and also the increase in defense spending.
    0:30:27 Yeah, if you just look at the stock market, the DAX, D-A-X, the German stock market, it rose around 2%.
    0:30:29 It’s now up 15% year to date.
    0:30:33 It’s one of the best performing stock markets in the world right now.
    0:30:36 You compare it to the S&P, which is down 4%.
    0:30:38 It’s outperforming the U.S.
    0:30:40 It’s also outperforming emerging markets.
    0:30:45 And, you know, I think the question is, why is it doing this well?
    0:30:50 Because $500 billion in stimulus, it’s a lot, but it’s not that much.
    0:30:55 And I don’t think it’s the sole explanation for why you’re seeing this explosion in values.
    0:31:06 And I think what’s really driving this rally right now is the story that this spending decision tells about what is going to happen in Germany.
    0:31:07 Because we’ve discussed this before.
    0:31:09 This is a country that hates debt.
    0:31:14 I mean, they have a 60% debt-to-GDP ratio.
    0:31:16 It’s the lowest of the G7 by far.
    0:31:18 You look at the U.K., it’s like 100%.
    0:31:21 The U.S., obviously, really high, 120%.
    0:31:33 And in addition to simply not taking on debt, they also have all of these rules and these controls that prevent them from borrowing in the future.
    0:31:35 This is just the way their economy works.
    0:31:44 And I think a lot of that is sort of a post-traumatic stress from the Second World War, where they realized, we can’t really trust ourselves.
    0:31:46 We need to take extreme measures.
    0:31:49 We need to make sure we never dig ourselves into these kinds of holes.
    0:31:54 And one way we can do that is by stringently limiting our ability to borrow money.
    0:32:02 As a result, as we’ve talked about, their economy has been, eh, you know, fine, but compared to the U.S., pretty sluggish.
    0:32:09 And so I think last week was this pivotal moment in the narrative where the government said, by a huge majority, by the way,
    0:32:12 okay, we’re going to dramatically change our approach to spending.
    0:32:22 And in addition to that spending bill, they also stripped out these debt limits I talked about, these controls that they have on how much they can borrow,
    0:32:25 which are literally enshrined in their constitution.
    0:32:29 So, you know, I mentioned that 0.35% number.
    0:32:34 It used to be that the deficit was only allowed to hit 0.35% of GDP.
    0:32:35 That was the max.
    0:32:39 And last week they said, nope, we’re going to get rid of that.
    0:32:40 We’re going to make an exception here.
    0:32:46 So I think a lot of this is also a turning point in the story for Germany.
    0:32:53 They had this decades-long love affair with balancing the budget, with being fiscally conservative.
    0:32:57 And they literally just decided, we’re not doing that anymore.
    0:33:00 You know, we’re going to have this big fiscal spending package today.
    0:33:05 And I think investors are probably believing if they’re going to do this now, they’re probably going to do similar things in the future.
    0:33:07 They’re probably going to spend even more tomorrow.
    0:33:14 And all of that government spending, of course, is going to, if we’re being realistic, it’s mostly going to go to German companies.
    0:33:16 And all of that money is going to flow to their bottom line.
    0:33:18 The rivers are reversing.
    0:33:23 European equity funds registered their largest four-week inflows in nearly 10 years.
    0:33:28 And that’s the most significant rotation out of U.S. into European equities since 1999.
    0:33:39 And a B of A survey showed that 60% of investors expect stronger European growth in the next year, up 9% from just two months ago.
    0:33:41 So 9% of people thought Europe was going to grow.
    0:33:43 Now it’s 60%.
    0:33:57 The thesis I would have going into this is that they’re estimating or they’re proposing that the European Union is going to go from 1.9% of GDP on defense to 3%, a $19 trillion economy.
    0:34:03 You’re talking about $150 to $200 billion in additional capex that the market wasn’t expecting just six months ago.
    0:34:05 And that’s annual.
    0:34:07 And where is that going to go?
    0:34:09 And what companies are going to be in front of that tsunami of capital?
    0:34:15 And not only that, with the tension between the U.S. and Europe, it used to be, okay, Europe, increase your defense spending.
    0:34:19 And by the way, please buy our submarines and our missiles.
    0:34:21 And there’s no fucking way they’re doing that now.
    0:34:27 Germany might say, in order to build these systems, we might buy some parts from U.K. and Italian companies or French companies.
    0:34:29 But no, we’re not going to buy from the U.S.
    0:34:30 Sorry, guys.
    0:34:33 It’ll be an intra-European stimulus.
    0:34:36 I think it’s really fascinating.
    0:34:38 I’m also quite optimistic about it.
    0:34:55 I like the fact that Europe, what I think is kind of the home of a lot of progressive liberal thought and really has been kind of a beacon of light for, I don’t know, philosophy and democracy and kind of modern civilization.
    0:35:00 I’d like to see them get their time in the sun outside of just Zara and LVMH.
    0:35:09 Yeah, I just want to emphasize that Bank of America data you mentioned right there because it is pretty remarkable, especially in the context of everything you’ve been talking about.
    0:35:14 You’ve been saying for months that you want to rotate out of the U.S. and into Europe.
    0:35:15 And I just want to emphasize this data.
    0:35:19 So this is the survey that Bank of America does of all of the fund managers.
    0:35:25 It’s a very reliable survey to understand how capital flows are moving in the world.
    0:35:35 And they found that U.S. equity allocations, allocations into American companies in March, so this month, they dropped 40%.
    0:35:39 And that is the largest drop ever.
    0:35:44 Meanwhile, Eurozone stock allocations jumped 27%.
    0:35:54 And that shift from U.S. equities into European equities, that transformation, that is the largest shift since 1999.
    0:36:04 So the thing that you’ve been talking about for months now, and which I’ve been kind of like, okay, maybe, yeah, okay, you’re going to rotate out, you’re going to trim your holdings.
    0:36:08 It’s literally happening in record numbers now.
    0:36:16 And it does beg the personal question, how far into that rotation are you right now?
    0:36:23 I think the dream scenario would be that you sold immediately when you said you were thinking about it two months ago.
    0:36:26 But I know that these things take a little bit more time.
    0:36:27 The answer is not far enough.
    0:36:29 I started selling down Apple and Amazon.
    0:36:32 They started dropping, so I thought, I’ll wait until they get back.
    0:36:34 They haven’t gotten back.
    0:36:38 And this is one of my many flaws as an investor.
    0:36:42 Apple and Amazon are kind of 80% or 90% of their all-time highs.
    0:36:47 But because they were at 100% of their all-time highs 60 days ago, I’m kicking myself and I don’t want to sell.
    0:36:51 So I wish I’d actually done what I said to do.
    0:37:01 My biggest investment is in real estate, but my second biggest is with a fund run by my friend Orlando Marchant, and he just invests in non-U.S. special sits.
    0:37:07 And he’s up, it’s Atlanta Partners, he’s up 12% year-to-date.
    0:37:10 And I like him because he’s highly diversified.
    0:37:16 The last four years has been really difficult for him because he’s not in U.S. growth, but he’s been flat because he’s good.
    0:37:18 And he’s been very diversified.
    0:37:19 Actually, we’re actually a little bit up.
    0:37:20 I shouldn’t say that.
    0:37:23 I think we’ve compounded at 8% or 9%, but everything else has been compounding.
    0:37:25 And now that everything’s going down, he’s rocking and rolling.
    0:37:30 The bottom line is I didn’t rotate as aggressively as I should have.
    0:37:36 But what my friend Orlando, who I’ve been talking to about this, says is that these cycles are usually multi-year cycles.
    0:37:38 And so we’re kind of in the second inning.
    0:37:44 If you really believe our thesis is accurate, there’s this great rotation of the rivers reversing flow.
    0:37:49 We’re kind of, we’re in inning one, maybe we’re in the bottom of the first inning.
    0:37:57 And you’re going to see, because even if you look at Apple, all right, okay, it’s lost 20% of its value in the last whatever, two, three months.
    0:37:59 It’s still at a P of 31.
    0:38:13 The hard part is when you think about, and the reason I’ve been a bit reticent, my two biggest equity holdings are Apple and Amazon is that I have about a, I’m up about somewhere between eight and 12 fold on each of them.
    0:38:22 So you got to ask yourself when you’re selling a stock, what other equity do I want to buy at 77 cents on the dollar?
    0:38:25 Because I’ll take a 23% tax hit.
    0:38:32 So I got to feel strong enough that there’s an opportunity, a better opportunity with 77 cents on the dollar rather than just holding Apple and Amazon.
    0:38:40 And I got to that point a couple months ago, I’m still going to continue to sell down because while it’s not the most expensive it’s been, it’s still expensive.
    0:38:56 And I am actively looking for a European and I’ve always been somewhat remiss to invest in Chinese stocks, although I wish I had, but where I’m really starting to look now is at Latin America where you haven’t seen the same sort of run up.
    0:39:08 And I think there’s a lot of great deals specifically in Brazil, but I am going to, you know, I calculate I’m like 80 or 90% in U S related equities and investments in real estate.
    0:39:10 And I want to move down to 50 or 60.
    0:39:14 Yeah, I’m sure there are a lot of people listening who are trying to think, okay, well, what do I do?
    0:39:17 How do I get some European exposure?
    0:39:29 Well, I would say if you want to do this yourself, when we talk about this a lot, the safest way to do it and probably the smartest way to do it is just to buy a diversified portfolio of stocks in the form of an ETF.
    0:39:39 So some of the low cost options you could look at, Vanguard has VGK, also iShares has one, I-E-U-R, that’s their core Europe ETF.
    0:39:42 Those are just options that are low cost.
    0:39:43 I’m not saying you have to do those.
    0:39:46 I’m not being paid by Vanguard or iShares to say that.
    0:39:53 I think the point being, though, I wouldn’t go in and try to find all of the gems in the European stock market.
    0:39:55 Don’t go picking individual stocks.
    0:40:05 I think the best thing that you could do here is just look at the European stock market indexes, look at the ETFs and the index funds, and find the ones that are low cost.
    0:40:06 And that makes sense for you.
    0:40:08 In sum, you’re exactly right.
    0:40:10 Index funds, dollar cost average in.
    0:40:22 But keep in mind, if you’re 100% invested between your real estate, between your savings, and between your stocks in U.S. companies, you might think you’re diversified or not.
    0:40:30 And Goldman just put out research saying that when stocks get this expensive, it usually indicates almost flat returns for the next decade.
    0:40:33 So, you know, we’ll see.
    0:40:34 They’ve been wrong before.
    0:40:39 But absolutely, I think you want a little bit of exposure to some of the international markets.
    0:40:45 I mean, just think about the sentiment around Europe, how much has changed in the last 60 days and what it’s overshadowed.
    0:40:51 China, as evidenced by the BYD story, is having a bit of a like, don’t forget about us.
    0:40:58 Between DeepSeek, between BYD, China’s like, I don’t, you know, forget about us at your own peril, folks.
    0:40:59 We’re still the second largest economy.
    0:41:00 We’re still very good at what we do.
    0:41:03 We’re still really well managed.
    0:41:05 I mean, I’m even thinking about going back.
    0:41:08 I never, I didn’t think I’d be back in China for another five or 10 years.
    0:41:10 And I’m thinking, oh, maybe it’s time to do a trip there.
    0:41:11 We were talking to Alice Han about it.
    0:41:14 We got to do a trip and we got to do a live podcast there.
    0:41:17 And we got to meet with Xi Jinping in the Politburo.
    0:41:18 Oh, yeah, that’s going to happen.
    0:41:21 Yeah, that’s, we’re such players.
    0:41:22 Yeah.
    0:41:23 Influence.
    0:41:28 You’re more likely to stop in Seoul on your way back and join a K-pop band.
    0:41:31 I’ll be the sullen one.
    0:41:34 I’ll be the sullen one that gets addicted to heroin.
    0:41:36 You’ll be the front man that everyone’s crazy about.
    0:41:37 Anyways.
    0:41:43 We’ll be right back after the break with a look at ultra luxury hotels.
    0:41:47 If you’re enjoying the show so far, hit follow and leave us a review on Prof G Markets.
    0:42:01 We’re back with Prof G Markets.
    0:42:07 Ultra luxury hotel group Arman is seeking $2 billion from investors to drive its global expansion
    0:42:10 with plans to grow its presence across the Middle East and Africa.
    0:42:16 The funds will support 23 ongoing hotel projects and the development of Arman residences,
    0:42:19 a collection of lavish homes offering hotel level amenities.
    0:42:25 Additionally, the company plans to launch a new hotel line tailored to a younger clientele.
    0:42:29 This is not groundbreaking news.
    0:42:36 It’s not earth shattering from an economic perspective, but we got to cover it because
    0:42:41 Scott, you are the expert, the world renowned expert on luxury hotels.
    0:42:47 You’ve stayed at probably every Arman property in the world.
    0:42:53 And so, you know, anytime that the Arman shows up in the headlines for any reason, I think
    0:42:54 we got to cover it.
    0:42:56 I think we got to look at the luxury hotel market.
    0:42:58 So Scott, please take it away.
    0:43:05 What is your reaction to the Arman group going out and raising $2 billion to expand across
    0:43:05 the globe?
    0:43:14 So I’m fascinated by this industry, I wrote that book on happiness and one of the things
    0:43:17 I took away from it, I struggle with happiness.
    0:43:21 And one of the things I took away from writing a book on it is that every piece of research
    0:43:26 says that we overestimate the happiness things will give us and underestimate the happiness
    0:43:27 that experiences will give us.
    0:43:33 So I spend a disproportionate amount of my income on travel and I don’t travel to cities, I travel
    0:43:33 to hotels.
    0:43:39 I’m obsessed with those hotel lists and I just find it absolutely fascinating.
    0:43:41 And if there’s a great new hotel, I’ll travel to the hotel.
    0:43:44 I didn’t go to the PSG game with my son in Paris.
    0:43:46 I went to the new Cheval Blanc.
    0:43:48 That’s how I travel.
    0:43:49 I go to hotels.
    0:43:50 I don’t go to cities.
    0:43:53 And I’m fascinated by the business.
    0:43:54 So first off, the business model.
    0:43:55 Let me back up.
    0:43:59 Peter Drucker said demographics are destiny.
    0:44:02 And that is every major business trend can be predicted by demographics.
    0:44:05 And what you want to do is you want to get in front of a demographic trend.
    0:44:08 It’s like surfing when the waves are perfect, right?
    0:44:11 It’s easy to be a great surfer with great waves or a great skier with great powder.
    0:44:14 And demographics are the great powder and great waves.
    0:44:17 And one of the biggest demographic trends, quite frankly, is just the wealthy.
    0:44:22 The number of millionaires in the U.S., Ed, get this, has doubled since 2020.
    0:44:26 So it’s just, it’s staggering.
    0:44:35 One in 15 Americans is now considered a millionaire and a projected 16% growth to 25 millionaires by
    0:44:35 2028.
    0:44:40 So the fastest growing demographic group is not even the 1%.
    0:44:41 It’s a 0.1%.
    0:44:47 And if you think about the brands in the hotel space, the nicest brands were the Ritz Carlton
    0:44:47 and the Four Seasons.
    0:44:50 They were kind of the duopoly for rich people.
    0:44:56 And then Mandarin Oriental kind of saw an opportunity out of Hong Kong, came in, tapping into wealthy
    0:44:59 Asians and the great brand halo of Asian service.
    0:45:07 And then the explosion in mega kind of centimillionaires and billionaires, not even, but just very, the
    0:45:10 super wealthy, so to speak, I’d say that’s probably people $10 million and above.
    0:45:17 A whole raft of brands have come in above those luxury brands.
    0:45:21 Rosewood, Almond, as we’re talking about, Cheval and Blanc, Sixth Senses.
    0:45:26 And they basically have come in and they’ve leveraged a lot.
    0:45:27 They’ve leveraged demographics.
    0:45:29 They’ve leveraged the new means of branding.
    0:45:35 And that is only the Four Seasons of the Ritz Carlton or Marietta Hilton had the money to
    0:45:38 develop very expensive reservation systems and do branding.
    0:45:40 And now branding isn’t a function of advertising.
    0:45:42 It’s a function of Instagram.
    0:45:47 And these hotels are literally an Instagram orgy.
    0:45:49 They are so over the top.
    0:45:51 They have such a beautiful clientele.
    0:45:56 They’re in such beautiful locales that basically their entire marketing is on.
    0:46:03 At the Hotel Du Cap, at any given moment, there are a thousand Instagram postings in an hour
    0:46:05 just saying, look at this place.
    0:46:06 Look how incredible this place is.
    0:46:08 Look at how incredible the food is.
    0:46:14 If you go to, you know, whatever it might be, I’m trying to think of the Rosewood Mayakoba.
    0:46:16 These things are just built for Instagram.
    0:46:22 So they’ve taken advantage of the new kind of content creation, usurping marketing spend
    0:46:25 or replacing or obviating the need for marketing spend.
    0:46:30 And you have also post-COVID a sort of a YOLO mentality where people are saying,
    0:46:35 for the first time, I’ll spend $5,000 a night on a hotel.
    0:46:39 And people, even rich people never would have thought of that.
    0:46:41 They never would have considered it.
    0:46:43 But now they’re like, OK, maybe I know someone who’s died.
    0:46:45 Maybe I’m in my 60s.
    0:46:46 I’ve got the money.
    0:46:47 This thing is extraordinary.
    0:46:49 This place is just extraordinary.
    0:46:52 I, you know, will pay $5,000 a night.
    0:46:56 The business model is also incredible because what they do is they find a local billionaire
    0:47:00 that wants to say, I own the Four Seasons in Hawaii, Michael Dell.
    0:47:01 They pay for the construction.
    0:47:06 They then enter into a management agreement with the flag of Four Seasons or Rosewood,
    0:47:13 who manages it, does the service, does the training, does the standards, the decorations,
    0:47:15 the interior design, has the reservation system.
    0:47:19 And they take, say, between 8% and 12% a year, which doesn’t sound like a lot.
    0:47:25 But most of it hits the bottom line because the cost of the employees is funded out of
    0:47:25 the revenue.
    0:47:27 And then they take an additional 8% to 12%.
    0:47:33 So even in 2008, when the market crashes, the Four Seasons still makes money because they’re
    0:47:35 taking 8% to 12% off the top.
    0:47:40 And they have a services agreement where the owner of the Four Seasons in Midtown Manhattan
    0:47:45 basically has to declare bankruptcy because he has to maintain certain levels of service
    0:47:48 per his agreement with the Four Seasons.
    0:47:50 So the Four Seasons only actually owns one of their hotels.
    0:47:56 The rest, they get other people to finance and they take a very high margin management fee
    0:47:57 to kind of run the place.
    0:47:59 So they outsource the capital risk.
    0:48:05 They manage or they train or they create the service standards and they just get all high
    0:48:07 margin and credible revenue.
    0:48:09 In addition, they found another way to make a shit ton of money.
    0:48:16 And that is they said, okay, let’s take a $5 million or an $8 million condo in a high
    0:48:18 rise on the beach in South Beach.
    0:48:23 And we’ve branded the Almond Residences and we can charge $12 million for it because they
    0:48:24 get hotel amenities and the branding.
    0:48:30 And the owner, when he or she is not there, can put it back into the rental pool and they
    0:48:33 rent it out and they split the revenue.
    0:48:37 The owner gets 50% and the brand gets 50%.
    0:48:43 So I get someone else to finance the construction of something, ridiculously overpay for it, and
    0:48:47 then it continues to make revenue for me because of the brand.
    0:48:52 I mean, this really is a lesson in the power of brands, a lesson in the power of demographic
    0:48:59 trends, and a lesson in kind of business models around you don’t want to be in the business of
    0:49:01 owning the capital.
    0:49:05 You want to be in the business of managing it and taking revenue off of the top.
    0:49:10 One thing I often think about, Scott, we’ve addressed what the world looks like when it’s
    0:49:13 ruled by the mega rich.
    0:49:16 You know, we’ve seen huge monopolies form.
    0:49:20 Money and lobbying power starts to take hold in the government.
    0:49:22 You start to see these populist movements.
    0:49:28 You also start to see the rise in these luxury brands and these luxury items and these businesses
    0:49:33 that specifically serve as extremely rich people where you can charge these incredibly high prices.
    0:49:39 My question is what is going to happen when all these billionaires and multimillionaires start
    0:49:43 dying because they’re all getting old-ish?
    0:49:52 And what’s going to happen when all of that wealth is transferred on to, I mean, if we had to guess,
    0:49:54 their children and their grandchildren?
    0:50:03 What happens to a society that is dominated by people not who made obscene wealth, but who inherited obscene wealth?
    0:50:07 Just to keep it real, I want to talk about a couple other hotel stories.
    0:50:14 When I was right out of business school, I started a company called Profit, and we did consulting,
    0:50:15 and we would just take any engagement.
    0:50:21 And I took an engagement with a pager company helping them figure out their customer service,
    0:50:22 and it was in Minneapolis.
    0:50:28 And I went with my friend Lee Lotus, and I remember it because it was the day of the Clinton-Bush-Perot debate.
    0:50:35 And we got a hotel for $39 a night, I think, at the Minneapolis airport.
    0:50:44 And we had to go out and try and buy nose plugs or some weird Vaseline to put under our – or weird scent to put under our noses
    0:50:45 because it stank so badly of smoke.
    0:50:50 It literally felt like someone had fallen asleep and been burned alive by their own smoke.
    0:50:59 And then the other one was I was at – I had a client, I think it was Roots or some Canadian company in Montreal.
    0:51:03 And it was this – you know, it was my own company.
    0:51:06 We’re a small business, so it was like – I think it was like 70 Canadian.
    0:51:10 And I checked in, and it was 1993, and, you know, whatever.
    0:51:13 I was your age, so the first thing that I do, I settle in and I turn on porn.
    0:51:18 And it’s not working, so I called down to the front desk and I’m like, the TV’s not working.
    0:51:20 So this Asian woman comes up.
    0:51:22 It’s the white lotus scene again.
    0:51:22 Yeah.
    0:51:25 It turns on the TV, and of course, the porn comes up, and it’s like going in and out.
    0:51:33 So she sits there and starts banging on the TV, and occasionally the porn comes in, and it comes out, comes in, comes out.
    0:51:34 Were you not ashamed?
    0:51:36 Oh, it was fucking humiliating.
    0:51:37 It was like crazy embarrassing.
    0:51:43 And I remember thinking – and then this couple, this family of like five is looking for the room.
    0:51:46 They come into my room and start going, where’s room 308?
    0:51:49 It’s my porn is coming on and off my TV.
    0:51:51 She’s banging on the TV.
    0:51:53 And I looked at the couch.
    0:51:54 I remember the exact moment.
    0:51:59 I looked at the couch, and it was covered in plastic, and I thought, this is where people come to kill themselves.
    0:52:03 This is that kind of place you said, I want out.
    0:52:05 I can’t fill this void in my chest.
    0:52:08 I’m going to go check into this hotel.
    0:52:13 Anyway, so I’ve had – I’ve seen hotels from all ends of the spectrum.
    0:52:14 I’m sorry.
    0:52:15 What was the question, Ed?
    0:52:17 What was the question?
    0:52:25 My question is, what is going to happen when the wealth transfer finally occurs?
    0:52:29 Look, I believe in a really aggressive inheritance tax.
    0:52:31 I don’t believe in dynastic wealth.
    0:52:34 One, it’s bad for society.
    0:52:39 So rich kids get into the best schools and also inherit the money so they can start businesses.
    0:52:44 And there’s a myth that the middle class is a naturally occurring organism.
    0:52:44 It isn’t.
    0:52:47 It requires additional redistribution of income.
    0:52:55 And Republicans and the incumbents would like us to believe that, oh, no, the middle class is a naturally occurring organism and it’ll come back on its own.
    0:52:55 No.
    0:53:04 If you don’t take money from corporations and the most fortunate among us and redistribute it into the middle class, the middle class throughout history eventually goes away.
    0:53:15 And what you have with dynastic wealth is you’re taking capital that should go back into the ecosystem and just creating these dynasties of unproductive rich people.
    0:53:17 Now, the good news is that most of them aren’t very happy.
    0:53:29 And so for me, the reason that you can justify an exceptional inheritance tax is that additional capital or inheriting more than, say, 10 million bucks, that doesn’t increase the happiness of your kids.
    0:53:38 I know a lot of rich kids and I know a lot of kids who are not rich and the levels of happiness are not greater among the rich kids.
    0:53:57 So if the whole point is to create a society where people can have purpose and meaning and live a happy life and they’re getting no additional happiness, if you let them inherit more than, say, 10 or 20 million dollars, then what’s the point when you could redistribute that capital to other people and give them more of a shot?
    0:54:07 So I hate dynastic wealth, but what you’re seeing, and I see it, I mean, I think I’ve always resented rich kids because I’m not one of them and I was always jealous of them.
    0:54:10 But what you’re talking about is already happening, Ed.
    0:54:16 I mean, when you go to these nice hotels, there’s people in their 50s and 60s, and you can tell it’s probably their money.
    0:54:19 And then there’s a whole raft of a younger generation.
    0:54:27 To be clear, some of them, whether it’s tech, some of them, you know, whatever it is, but a lot of them are there with their parents’ credit card.
    0:54:28 It’s already happening.
    0:54:39 By the way, this funding round by Arman, they’re looking for investors as we speak, and they’re specifically looking for high net worth individuals to invest.
    0:54:49 If you got the call from Arman tomorrow inviting you, say, to an SPV into the new Arman residency, would you invest?
    0:54:50 A hundred percent, no.
    0:54:54 The returns are shitty because it’s a vanity investment.
    0:54:56 So there’s a lot of people that love it.
    0:54:57 I’m sure they have some sort of deal.
    0:55:00 People love the idea of investing in Arman.
    0:55:02 So that means they can extract.
    0:55:05 They can get very cheap capital, which spells shitty returns.
    0:55:09 So I would bet that it’s just not a great investment.
    0:55:23 It’s like timeshares or I would – I haven’t seen the paperwork on the underlying dynamics, but because so many people love the idea of investing in Arman, they’re going to get a disproportionate amount of capital such that they will be able to offer really shitty terms.
    0:55:33 I would bet the returns will be awful, but maybe there’s some psychic return of saying, oh, I’m an owner of Arman, and I get 10% off of rates.
    0:55:43 I remember – more hotel stories – back when I remember taking my girlfriend I was trying to impress to a nice hotel in Cabo, but I signed us up.
    0:55:52 The reason I got to go is I signed us up for a timeshare tour, and it was at a turn on when I told her we had to take a two-hour tour in the middle of the day to look at timeshare opportunities.
    0:55:56 Oh, that’s what happens when you roll with a dog.
    0:56:02 That was – when I laid that on or got her down to Mexico, I’m like, oh, I got this, like, free cocktail thing for us.
    0:56:03 She’s like, oh, I’m not going to go.
    0:56:04 I’m like, you need to go.
    0:56:04 It’s a timeshare pitch.
    0:56:06 We have to go, otherwise I can’t get this room right.
    0:56:08 That’s so brutal.
    0:56:12 Do you think that’s – do you think that’s a turn on?
    0:56:13 God damn, that doesn’t work.
    0:56:16 Let’s take a look at the week ahead.
    0:56:24 We’ll see the personal consumption expenditures index for February, as well as earnings from GameStop and Lululemon.
    0:56:27 Do you have any predictions for us, Scott?
    0:56:38 Yeah, my prediction is that the flows of capital into Europe begin to infect not just the defense contractors, but start to infect the other sectors in the economy.
    0:56:43 And that we’re going to see, I think, so far, European markets are up 13% or 16%.
    0:56:45 I think they’re going to be up 30% plus this year.
    0:56:47 I think this is a trade, a momentum trade.
    0:56:54 And I think there’s probably a lot of fund managers right now thinking, okay, I missed this, but it’s not too late.
    0:57:03 And you’re going to see just an entirely different willingness and promiscuity around allocating big pools of capital to European stocks that haven’t been there for 20 years.
    0:57:05 Quite frankly, I just think we’re getting started.
    0:57:10 To that point, we made the point that U.S. stocks have come down, but they’re still expensive.
    0:57:12 You make the same case with Europe.
    0:57:14 European stocks have gone up, but they’re still cheap.
    0:57:15 I think you’re probably right there.
    0:57:19 This episode was produced by Claire Miller and engineered by Benjamin Spencer.
    0:57:21 Our associate producer is Alison Weiss.
    0:57:23 Mir Solverio is our research lead.
    0:57:25 Isabella Kinsel is our research associate.
    0:57:27 Drew Burrows is our technical director.
    0:57:29 And Catherine Dillon is our executive producer.
    0:57:33 Thank you for listening to Prof G Markets from the Vox Media Podcast Network.
    0:57:36 Join us for a fresh take on markets on Thursday.
    0:57:41 Lifetimes
    0:57:49 You have me
    0:57:52 In kind
    0:57:54 Reunion
    0:57:58 As the waters
    0:58:06 And the dark flies
    0:58:06 And the dark flies
    0:58:08 In love
    0:58:08 And the dark flies
    0:58:08 And the dark flies
    0:58:08 In love
    0:58:09 And the dark flies
    0:58:10 In love
    0:58:10 And the dark flies
    0:58:11 And the dark flies
    0:58:12 In love

    Still listening on the Prof G Pod? Follow Prof G Markets for more:

    Scott and Ed open the show by discussing the federal reserve’s interest rate decision, the Professional Tennis Player Association’s lawsuit, and BYD’s new charging technology. Then they analyze Germany’s decision to boost defense spending while lifting its debt limit, unpacking the market’s reaction and broader economic implications. Finally, they break down ultra-luxury hotel group Aman’s latest funding round, and Scott explains how high-end hospitality brands are evolving to cater to an even richer clientele.

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  • Snapchat CEO: Exact Formula Used To Build A $130 Billion Company! I Said No To $3 Billion From Mark Zuckerberg! It’s Time To Quit Your Job When You Feel This!

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    0:00:03 You became the world’s youngest billionaire at the age of 25.
    0:00:05 You’ve got Mark Zuckerberg offering you $3 billion.
    0:00:10 That was a fateful day for sure, but we decided that we’d rather go it alone.
    0:00:14 Was there ever a day where you doubted that decision?
    0:00:20 Evan Spiegel is the co-founder behind one of the world’s biggest social media platforms, Snapchat.
    0:00:25 He turned disappearing messages into a multi-billion dollar empire, redefining how we connect online.
    0:00:27 Evan, you don’t do many podcasts, do you?
    0:00:30 I don’t do much public speaking at all, but I want to share a bit more.
    0:00:32 So let’s go back to those early days.
    0:00:35 So I was an introvert growing up and I loved to build stuff.
    0:00:37 At school, I had to build my own computer.
    0:00:41 And once you start realizing that things that look really complicated on the surface aren’t that difficult,
    0:00:43 you start wondering, you know, what else you can build.
    0:00:45 So that led to building Snapchat at 21.
    0:00:51 I was an undergrad at Stanford and we’d raised $485,000 at a $4.25 million valuation.
    0:00:52 What a fucking deal.
    0:00:56 But back then, there were a lot of apps that would get popular really, really quickly and then sort of fade away.
    0:00:58 And a lot of people told us that we should sell it.
    0:01:00 They said, you’re just sending photos back and forth.
    0:01:02 How is this going to grow for the long term?
    0:01:05 But the growth of Snapchat was atypical, to say the least.
    0:01:09 It was like this virus and it was reaching 75 million users on a monthly basis.
    0:01:12 So I wondered if you had any advice on the fundamental principles of success.
    0:01:18 How much people care about what they do and the ability to move quickly is the predictor of success.
    0:01:20 And at Snapchat, we have a really small design team.
    0:01:30 It’s nine people who are constantly generating an incredible number of ideas and products and features because 99% of ideas are not good, but 1% is.
    0:01:36 I want to know what they teach at Stanford because the success rate of creating some of the world’s preeminent entrepreneurs is really, really high.
    0:01:38 There were a lot of very good lessons.
    0:01:39 The first one is…
    0:01:47 I want to keep the Diary of a CEO free and not behind any kind of paywall or subscription model forever.
    0:01:51 And the way that we do that is that you guys choose to follow and subscribe to this show.
    0:01:57 So if you’re listening to the show right now, you might have been sent the episode, you might have listened to a couple before, can you do me a favour?
    0:02:07 And if you do me this favour, I promise that I’m going to fight at every turn over the next 10 years to keep this show completely free without paywalls and without any kind of cost to the user.
    0:02:08 Can you hit the follow button?
    0:02:12 The follow button will be on whatever app you’re listening to now.
    0:02:13 It might be Spotify or Apple or something like that.
    0:02:21 But hitting that follow button, which is usually in the corner of the app or a little tick, is the reason this show will stay free forever, forever.
    0:02:23 Thank you so much.
    0:02:24 If you do that for me, thank you so much.
    0:02:25 I really appreciate it.
    0:02:26 Back to the episode.
    0:02:41 Evan, when you look back over your earliest years and you try and make sense of the dots that connected in hindsight, I guess, as Steve Jobs once said, what are those dots?
    0:02:47 There were a couple fateful choices that my parents made that I think had a huge impact.
    0:02:49 One was that they never let me watch TV.
    0:02:56 So they never let me watch TV, didn’t want me to spend my time doing that, but at the same time would allow me to get whatever book I wanted.
    0:03:01 And that was a really, I think, formative experience for me.
    0:03:07 And reading a book, you get to use your imagination a lot, you know, to try to paint the characters in your own mind.
    0:03:08 And that was really helpful.
    0:03:11 And because I wasn’t watching TV, I had a lot of time on my hands.
    0:03:13 And so I like to build stuff.
    0:03:22 I mean, when I was young, I would make a little fake hotel in our living room and, you know, have a guest experience where my parents could come and, you know, try to stay at our hotel.
    0:03:25 And I got to use my imagination a lot at home.
    0:03:32 And my parents never made me feel bad about turning the house upside down, moving chairs around to express myself and make stuff.
    0:03:35 Did you feel like you fitted in when you were a kid?
    0:03:36 No, not at all.
    0:03:37 No.
    0:03:41 I was more of an introvert growing up.
    0:03:46 So, you know, I think sometimes that made it harder for me to, you know, feel like I fit in.
    0:03:49 And when did computers come into the picture for you?
    0:03:59 I guess I was exposed to my first computer, gosh, probably kindergarten, first grade, maybe around that period of time.
    0:04:04 My godfather brought over one of the early Macintoshes to show our family.
    0:04:08 And I got to try out things like KidPix and stuff like that.
    0:04:12 And then I guess later on in school, I went to the computer lab a lot.
    0:04:13 I really wanted my own computer.
    0:04:19 So the big breakthrough was when my mom said, you know, if you build your own computer, you can have it.
    0:04:21 We won’t let you connect it to the internet.
    0:04:24 But if you build your own computer, you can have it to play with.
    0:04:26 And so that was probably by sixth grade.
    0:04:32 I had a teacher who helped me, you know, take all the different pieces you need and put them all together to build a computer.
    0:04:44 And I think this act of, you know, putting together these pieces, turning it on, you know, getting, you know, windows up and running just made me realize why it seems so complicated on the outside.
    0:04:53 When you’re just looking at that tower, that box, right, or, you know, and you haven’t yet opened it up and seen what’s inside, I think it can seem really confusing or complicated.
    0:05:01 But as soon as you realize it’s not that hard, you know, to put it all together and to get started, I think there’s something really empowering about that feeling.
    0:05:04 What does that feeling teach you?
    0:05:11 I think, you know, and I think this is much more the case now because, you know, if you go on YouTube, you can learn how to do pretty much anything, right?
    0:05:28 But I think once you start realizing that things that look really complicated or confusing on the surface aren’t that difficult, you start wondering, you know, what else you can build or what else you can create or, you know, how else you can experiment with something that seems impossible from the outside, but really is just not that hard.
    0:05:32 And you got bullied in school, right?
    0:05:36 Was it sixth grade that you got bullied or was it sometime thereafter?
    0:05:40 Middle school was not the, I think, not the easiest, easiest time for me.
    0:05:40 Why?
    0:05:45 You know, as I mentioned, I sort of, you know, had trouble fitting in.
    0:05:50 I didn’t do a lot of activities that some other schoolmates did, like, you know, sports and stuff.
    0:05:53 I played, you know, a little bit on the tennis team.
    0:06:05 But so I think, you know, the combination of not really playing sports with friends, spending a lot of time in the computer lab, you know, at lunch or after school, I think, you know, just led to me feeling a bit socially isolated.
    0:06:09 You know, at what is, I think, a tricky time for lots of kids.
    0:06:10 What were you like as a kid?
    0:06:11 Were you confident?
    0:06:17 I don’t know if I was confident in myself, per se, but I definitely was confident in my ideas.
    0:06:25 Like, I was willing to take a stand for ideas that I thought were different or I was willing to explore ideas that didn’t seem popular at the time.
    0:06:27 Because I thought it was, you know, important.
    0:06:31 I was talking to my – my dad has been staying with us for a while.
    0:06:32 And I was talking with him.
    0:06:35 I was like, you know, what stories do you think I could tell about growing up?
    0:06:36 What do you think?
    0:06:38 And he was like, oh, well, you should tell them you were definitely like a contrarian.
    0:06:40 You know, I was like, what do you mean a contrarian?
    0:06:45 He’s like, don’t you remember you wrote that article that was like an expose of the math program?
    0:06:55 Because you were, you know, you basically interviewed all these teachers and kids and parents and, you know, wrote this whole expose about how the math program could be better.
    0:06:59 And he was like, you know, it was sort of like maybe better left unsaid in that environment.
    0:07:12 But the school, to their credit, supported me and like let me publish it and, you know, I think created an environment where, you know, kids could challenge authority, which was really, you know, something that I learned was okay.
    0:07:17 I guess that’s a principle as well of many of the people that I meet like you is that they’re okay with pushing against convention.
    0:07:23 And, you know, certain moments in your life, you make these decisions, which one would say are contrarian bets.
    0:07:26 I can see them all over your story.
    0:07:31 But clearly that was something innate in you from a fairly young age.
    0:07:34 As you look back, you don’t do many podcasts, do you?
    0:07:37 I don’t do much public speaking at all.
    0:07:40 It’s a 2025 New Year’s resolution for me, though.
    0:07:45 So we’ll see, you know, I’m trying to, you know, share a bit more.
    0:07:45 Why?
    0:07:53 I think it’s really important that people understand our company and what we stand for, why we make the decisions that we do.
    0:07:57 And I think part of that is, you know, getting to know me.
    0:08:00 Bobby and I, you know, started this business 13 years ago.
    0:08:03 And we have made a bunch of different choices along the way.
    0:08:06 But I think unless we talk about them, nobody knows.
    0:08:13 And so it’s really important for us to share, you know, how we make decisions and our design philosophy and that kind of thing.
    0:08:24 It’s a really interesting time, I think, to be a CEO generally, because I think even 10, 15 years ago, CEOs of major companies that so many people use and love weren’t doing podcasts.
    0:08:28 They would maybe release press releases and their marketing team would kind of run the comms.
    0:08:32 But there’s been this almost big shift towards leadership transparency.
    0:08:35 You know, our leaders are, like, expected to be glass boxes.
    0:08:42 I think even beyond that, media has really reshaped to focus on individuals, right?
    0:08:45 Individuals are what people are interested in.
    0:08:46 They’re the ones who have distribution.
    0:08:55 So I think that, like, the center of gravity has shifted away from the entity, like the business, to focus more on the individual characters, right, and storytellers.
    0:08:57 So you went off to university.
    0:09:00 You went to Stanford University, which is an incredible university.
    0:09:04 And you went to ultimately try and pursue product design at Stanford.
    0:09:07 Why did you choose product design at that stage in your life?
    0:09:09 What was it that was calling you about that course?
    0:09:20 Well, what’s really cool about product design is the basic concept is, like, you don’t need to wait around and, you know, wait for an idea to fall out of heaven or get struck by lightning.
    0:09:30 You can systematically create new ideas by listening to people, empathizing with them, and then basically prototyping solutions to the problems that they share with you.
    0:09:34 And then iterating on those solutions by bringing those solutions back to them and saying, what do you think?
    0:09:35 Does this solve your problem?
    0:09:46 So for me to be able to combine my love of making things with this process for making things that could be useful to people, making new products, that was really exciting to me.
    0:09:50 And the product design school was created by a really visionary guy named David Kelly.
    0:09:52 I had the opportunity to take a class from him.
    0:09:56 And it was really just an incredible experience.
    0:10:02 What is product design for someone like me that has no idea what they teach in such a course?
    0:10:06 Is it because my head says, like, designing, like, physical products?
    0:10:10 A lot of the product design school at Stanford is oriented around physical products.
    0:10:13 Of course, now, you know, it’s so much more than that.
    0:10:20 But when I was there at the time and it was under the mechanical engineering department, it was very oriented around physical products, understanding materials.
    0:10:25 But all part of this framework of how do we understand the problems that people are facing?
    0:10:26 How do we empathize with them?
    0:10:29 And then how do we design solutions that solve those problems?
    0:10:33 Did you learn entrepreneurship through this time as well?
    0:10:37 Because I think in your sophomore year, you took a class on entrepreneurship and venture capital, right?
    0:10:40 Yeah, that was really a game changer.
    0:10:53 So that class called Entrepreneurship and Venture Capital, and the class is a series of case studies basically led by entrepreneurs who come in and present the story of creating their business and lessons learned.
    0:10:54 And then it’s an open Q&A.
    0:10:57 I got to listen to their amazing stories and ask them questions.
    0:11:00 And that was super inspiring to me.
    0:11:07 Do you remember anything you took away from those classes that ended up being really important for you in terms of an idea or a philosophy?
    0:11:17 I think the biggest thing that I took away from my time at Stanford and from that class was the focus on going after really, really big opportunities.
    0:11:25 And I think one of the things that’s so different, growing up here in LA, I think a lot of the business community that I was exposed to is more focused on cash flow, right?
    0:11:27 Like how quickly can this business turn a profit?
    0:11:29 You know, how can we do that really predictably?
    0:11:31 How much cash are we going to generate?
    0:11:36 At Stanford, the business culture is entirely oriented around, well, how big is that opportunity?
    0:11:39 Like, is that a huge opportunity?
    0:11:40 Is that opportunity big enough?
    0:11:45 Because if you’re not going after something that could reach billions of people, that’s not that interesting.
    0:12:01 And that was a totally different way of thinking for me combined with the venture capital approach, which is really to invest a lot of money early and scale quickly and then build out the business later after you’ve achieved scale, after you’ve achieved mass adoption.
    0:12:10 I’ve always wondered what they teach at Stanford, especially as it relates to business, because the success rate of creating some of the world’s sort of preeminent entrepreneurs is really, really high.
    0:12:14 So you’re telling me one of the key ideas is big ambitions.
    0:12:18 Yeah, and I think it makes sense because it’s so hard to create a business.
    0:12:20 Your odds of success are so low.
    0:12:29 So it’s really important that you go after something really big so that if you’re successful, that at the end of the day, there’s a huge opportunity at the end of the rainbow.
    0:12:33 So in my head, I go, well, if it’s really, really big, then the chance of failure is probably going to go up.
    0:12:36 So, you know, I could open a coffee shop, right?
    0:12:38 And my chance of success is pretty decent.
    0:12:46 But if I go after building a new social network, which is something only a psychopath would do, then my odds of success are what?
    0:12:47 One in a gazillion?
    0:12:54 I think what is exciting, though, about the technology business is the way that it scales.
    0:13:05 And so I think what’s different than your coffee shop example is once you build a great service once, once we build Snapchat one time, it can scale to 850 million people around the world, right?
    0:13:10 Whereas you’d have to go build a new coffee shop, you know, on every street corner to scale the business.
    0:13:25 And so once I think you start seeing the world in terms of the potential to scale and the potential to build, you know, a product or service that can reach billions of people, it really changes, you know, the opportunities you identify or the things that, you know, the services that you want to build.
    0:13:26 Interesting.
    0:13:35 So the question that most of us, especially in the UK, we often don’t think about building businesses that have the potential to reach huge scale.
    0:13:45 In part because we don’t have as much of a robust, I think, technical track record in terms of building great unicorn tech companies in Europe, as you guys do over here.
    0:13:57 One of the, I mean, I don’t know if we want to go down this path and talk about entrepreneurship in Europe, but I think one of the real challenges in Europe is how small the different markets are in each country.
    0:14:06 And so I think what’s really interesting when I talk to entrepreneurs in Europe, oftentimes they’re very focused on growing first in their country and using that market as a stepping stone.
    0:14:08 But all the countries in Europe are quite different.
    0:14:09 They’re different cultures and different languages.
    0:14:17 And so sometimes entrepreneurs can spend too much time trying to grow in Europe rather than what I’ve seen out of some companies in Australia, for example.
    0:14:18 They’re on an island.
    0:14:22 The first thing these entrepreneurs are thinking about is like, how do I go grow in the US?
    0:14:23 How do I go grow in China?
    0:14:27 How do I go grow in a really, really big market and get to scale really quickly?
    0:14:33 And then I can go reinvest and grow in Europe or grow in other countries where it might be more difficult to grow.
    0:14:34 That is so true.
    0:14:38 Thinking about my investment portfolio, there’s about 40 different companies there.
    0:14:47 And almost every single one of them, without really an exception, has adopted the approach of we’ll crack the UK first and then we’ll go and figure out the US.
    0:14:55 But in that transition to the US, they encounter tons of challenges with how expensive it is to succeed here, like marketing costs here.
    0:14:59 If they’re in retail, how difficult it is to get into Target or Walmart here.
    0:15:09 Also, the founders end up building their lives, their families in the UK, which means that the founders can’t really, you know, uproot and move to the US later in the journey.
    0:15:13 So most of them try the US, waste a ton of money, get burnt, run back.
    0:15:17 And then I’ve seen that story play out over and over again.
    0:15:22 When you think about penetrating these international markets, do you send core team members there?
    0:15:26 Oftentimes what we’ve done with Snapchat is actually follow the growth.
    0:15:31 So looking for countries where people have already started using the product, already love it, are giving us a bunch of feedback.
    0:15:41 And then, you know, we’ll send folks there or we’ll figure out how to sort of build on the momentum or make sure it’s localized properly and make sure we’re working with local creators so that the content’s relevant.
    0:15:48 But I think, you know, because our service is based on communication, you know, Snapchat doesn’t really work unless you’re using it with a friend.
    0:15:49 You’ve got to use it together.
    0:15:59 What we look for is just that momentum where friends are using it to communicate with one another and then figure out how to build on top of that with the content ecosystem or augmented reality and those sorts of things.
    0:16:01 What was your first idea that failed?
    0:16:02 Oh, my.
    0:16:03 Well, there were plenty.
    0:16:05 I mean, I made an orange juicer at one point.
    0:16:11 But I think the biggest failure was future freshmen.
    0:16:13 Bobby and I, I was really fortunate to meet Bobby.
    0:16:17 He lived across the hall from me at our fraternity at Stanford.
    0:16:20 And, you know, we shared this love of making stuff.
    0:16:24 So, you know, we had kind of worked on a couple of social ideas that were interesting.
    0:16:29 But the one thing we decided to spend a lot of time on was future freshmen, which was designed to help kids apply to college.
    0:16:34 It was something that we’d had direct experience with so we could empathize with how difficult the process is.
    0:16:36 We had siblings who were also applying to college.
    0:16:40 So we spent about 18 months building, like, a full-featured website.
    0:16:41 You could select the schools you wanted to go to.
    0:16:46 It would aggregate all the essay questions and requirements and make it really easy to apply.
    0:16:53 But it was very clear by the end of that 18 months or so that it was going to be really difficult for us to win.
    0:16:57 We were up against a company called Naviance, which had their own software suite.
    0:17:07 And they had a really good idea, which is they went to all the college counselors around the U.S., you know, in high schools and things like that, and said, hey, tell everyone to use Naviance.
    0:17:10 Make sure your students’ parents are using our platform.
    0:17:13 And so they got a lot of distribution through all the different schools.
    0:17:20 And so obviously you’re going to use the platform that’s being recommended by your college counselor, not, you know, an app made by two kids out of Stanford.
    0:17:24 And so we had a real distribution disadvantage.
    0:17:35 And then we also realized, like, even if we were wildly successful and we got, you know, the million students, you know, a year who apply to four-year colleges or, you know, something like that, we would have to then reacquire another million students the next year.
    0:17:44 And so we sort of had this realization that it was going to be really hard to build a big business and that we really ought to try something different.
    0:17:51 And most importantly, try to build something that wouldn’t take 18 months to build before we got great feedback.
    0:17:58 So to try to build something really simple, you know, that people could try and that we could collect feedback on faster.
    0:18:00 So two points there.
    0:18:01 How do you know when to quit?
    0:18:03 You’ve kind of assembled a couple of principles there.
    0:18:08 But even I think it’s difficult in business because you can be getting lots of negative feedback.
    0:18:12 But that doesn’t necessarily mean that the idea is something that you should quit.
    0:18:15 Maybe it means you should pivot or iterate or just keep going.
    0:18:17 But how did you know?
    0:18:20 What were the stars that aligned that told you to quit that business?
    0:18:24 I think for us it was that we didn’t love the product enough.
    0:18:30 I think if you really love the product, you know, and you love what you’re building, what you’re doing, you can fight through just about anything.
    0:18:34 I mean, that was really the case with the early days of Snapchat.
    0:18:37 We loved, you know, using the product.
    0:18:39 We were using it all day with our friends.
    0:18:45 So we could really, we just had an attachment to it that we never, you know, really developed with future freshmen because we weren’t applying to college.
    0:18:49 So we didn’t have that same, I think, connection with the product that we ended up developing with Snapchat.
    0:18:53 And why does that end up mattering so much, that like love and passion for the thing that you’re building?
    0:18:58 Because I think that’s what, you know, the love and passion for what you’re building and the love and passion for the people you’re working with,
    0:19:04 like that’s what allows you to get through, you know, all the challenges that come when you try to build a business.
    0:19:12 I think if you don’t love what you’re doing, I mean, I just absolutely love what I do and the team that we get to work with and, of course, the products that we make, the community we serve.
    0:19:18 And I think without that, just love for what you do, it can be, you know, it can be hard.
    0:19:28 And the other thing you said was you felt that you should go after a business that didn’t take like 18 months, like two years of your time to build before you got it to market.
    0:19:37 Why is that for entrepreneurs that are listening that maybe have spent years perfecting something in their bedroom that hasn’t gone to market yet?
    0:19:40 Why was that insight so important to you for your next venture?
    0:19:49 I think getting that feedback from your customers as quickly and early as possible is critical, even if it’s on like the back of a napkin, like, hey, here’s what I’m thinking.
    0:19:50 This is what it’s going to look like.
    0:19:53 What do you think about that idea?
    0:19:59 Because it’s very hard to know whether or not you have a good idea unless you can put something in front of people and have them use it.
    0:20:11 I mean, that’s almost one of the cardinal rules of the product design program that I guess we willfully ignored, which is that you should really rapidly prototype and get feedback as quickly as possible so that you know you’re on the right track.
    0:20:14 I mean, even in the early days, you know, Snapchat before it was called Snapchat, it was called Pickaboo.
    0:20:16 It was more focused on disappearing messages.
    0:20:18 Very quickly we learned that wasn’t interesting to people.
    0:20:20 They wanted to communicate with pictures.
    0:20:22 They wanted to talk with pictures.
    0:20:27 So when we called the app Snapchat, we explained that it was 10 times faster than sending a photo via text message.
    0:20:29 People were like, oh, I want that.
    0:20:30 Like, that’s something that I’ll use every day.
    0:20:39 And so it was just really interesting to get the feedback really early on, you know, with an initial version of the app that took, you know, a couple months to create.
    0:20:48 I think this is a really interesting point that a lot of founders don’t realize, that even companies like yours, they start with an initial hypothesis, which is nearly always wrong.
    0:20:53 But kind of when you hear these stories, you hear, like, I had an idea in my basement and then pursued it, and then it became a billion-dollar business.
    0:21:02 But there’s something in the, like, humility and the realization that your initial idea might be wild, be off, and that your job isn’t to, like, be right.
    0:21:04 It is to be successful.
    0:21:06 And they’re, like, two different things, right?
    0:21:07 I totally agree.
    0:21:12 And I think the challenge, someone, I think this was, like, one of those Vanity Fair parties a million years ago.
    0:21:21 The souvenir was a lighter, and, like, on one side, it’s, like, the director is always right, and on the other side, it’s, like, the customer’s never wrong.
    0:21:28 You know, and I think, like, that’s, like, always the interesting challenge with a business, that you have to stay true to your vision, the reason why you’re building a product, your philosophy.
    0:21:36 But at the same time, your customers are the people you serve, and ultimately, how they feel about your product is right, whether or not you agree with it.
    0:21:42 So how did you get past Future Freshman to your next business?
    0:21:43 What was the journey from there?
    0:21:49 So you’d met your co-founder at that point, Bobby, and how did you then move over to the idea of Snapchat?
    0:21:56 I think one of the things that was really helpful is that I did a semester, a quarter abroad in Cape Town.
    0:22:02 And I think taking a step back and being there sort of gave me perspective about what we were working on.
    0:22:07 I was working on it while I was still working on Future Freshman while I was there, but it really gave me, like, more perspective.
    0:22:12 And I think, you know, I just realized this is going to be really hard, and I don’t really love what we’re doing.
    0:22:13 We’ve got to find something else.
    0:22:16 And was that, more than anything, a feeling you had?
    0:22:22 Like, a feeling of just, I’m not enjoying doing this every day, opening my emails, thinking about this problem?
    0:22:25 Yeah, I think it’s so important to listen to those feelings.
    0:22:25 Yeah.
    0:22:26 Hmm.
    0:22:30 Yeah, we were very good at not listening to them.
    0:22:34 I think because of parents and other pressures, right, to continue doing something.
    0:22:40 So then how did you get from there, from being in Cape Town, to the idea for Snapchat?
    0:22:43 Well, I came back from Cape Town.
    0:22:46 I moved into a dorm at Stanford.
    0:22:52 One of my buddies who had been, Reggie, one of my friends who had been living in our fraternity before, was also in that same dorm.
    0:22:56 So we were hanging out, and, you know, one day he was like, man, I wish I could send a disappearing photo.
    0:22:58 I was like, that’s a super interesting idea.
    0:22:59 And we looked it up.
    0:23:08 There were a couple other apps that were doing some similar stuff at the time, but they were very, they were much more, like, security focused.
    0:23:11 They weren’t really focused as much on fun, you know?
    0:23:20 So that’s a super interesting idea, and you could see really quickly that it was simple enough that we could build it and get feedback really quickly, you know?
    0:23:25 And I think there were a couple important design choices that we made at the time.
    0:23:26 One was opening to the camera.
    0:23:32 We really wanted to be the, you know, the tagline is the fastest way to share a moment.
    0:23:33 We wanted to be the fastest way to share a moment.
    0:23:43 And at the time, I don’t know if you remember, the iPhone had, like, a shutter animation, so you would, like, tap the camera to open it, and it would take forever to, like, open up the camera super slow.
    0:23:47 And there was a big toggle you had to choose between the camera and video, right?
    0:23:50 So there was all this friction in using the camera.
    0:23:51 So we decided we’re going to open the camera.
    0:23:58 We’re going to get rid of that animation, and you’re going to be able to go straight into capturing what’s happening in front of you before the moment disappears.
    0:24:02 So I think that was a really important choice that we made.
    0:24:12 And then, of course, the choice to let people choose how long they wanted to let someone, you know, see their snap, but with the caveat that you could always take a screenshot.
    0:24:19 And that was probably one of the most important pieces of feedback we got in the initial days.
    0:24:20 So we built the prototype of the app.
    0:24:22 I took it to my design class.
    0:24:23 Here’s this new app.
    0:24:24 It’s called Picaboo.
    0:24:25 You can set a photo that disappears.
    0:24:28 You know, this is really different than social media.
    0:24:33 Social media is all about permanence, and you’re trying to look popular and collect all these likes and comments and pretty pictures.
    0:24:35 You know, that’s the 1% of moments in your life.
    0:24:36 And here’s Snapchat.
    0:24:38 This is – or Picaboo at the time.
    0:24:38 Here’s Picaboo.
    0:24:40 This is for the other 99%, right?
    0:24:47 All the other moments that you might be embarrassed to post to all your friends but that you want to share with your best friend or, you know, your family.
    0:24:51 Everyone’s like, this is never going to work because you can always take a screenshot.
    0:24:52 This makes no sense.
    0:24:53 So it doesn’t go away.
    0:24:54 You can take a screenshot.
    0:25:00 And I think one of the big inventions – and that’s why I think it’s so important to get this feedback.
    0:25:09 One of the big inventions that we made later that summer when Bobby and I were working out at my dad’s house, we invented a way to detect if someone had taken a screenshot.
    0:25:13 And so we would send a little notification back that said, hey, you know, your friend took a screenshot.
    0:25:20 And I think that was part of what made the service fun that, you know, you could set how long it would appear for your friend.
    0:25:23 But if they wanted to save it, they could take a screenshot.
    0:25:24 But you would know that they saved it.
    0:25:32 And I think that was one of sort of the early feedback loops of the product that helped, you know, make people feel comfortable using it for picture messaging.
    0:25:42 How long was that journey between you having that conversation with Reggie about wanting photos to disappear and the moment when you knew Snapchat was going to be a big deal?
    0:25:44 Like, how long is that gap?
    0:25:52 I would say it took until maybe certainly the following school year for me.
    0:26:00 So over that summer, Bobby and I went to my dad’s house, worked a lot on the service, renamed it Snapchat, got a lot of feedback.
    0:26:04 When we were using it with our friends, everyone wanted, like, hey, can I add a caption?
    0:26:06 Can I add, you know, can I draw on it?
    0:26:08 Because in the original version, it was just a photo.
    0:26:15 But because people were, you know, just our friend group using it to communicate, we needed to add things like captions and drawing.
    0:26:37 So I think the Snapchat launched in the App Store in about September of 2011, and it probably wasn’t until late that fall maybe or even into the following beginning of 2012 that I was – I remember sitting in the back of my classroom, and we had a snap counter that would count the total number of snaps ever sent, you know.
    0:26:45 And in the early days, it was like hundreds or a thousand or whatever, and you’d – you know, I’d refresh the page, and the number wouldn’t change, you know.
    0:26:54 But by that time, by, you know, the beginning of 2012, every time I refreshed the snap counter page, you know, the number would go up, and it would jump by one or two or ten.
    0:26:59 So it was clear that people were using the service and communicating, and that’s when I was like, oh, this is fun.
    0:27:02 You know, not only are we loving it with our friends, but there’s more people using it too.
    0:27:09 One of the things you said there is that you were using people around you, your friends, to give you feedback on what features you should add next.
    0:27:12 You said people wanted to write on it, and they wanted to add captions.
    0:27:18 As a founder, that must be quite hard because you’re getting lots of feedback to change lots of things all the time.
    0:27:26 How do you know what to filter as good feedback that you’ll implement versus a distraction or bad feedback?
    0:27:29 Is there a framework at all that you’ve had to deploy?
    0:27:32 So I think all feedback is good feedback.
    0:27:34 All feedback is valuable.
    0:27:37 I think what you do with it is what matters.
    0:27:40 So, for example, let’s take the use of the caption tool, for example.
    0:27:51 You know, we could have added a super clunky caption tool that took forever to use that was like, you know, like social media where you add the caption at the bottom of the photo and tap it and hashtag all the stuff.
    0:27:57 The way that we decided to implement captions to make it easier for people to communicate is all you have to do is tap on the photo right after you took it.
    0:27:59 So you’d snap to take the photo, tap, the keyboard would pop up.
    0:28:05 There was a little caption bar, you know the caption bar well, you know, that still allowed you to see the photo behind it.
    0:28:08 Instead of it being sort of attached to the photo below it, it was right on top of the photo.
    0:28:13 And then as soon as you hit enter, you could, you know, jump to the page where you select which friends you wanted to send it to.
    0:28:34 So I think, you know, what was more important than hearing feedback of, hey, I want a way to, you know, add a caption or express more in the Snap, the way that we implemented that feedback and designed something really fast and easy to use is why that black bar caption is, you know, now I think synonymous with Snapchat and is like, you know, well known around the world.
    0:28:40 So it was a year from the idea to the day when you raised capital for the first time, roughly.
    0:28:41 Yeah, more or less.
    0:28:42 And talk me through that.
    0:28:44 So how much did you raise?
    0:28:46 How did you go about raising the capital?
    0:28:50 And what was the business like at that time in terms of users and downloads?
    0:28:58 Yeah, I don’t remember the exact sort of user statistics, but what was really, really helpful is that we had about a year of data.
    0:29:05 So if you remember back then, there were a lot of apps that were sort of like a flash in the pan, like they would get popular really, really quickly and then sort of fade away.
    0:29:11 And so venture investors would kind of jump into these apps and then the apps would get really popular and then kind of fade.
    0:29:21 And so when we were raising money, one of the things that really helped us is we had a year’s worth of data to basically show, hey, when people start using this product to talk to their friends, they keep doing it.
    0:29:33 Because it’s really fun and it’s better than text message-based communication and people use it consistently once they learn how.
    0:29:40 And that was really important to the investors who were worried, is this, you know, just another flash in the pan type service?
    0:29:46 So we really just led, I think we had like three, maybe five slides of just the data.
    0:29:49 Do you remember feedback you got from investors at that early stage?
    0:29:55 I think this is important because all founders are going to get the email that tells them that they’re not onto something.
    0:30:03 Yeah, I think the biggest piece of feedback was just like, hey, this seems like something that these really big, powerful tech companies are just going to copy.
    0:30:06 And, you know, they’re really tough to compete with.
    0:30:12 So, you know, we’re not really sure we want to invest in something that’s going up against these really, really big, powerful tech companies.
    0:30:14 I mean, there’s some wisdom in that.
    0:30:16 Certainly a lot of foresight in that one.
    0:30:24 Yeah, because the odds anyway of building a social networking app are extremely low.
    0:30:30 It’s, we were saying before we started recording that you’ve got to be almost like delusional to think that you can.
    0:30:40 I think at that time too, you know, Snapchat came last after Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, like you name it, all of those services had come first.
    0:30:47 And so I think the idea that like, you know, and that was still at the time when people believed that network effects meant that you couldn’t compete, right?
    0:30:49 Whoever has the biggest network is going to win.
    0:30:51 No one else is going to be able to compete.
    0:30:59 And so I think there was that concern that, you know, oh, if these other competitors are much bigger and they have network effects, how are you ever going to grow and compete?
    0:31:01 So that was a big piece of feedback.
    0:31:07 And then I think there was just a whole other group of people who didn’t really understand what the service was and so weren’t that interested.
    0:31:10 But Jeremy at Lightspeed reached out.
    0:31:13 He had, his profile picture was a photo of him with Obama.
    0:31:18 And I was like, oh, okay, it must be like a real, now with AI, you never know.
    0:31:20 But back then it was like, okay, it must be legit.
    0:31:26 So we met up with them and one of his partners, I guess his daughter used Snapchat and loved Snapchat.
    0:31:30 And so they understood the service and what it was about and how she was using it with her friends.
    0:31:36 And so they ended up investing $485,000 at a $4.25 million valuation.
    0:31:39 What a fucking deal in hindsight.
    0:31:41 How many users did you have at the time when you raised that capital?
    0:31:45 I would have guessed about $100,000 or something like that.
    0:31:48 And the valuation was $4 million roughly?
    0:31:49 $4.25, yeah.
    0:31:56 In that first year up until the point that you raised that money, did you ever doubt that Snapchat was going to work?
    0:32:04 And I guess to understand the question a bit more, you almost have to add a goal or ambition to it.
    0:32:08 So I’m presuming you wanted it to be and thought it could be a company.
    0:32:10 Did you ever doubt that it would be?
    0:32:12 Was there anything that ever happened in that first year?
    0:32:23 There was one moment where we accidentally took down the Snapchat infrastructure for three days.
    0:32:26 So the service stopped working entirely for three days.
    0:32:30 Actually, something broke and it took us three days to fix it.
    0:32:32 And we were like, we’re done.
    0:32:33 I mean, what are we going to do?
    0:32:36 The service has been on down for three days.
    0:32:41 It’s a messaging service, you know, so people have been able to talk to their friends like, is anyone going to use it?
    0:32:46 And when we turned it back on, people just started using it again.
    0:32:51 And that gave us a lot more conviction and that, you know, we had a product that people really just loved using.
    0:32:52 How and why was it growing?
    0:32:55 Was it a marketing campaign or was it organic?
    0:33:02 The only thing that we ever saw work was, you know, friends using it with friends, telling their friends about it and wanting to, you know, learn how to use it.
    0:33:05 Because communicating with photos was a new thing.
    0:33:08 I mean, people were, hadn’t been talking with pictures before.
    0:33:14 And even the way people thought about photos, it was like a photo is for saving a precious moment, right?
    0:33:16 Like that’s, or like a family photo.
    0:33:19 Like that’s really how people were thinking about photos at the time.
    0:33:25 You weren’t able, like, that was just coming out of the digital camera, like plug it into your computer and upload the photos era.
    0:33:32 So there was this massive, I think, behavioral change of people realizing like, wow, like, no, a picture is worth a thousand words.
    0:33:43 And now that I can take it instantly on my phone and send it with my friend and, you know, a couple hundred milliseconds, like we can talk with pictures instead of just use pictures to save memories.
    0:33:46 I don’t think we really remember that.
    0:33:48 Isn’t that crazy that we don’t remember?
    0:33:49 It wasn’t that long ago.
    0:33:50 I know, but we just don’t remember.
    0:33:54 Like as you were saying, I was like, fuck, yeah, you couldn’t like send a photo to your friend and talk.
    0:33:58 I was like, I was not trying to think of the app that I could have used back then to do that.
    0:34:00 And there just like, isn’t one.
    0:34:02 Yeah, but now I’m dating myself, you know, it’s terrible.
    0:34:04 No, that’s crazy.
    0:34:08 We forget that because it’s so commonplace now on every app.
    0:34:14 You can, and I guess they ultimately got that from you, copied that from you.
    0:34:17 I’ve got this photo from the early days.
    0:34:18 Do you remember this photo?
    0:34:19 Oh, this is awesome.
    0:34:20 This picture.
    0:34:20 This is great.
    0:34:21 What is this picture?
    0:34:22 Where are you?
    0:34:22 What are you doing?
    0:34:23 Who is that?
    0:34:26 Well, this was actually our first office, which was great.
    0:34:30 It was called the Blue House in Venice, 523 Oceanfront Walk.
    0:34:36 And actually, you know, things sort of had reached a breaking point in my dad’s house.
    0:34:38 I think there were seven or eight of us living there.
    0:34:43 You know, one night, his girlfriend at the time now, wife, came in and one of, you know,
    0:34:47 one of our teammates was like sleeping on the couch with a blanket she had bought him for Christmas.
    0:34:49 And she’s just like, I think there’s like, we’ve had enough here.
    0:34:52 So we had to get an office and move out.
    0:34:57 And we were going to dinner in Venice and we walked past this old blue house and it had
    0:34:58 a for lease sign on it.
    0:35:00 And we were like, wow, this would be wild.
    0:35:03 We could have an office on the beach on the Venice boardwalk.
    0:35:05 Let’s call them.
    0:35:06 And we called them.
    0:35:08 They wanted a crazy amount per square foot in rent.
    0:35:10 We couldn’t afford it at the time.
    0:35:16 But we ultimately waited a bit longer and were able to negotiate that down quite a bit and
    0:35:18 moved in to the blue house.
    0:35:22 And I think the best thing about the blue house was that the Venice boardwalk is one of the
    0:35:27 most popular tourist destinations in California, maybe even in the world.
    0:35:29 I mean, it’s more than 10 million people a year come to the Venice boardwalk.
    0:35:33 And we had a big ghost logo, our big app icon outside.
    0:35:37 And all day long, people would come up and talk to us about the app or give us feedback
    0:35:38 or need help with their account.
    0:35:44 And so we were just immersed in people from all over the world who were using Snapchat and
    0:35:45 wanted to come talk to us about it.
    0:35:47 Ultimately, it became like a little too much.
    0:35:53 But in the beginning, it was just so amazing to be right there on the boardwalk with so
    0:35:53 many people.
    0:35:57 And so how many people could fit into the blue house?
    0:36:00 I think, you know, at max capacity, it was 20 something.
    0:36:03 I think we were 20 something people by the time we moved out, maybe 30.
    0:36:04 It was pretty cramped.
    0:36:07 I mean, I was playing footsie with, you know, people under the table.
    0:36:08 We were pretty smushed.
    0:36:10 And how many users did you have at that time?
    0:36:14 For people to be coming up on the boardwalk and having conversations, you must have been
    0:36:14 pretty popular.
    0:36:17 At that point, it must have been millions, I would guess.
    0:36:21 And you’ve dropped out of university by that point, obviously.
    0:36:21 Yeah.
    0:36:23 Tell me about that decision.
    0:36:27 Because that’s not, I know the app’s growing and everything, but to drop out of a prestigious
    0:36:31 university can’t be a super easy decision.
    0:36:36 I really felt I had no choice.
    0:36:38 I didn’t have enough credits to graduate.
    0:36:42 I mean, you know, I was doing the product design program, the engineering program.
    0:36:45 I had a lot more classes that I had to finish.
    0:36:50 And ultimately, we’d raised $485,000 from investors.
    0:36:54 And, you know, I was spending all day trying to pass these, you know, I was taking, I think,
    0:36:58 20 credits at the time or something and trying to work on our business.
    0:37:00 I just couldn’t do both at the same time.
    0:37:03 So I was like, you know, hopefully one day I’ll be able to go back.
    0:37:06 I actually did end up going back and got my degree in 2018, which was awesome.
    0:37:11 And, but I just couldn’t do both at the same time.
    0:37:12 Why did you go back and get your degree?
    0:37:17 I really did not want to have that debate with our kids where they’re like, you know what I
    0:37:17 mean?
    0:37:19 Where they’re like, but dad, like, you know what I mean?
    0:37:21 Like you, you didn’t, you dropped out.
    0:37:22 You don’t have a degree.
    0:37:23 Like, why do I need one?
    0:37:26 You know, I think colleges can be really valuable.
    0:37:30 It’s not for everybody, but it made a huge impact in my life.
    0:37:33 So I wanted to be able to, you know, show how important that is to our kids.
    0:37:39 I was thinking earlier when we were talking about college slash university, the world was
    0:37:43 different when you went to university and college and you’ve got these four boys now.
    0:37:44 The oldest, I think, is 14 years old.
    0:37:50 If he wants to be like dad, say he wanted to follow in your footsteps, is there anything
    0:37:56 else based on how the world is currently that you’d be advising him to learn before the age
    0:37:57 of like 21?
    0:38:02 Are there any topics or degrees that you would be pushing him towards now if he wanted
    0:38:03 to be like dad, if that was his decision?
    0:38:09 I think one of the most important things today is really nurturing creativity.
    0:38:14 I mean, I think creativity is really the X factor, certainly in the age of AI, right?
    0:38:18 And so I think nurturing creativity, finding ways to develop those skills.
    0:38:20 For example, Flynn is 14.
    0:38:21 He loves drawing.
    0:38:23 He’s unbelievably talented at drawing.
    0:38:27 And I think sometimes he’s like, well, I don’t know if there’s a career in drawing.
    0:38:32 But I think sometimes he doesn’t see that drawing is just the way that he’s expressing
    0:38:32 creativity.
    0:38:37 Drawing is the beginning of that journey of exercising those muscles in your brain that allow you to
    0:38:40 visualize something that other people don’t see, right?
    0:38:45 And that’s one way, that’s one tool, one skill he can use to express what’s in his brain.
    0:38:49 But I think exercising that muscle, that creativity is so important.
    0:38:55 I think creativity is just becoming more and more rare, ultimately because so much of our society
    0:38:56 creativity is oriented around things we can measure.
    0:38:58 Creativity is so hard to measure.
    0:39:08 And so I think it can be really tough to find the dedication to invest in developing creativity
    0:39:10 when it’s uncertain what the outcome is.
    0:39:13 But that’s really what I would encourage him or so many people to do.
    0:39:15 We’re all born creative.
    0:39:17 We’re all, you know, we’re all born with this ability to express ourselves.
    0:39:22 And it’s only over time, I think, that we stop, you know, practicing that ability or, you
    0:39:25 know, or we become fearful of expressing ourselves.
    0:39:27 And I think that that can be overcome.
    0:39:30 Because we think through job titles at that age, don’t we?
    0:39:33 We think, what’s the job title that I should be aiming at?
    0:39:39 So doctor, lawyer, et cetera, versus we don’t necessarily think as much about collecting useful
    0:39:41 long-term skills, I’d say.
    0:39:44 I’ve got my girlfriend’s little brother now.
    0:39:48 He’s like racking his brain trying to pick a job title for the next, like, 60 years of his
    0:39:48 life.
    0:39:50 I’m like, it doesn’t work like that, you know?
    0:39:53 And the world is changing so quickly now as well.
    0:39:56 It probably makes more sense to try and get some fundamental skills that will translate.
    0:39:59 Plus job titles are totally ridiculous anyways.
    0:40:04 In the early days, we would just make up, anyone who joined the team, we would just
    0:40:06 make up their title.
    0:40:07 It would have nothing to do with anything.
    0:40:12 So job titles are ridiculous when the team is small, right?
    0:40:13 Just in general, right?
    0:40:18 Because I think people anchor to job titles to confer status, right?
    0:40:24 And I think ultimately, like, amazing impact, creativity, great ideas come from anywhere, right?
    0:40:27 And the more that you focus your organization around hierarchy, I think the less you’re focusing
    0:40:32 on the right things, which are, how are we making sure great ideas are coming from anywhere,
    0:40:34 getting surfaced, you know, and being built.
    0:40:38 But hierarchy comes into place when things start to get big, and we need to put processes
    0:40:40 and reporting lines in place.
    0:40:41 How do you defend against that?
    0:40:45 Well, I think you’re getting at, like, the fundamental problem that all companies end up
    0:40:45 having.
    0:40:50 And I think there’s a great book called Loonshots, which I really love, that actually gets at
    0:40:51 this issue directly.
    0:40:58 And basically, what the author Safi Bacall found was essentially that very big companies,
    0:41:01 you know, once they get a lot larger, they have a lot of customers to serve.
    0:41:04 They need to build all this organizational infrastructure.
    0:41:05 And ultimately, that comes with hierarchy.
    0:41:10 But the ones that continue to innovate, that are very successful at innovating consistently
    0:41:16 over long periods of time, also have very small, very flat teams that don’t have any
    0:41:21 hierarchy at all that are really, really focused on innovating and on trying new things.
    0:41:28 And ultimately, the companies that are really successful find a way to build a relationship
    0:41:33 between the huge organization that is supporting all these customers and needs to be operationally
    0:41:38 rigorous and metrics-focused, builds a relationship between them and this very small group of people
    0:41:40 who are trying crazy things.
    0:41:41 And he gives a lot of examples.
    0:41:46 You know, one of the ways that the United States was able to win World War II, they had these
    0:41:50 crazy group of scientists that were trying new things like radar and stuff like that at the time.
    0:41:54 But then they were taking those ideas, bringing them to the military, which is a huge, very
    0:41:58 structured, hierarchical organization, and saying, what do you guys think about this?
    0:41:59 How can you play with this?
    0:41:59 What are your ideas?
    0:42:00 What are your feedback?
    0:42:01 Take this into battle.
    0:42:02 Put it on an airplane.
    0:42:03 See what happens.
    0:42:11 And then give that feedback back to this very, you know, unstructured, flat, small group of inventors
    0:42:12 and scientists.
    0:42:16 And by really focusing on the relationship between those parts of the organization,
    0:42:20 ultimately, companies can figure out how to build a strong relationship between the two
    0:42:21 and then innovate over time.
    0:42:23 So how have you done that at Snapchat?
    0:42:26 At Snapchat, we have a really small design team.
    0:42:27 I think it would surprise people.
    0:42:28 It’s nine people.
    0:42:29 Really?
    0:42:30 It is totally flat.
    0:42:31 So there’s no fancy titles.
    0:42:33 Everyone is a product designer.
    0:42:40 The way that the team works is very focused around making things.
    0:42:42 That’s the entire job.
    0:42:46 In fact, your very first day when you start, we have design critiques once a week for a couple hours.
    0:42:50 Your very first day, you have to present something.
    0:42:52 So you have to make something and present it.
    0:42:58 And what that does that I think is really interesting and powerful is that ultimately, of course,
    0:43:03 on your first day when you have no context for what the company is working on, no idea what’s going on,
    0:43:06 how on earth are you supposed to come up with a great idea?
    0:43:07 I mean, it’s almost impossible.
    0:43:10 But you have to show an idea your first day.
    0:43:13 And so ultimately, on your very first day, your worst fear has come true,
    0:43:18 that like we’re sitting there all together and we’re looking at an idea that’s like ultimately not that great.
    0:43:21 I mean, sometimes they’re pretty good, but ultimately not that great.
    0:43:27 And that, I think, opens the door to creativity because you’ve already – it already happened.
    0:43:28 You already failed.
    0:43:29 The idea wasn’t good.
    0:43:35 And, you know, what ultimately happens on our design team is that 99% of ideas are not good,
    0:43:37 but 1% is.
    0:43:40 And, you know, we really abide by that idea of like, you know,
    0:43:43 or the concept that like the best way to have a good idea is to have lots of ideas.
    0:43:50 So the team is just constantly generating an incredible number of ideas and products and features
    0:43:51 and that sort of thing.
    0:43:54 And ultimately, our job is to try to figure out what the great ones are
    0:43:59 and then, most importantly, build a strong relationship between this little team
    0:44:04 that’s coming up with all this stuff all the time and our, you know, much bigger engineering organization,
    0:44:08 our bigger product organization who also have all sorts of amazing ideas
    0:44:11 and are also innovating in their own way and build a flywheel between the two
    0:44:14 where we can ultimately, you know, make a lot of new products
    0:44:15 and then consistently make them better.
    0:44:18 So many questions there that I’m very, very curious about.
    0:44:22 The first one is, do you measure the amount of ideas that that small design team are producing?
    0:44:25 No, but I do know when we need more.
    0:44:27 Okay, okay, fine.
    0:44:29 Okay, so you’ve got a sort of intuitive feeling.
    0:44:29 It’s a small team.
    0:44:30 You can stay close.
    0:44:36 And then how do you get the bigger organization to cooperate with the smaller design team
    0:44:39 when the bigger organization have their own incentives, they have their own planning cycles,
    0:44:42 they have their own egos, as all humans do?
    0:44:44 How do you get them to work together?
    0:44:48 For us, the bridge organization is probably our product organization.
    0:44:52 And they really help connect the dots between the engineering folks and the design folks.
    0:44:56 And a lot of this stuff, you know, actually mirrors the relationship that Bobby and I had
    0:44:58 in the very early days where I was more design focused.
    0:45:02 I had a bit of an engineering background and had taken some CS, but I was more design focused.
    0:45:07 And Bobby, you know, is an unbelievable computer scientist, right?
    0:45:12 He, you know, took math and computer science at school, but he also loved design.
    0:45:17 And so we had this really, you know, powerful relationship where, you know, I could talk with
    0:45:22 him about new ideas and design, and he could talk about the engineering constraints.
    0:45:25 So when, you know, for example, when we were inventing this notion that, you know, you would
    0:45:31 tap to take a photo and hold to record a video, at the time, that was a really big deal, right?
    0:45:34 To, you know, to help people more easily use their cameras.
    0:45:38 Now every camera on a smartphone is tapped for a photo, hold for video.
    0:45:43 But the engineering complexity that was required to enable that design was something that we
    0:45:47 really talked about and worked through because the way that the design and the animations had
    0:45:52 to work and the way that you, you know, held your finger really mattered with the way that
    0:45:58 ultimately we were flipping between, you know, the video feed and or capturing a still image.
    0:46:03 And it was that dialogue that ultimately ended up, you know, resulting in a new product and a new,
    0:46:05 you know, thing that people could use.
    0:46:10 So we mirrored a lot of that and tried to build that relationship across the organization constantly
    0:46:16 over time where, you know, there’s a real dialogue and an understanding and an appreciation
    0:46:21 both for design and engineering, you know, that oftentimes is facilitated by our product organization.
    0:46:25 In terms of that small design team, you said you have a critique session once a week.
    0:46:27 What is a critique session?
    0:46:30 So it’s just where we look at work.
    0:46:30 That’s all we do.
    0:46:34 People just share new work.
    0:46:36 So for a couple hours, we’ll just look at all the new ideas.
    0:46:38 That have come out of that small team.
    0:46:41 And new designs that have come out of the last week from that team.
    0:46:42 And these can be anything?
    0:46:44 Really anything, yeah.
    0:46:46 Oftentimes, they’re oriented around solving a problem.
    0:46:50 So kind of coming back to that product design philosophy, like what problem are we trying
    0:46:51 to solve?
    0:46:53 How can we empathize with our, you know, community?
    0:46:57 Okay, our creators are having friction, you know, posting to Snapchat.
    0:47:01 It’s, you know, confusing the way that they’re reading their story replies or that’s not working
    0:47:02 the right way.
    0:47:03 How can we make that easier?
    0:47:05 And then we’ll just look at a ton of ideas.
    0:47:07 And are these, what you said, there’s eight or nine people.
    0:47:11 Are they working in isolation within that team or are they working as one team?
    0:47:14 They very often are getting feedback from one another.
    0:47:19 Oftentimes, we’re tackling projects together in small teams, you know, but all come together
    0:47:20 on a regular basis.
    0:47:24 I love this point you were making about the key thing that you’ve discovered is that the
    0:47:28 game is more ideas, not trying to find a perfect idea.
    0:47:30 More ideas, more feedback.
    0:47:31 More ideas, more feedback.
    0:47:33 You increase your failure rate, you get more feedback.
    0:47:38 It does kind of go contrary to what people think when they’re building a business.
    0:47:39 They think the game is to have the perfect idea.
    0:47:42 But those are all people who’ve never built a business before.
    0:47:43 Yeah, true.
    0:47:47 Because eventually you learn something, right?
    0:47:49 You learn that you’re not that good at guessing.
    0:47:50 Yeah.
    0:47:53 And I think ultimately, you have to maximize your rate of learning.
    0:47:55 I mean, that’s just critical.
    0:47:57 Maximize your rate of learning.
    0:48:00 Let’s go back to those early days.
    0:48:00 You’re in that office.
    0:48:05 When you think about the people in that photo that were part of the first sort of 20,
    0:48:08 how important, in hindsight, is hiring?
    0:48:10 I think it’s everything.
    0:48:11 I think it’s everything.
    0:48:16 And these were really, really just wonderful people.
    0:48:20 I mean, still, you know, in many cases, close friends.
    0:48:26 And I think, interesting, there was a moment I realized David, Daniel, Bobby, and a couple
    0:48:32 other of our original engineers, all of them, you know, original engineers, were musicians
    0:48:32 as well.
    0:48:38 And it was really interesting, this moment, you know, because the early folks who were working
    0:48:45 on the engineering side of Snap were unbelievably creative and unbelievably talented.
    0:48:50 And it was an interesting, like, aha moment, because I think oftentimes people think of the
    0:48:51 disciplines as separate.
    0:48:53 Like, oh, there’s designers, and then over there, there’s engineers.
    0:48:58 And I think so much of the magic, actually, is when those disciplines combine or cross over
    0:49:00 or people who really love and appreciate both.
    0:49:04 Especially for a company that’s aspiring to be creative.
    0:49:05 Absolutely.
    0:49:06 In everything that it’s doing.
    0:49:11 On this point of hiring, did you make any hiring mistakes in those early days?
    0:49:12 Oh, absolutely.
    0:49:14 And what were those mistakes?
    0:49:18 Not necessarily people, but the frameworks were off, or the way that you’ve hired these
    0:49:20 people, or what caused the mistakes?
    0:49:28 I think occasionally in the early days, we almost, like, over-indexed on the wrong types
    0:49:29 of experience, if that makes sense.
    0:49:34 So one of the things we really wanted to do was bring in people who were very, very experienced
    0:49:37 leaders who had run much bigger teams.
    0:49:41 That was, like, if we want to build a big company, we’ve got to find people who have
    0:49:43 run big companies and big teams.
    0:49:48 And so one of the early engineering leaders who joined our team, I think he was coming from
    0:49:52 working on a team of 300 or something like that at Amazon, was coming to, like, a team of
    0:49:53 eight at Snapchat.
    0:49:58 But we were really thinking ahead about, like, how can we hire people who can actually help
    0:50:01 us scale here and build something really big?
    0:50:06 And I think that sort of focus on leadership experience and experience leading at scale
    0:50:07 was really valuable.
    0:50:12 I think what was oftentimes a bit less valuable in those early days was almost more people
    0:50:16 who had very specific domain expertise.
    0:50:20 So there were people who would, you know, come into our, come for an interview or something
    0:50:24 like that and be like, well, I think what you guys should do is add likes because every
    0:50:25 other platform has likes.
    0:50:29 So if you just add likes, then people will, you know, use your service more.
    0:50:35 And not really coming with the same open-mindedness and curiosity about, well, why is Snapchat doing
    0:50:35 it differently?
    0:50:37 Like, why don’t you have likes and comments?
    0:50:41 It’s like, how are you thinking about the service differently?
    0:50:45 And how can I change and grow and adapt to the way that you’re thinking about it to help
    0:50:45 you grow faster?
    0:50:50 And so I think now one of the things we’re always looking for in the interview process is
    0:50:51 adaptability, right?
    0:50:53 It’s amazing to have prior experience.
    0:50:59 But the question is, how do you apply that prior experience to a new context and change and
    0:51:04 adapt the way that you see things, change your perspective, you know, to be able to meet
    0:51:06 the needs of our business, which is different than, you know, other businesses?
    0:51:08 What are the other factors?
    0:51:13 If you were to make a perfect Snapchat employee now, what would their personality be, their
    0:51:16 psychology, their attributes?
    0:51:19 We have three values and three leadership behaviors.
    0:51:22 Three values are kind, smart, and creative.
    0:51:26 That’s been the, those have been the values since the very beginning, really because Bobby
    0:51:29 and I were just having a conversation, like, what kind of people do we want to work with?
    0:51:32 Kind, smart, creative, like, great.
    0:51:35 But since then, and we can spend some more time talking about this, I think what was really
    0:51:39 fascinating over time was to learn, you know, and by the way, 10 years ago, people were not
    0:51:40 talking about kindness at work.
    0:51:42 I mean, people would be like, sorry, what?
    0:51:44 You know, no, no, kind, smart, creative.
    0:51:45 Like, why kindness?
    0:51:52 What we found was that with, that the relationship between kindness and creativity is really, really
    0:51:52 important.
    0:51:57 Because unless people feel comfortable coming up with crazy ideas, unless they feel comfortable
    0:52:01 that if they say, you know, they have some new idea and it actually isn’t that great,
    0:52:04 that they’re not going to be laughed at, that they’ll be supported, right?
    0:52:08 Unless you have that sort of supportive culture, it’s very hard to be creative.
    0:52:13 And so we learned over time that actually, wow, kindness is kind of the essential ingredient
    0:52:16 if you want to have a creative, a creative culture.
    0:52:20 But anyways, kind, smart, creative, smart, pretty self-explanatory.
    0:52:26 And then when it comes to leadership behaviors, there’s three leadership behaviors or attributes
    0:52:26 we look for.
    0:52:28 I just want to pause on that point of kind.
    0:52:33 Do you make a distinction between someone being nice and being kind?
    0:52:37 Because in your environment, you also mentioned that you do these critique sessions and you’re
    0:52:38 giving people critical feedback.
    0:52:43 And if a culture gets a little bit too kind, then isn’t that going to inhibit innovation and
    0:52:44 feedback?
    0:52:46 We always differentiate between kind and nice.
    0:52:48 There’s a couple examples that I think help with that.
    0:52:53 So like, for one, I think it’s really kind to tell somebody that they have something
    0:52:54 stuck in their teeth.
    0:52:57 If you have something stuck in your teeth, you want to know about it, right?
    0:52:58 It might make you feel awkward.
    0:53:00 Certainly, as the person pointing it out, it’s a little awkward, right?
    0:53:05 If you just want to be nice, you pretend nothing’s going on and you just say, oh, you know, nice
    0:53:06 to meet you or whatever.
    0:53:09 But if you’re really being kind and you want to help that person, you say, you know, you’ve
    0:53:10 got something stuck in your teeth.
    0:53:11 You’ve got to take care of that.
    0:53:16 And I think that helps distinguish between, you know, niceties and being kind and really
    0:53:17 wanting to help somebody.
    0:53:22 I think another great example is if somebody is really struggling, you know, at work or
    0:53:28 they’re struggling to grow or they’re struggling with, you know, to perform, you know, their
    0:53:32 duties at Snap, you know, the nice thing to do is maybe just make them feel good about it.
    0:53:32 Oh, don’t worry.
    0:53:35 You know, I’m sure it’ll be OK.
    0:53:37 The kind thing to do is really help them succeed, right?
    0:53:40 Say, hey, this isn’t working because you’re doing X, Y, and Z.
    0:53:42 You know, here are some things to do to think about that differently.
    0:53:46 Provide that really direct feedback that allows people to grow.
    0:53:50 And that’s the kind thing to do rather than just making them feel good about not meeting
    0:53:50 expectations.
    0:53:52 Leadership values.
    0:53:52 You said there’s three.
    0:53:53 Leadership values.
    0:53:54 OK, there’s three of them.
    0:53:56 The first one is T-shaped leadership.
    0:53:59 So we talk a lot about T-shaped leadership.
    0:54:04 What we mean by that is that you have a real depth of experience, a depth of expertise in
    0:54:10 a given area, and then a real breadth of understanding of the business overall and an ability to connect
    0:54:12 with lots of different types of people who think different ways.
    0:54:18 Because you need to be able to connect your expertise to all the different areas of our
    0:54:20 business to really drive impact as a leader.
    0:54:23 I mean, I think that’s one of, like, almost the hallmarks of running a business today is
    0:54:27 it’s basically impossible to do anything interesting without a team, right?
    0:54:29 The way that the world works today is very complicated.
    0:54:33 And it’s really important that you have folks who have deep expertise, but then they have to
    0:54:36 apply it to all these other cross-functional areas.
    0:54:39 You know, so they have to have a familiarity with it and an ability to relate to people with
    0:54:43 different, you know, viewpoints or other, you know, areas of expertise.
    0:54:47 And as we proceed with this, these leadership principles, are you saying that in order to
    0:54:50 become a leader at Snapchat, you need these three things?
    0:54:53 Or are you saying everybody at Snapchat needs these three things?
    0:54:55 We think everyone is a leader.
    0:54:57 So we do apply it broadly.
    0:55:02 But of course, you know, you know, I think it’s really important as we’re thinking about hiring
    0:55:05 or bringing in a new leader that, you know, that this is something that we talk to folks about.
    0:55:10 So if someone’s not quite T-shaped, if they’re a little bit I-shaped, is there something they
    0:55:12 can do to become a bit more T-shaped?
    0:55:16 Yeah, that’s almost maybe the easier one, right?
    0:55:21 If you can build on a real depth of expertise by going engaging with folks maybe outside of
    0:55:25 your comfort zone or in different parts of the business and build that curiosity and understanding,
    0:55:28 that helps develop, I think, that breadth of understanding.
    0:55:33 I think what’s harder is if you’re a generalist and you don’t have that deep skill set or that
    0:55:38 deep area of expertise, it’s really, really hard to bring enough value to the team, right?
    0:55:42 And I think that’s where people get frustrated with, like, the idea of middle management, right?
    0:55:46 Where it’s like, oh, this is just a person who, you know, knows a little about a lot but
    0:55:49 can’t really help me solve this problem because they don’t really know the details.
    0:55:54 They don’t really understand, you know, how to help me, you know, grow as an individual
    0:55:56 or solve this tough technical problem.
    0:56:00 And so I think that’s why that area of expertise is so important because it’s so hard to inspire
    0:56:04 people that you’re working with if you don’t know a lot about, you know, the area that you’re
    0:56:05 working in.
    0:56:11 And do you need to be a T-shaped leader at Snapchat now and when there was 10 of you in the bedroom
    0:56:13 or in your dad’s house?
    0:56:16 Has it always been important or is that a function of being bigger?
    0:56:18 That’s a great question.
    0:56:23 I wish we had been more thoughtful about the leadership values and characteristics we were
    0:56:24 looking for back then.
    0:56:28 And I think, you know, when you’re working on a team of 10 or a team of 20, you’re not
    0:56:31 thinking as much about what leadership characteristics are really important to us.
    0:56:33 It’s more about like, how do we survive tomorrow?
    0:56:38 You know, but I think over time as we learned what leaders were really successful at Snap,
    0:56:42 we were able to, you know, to kind of look at those attributes and say, okay, you know,
    0:56:46 these are the leaders who really succeed here and drive a lot of value for our business.
    0:56:51 Before we move on to the second two, if this Evan could have gone back to the Evan that
    0:56:54 was running a team of 10 and he could have pulled them aside and said, listen, here’s
    0:56:58 some advice that you’re going to need to know about leadership in building this team, the
    0:57:00 most critical advice I could give you at this time.
    0:57:05 And this is for all the entrepreneurs out there that are building, they’re laying the foundations
    0:57:06 of a potentially very big company right now.
    0:57:08 What would you have whispered in his ear?
    0:57:10 I would have said everything’s going to be okay.
    0:57:11 Really?
    0:57:12 Everything’s going to be okay.
    0:57:22 You know, I think sometimes people are too focused on making the right decision and not
    0:57:24 as focused on fixing it if they’re wrong.
    0:57:30 And I think what I would have put more emphasis on is just how quickly are you changing your
    0:57:32 mind when you receive new information?
    0:57:37 How quickly are you fixing a problem or a mistake if you didn’t make the right decision in the first
    0:57:37 place?
    0:57:43 And that’s the feedback loop that is so mission critical to building a business in the early
    0:57:43 days.
    0:57:45 It has very little to do.
    0:57:49 Obviously, there’s existential decisions, you know, and those can, you know, create some
    0:57:50 big problems for your business.
    0:57:53 But most decisions are not existential decisions.
    0:57:56 And the more important thing is to make a decision and then if you’re wrong, fix it.
    0:58:02 And I think it’s the, when you’re wrong, fixing it part that deserves most of the attention
    0:58:07 and also how you can identify, you know, who your great leaders are, who, you know, who really
    0:58:11 talented folks on the team are because they’re very quick to point out, you know, I don’t think
    0:58:12 we did that right.
    0:58:16 I think we should take this path, you know, this other path that, you know, we maybe hadn’t
    0:58:17 considered the first time.
    0:58:21 And I think it takes courage to say that in an organization rather than just say, oh, we’re
    0:58:22 doing a great job.
    0:58:26 And when you’re back there and you’ve made a mistake, there’s something you’ve done wrong.
    0:58:30 In hindsight, did you know in your check?
    0:58:34 Because one of the things that I think of when I was a first time founder building a student
    0:58:39 notice board was I would get feedback and the feedback would be saying, you’re wrong about
    0:58:40 this, you need to change.
    0:58:46 And I think sometimes there was a part of me that knew, but I was like too scared to act
    0:58:47 upon it.
    0:58:49 So I kind of like gaslit myself to just keep going.
    0:58:51 And I think a lot of founders do that.
    0:58:55 I know this because they come to me in my portfolio and they say, oh, Steve, there’s this guy we’ve
    0:58:58 hired and he’s been there now for a year and he’s just not cutting it.
    0:58:59 I’m like, why the fuck are you telling me?
    0:59:03 And they’re procrastinating, avoiding the conversation.
    0:59:04 But clearly they know.
    0:59:05 Clearly they know it’s not right.
    0:59:12 It’s funny you say that because anytime someone comes to ask me about like that type of people
    0:59:13 advice, like what do you think we should do?
    0:59:14 You know, do you think that?
    0:59:16 I’m like, it sounds like you’ve already made up your mind.
    0:59:24 So yeah, I think it is really important to act on that feedback, not be afraid to change
    0:59:27 direction quickly if you realize that you made a mistake.
    0:59:29 But as you point out, it’s hard to do.
    0:59:34 And sometimes it is worth seeing if your bet plays out.
    0:59:36 You don’t want to thrash the team and change your mind all the time.
    0:59:41 So sometimes it is sometimes worth seeing things through a little bit before you change.
    0:59:45 Is there anything else you would have said to that younger Evan in that, in your dad’s
    0:59:47 house advice?
    0:59:54 At that point before we had scaled to a lot of, you know, thousands of people, I think we
    0:59:59 could have been much more clear on the culture, the kind, smart, creative piece, and really embedded
    1:00:02 that in the team prior to scaling.
    1:00:06 Because one of the biggest challenges that we confronted was, you know, as we went from
    1:00:12 20 people to 2,000 people, we basically imported all of these different cultures from all sorts
    1:00:13 of different companies.
    1:00:16 Like we imported an Amazon contingent, right?
    1:00:19 We, you know, who they really love their six-page documents.
    1:00:23 We, you know, imported a Google contingent, right?
    1:00:25 And they’re very focused on consensus-based decision-making.
    1:00:29 We imported, you know, a contingent from Meta as well.
    1:00:35 And I think we were too slow to be really clear about what our values were and what that
    1:00:38 looked like in practice, what those behaviors looked like.
    1:00:44 And I think if we had earlier and faster, so when we’re evaluating performance and we
    1:00:48 look at our values, kind, smart, creative, we have specific behaviors attached to that
    1:00:50 that are actually research-backed.
    1:00:54 And whenever we did a whole study to understand which of those behaviors are really tied to
    1:00:55 performance and those values.
    1:01:00 But that gives people a really clear framework for the expectations for how to behave at Snap
    1:01:02 and our unique culture.
    1:01:07 And there was a moment in time where I felt like we were losing control of our culture.
    1:01:09 And I wasn’t happy with our company and the team.
    1:01:12 I remember I was complaining to a friend of mine.
    1:01:15 This is probably like your story of folks coming to you and saying, oh, it’s not working.
    1:01:17 I was complaining to a friend of mine.
    1:01:20 And I was just like, man, I just don’t, like, I don’t like it.
    1:01:21 Like, I don’t like my job.
    1:01:23 I don’t like what our company’s become.
    1:01:26 And she just looks at me and she’s like, then fix it.
    1:01:28 And I was like, great point.
    1:01:35 And I think that it had changed and grown so quickly that it was really hard to stay true
    1:01:37 to our values.
    1:01:41 But I think I really took that advice to heart and just started trying to fix it with our
    1:01:45 team, getting really clear about the values, getting really clear about the behaviors, holding
    1:01:49 a higher bar and saying, hey, if you’re not into the kind, smart, creative thing, that’s
    1:01:49 OK.
    1:01:52 There are other companies with different cultures, but, you know, that really matters
    1:01:53 to us here.
    1:01:57 So do you wish you had, this would have been a pretty remarkable thing to do, but do you
    1:02:00 wish you had made like a culture bible in the early days?
    1:02:07 And then, like, I’m thinking practically, what should a founder do then, if they’re at that
    1:02:11 stage when they’ve got a small team now, to prevent what happened to you in terms of the
    1:02:14 culture becoming a little bit too pick and mix?
    1:02:19 So I think it’s less about the culture bible and more about how you apply whatever your
    1:02:25 values are to your hiring processes, to your promotion processes, to whether or not people
    1:02:26 still work at the company.
    1:02:30 And so we were too slow to embed those values in our performance evaluation.
    1:02:35 And so I think if we had been way faster at just saying, hey, these are our values and what
    1:02:36 we stand for.
    1:02:37 This is what it looks like in practice.
    1:02:42 And if you’re not living up to that, this isn’t the right home for you, like that would
    1:02:44 have helped shape the culture a lot faster.
    1:02:49 Also because immediately people see, oh, wow, if they’re serious about their values and they’re
    1:02:54 asking people to leave if they won’t live up to their values, well, then I, you know, I better
    1:02:58 get on board with the values or find, you know, another culture that fits, you know, fits my
    1:02:58 personality better.
    1:03:01 It just doesn’t seem like a priority to founders’ culture.
    1:03:04 I think it’s such a priority, but it’s hard to understand what it means.
    1:03:07 You know, I had so many people telling me like, really, you got to really focus on the culture,
    1:03:08 focus on the culture.
    1:03:10 Like, you’re like, what do you mean by culture?
    1:03:13 It’s like, it’s actually just how people behave, right?
    1:03:14 I mean, that’s really what we’re saying.
    1:03:20 Like, what is the collection of group behaviors, you know, that are acceptable or norms in your
    1:03:21 company?
    1:03:25 So I think instead of using this big culture word, which I was hearing a lot, but not understanding
    1:03:29 how it was like tactically connecting to our business, I think when we’re talking with
    1:03:32 founders, we should just be more specific about, you know, how people are living their, the
    1:03:35 values of their company every day through their behaviors.
    1:03:39 And that’s dictated essentially by the incentives of the organization.
    1:03:42 Because what you said is you basically introduced incentive structures that you’re going to be
    1:03:44 exited or you’re going to be promoted.
    1:03:47 And getting really real about that and serious.
    1:03:51 But, you know, the tough conversations come where it’s like, wow, that person’s a superstar.
    1:03:54 You know, but they’re not really living our kindness value.
    1:03:57 And Bobby, I think, is so, was so great on this.
    1:04:00 Bobby is like, Evan, there’s no such thing as a brilliant jerk.
    1:04:03 If you’re really brilliant, how could you possibly be a jerk?
    1:04:06 I mean, it just meant, you know, and you’re like, damn, I love that.
    1:04:12 So I think this concept that like, if you’re really that smart, how could you possibly be
    1:04:13 a jerk to people?
    1:04:13 I mean, what?
    1:04:17 That, I think, you know, really informed our approach to building out our team.
    1:04:21 And I think it gives you that clarity in those moments where you’re like, wow,
    1:04:22 but they’re so smart or they’re so talented.
    1:04:27 It’s like, yeah, but if they’re that smart and talented, why can’t they just be kind to people?
    1:04:29 What was the worst advice you got in those early years?
    1:04:32 We talked about some of the good advice and the good advice you’d give now.
    1:04:37 But was there any like really bad advice that you got that seemed to make sense,
    1:04:38 but was terrible advice?
    1:04:46 I think a lot of people in the early days, you know, told us that we should sell it.
    1:04:49 I mean, there were a lot of, there was one embarrassing moment.
    1:04:56 I remember I joined a conference call early with some of our lawyers and I don’t think
    1:05:00 they had known I had joined and they were talking about, you know, this thing is basically going
    1:05:01 to zero, you know what I mean?
    1:05:02 This was in the early days.
    1:05:04 Like, it’s just a fad, you know, da, da, da, da, da.
    1:05:05 And I’m like, oh, hey guys.
    1:05:06 You’re joking.
    1:05:08 And they didn’t know you were on the call.
    1:05:11 They hadn’t known I had joined because I joined a minute or two early or something
    1:05:11 like that.
    1:05:14 So I think there was a lot of skepticism in the early days and a lot of people who said,
    1:05:19 you know, hey, sell now while you can, you know, you’re competing in a really, really
    1:05:23 tough industry with a lot of big players and you don’t know if people are going to, you
    1:05:24 know, continue to love this product.
    1:05:28 But I think what they missed was our vision for the future, right?
    1:05:30 They only saw what was in the public.
    1:05:34 We were working on all sorts of, and still are working on all sorts of amazing new products
    1:05:39 that give us conviction in the future and our ability to make products that people really
    1:05:39 love.
    1:05:43 But I think from the outside, when you were looking at Snapchat, you’re like, people are
    1:05:44 just sending photos back and forth.
    1:05:45 I mean, how is this ever going to be a business?
    1:05:48 How is this ever going to grow for the long term?
    1:05:54 But you do end up getting an offer, a very famous offer when you’re 23 years old from
    1:05:56 Mark Zuckerberg at Facebook.
    1:06:00 Yeah, that was a fateful, fateful day for sure.
    1:06:02 How does that begin?
    1:06:03 How does that story begin?
    1:06:05 Is it an email, a phone call, an introduction?
    1:06:08 I think it was an initial email.
    1:06:14 And I think we met at some point and they were interested in what we were doing.
    1:06:19 And, you know, at that time they were working on a competitor called Poke, you know, and so
    1:06:23 they were kind of talking with us, hey, you know, we’re exploring this space kind of thing.
    1:06:23 What do you think?
    1:06:26 And maybe you want to join Facebook.
    1:06:32 I think they had just acquired Instagram, too, probably like a year earlier or something like
    1:06:33 that.
    1:06:39 And our view was that Instagram had been wildly undervalued and that acquisition ultimately
    1:06:42 had given up like a massive, massive opportunity.
    1:06:44 Instagram was sold for a billion, was it?
    1:06:45 Yeah.
    1:06:45 A billion, yeah.
    1:06:47 And WhatsApp was 19 billion roughly.
    1:06:49 Yeah, I think so.
    1:06:51 You’re 23 years old at that point.
    1:06:58 You’ve got Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg, offering you a lot of money.
    1:07:04 I heard that it was $3 billion they offered.
    1:07:07 Yeah, we never talked about it publicly, but yeah.
    1:07:09 Is that the number?
    1:07:14 That’s not technically the number, but it’s what’s been reported publicly, so we can go
    1:07:14 with that.
    1:07:15 Okay.
    1:07:17 But did you get an offer?
    1:07:25 There was a real conversation about what it would look like and, you know, to join forces.
    1:07:30 But ultimately, you know, when we talked with our board and our investors, you know, we decided
    1:07:32 that we’d rather go it alone.
    1:07:39 So I’m trying to understand as a 23-year-old, if someone offers me $3 billion for an app
    1:07:42 that I’ve started, you said you’re probably still at your dad’s house or in the blue office
    1:07:43 at that point.
    1:07:44 Yeah, I think we were definitely at my dad’s house.
    1:07:47 You’re in your dad’s house and someone’s offering you $3 billion for an app.
    1:07:50 What wisdom do you have that enables you to turn that down?
    1:07:54 I wish I could say it was wisdom.
    1:07:57 I think it was just that Bobby and I loved what we were doing.
    1:07:59 We loved what we were working on.
    1:08:00 We believed in the future of it.
    1:08:05 And ultimately, we were able to convince our investors as well that, like, our opportunity
    1:08:06 was much bigger over time.
    1:08:13 And, you know, so I think that’s, you know, that’s what gave us, I guess, the confidence
    1:08:14 in making that decision.
    1:08:17 Did you ever get to meet with Mark or speak to Mark about it?
    1:08:18 Yeah, yeah, yeah.
    1:08:19 I’ve known Mark for a long time.
    1:08:22 And was he, he was keen to buy it?
    1:08:29 Um, I, you know, I, we had, we had some interesting conversations about what it could look like for
    1:08:32 us to work at, at, at Facebook.
    1:08:35 I, you know, I want to be so sensitive to those conversations.
    1:08:40 I don’t want to like speak out of turn, but, you know, he’s, he’s very strategic and very
    1:08:44 good at identifying, you know, at the time they had a piece of software that was identifying
    1:08:48 sort of what are the fast growing apps, um, you know, so that they could pursue them for
    1:08:48 acquisitions.
    1:08:52 I’m, I’m just so, I’m so interested to see how those things play out.
    1:08:56 It’s almost, it sounds like something you’d see in a movie where you get this call from
    1:09:00 someone like Mark Zuckerberg, who’s built this massive empire and you almost, it feels like
    1:09:00 you get summoned.
    1:09:04 I would imagine you get summoned from your dad’s house to come and meet him.
    1:09:07 And you went to Facebook’s offices to meet him, I’m guessing in person.
    1:09:12 I think at one point I went up there, we, he came and met us at, uh, we met at Cheryl’s
    1:09:15 condo in like Santa Monica or something like that.
    1:09:17 Cheryl had a condo there.
    1:09:20 And so we, I think that’s where we first met Bobby and I met him.
    1:09:23 And did he tell you that he was going to copy you if you didn’t sell?
    1:09:28 He just explained that he was working on poke and that, you know, it was, uh, for picture
    1:09:29 messaging and that kind of thing.
    1:09:33 And I’m guessing you didn’t want to join a big company at that point.
    1:09:37 It was, it was less so like not wanting to join a big company.
    1:09:41 I think fundamentally we wanted to build a business that was different.
    1:09:45 I mean, you go back to our first blog post and the way that we talked about wanting to
    1:09:49 offer an alternative to social media, that we felt like social media was about being pretty
    1:09:50 and perfect.
    1:09:52 And we wanted a way to communicate with our friends that was fun.
    1:09:57 The company ethos, the values, the visions were so divergent.
    1:10:01 It was very hard to imagine that like we could keep doing what we love in the way that we loved
    1:10:06 doing it, like as a part of that organization, because they’re just oriented in a very different
    1:10:06 way.
    1:10:10 Was there ever a day where you doubted that decision?
    1:10:11 No.
    1:10:14 Not even a moment?
    1:10:15 Not a moment.
    1:10:16 No.
    1:10:20 Was, were all of the boards supportive?
    1:10:22 Yeah, all of our investors were supportive.
    1:10:23 They would have made a lot of money.
    1:10:28 Yeah, but they did something very smart early on in like a prior financing round around that,
    1:10:33 I guess around that time or before then, where we were, Bobby and I were each able to sell
    1:10:34 $10 million of stock.
    1:10:39 So we each had 10 million bucks and we were like, wow, like we made it.
    1:10:40 Like we, you know what I mean?
    1:10:41 We have enough money forever.
    1:10:45 And that like allowed us to just swing for the fences.
    1:10:48 I mean, you know, at that point you’re like, let’s just go for it.
    1:10:52 So there wasn’t that feeling of like, oh no, I’m not going to be able to buy a house.
    1:10:55 I’m not going to be able to like, you know, have a family.
    1:10:57 We were like, we each got 10 million bucks.
    1:10:59 Like, let’s, let’s go for it.
    1:11:03 I mean, there’s a lesson in there as well for founders who are considering taking, as they
    1:11:05 say, taking some off the table.
    1:11:07 I got a voice note from her.
    1:11:09 I was actually listening to it this morning and I responded to her this morning.
    1:11:14 A friend of mine whose business was, I think it was at the top of the market in 2020, was
    1:11:15 set for an IPO.
    1:11:19 And her board and investors and everyone was telling her that it’s going to be a billion dollar
    1:11:21 business and that she should carry on going.
    1:11:24 She approached me and asked me if I would buy some shares of her.
    1:11:27 I took a look at the business and I valued it at a quarter of a million.
    1:11:29 Sorry, a quarter of a billion.
    1:11:31 So 250 million, very different numbers.
    1:11:35 And her investors around her were telling her it was worth something else.
    1:11:39 So she’d sent me a voice note, which is now four years later this morning, saying, thank
    1:11:39 you for that, Stephen.
    1:11:44 Because although we didn’t end up doing a deal with you, you put this idea in my head that
    1:11:48 I could be being basically having a story sold to me.
    1:11:52 So what I ended up doing a couple of months after our conversation is I sold some shares.
    1:11:55 And obviously, you know what happened in 2020 with the markets and eventually everything
    1:11:56 comes crashing down.
    1:12:01 And she says, I would be losing my mind now because the company’s struggling and obviously
    1:12:04 the markets have changed if I hadn’t have taken some off the table.
    1:12:08 And she was sending a voice note four years later to say thank you for putting that seed
    1:12:08 in her head.
    1:12:10 And I hear the same with you.
    1:12:12 I hear that you took some money off the table.
    1:12:14 It changed your decision framework.
    1:12:16 But also, you just never know.
    1:12:17 Yeah.
    1:12:21 And I think you have to be, to your point, you have to be careful about approaching these
    1:12:22 situations as like zero sum.
    1:12:27 Like either we’re going to like go big or, you know, and with the risk that we’ll lose
    1:12:29 it all or, you know, we’ll sell the company.
    1:12:34 I think, you know, there are all sorts of creative solutions that allow founders to take some
    1:12:38 money off the table, take care of their families and still swing for the fences and build
    1:12:38 a big business.
    1:12:43 And venture capitalists are really aligned with the swing for the fences philosophy.
    1:12:45 Growth investors may be less so as the business gets bigger.
    1:12:49 But when you have venture capitalists, I mean, they’re, you know, they’re looking for 10x,
    1:12:50 100x return.
    1:12:55 So I think, you know, to find a formula that works for founders, that allows them to, you
    1:12:59 know, take care of their families, but also swing for the fences is, I think, a valuable
    1:12:59 approach.
    1:13:00 Are you and Mark friends?
    1:13:02 You said you know him.
    1:13:08 Last time I saw him was at the Senate hearings, I think, what, last year?
    1:13:10 Those look fun.
    1:13:12 She tried sometime.
    1:13:13 No, no chance.
    1:13:15 No chance.
    1:13:23 By 2014, when you were 24 years old, 40% of US adults were using Snapchat every day.
    1:13:29 And by 2015, Snapchat was reaching 75 million users on a monthly basis.
    1:13:33 At that point, what’s life like for you as a CEO, as a founder?
    1:13:35 This was 2015?
    1:13:36 2014, 2015.
    1:13:37 2014, 2015.
    1:13:42 You became the world’s youngest billionaire at the age of 25, just four years after launching
    1:13:45 Snapchat, with an estimated net worth of 4 billion at the time.
    1:13:46 Life was pretty good.
    1:13:51 I met my wife in 2014, which was a game changer for me.
    1:13:54 Why now?
    1:14:03 She’s an incredible, just an incredible woman and really gave me a huge sense of stability
    1:14:05 and a massive amount of support.
    1:14:07 She really cares about wellness.
    1:14:09 That’s something that she’s really passionate about.
    1:14:13 So it’s like, I live with a wellness coach basically every single day.
    1:14:19 And, you know, to have that sort of stability and support system while going through, you
    1:14:22 know, building our business was just profoundly helpful.
    1:14:23 How do you manage that though?
    1:14:27 How do you manage a romantic relationship when you are piloting a rocket ship?
    1:14:32 I think one of the things that was really helpful is she’s, you know, incredibly accomplished
    1:14:32 herself.
    1:14:37 She has her own business that she is working on called Core Organics, which is an organic skincare
    1:14:38 business.
    1:14:43 So she really understands that it’s hard to be an entrepreneur and was always really supportive,
    1:14:48 you know, of my work and my commitment to my work and our team.
    1:14:52 And so I think that was almost something that brought us together, not something that, you
    1:14:53 know, pushed us apart.
    1:14:54 And I think it’s interesting.
    1:14:58 I talk to a lot of people who, you know, sometimes say, hey, my relationship’s been under strain
    1:15:00 because I’m working so much.
    1:15:04 And what I realized when I have those conversations with people is very oftentimes they met their spouse
    1:15:05 when they weren’t working as much.
    1:15:10 They met their spouse 10 years ago, 15 years, 20 years ago, you know, when they were just
    1:15:12 getting started in their career.
    1:15:17 And I think, you know, it can be difficult when you have a much bigger job and it’s all
    1:15:18 time, you know, all consuming.
    1:15:21 And your spouse is like, remember when we first met and you weren’t working all that much?
    1:15:22 You were spending more time with me.
    1:15:26 From the minute I met my wife, we were both working flat out.
    1:15:31 And so I think this expectation that, you know, we both work all the time to support our business,
    1:15:34 support our family, do what we love to do, was kind of just built into the relationship.
    1:15:37 But then how would you make time to see each other?
    1:15:41 Do you need to put systems in place to make sure that you’re not just both at the office
    1:15:41 the whole time?
    1:15:46 One of the things that’s really been helpful that we started doing a couple of years ago
    1:15:50 is just having Sunday family day, always family day.
    1:15:53 And that means everyone’s at home.
    1:15:56 And so if our kids want to have friends over or whatever, that’s totally fine.
    1:15:57 But they’re not going to their friends’ houses.
    1:15:58 Everyone’s together.
    1:16:04 And, you know, just dedicating that time to our family is really important.
    1:16:06 What role does she play in giving you feedback?
    1:16:07 Oh, wow.
    1:16:13 She gives very, very candid feedback.
    1:16:17 Which is a gift, right?
    1:16:17 It’s a gift.
    1:16:23 Yeah, and I think she’s really passionate about areas that are different than what I’m
    1:16:24 passionate about.
    1:16:28 And so, you know, she’s able to give me feedback in different areas or things that I really even
    1:16:30 wouldn’t consider, you know.
    1:16:32 Is there any tough feedback that she shared with you that you can share with me?
    1:16:37 You know, I think one of the challenges that I have sometimes is I can have a very, like,
    1:16:38 harsh tone.
    1:16:43 Like, even if what I’m saying is really, you know, I’m trying to be helpful or kind or whatever.
    1:16:46 I was raised by, and my dad was a litigator.
    1:16:47 My mom was a tax lawyer.
    1:16:52 Like, I grew up listening to my dad have very intense conversations on the phone all
    1:16:52 the time.
    1:16:56 And so, like, in business mode, I can be very direct.
    1:16:58 And I don’t think it’s helpful.
    1:17:03 And I don’t think people want to listen when you have a, you know, a sharp or aggressive
    1:17:04 tone.
    1:17:07 And so I think she’s always just encouraging me, like, hey, you could say the same thing,
    1:17:09 but in, like, a slightly different way.
    1:17:10 And people will hear it, you know.
    1:17:12 My girlfriend says that to me.
    1:17:18 Because I think sometimes I fail to context switch out of work, Steve, to then, and, you
    1:17:21 know, because you’ll be getting emails and texts at home sometimes, and my girlfriend might
    1:17:22 come up and she might say something.
    1:17:26 And the way I respond is almost how I would respond as if I was at the office.
    1:17:30 And it just, and I have to say, she’s always right.
    1:17:38 Because there is a part of my tone which I think was conveying the emotion I was feeling
    1:17:42 from the thing I was doing to her to try and get her to leave me alone.
    1:17:45 This is something we can both work on.
    1:17:47 It’s crazy.
    1:17:50 It’s crazy that Matt is so much at home, the way you say something.
    1:17:51 A hundred percent.
    1:17:53 And having an empathy and a kindness.
    1:17:58 And you’ve had four children as well, which is something that I’ve not had.
    1:18:03 So for me, that’s an extra responsibility on top of the rocket ship of Snapchat, the relationship,
    1:18:05 and now four kids as well.
    1:18:07 Yeah, but it’s the greatest in the world.
    1:18:09 I mean, the greatest thing in the world to have kids.
    1:18:10 Really?
    1:18:12 Literally nothing better than the planet.
    1:18:14 I mean, I have not found anything close.
    1:18:14 Why?
    1:18:20 Because the love and connection that you have with your children is unlike anything else
    1:18:21 that you’ll ever experience.
    1:18:24 I mean, it’s profound, you know.
    1:18:31 How do you both juggle the four children, the businesses, the relationship?
    1:18:36 Well, I think Miranda probably juggles it better than I do, I think.
    1:18:40 And she’s really committed to spending time with our children.
    1:18:42 I mean, that’s something that’s so important to her.
    1:18:44 And it’s important to me.
    1:18:48 I don’t think, you know, I spent a lot of time actually over the years, just I found people
    1:18:51 who are extremely successful and just like ask them like, hey, how do you raise great kids?
    1:18:53 Like you’ve been extremely successful.
    1:18:53 How’d you do it?
    1:19:05 And my basic takeaway from like 100 of these conversations was basically that parents that are actually committed that can spend that time with their kids and do it themselves, engage with their kids themselves,
    1:19:10 they tend to have really fruitful relationship with their kids and their kids seem to turn out really great.
    1:19:20 And it breaks my heart that there are so many parents that can’t spend that direct one-on-one time with their kids or I guess in my case one-on-four time with their kids.
    1:19:24 Because that seems to be kind of the key ingredient is that connection with your parents.
    1:19:25 Being there.
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    1:20:26 I saw your LinkedIn page.
    1:20:27 I saw your bio.
    1:20:27 Do you know what I’m going to say?
    1:20:29 I think so, yeah.
    1:20:34 In your LinkedIn bio, it says that you’re the, I think, VP of product at Meta.
    1:20:36 It’s not my joke.
    1:20:41 We have appropriated that joke from, I think, Kara Swisher, who originated it.
    1:20:48 But I think now that they’ve copied ephemeral messaging and stories, everything, you know, a lot of the stuff we’ve done in augmented reality.
    1:20:54 Of course, now they say they’re working on glasses, which, you know, we’ve been working on for over a decade.
    1:20:57 I think, I think I’ve, I think I’ve earned that, earned that title.
    1:20:58 I don’t know.
    1:21:01 That must piss you off.
    1:21:04 Because that would piss me off.
    1:21:07 Like, I can sit on a podcast and I can say, no, I wouldn’t be bothered.
    1:21:09 You know, the thing is, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah.
    1:21:15 But no, that would piss me off because you just told me that there’s a lot of people that are going to great creative lengths to think of these ideas.
    1:21:17 They’re having thousands of ideas.
    1:21:19 You’re fighting to find one.
    1:21:21 And then you have that moment where you present it to the world.
    1:21:23 The world says, this is interesting.
    1:21:25 You know the guy that came up with it.
    1:21:26 You sit next to him.
    1:21:38 One of the things that’s incredibly irritating about it is they repurpose our inventions to make products that make people feel unhappy and bad about themselves.
    1:21:44 One of the things that was so fascinating, just in the last year, there was a study out of the Netherlands, totally independent study out of the Netherlands.
    1:21:45 We weren’t involved.
    1:21:46 Another one out of Australia.
    1:21:50 And it was comparing, I think, like Instagram, TikTok, and Snapchat.
    1:21:58 And it basically found that Snapchat, there are no negative, the study determined there were no negative health, mental health implications of using Snapchat.
    1:22:02 But there were negative mental health implications of using Instagram and TikTok.
    1:22:09 And in fact, I think the study in the Netherlands found Snapchat actually promotes well-being and helps promote your relationships as well.
    1:22:17 And so I think what’s really frustrating is when people think because they’ve copied some of our features that the products are the same or that they do the same thing.
    1:22:26 When our product is designed in a way that’s very different, that’s designed to support your relationships with your close friends and family and ultimately is something that supports your well-being.
    1:22:31 And so what we never want anyone to think is if they’re using stories on Instagram, that that’s the same as Snapchat.
    1:22:43 And, you know, even though they stole the name of the product or the way that, you know, some of the functionality of it, the way that Snapchat is designed on the whole is something that can have a really positive impact in people’s lives.
    1:22:46 And that’s not something that people feel when they use Instagram.
    1:22:54 Did you ever consider sending Mark an email or like a message or a phone call when they first started copying some of your core features like the story feature?
    1:22:57 No, we didn’t do that.
    1:23:05 I think, you know, one of the things that I really admire about Kevin Systrom is when they copied the stories feature, they stopped pretending that they were doing anything different.
    1:23:09 I mean, with things like Poke, they tried to sort of pass it off as their own creation.
    1:23:11 Oh, we’re, you know, doing it a little bit differently.
    1:23:17 You know, with stories, you know, Kevin Systrom came out and just said, hey, we think this is a really great feature.
    1:23:19 This is a really great product.
    1:23:20 And like, we’re going to steal it and put it in Instagram.
    1:23:22 And we think you’re going to love it.
    1:23:25 And, you know, I think that the honesty, at least, was admirable.
    1:23:30 Is there, do you feel a sense of injustice when someone steals your idea like that?
    1:23:31 No, not at all.
    1:23:37 I mean, that is sort of the, you know, I’m sure you know the saying, like, you know, great artists steal.
    1:23:41 I think, like, one of the things about our industry is that people are constantly being inspired by one another.
    1:23:49 I mean, in the very early days, I went to visit ByteDance when they only had Totiao, the app Totiao, which was a news feed app, essentially.
    1:23:52 But it was backed by AI, by ML.
    1:23:56 And when I saw that, that was really inspiring to me.
    1:23:58 And we made a big change to our product.
    1:24:05 We actually separated out all of the creator and publisher content from stories from friends.
    1:24:14 And we said, hey, you know, unlike social media where you’re seeing content based on what your friends like or what your friends comment on, on Snapchat, we’re going to do ML-driven recommendations.
    1:24:15 So you’ll have content from your friends.
    1:24:21 But then you’re going to have this whole other world of content from creators and publishers that’s going to be recommended based on your interests.
    1:24:23 And what you’re passionate about.
    1:24:30 And so I do think, like, drawing inspiration from other companies and other businesses is part of innovating.
    1:24:33 So I think it’s a part of the game.
    1:24:45 But it definitely showed us that if we’re going to innovate, if we’re going to make new products, we ought to make things that are really difficult to copy, that take a long time to copy, that are really hard to do.
    1:24:52 Because if you go after really difficult and hard things, it’s much harder for these large companies to just copy them.
    1:24:56 Because I’m thinking about so many founders that I know that have started businesses.
    1:24:59 And it might be anything from a T-shirt company to maybe it’s a podcast.
    1:25:02 And they’re dealing with people copying their ideas.
    1:25:04 And sometimes they react really badly.
    1:25:22 I think it’s really important to very, very quickly evolve from being just a product or just a feature to becoming a platform or an ecosystem.
    1:25:32 And so what I mean by that is if I compare the early days of stories where people just were posting stories for one another, it’s relatively easy to copy that feature.
    1:25:34 You know, you can code that up pretty quickly.
    1:25:36 Probably with AI now, you can code it up very quickly.
    1:25:46 When I look at what we’ve done with augmented reality, right, we have a LensCore, which is our own rendering engine for augmented reality that runs on the phone but also on our glasses.
    1:25:53 We have a tool called LensStudio that’s an incredibly sophisticated tool that developers can use to build these AR experiences.
    1:25:58 We have a huge, you know, hundreds of millions of people who are using these AR experiences on the phone.
    1:26:02 And we have hundreds of thousands of developers who are making all of these AR experiences.
    1:26:27 When you have that sort of very complicated technology that’s hard to copy and you have an ecosystem of people that are using it, both in terms of developers, you know, creators, and also our community who love those AR experiences, it becomes very, very hard to, you know, copy the 4 million lenses that developers have created for our platform, you know, or move the hundreds of millions of people who are enjoying augmented reality on Snapchat to a new platform.
    1:26:36 And so, especially in the technology business, the faster you can evolve from being, you know, a feature or a product to a real platform, I think that’s where the value is created over the long term.
    1:26:46 So it’s almost that this relationship between, like, how hard and complicated the thing was to build and create is sort of inversely correlated to how easy it is to copy.
    1:26:47 I think so.
    1:26:59 And then, you know, how much of an ecosystem it is in terms of other people using it, right, almost more of like a marketplace, right, it makes it very difficult to migrate both sides of the marketplace.
    1:27:07 Do you think that the technology companies that exist now, those trillion-dollar ones, those big social platforms, are monopolies and should be broken up?
    1:27:09 Because there was a big call originally to break these companies up.
    1:27:19 And you’ve been, I guess you could say, a victim to the strength of a monopoly, being able to swoop in, copy, replicate, steal an innovation.
    1:27:26 I think what matters more about whether or not they’re monopolies is sort of what do we think is going to happen next, right?
    1:27:31 I mean, if you remember, there was a period of time when everyone thought that Microsoft was going to take over the world.
    1:27:40 They were caught up in a lot of antitrust legislation or antitrust sort of inquiries and lawsuits and whatnot.
    1:27:49 And ultimately, as a result, maybe of being distracted by the lawsuits, but I think also just a function of how they thought about their business at the time, they missed the entire mobile cycle.
    1:27:55 You know, I think people are looking at Google right now and saying, is there a similar moment happening for Google?
    1:27:59 Google is subject to a lot of these antitrust inquiries.
    1:28:09 Is ChatGPT, for example, coming along and with AI, you know, actually going to make it a lot harder for Google’s core business to compete?
    1:28:24 And so I think given just the longevity of the regulatory and litigation cycle, I mean, you’re talking 10-plus years, it almost doesn’t matter so much if the government thinks that it’s a monopoly or not because there’s not much it seems like that they’re able to do about it.
    1:28:36 So what I think matters a lot more for small technology companies is thinking about what fundamental innovations, fundamental technologies can we work on, can we develop that ultimately can help us grow our business?
    1:28:40 And maybe, you know, one day catch one of these larger companies on a back foot.
    1:28:41 I want to talk about that.
    1:28:46 But my last question on copying was, if you were in Mark Zuckerberg’s shoes, would you have copied Snapchat?
    1:28:51 I think given their market position, it’s a very effective strategy.
    1:28:54 They basically have an enormous cash pile.
    1:29:01 I think they’re investing $20 billion a year right now just into, you know, the AR glasses stuff and some of their VR stuff.
    1:29:04 AR glasses stuff is largely copying what we’ve been doing.
    1:29:12 And then outside of that, they have tens of billions of dollars in all sorts of other investments, including copying ChatGPT, right, and all of the progress on large language models.
    1:29:27 So I think it’s quite an effective strategy if you’re at that scale generating that much cash to just, you know, deploy that capital across a bunch of different bets and wait and see what companies are successful and what they make and then try to throw a ton of capital and hoping that those companies don’t get to scale.
    1:29:31 Was there a hard day for you amongst all of this copying?
    1:29:34 Was there a hardest day that you can recall?
    1:29:40 There was a lot of concern when Instagram Stories first launched that Snapchat would essentially be obsolete.
    1:29:44 And, you know, they did a very good job talking about how many people were using, you know, stories.
    1:29:48 And we got a lot of questions and pressure about, you know, is Snapchat ever going to succeed?
    1:29:56 And people didn’t, I don’t think they realized at the time that folks were using Instagram mostly for content creators and influencers and that sort of thing.
    1:29:58 And they were mostly using Snapchat for their friends and family.
    1:30:03 And so we had really focused on this friends and family use case that was not really what Instagram was going after.
    1:30:06 They were much more focused on influencers.
    1:30:10 And I think it was really only because Snapchat had started growing with those influencers.
    1:30:21 If you remember, you know, DJ Khaled and some of those early snaps, there were influencers who were starting to join Snapchat just to use Stories, right, to use it differently than how we had initially designed it for friends and family.
    1:30:23 And I think that’s what really got Instagram’s attention.
    1:30:27 So it was really frustrating in those moments where people were saying, well, how’s Snapchat going to survive?
    1:30:32 Because they didn’t understand that Stories on Instagram is for a totally different purpose than, you know, Stories on Snapchat.
    1:30:37 You must see that coming because people start leaking that there’s this new feature coming.
    1:30:43 I was running a social media business at the time and there were hackers that can kind of look into code bases and see what features are about to come.
    1:30:44 And then it’s leaked out to the blog.
    1:30:48 So as a team, you’re managing the emotions of a group of people.
    1:30:55 And that group of people, they’re all hearing that the biggest player in the game is about to launch a central feature of your proposition.
    1:30:58 How, as a leader, do you manage the emotions of the people through that?
    1:31:03 Well, I think that can be something that is, you know, energizing for a team, right?
    1:31:10 If you have some of the biggest companies in the world validating what you’re working on, that can be really energizing if you approach it that way, right?
    1:31:15 So I think rather than just saying, oh, no, it’s, you know, game over, but it might as well shut the thing down and give up.
    1:31:23 I think if you say this is really evidence that we’re on the right path here, that we’re building products that people love, that they’re getting the attention of some of the biggest and most powerful companies in the world.
    1:31:25 You know, let’s build on that.
    1:31:29 Let’s continue to go build products that billions of people all over the world will use.
    1:31:35 And I think ultimately to this point of, you know, can you hire and, you know, retain really talented, creative people?
    1:31:49 I think it’s pretty cool if you’re a designer at Snap that the things you’re making are not just, you know, used by the 850 million plus people that use Snapchat, but billions of people that use all sorts of other products because people get so much inspiration from our design team and what they build.
    1:31:50 I think that’s pretty cool.
    1:32:03 One of the use cases that emerged pretty much out of the blue, I think, for Snapchat was, and this is something I was only thinking about yesterday, is you at some point have to make a decision about, like, adult content on the app.
    1:32:09 And OnlyFans have built this massive business now, and they’re basically in the adult content business.
    1:32:20 At some point, you must have been challenged on that by investors or by users, whether you were going to allow adult content to be on the platform, because that would have been, presumably, that would have been a growing user base.
    1:32:25 Yeah, we proactively scan for pornography and remove it.
    1:32:28 I mean, it’s against our content guidelines.
    1:32:31 We’ve been doing that for a really, really long time.
    1:32:36 So, yeah, I mean, that’s just not how we think about, you know, our core business.
    1:32:44 And I also think, you know, when you think about self-expression, the importance of self-expression, the environment that you’re in really matters, right?
    1:32:49 And that’s why we have content guidelines, because we want people to feel like they’re in an environment where they can express themselves.
    1:32:59 And I think some of the conversation about different content guidelines or having content guidelines or not having them has been really interesting, because I think people are missing the broader point.
    1:33:09 If you have a platform with no content guidelines and it’s full of people yelling at each other or saying really mean or offensive things or posting a lot of pornography, that’s a really uncomfortable thing for most people, right?
    1:33:10 That’s uncomfortable.
    1:33:12 You say, oh, maybe this platform isn’t for me.
    1:33:19 Maybe I don’t feel comfortable expressing myself here, because all the stuff I’m seeing isn’t really appropriate or aligned with my values.
    1:33:33 And so one of the things we discovered really early on is if you want to create a platform where people feel comfortable expressing themselves, feel comfortable communicating with their friends and family, having content guidelines is really helpful, because it means that the content experience is one that feels more comfortable.
    1:33:47 But isn’t that people would say, well, that censorship, I’m thinking now of the video that Mark Zuckerberg released about Meta’s change to their moderation systems, moving to Texas, realizing that I think he said that they’d over-indexed with their moderators in terms of left-leaning politics.
    1:33:50 So a lot of the right-leaning content had been censored.
    1:33:56 What do you make of that argument for content moderation, that we don’t want to censor people?
    1:34:00 I think it’s a misunderstanding of the First Amendment and how it applies.
    1:34:11 If we look at our country, the way, you know, at least here in the United States, with the First Amendment, that really focuses on the way that the government interacts with content creators or content publishers.
    1:34:17 And it says, hey, it’s not OK for the government to interfere with individuals or publishers’ self-expression, right?
    1:34:18 That’s not allowed.
    1:34:29 But one of the things the First Amendment also does is say, you know, platforms or individuals can make choices about what sort of content they want to promote or want to have on their platform.
    1:34:31 That’s part of the First Amendment.
    1:34:38 You can’t force the Wall Street Journal to, you know, put this article or that article or accept any article from any author all around the world.
    1:34:45 The Wall Street Journal, as a paper, can decide what, you know, what authors, you know, it wants to include on its pages.
    1:34:49 And that’s part of the protected First Amendment expression we have here in this country.
    1:35:00 So this whole notion of censorship doesn’t apply to companies that are private businesses that actually have a First Amendment right to decide what content is on their platform.
    1:35:03 And they may want to decide we’re open to literally anything.
    1:35:04 Anything goes.
    1:35:04 No problem.
    1:35:06 And it seems like some platforms are making that choice.
    1:35:21 But other platforms like ours say, hey, in order to have a healthy set of discourse across our platform, in order to make sure people feel comfortable when they’re viewing content on our platform, we don’t want people to come across pornography, for example, or violent content or, you know, hateful content.
    1:35:24 That’s not something that makes people feel good.
    1:35:30 And we actually want to make sure that that content isn’t on our platform because it doesn’t comply with our guidelines.
    1:35:41 And that may be one of the reasons why in some of these studies it shows that people feel better when they use Snapchat because they’re not encountering, you know, really violent content when they’re using Snapchat.
    1:35:57 Is there an issue that if you’re geographically based in Los Angeles or California, then your content moderation perspective is going to be very left-leaning versus if you’re based in a red state and that might not be representative of the world?
    1:35:57 Or do you just not care?
    1:36:00 Do you just think, well, these are our values as a company?
    1:36:07 I don’t think so because I don’t think saying, you know, extreme violence is not something we want on our platform.
    1:36:08 I don’t think that’s political.
    1:36:13 I think that’s a values-based decision or saying we don’t want to service pornography to our community.
    1:36:16 I don’t think that that’s, you know, a political choice.
    1:36:18 I think that’s a values-based decision.
    1:36:25 So I think, unfortunately, right now in our culture, there’s actually a real temptation to politicize things that are actually quite commonsensical.
    1:36:31 And so I think we have to avoid that temptation and instead focus on, you know, what are the values or the business choices that people are making?
    1:36:34 Why do you think Meta have rolled back their moderation policies?
    1:36:36 I’m not sure.
    1:36:40 I think, you know, there’s a moment in time when they seem to have a lot of support to do it.
    1:36:50 I think it’ll be challenging for them in Europe, for example, where there’s a lot of rules and regulations about, you know, prohibiting things like hate speech, for example, or terrorist content.
    1:36:53 And I think it’ll be interesting to see how they navigate that.
    1:36:56 It’s certainly a lot less expensive to avoid moderating content.
    1:36:58 It costs money to moderate content.
    1:37:00 And that could be a consideration as well.
    1:37:02 If you don’t moderate content, does engagement go up?
    1:37:04 That’s a great question.
    1:37:11 I’ve seen some reports and some studies that show that, you know, if content is moderated, engagement can go down.
    1:37:18 Certainly, there are studies that show that negative content spreads much further and faster on social media for human reasons.
    1:37:21 But I’m not sure in this particular instance.
    1:37:23 How are you feeling about the social media landscape?
    1:37:26 It’s changed so much in the last six months.
    1:37:34 It’s just, not even six months, I’d say 12 months since I think Elon bought Twitter, now called X.
    1:37:45 It’s almost like this domino effect has happened in terms of content moderation, in terms of the types of voices on social media, in terms of this big movement around censorship and free speech.
    1:37:52 There’s also been this splintering of social media where lots of people are now, like, leaving certain platforms and going to Blue Sky and Threads.
    1:37:57 And, you know, Rumble was the only sort of big right-leaning platform just a couple of years ago.
    1:38:02 And now, I don’t know, it seems like it’s all changing before our eyes.
    1:38:06 I don’t read too much into it, to be honest with you.
    1:38:11 To me, it feels like more of a continuation of almost, you know, at least in the case.
    1:38:15 I think we can use Meta as the example just because they are essentially the social media market.
    1:38:24 And what’s really interesting about their choices is what they’ve tended to do is sort of follow the political winds.
    1:38:30 So when Biden was president, and Mark’s been very public about this, they did a lot of very proactive content moderation.
    1:38:35 And that was something that apparently, I guess, the White House at the time was asking them to do very proactively.
    1:38:41 And now it seems like, you know, with the new administration, this new administration has a different approach to content moderation.
    1:38:43 And Meta is following that.
    1:38:56 And so what I’ve seen mostly from Meta over time is that they’re quite willing to sort of navigate the political landscape and follow, you know, really follow the lead of politicians here.
    1:38:57 Is that something to be admired?
    1:39:05 No, I think it’s definitely a survivalist approach, for sure, when you’re such a large and powerful company, right?
    1:39:09 You know, if you look at Meta, they have so much litigation with the government right now.
    1:39:12 The government is scrutinizing so many different aspects of their business.
    1:39:23 And so when you’re at that scale, and you’re, you know, controlled by a single founder, I think it’s a survivalist instinct that, you know, means that depending on who is in the White House, you change your policies.
    1:39:27 Are you optimistic about the next four years in America?
    1:39:30 I’m incredibly optimistic about our country.
    1:39:33 I love our country so much.
    1:39:47 I think that Americans across our country have an incredible spirit that has allowed us to overcome extraordinary challenges together.
    1:40:02 More recently, the COVID pandemic, you know, longer ago, things like World War II, you know, where we came together, not only as a country, but more broadly in the world to confront, you know, the horror of the Axis powers.
    1:40:07 I think our country in very critical and important moments comes together in really powerful ways.
    1:40:09 And that’s something that inspires, really inspires me.
    1:40:11 Your oldest child is 14, you said.
    1:40:16 He’s at that age now where he’s going to be getting increasing pressures to join social media.
    1:40:19 Are you going to let him join Instagram?
    1:40:21 He’s on Snapchat.
    1:40:23 He’s on Snapchat.
    1:40:28 Certainly on YouTube and Roblox, which he likes a lot.
    1:40:33 So that’s sort of the current situation.
    1:40:34 You must have thought about this.
    1:40:39 There’s so much conversation at the moment around the impact that social media has on kids’ anxiety.
    1:40:43 All of the sort of toxic things around comparison and becoming more isolated.
    1:40:51 Have you developed an agreement with your wife, with your kids, with your family about social media usage going forward?
    1:40:56 I think in general our view, you know, each of our children are so different.
    1:40:58 They’re going to develop in different ways.
    1:41:01 So I don’t think like a one-size-fits-all model is the right approach here.
    1:41:07 I think it really depends on where each of our kids are at at any given point and who they are and what they want to do.
    1:41:13 I think one thing I would really encourage them to be thoughtful about is their privacy, especially as young people.
    1:41:18 And I think there are a lot of young people at a very young age are posting a lot of public content.
    1:41:25 And I think it’s very important to be thoughtful about those sorts of decisions because once you’ve posted something publicly, you can’t get that back.
    1:41:37 And I think, you know, it’s really important as we talk about technology that we focus on the healthy and constructive ways that, you know, Flynn, for example, at 14 can use technology like staying in touch with his friends and family.
    1:41:44 I think the real watershed moment for us as a family was up until the COVID pandemic, we didn’t allow Flynn to have a phone.
    1:41:46 We really didn’t allow him to use a computer.
    1:41:49 When the pandemic happened, he had to stay in touch with his friends.
    1:41:51 He had to be connected with his friends.
    1:41:54 We knew that that was vitally important for his well-being, right?
    1:42:03 And I think the challenge we have is almost the whiplash that young people are experiencing because throughout the pandemic, they were told you can only talk to your friends on the computer.
    1:42:06 You can only talk to your friends on the phone, right?
    1:42:10 And then coming out of the pandemic, what they’re hearing a lot from adults now is stay off your phone.
    1:42:11 Don’t use your phone at all.
    1:42:15 I think both extremes are unusual.
    1:42:20 And for us as parents, we think a lot about what’s a healthy relationship with technology?
    1:42:29 Of course, we want you to go run cross-country and hang out with your friends or go for a walk, go to the mall, and just talk.
    1:42:38 But we know when Flynn’s not with his friends, when they’re spread out all over the world or they’re after school trying to meet up, it’s helpful to use technology.
    1:42:40 It’s helpful to message your friends.
    1:42:47 And so I think we have to find this right balance of saying cultivate a healthy, engaged lifestyle with all of your interests, your hobbies, your passions.
    1:42:53 And then if you want to use your phone to stay in touch with your friends or watch entertaining content or play a game to relax, like, that’s healthy, too.
    1:42:56 Even if Finn says, I want to watch, I want TikTok, Dad?
    1:42:58 That might be a bridge too far.
    1:43:08 Because TikTok’s like, I don’t even use TikTok myself personally because it’s, from what I hear, it’s like crack cocaine for people.
    1:43:11 They’re just on there for like three or four hours a day scrolling mindlessly.
    1:43:15 If Finn came home and said, I want to use TikTok, Dad, you’d say no?
    1:43:17 We would probably say no.
    1:43:21 We have said no historically, although he hasn’t really pressed the issue.
    1:43:25 TikTok was going to be banned and then Trump swooped in and seemed to save the day.
    1:43:28 Is that a good thing?
    1:43:34 As a CEO of Snapchat, was part of you hoping that it was banned because then maybe more people would come over and use Snap?
    1:43:35 Did you think about that?
    1:43:39 I think it would be quite good for our business if they were banned.
    1:43:55 I think the bigger picture that we really have to figure out as a country and in terms of our relationship with China is to figure out the areas where businesses are going to collaborate and do business across the United States and China and areas where they are not.
    1:43:59 So you’re probably familiar, many technology companies cannot operate in China for a variety of reasons.
    1:44:02 Maybe they don’t have a license, they haven’t been allowed to operate, et cetera.
    1:44:07 But they are allowed to operate here in the United States where we have an open market, a free market.
    1:44:15 And I think we have to be very thoughtful at this point in time as a country because being an open market has always been a massive strategic advantage for the United States.
    1:44:20 It’s something that the United Free Trade, things like that, have been massively supportive of our economic growth.
    1:44:26 But we’re now at a moment where I think we need to be thoughtful and say, with some countries, free trade in some areas makes a lot of sense.
    1:44:31 So if we’re talking about kids’ toys or diapers or you name it, right, like let it rip.
    1:44:36 That’s good for both countries, and both countries, I think, can do business in those areas.
    1:44:55 But when it comes to other areas like, you know, information services or maybe it’s critical minerals, maybe it’s some types of pharmaceutical, you know, compounds or ingredients, those are areas where the countries aren’t going to be able to collaborate because ultimately they have very different goals, ideologies, visions for the future.
    1:45:00 And I think the issue that the business community has right now is there’s not enough clarity in that regard.
    1:45:08 So the more clarity the government can create and say, you know, the United States and China working together can say, hey, we agree these areas are open for business.
    1:45:12 And these areas are areas where we’re going to compete and we’re not going to collaborate.
    1:45:13 That would help the business community.
    1:45:29 Because I think what’s so frustrating, imagine being a Chinese entrepreneur right now, building this really successful company, and then the U.S. government saying, hey, you know, given our country and our values and the strategic relationship we have with China, this is not, this isn’t, it’s not going to work.
    1:45:33 It sounds like Trump wants to buy it, which was a very interesting suggestion.
    1:45:43 And it’s worrying because it sets a bit of a precedence that potentially an app like Snapchat, the U.K. might decide, listen, we don’t know if we can trust you because you’re an American.
    1:45:49 So we want to buy the U.K. version in order for you to have Snapchat be in the U.K.
    1:45:52 That could set a worrying precedence around the world.
    1:45:58 I think there’s already some early flavors of that with folks really focused on data localization and whatnot.
    1:46:09 And that’s sort of my point around, I think we need to get really clear about with which countries, you know, are we going to have open free flow of data and trade and which countries are there areas where that might not work as effectively.
    1:46:11 Snapchat eventually goes public.
    1:46:20 Running a public company is difficult, to say the least, because the share price can go up and down really irrespective of what you’re doing and what you’re building.
    1:46:24 And it’s really a reflection of the broader market, people’s emotions and vibes.
    1:46:26 But you have to manage that as a CEO.
    1:46:29 Not easy, I imagine.
    1:46:32 You know what?
    1:46:35 A lot of people warned us about going public.
    1:46:43 And they said, you know, there were a lot of there’s going to be a lot of pressure to be short term oriented and this sort of thing,
    1:46:47 that the quarterly scrutiny would be challenging for our business.
    1:46:54 Ultimately, I think the transition from being a private company to a public company was challenging.
    1:46:55 It’s quite different.
    1:47:02 But now I really think the discipline and the rigor around the quarterly performance, the, you know,
    1:47:07 need to forecast your business really effectively and then compare how you’re tracking to your forecast,
    1:47:10 helps the company run in a much more effective way.
    1:47:17 So that sort of scrutiny, I think, can be really helpful, you know, for the leadership team and then the broader team in terms of running the business.
    1:47:25 Now, where it can get difficult is when it comes to long term investment and innovation.
    1:47:29 So, for example, right now interest rates have gone way up.
    1:47:35 Folks are discounting cash flows, you know, at a much higher rate as a result.
    1:47:42 And so there’s a huge focus on profitability for many, many businesses across all sectors.
    1:47:47 What we know is true for long term innovation is that consistency really matters.
    1:47:55 You can’t just flick a switch and turn on and off innovation, turn on and off, you know, investments in new products.
    1:47:57 It’s very difficult and disruptive to do that.
    1:48:05 And so we’ve made a decision through this period of time, even though we’ve made some really difficult and painful decisions to shut down some of our projects.
    1:48:13 We’re still investing at a higher rate right now through this period of time, even though we know that that means that, you know,
    1:48:20 our share price might be lower because people are, you know, discounting our cash flows differently due to higher interest rates.
    1:48:30 So I think, you know, that’s when it gets challenging, the actual reality of, you know, continuing to invest through, you know, challenging periods of time or periods where interest rates have gone way up.
    1:48:35 When I think about sitting in your shoes or sitting in your seat, I think about all the things you could do.
    1:48:40 As a public company, I think you could do anything, but you could go after any game.
    1:48:45 And at some point, as you kind of said there, when you use the word painfully, you’re going to have to make a decision to focus on something.
    1:48:57 And even at like the level I’m at with the businesses I run and so on, I find the hardest thing for me is, especially when you’re somewhat creative, et cetera, is to pick something and to say no to everything else.
    1:49:04 And I’ve looked at your philosophy and I know saying no and focus is so central to your sort of leadership style, but also how you think as an entrepreneur.
    1:49:09 Tell me about those painful moments where you had to kill something that you didn’t want to kill.
    1:49:12 Yeah, there are a bunch.
    1:49:18 You know, that piece of advice was so helpful to us, especially in the early days of our business.
    1:49:22 One of our first venture investors was like, hey, Evan, you’ve got to get really good at saying no.
    1:49:23 He’s like, you have almost no resources.
    1:49:25 I think we were a team of four people at the time.
    1:49:29 You know, and you’re going to get all this inbound because the company is growing.
    1:49:31 People are going to want to do partnerships or do an interview or whatever.
    1:49:38 And if you can just get really good at saying no and stay focused on your community, stay focused on your customers, like, that’s the secret.
    1:49:42 And that focus has really helped us over the years.
    1:49:48 But as you point out, there have been times where we’ve had to refocus or we’ve had to reassess areas of our business.
    1:49:50 I think one good example were minigames.
    1:49:55 We had an amazing, hundreds of people using our minigames.
    1:49:57 And people loved them.
    1:49:59 It was an amazing platform.
    1:50:02 You could play, like, real-time multiplayer games together inside of Snapchat.
    1:50:11 And ultimately, it was just clear that that was not going to be a really, really big business for us, at least at that time.
    1:50:17 And so we had to make the really painful decision to, you know, shut down our minigames business.
    1:50:19 So how do you think about what to go after?
    1:50:21 There’s all these new technologies.
    1:50:22 There’s these buzzwords.
    1:50:23 There’s AI now.
    1:50:24 There’s AR.
    1:50:25 There’s VR.
    1:50:26 There’s headsets.
    1:50:27 There’s wearables.
    1:50:28 There’s all these things.
    1:50:31 How do you decide what bet is your bet?
    1:50:33 I think that’s a really good question.
    1:50:38 That is, to some degree, where intuition, you know, plays an important role.
    1:50:42 But it’s also where feedback plays a really important role.
    1:50:55 And that’s why, for example, with our last generation of spectacles that we announced last year, the fifth generation of spectacles, our goal was just to get it into developers’ hands as quickly as possible so that we can listen and hear, okay, so what sort of things do you want to build with spectacles?
    1:50:56 What tools are available?
    1:50:57 What isn’t there?
    1:50:58 What do you think would be really interesting?
    1:51:06 Because the faster that we can learn from people actually using our product, the faster we can make it better and find that product market fit that’s so important.
    1:51:14 And you also don’t know the time horizon for when the world will sufficiently change in the direction that your bet has been placed.
    1:51:22 I think about Google Glass, which was, I don’t even know when, it was like a decade ago that people were saying, okay, we’re going to be wearing glasses and Google had this Google Glass thing.
    1:51:23 And it just seemed to, like, vanish and disappear.
    1:51:30 And then I think about when Meta bought Oculus and we thought, okay, so this is now when everyone’s going to be wearing VR headsets.
    1:51:32 And it’s still kind of not really happened.
    1:51:36 So you could make a bet, you could be right, but you could be 15 years off.
    1:51:41 You have to be very careful in technology, I think, because things change slowly and then they change very quickly.
    1:51:44 And I think that was certainly the case with ChatGPT, right?
    1:51:47 People felt like, wow, this new technology came out of nowhere.
    1:51:49 But no, they’d been working on it for, what, a decade?
    1:51:53 I mean, you know, and consistently trying to make progress.
    1:52:03 And so I think, you know, as long as you find something that you really believe can make a positive impact that people can use in a really compelling way, you’re right that sometimes you have to be patient.
    1:52:06 But other times you can invent new things that bring that timeline in.
    1:52:12 And so I think a lot of times our team is thinking about, like, okay, yeah, sure, in the current trajectory, that could take a really long time.
    1:52:24 But what if we thought about it differently or invented, you know, some new piece of technology that could help us accelerate our vision to, you know, glasses that help people, you know, share these experiences that overlay computing on the world?
    1:52:25 And that’s part of the fun, too.
    1:52:29 And Meta launched the Ray-Band ones, which I’ve heard about.
    1:52:34 I think I watched the video of it, which seemed to be, again, copying Snapchat.
    1:52:37 Did that piss you off?
    1:52:42 The only thing that frustrated me was that the Luxottica guys had actually come to us probably back in 2017.
    1:52:43 Who’s that?
    1:52:44 Luxottica.
    1:52:46 Essilur Luxottica is the company that makes Ray-Bands.
    1:52:50 They had come to us in 2017 saying, wow, it’s so awesome what you guys are doing with Spectacles.
    1:52:51 We love it.
    1:52:52 We should find a way to partner.
    1:52:55 So we talked with them, of course, all about everything that we were doing.
    1:52:58 And then they went radio silent and decided not to partner with us.
    1:53:00 And then obviously resurfaced doing this with Meta.
    1:53:03 So I think ultimately it’s something like that.
    1:53:10 I think ultimately, you know, you learn a lot, I think, growing a business and really understanding how people do business.
    1:53:12 And I think it shows you a lot about the world.
    1:53:24 And I think it’s so important for entrepreneurs to really know, you know, that if they’ve got a really compelling idea, they’ve got an amazing service, that they can compete, that they can build really compelling businesses.
    1:53:39 Even though it seems impossible with such giant, you know, companies, whether it’s Essilur Luxottica, which is the giant in the glasses space or Meta, that I think Snapchat hopefully can be, you know, an example of a company that’s been able to stay independent and compete with these really, really large businesses.
    1:53:49 Artificial intelligence has become, I mean, the most talked about technology over the last couple of years, as it’s in many respects, thanks to ChatGPT.
    1:53:56 How are you thinking about the future of artificial intelligence in terms of how it’s going to fundamentally change human connection?
    1:53:58 You’ve got four boys.
    1:54:02 You must be thinking about, you know, we talked about earlier, the kind of jobs that are going to exist in the future.
    1:54:07 There’s a big narrative saying that knowledge jobs like lawyer and accountant aren’t going to be the same.
    1:54:12 In fact, even when you think about how your kids are going to be educated, your youngest child is one years old.
    1:54:18 Are they going to go to a school or are they going to go to a large language model?
    1:54:19 Like, how are you thinking about that future?
    1:54:21 Are you scared?
    1:54:27 I really love that you jumped to education because I think it’s so profoundly powerful.
    1:54:39 I mean, even in my own experience, my ability to learn such amazing things in such a short period of time and connect different ideas together, it’s an incredible tool for discovery and for learning.
    1:54:44 And so I can’t wait for our kids to, you know, use these sorts of tools.
    1:54:47 I’m sure Flynn does to some degree.
    1:54:51 But as a thought partner, you know, AI is just incredibly powerful.
    1:55:02 So I do think, especially for creative people, it should be an unbelievably powerful tool to be able to iterate, to get feedback, to explore different ideas, explore different options.
    1:55:06 Even when I’m writing something and I’m stuck on like, yeah, this just doesn’t feel right.
    1:55:08 And like, I’m like, can you just give me 10 options?
    1:55:14 It’s really helpful to brainstorm, you know, to find that right word.
    1:55:26 I was wondering the other day when I was using ChatGPT or one of the programs a couple of days ago, I was wondering if I’m going to get worse at writing because this thing’s now doing it for me.
    1:55:28 And writing is such a wonderful way to think and understand.
    1:55:43 So therefore, am I going to get worse at like understanding things because I’m now deferring the process of thinking through something logically to this computer, whereas back in the day, I would have to like really think deeply about what I was trying to say myself?
    1:55:45 I don’t know.
    1:55:49 I think it’s going to be really important that obviously people continue to write.
    1:55:52 And oftentimes, like my first draft is on a piece of paper, right?
    1:55:55 So I do think that that is going to be important.
    1:56:03 But I think the bigger question for me is whether or not AI will help people get better at asking questions.
    1:56:09 Because ultimately, asking a great question and having someone who can help answer it is the key to learning.
    1:56:21 I mean, that’s, I think, you know, perhaps the greatest blessing of having a great teacher or a great mentor or a parent is that you get to ask all sorts of great questions, right, and get those answers.
    1:56:35 And so I think if we’re now in a, you know, a modality that really is all about asking the right question and doing that really repeatedly, if that can train us all to ask questions more effectively, that would be a very big deal.
    1:56:37 Interesting.
    1:56:38 I’ve not thought about that.
    1:56:40 I don’t know if I’m getting better.
    1:56:41 I don’t really know.
    1:56:43 It’s really because there’s always a tradeoff with new technology.
    1:56:54 And the problem, as we saw with social media, is we often don’t discover the tradeoff until 15 years, 20 years’ time when it’s really reared its ugly head because it’s slow, then it’s fast.
    1:57:09 So I’m trying to understand if you’re looking around the corner or looking over the horizon now to think through the tradeoff of us hurtling into something which, just like social media, made something better, faster, cheaper, easier, but came with an unintended consequence.
    1:57:21 I think generally speaking, as we have looked historically at the evolution of technology, these sorts of foundational technologies, you’re right that they’ve been disruptive.
    1:57:27 But they ultimately have massively positive and beneficial effects.
    1:57:43 I mean, I think if you look at a foundational technology like the internet, a foundational technology maybe like the motor vehicle, these are the, you know, an airplane, these are the sorts of foundational technologies that I think can really change the trajectory of the world and ultimately make people’s lives better.
    1:57:51 I think the key will be how do we navigate that change together, and that will be something that will be really important to do thoughtfully.
    1:57:58 And I think, you know, in many ways, the good news about this sort of technological change is it’s always governed by people.
    1:58:07 I mean, folks, I think almost overly fixate on new technology developments and don’t think enough about what is actually the human adoption curve look like?
    1:58:14 How are we making this something that’s easier to use, easier for people to understand, easier for people to integrate into their lives, into their workflows?
    1:58:25 And so I think a lot of the work for a big foundational technology like AI is going to be much more around how humans are interacting with it, interpreting it, understanding how it fits in their lives.
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    1:59:30 What season is Snapchat in in terms of its company’s life?
    1:59:34 You know, like you were in that startup phase, you’re in your dad’s bedroom phase where you’re scrappy and you’re growing quickly.
    1:59:40 Then you went to the blue office, you know, you had meteoric growth, you had the IPO.
    1:59:44 What season is Snapchat in as we sit here today in 2025?
    1:59:49 How would you like summarize it if you had to poetically describe the psychology of the business now?
    1:59:56 I mean, in some ways it feels like we’re emerging from like a two-year winter into an early spring.
    1:59:58 The last two years have been really challenging.
    2:00:04 We had to rebuild our entire ad platform, change the way that we go to market, you know, really help advertisers find more success.
    2:00:06 And at the same time do a lot of that for creators as well.
    2:00:15 We’ve seen a tremendous growth in terms of, you know, I think last quarter the creators posting grew something like 40% year over year.
    2:00:18 There was a billion public posts a month on Snapchat.
    2:00:20 And that’s an area we’ve invested in a lot as well.
    2:00:22 But it’s been a very challenging last two years.
    2:00:29 So I would almost say maybe like very, very early spring, you’re starting to see, you know, some green shoots.
    2:00:32 But, you know, and the frost is melting.
    2:00:38 Have you had any acquisition offers since that conversation with Mark Zuckerberg once upon a time?
    2:00:41 Do people still try and buy the company like these days?
    2:00:50 No, I think given the voting structure of the company, you know, Bobby and I have voting stock and non-voting stock is what’s publicly traded.
    2:00:56 I think generally, you know, sometimes people will say, hey, if you guys ever, you know, want to retire or something, keep us in mind.
    2:01:06 But I think, you know, in terms of, you know, kicking an offer over the sill or something, that doesn’t make a ton of sense given our company structure.
    2:01:11 Another thing that I admired when I was reading about the way you run Snapchat is this idea of having a council.
    2:01:12 Oh, amazing.
    2:01:12 Wow.
    2:01:13 Okay.
    2:01:14 Can you tell me about this?
    2:01:16 Because I might want to steal.
    2:01:16 I shouldn’t.
    2:01:17 Please take it.
    2:01:17 Okay, good.
    2:01:24 Council is something that I stole from the school that I went to growing up called Crossroads School for Arts and Sciences,
    2:01:27 which is quite a unique school.
    2:01:32 And one of the things that they have at Crossroads is a council.
    2:01:37 And, you know, basically starting in middle school, you get together with a group of what’s called 10 or 12 classmates,
    2:01:39 and you sit in a circle, and there are three rules.
    2:01:44 It’s, you know, speak from the heart, listen from the heart, and be spontaneous.
    2:01:48 And it’s essentially, you know, turn-based storytelling where you go around the circle,
    2:01:51 and, you know, it can be anything as simple as, like, how was your weekend?
    2:01:57 Or, you know, what’s a rosebud and a thorn from, you know, the last week?
    2:02:05 And it really creates an opportunity, A, for people to listen to one another because you’re taking turns going around the circle,
    2:02:08 but, B, you get to know people in a very, very different way.
    2:02:10 And I saw how powerful it was in middle school.
    2:02:12 Middle school was a tough time, was a tough time for me.
    2:02:18 But in council, I was able to connect with my classmates, you know, in a really thoughtful and maybe deeper way
    2:02:21 that you wouldn’t just kind of around the water cooler or whatever at the office.
    2:02:26 And so for us, ultimately, when we came to L.A. and we were in the Blue House,
    2:02:32 one of the big decisions we were confronting at the time was whether or not we should move the company from L.A. to the Bay Area.
    2:02:36 And there was a lot of pressure, you know, hey, all the tech talent is, you know, in the Bay Area.
    2:02:39 It’s really important for you guys to be up there for the talent.
    2:02:43 And so we just got our team together and, you know, they had our first council.
    2:02:47 And everyone went around the circle and shared their thoughts.
    2:02:48 Should we stay in L.A. or not?
    2:02:49 How did they feel about that?
    2:02:50 What did they think?
    2:02:55 And what was so clear coming out of that conversation, we didn’t even need to make a decision.
    2:02:58 It was just obvious that we believed in L.A. and wanted to be in L.A.
    2:03:02 And the team thought it was actually something really important to our business, to our identity,
    2:03:06 to actually the way that we hired talent because people had to really commit to moving to L.A.
    2:03:07 to be a part of the company.
    2:03:10 So that was the first time we used council at Snap.
    2:03:13 And I saw how effective it was in the workplace setting.
    2:03:16 And then as the business got a lot bigger and it became much more important to connect with
    2:03:20 people who were new to the company or, you know, worked in a different area of the company,
    2:03:24 council became just a really useful tool for doing that.
    2:03:29 And so, you know, at Snap, we have council facilitators whose job it is to run these councils.
    2:03:32 And now many more companies are interested in doing this.
    2:03:38 And we also help train companies or offer sessions for other companies to help them bring their team members together.
    2:03:39 What is the essence of it?
    2:03:46 It’s just get a small team in a certain department around the table and let everybody speak from the heart,
    2:03:48 listen from the heart and be spontaneous?
    2:03:49 Yeah.
    2:03:51 And it’s usually not sitting around a table.
    2:03:56 It’s usually sitting on the floor in a circle, which, again, I think helps create that feeling.
    2:04:02 You know, when you’re sitting in a circle, everyone is situated equally, which I think is a really important thing.
    2:04:03 As you mentioned, companies have a lot of hierarchy.
    2:04:07 I think it feels really different in a company when everyone’s seated around a circle.
    2:04:12 And everyone’s voice is important and everyone’s voice is heard, you know, whether it’s just saying,
    2:04:18 wow, you know, that was a really tough weekend or actually I had an amazing time.
    2:04:19 I went out to dinner with my wife.
    2:04:19 It was fabulous.
    2:04:25 And I think people find new points of connection that they maybe wouldn’t have found otherwise without it.
    2:04:26 Interesting.
    2:04:32 As a leader, how do you know in those situations whether to listen to your team or not to listen
    2:04:32 to your team?
    2:04:38 Because, you know, it sounds quite risky for a founder, I’m not saying this is what you do,
    2:04:42 but for a founder to run their company on consensus, i.e. making sure everybody agrees on something.
    2:04:46 And we’re actually seeing this in the post-pandemic world with this whole like remote work debate
    2:04:51 where some companies originally were, okay, everybody’s going to be remote.
    2:04:54 And then it went back to a lot of companies are like, no, come back into the office.
    2:05:00 And I mean, if you ask a team, they’re probably not going to all say, let’s run back to the office.
    2:05:02 But as a CEO, you have to make a call.
    2:05:06 And what is the remote policy with Snap at the moment?
    2:05:10 We are more than four days a week in the office on average.
    2:05:13 More than, and is that by policy or is that just what’s happening?
    2:05:15 That is by policy and also what’s happening.
    2:05:15 Okay.
    2:05:17 And did you ever move on that?
    2:05:19 Was there ever a moment in the pandemic where you thought?
    2:05:22 During the pandemic, I thought I would never go back to the office.
    2:05:28 I was like, you know, going into the pandemic, I was waking up before our kids woke up.
    2:05:29 I was getting home after they were asleep.
    2:05:32 There was a moment I was like, what am I doing with my life?
    2:05:33 I’m never seeing our kids.
    2:05:34 What am I going to do?
    2:05:36 And the pandemic happened.
    2:05:37 And it was like a miracle.
    2:05:39 I’m like, oh my God, I get to see our kids every single day.
    2:05:40 I get to wake up and see our kids.
    2:05:42 And I have an open door policy.
    2:05:45 If I’m working from home in my home office, our kids can come in anytime.
    2:05:52 It was only a problem once when one of our boys came in fully nude with two Oreos, which
    2:05:54 actually prompted me to consider going back to the office.
    2:05:58 But I really, I thought it was important for our kids that, hey, if I’m at home, I’m not
    2:05:59 like shut, shut away in my office.
    2:06:02 You can come in anytime, you know, with anything and I’ll help you out.
    2:06:06 Sometimes it meant they spent a lot of time sitting on my laps and sitting on my lap and
    2:06:06 in meetings.
    2:06:09 But in any case, there was a period of time in the pandemic where I was like, why would I
    2:06:10 ever go back to the office?
    2:06:11 I’m here with my family.
    2:06:18 And but I think, you know, that the adrenaline and the teamwork that happened, you know, during
    2:06:22 the pandemic when we were all able to work together really effectively remotely, that was only
    2:06:25 possible because we had been working together physically for such a long period of time.
    2:06:27 We had all that trust built.
    2:06:28 We had all that shorthand built.
    2:06:33 We had that, you know, many times, you know, long roadmaps of ideas we had come up with to
    2:06:34 get physically together.
    2:06:36 And that really sustained the company through that period of time.
    2:06:40 And it became clear to me that the culture was starting to fray, right?
    2:06:45 People don’t learn the culture as quickly when they’re alone and remote, you know, and separated
    2:06:47 all around the world.
    2:06:51 And I was really worried about our ability to consistently be creative, which is so important
    2:06:53 to our business if we weren’t physically together.
    2:06:58 So ultimately, you know, and especially after that Oreo incident, we thought it was pretty
    2:07:00 important to get back to the office.
    2:07:01 How was that received?
    2:07:06 One of the things that we tried to do that was, you know, helped team members is just give
    2:07:07 a pretty long runway.
    2:07:11 We made that decision pretty early on and then gave team members quite an extended period
    2:07:12 of time.
    2:07:13 I think it was like six or nine months.
    2:07:17 For folks who had, you know, extenuating circumstances, we, you know, would grant exceptions.
    2:07:20 And over time, that allowed people to adapt their lives.
    2:07:23 You know, sometimes they’d rented a house or bought a house somewhere else and needed to
    2:07:25 move back to one of our hub office locations.
    2:07:29 So we wanted to give people enough flexibility to do that, not just, you know, have them wake
    2:07:31 up one morning and say, come back to the office.
    2:07:32 That’s not super thoughtful.
    2:07:37 For any entrepreneurs that are out there now listening to our conversation, and they’re
    2:07:42 at the very beginning of their journey, and they are, they’re thinking about so many different
    2:07:45 things, so many different problems, their products aren’t working, their customers are
    2:07:46 complaining.
    2:07:52 When you think about the principles of being successful as an entrepreneur that are transferable
    2:07:59 across all industries, have you defined what those principles are in your mind to be successful
    2:08:00 in any endeavor?
    2:08:01 We talked about some of them already.
    2:08:02 We said about culture.
    2:08:02 We said about hiring.
    2:08:07 Is there anything else that you’ve come to learn in your wisdom that entrepreneurs like
    2:08:10 me should be thinking a lot about as fundamental principles of success?
    2:08:15 To me, it seems like the biggest differentiator is how much you care.
    2:08:19 I mean, that just seems day in and day out as I meet entrepreneurs and people working on
    2:08:23 businesses, how much do you care about your business, your team, your customer?
    2:08:27 And those are the entrepreneurs, I think, that are really successful.
    2:08:28 They go that extra mile.
    2:08:30 And that care can come from different places, right?
    2:08:33 It can be about the impact that people want to make in the world.
    2:08:36 It can be about something that people really want to invent.
    2:08:39 It can be their love of their customers and seeing the smile on their customers’ faces.
    2:08:45 But how much people care about what they do seems to me to be quite a large predictor,
    2:08:46 if not the predictor, of success.
    2:08:47 Can you care too much?
    2:08:50 I don’t think so.
    2:08:53 Sounds stressful, though, caring that much.
    2:08:55 I thought in your book you talk about…
    2:08:56 Don’t talk about my book.
    2:08:58 I’m not disagreeing.
    2:08:59 I’m just like devil’s advocate.
    2:09:02 That’s one of the things I loved about your book is you said, hey, people are thinking
    2:09:04 about stress wrong, which I thought was really, really powerful.
    2:09:07 Like, I wish more people talked about it that way.
    2:09:09 Because I think, you know, you just…
    2:09:11 Anyways, you wrote it.
    2:09:12 You don’t need to repeat it to.
    2:09:12 No, no, no, no.
    2:09:13 No, but it’s a good point.
    2:09:17 Something I was going to ask you about is the stress of being you.
    2:09:20 And do you have techniques to manage that stress?
    2:09:22 Especially running a public company.
    2:09:23 I just think it’s psychotic.
    2:09:25 Well, what I thought was hilarious…
    2:09:29 So this has been one of my hilarious findings from my ring over the last couple of days trying it out.
    2:09:32 I finally had enough days that it, like, gave me a stress score or whatever.
    2:09:38 And I’m just not stressed during the day, which really lines up with, like, how I experience work.
    2:09:39 I don’t find work to be very stressful.
    2:09:45 I think a lot of it has become very normal because, you know, over the years we’ve grown our business
    2:09:51 and encountered all sorts of wild situations that at this point it’s just a daily normal thing.
    2:09:52 Do you celebrate?
    2:09:56 Do you get really happy when you have professional moments where, I don’t know,
    2:09:58 you launch a new feature and it’s well-received?
    2:09:59 Do you get really happy?
    2:09:59 No.
    2:10:03 It’s something that I need to work on, especially celebrating our team as well.
    2:10:07 Like, you know, just providing more of that really positive feedback.
    2:10:12 That’s not something I do a ton, especially around, like, outcome-focused goals.
    2:10:16 When I see a great idea, if I see a great new idea, then I get really happy and excited.
    2:10:17 I love it.
    2:10:21 But, you know, to me, you know, some of these big corporate milestones, like,
    2:10:23 the growth of the community is cool.
    2:10:24 I was talking to someone the other day.
    2:10:27 They were like, you should throw a party when you guys reach a billion people.
    2:10:29 I was like, oh, my God, what a great idea.
    2:10:30 Like, why didn’t I think of it?
    2:10:33 So I think we should celebrate things like that.
    2:10:38 I wonder if there’s an element of defense to this because I was speaking to a lot of founders recently
    2:10:41 and they were telling me how they’ve, over time and with maturity,
    2:10:46 they almost just developed this calm within all the chaos where they’re not moved up or down.
    2:10:53 And some of them make the case to me that if you are moved up by something that happens externally,
    2:10:56 it’s impossible, therefore, not to be moved down when something bad happens externally.
    2:11:00 So founders developed this almost, like, coldness to them.
    2:11:07 That would be a real problem for me because so much of creating products is about connecting with people
    2:11:09 and listening to people and being able to empathize with them.
    2:11:15 So, like, I absolutely under no circumstances can cut off my emotional response.
    2:11:21 I think, you know, I pick the things or I, you know, the things that make me feel really happy
    2:11:24 are things like being with our children or something or, you know,
    2:11:27 Hart did really well on his math test the other day and I was like, awesome.
    2:11:27 You know what I mean?
    2:11:29 I got super excited about that.
    2:11:34 But I think, to your point, one of the things I do regret at some point is not celebrating some of those great moments.
    2:11:40 I think, you know, sometimes as an entrepreneur, when everything is, like, going up and to the right and going super well,
    2:11:41 you’re always like, what’s going to go wrong?
    2:11:42 You know, what could go wrong?
    2:11:46 And so you don’t think about celebrating that great moment because you’re thinking about, you know,
    2:11:50 the next day or what you could be doing differently to make sure the business can keep growing.
    2:11:54 And I think breaking out of that, like, you know, what could go wrong, which actually is quite helpful.
    2:11:56 That point, paranoia is probably pretty helpful.
    2:11:59 But celebrate those moments is important.
    2:12:01 So that’s a good takeaway from our chat.
    2:12:03 Was there a hardest day for you?
    2:12:06 A day when you were challenged the most as the CEO of Snapchat?
    2:12:08 That comes to mind when I say that.
    2:12:15 I think some of the hardest days, the painful days have been, you know,
    2:12:20 when we’ve had to make changes to our company structure or things like layoffs.
    2:12:23 I mean, I feel like just a huge sense of responsibility to our team members.
    2:12:29 And so when we let them down like that, you know, that’s, those days are the worst.
    2:12:35 I mean, that’s, that’s, you know, of course, you know, in many cases, worse for them.
    2:12:40 And I, you know, but, but as a leader, that sense of shame, I feel when we have to make a decision
    2:12:42 like that, that’s, you know, that sucks.
    2:12:44 Do you ever have imposter syndrome?
    2:12:49 Because I think about the odds of you, the odds of launching a social media communications
    2:12:53 application, as we said earlier, like a billion in one or something, right?
    2:12:53 I don’t know.
    2:12:54 It’s staggering.
    2:12:55 And I guess it’s not a billion.
    2:12:57 There’s not been a billion of them, but the odds are just against you.
    2:13:02 So when that happens and it explodes and it becomes this major global app,
    2:13:05 is there not any feelings of imposter syndrome?
    2:13:11 I don’t like the word imposter syndrome because it doesn’t sound very nice.
    2:13:15 And I think imposter syndrome is actually a good thing in the sense that it means that you
    2:13:17 feel like there’s more to learn, right?
    2:13:23 And so like for me, you know, as I approach any situation or, you know, any meeting or, you
    2:13:27 know, anything that we’re trying to do out in the world, I’m always trying to think like,
    2:13:28 what else could I learn here?
    2:13:33 I obviously, you know, this is an opportunity for me to really listen, to learn, to figure
    2:13:34 out how I can grow.
    2:13:38 And so like, I never want to feel like, oh, you know, I’ve got this.
    2:13:40 I always want to feel like, what else could I learn?
    2:13:41 What could I be doing differently?
    2:13:42 You know, how could I grow?
    2:13:46 And I think sometimes when we call it imposter syndrome, like it’s not super helpful.
    2:13:50 I think we should be telling people, hey, it’s a good thing if you feel like you’ve got
    2:13:50 more to learn.
    2:13:54 It’s a good thing if you feel like, hey, maybe this isn’t totally normal to be running a big
    2:13:55 company, right?
    2:13:59 Maybe it’s a good thing to stay open to different ideas or ways of doing things.
    2:14:06 If Snapchat goes away today, what does Evan end up doing?
    2:14:07 Starting a new company?
    2:14:12 I would probably continue a lot of the work that we’ve been doing as a family to give back.
    2:14:16 I mean, I think that’s been like the greatest blessing of this whole Snap experience is being
    2:14:17 able to give back.
    2:14:21 You know, we’ve done a lot as a family.
    2:14:23 We’ve done a lot with Snap and the Snap Foundation.
    2:14:28 And like that to me is like, you know, hopefully the rest of my life is that story.
    2:14:29 You wouldn’t want to start another tech company?
    2:14:31 Never in a million years.
    2:14:31 Really?
    2:14:32 No chance.
    2:14:34 No chance.
    2:14:35 Why?
    2:14:38 It’s way too hard.
    2:14:40 Way too hard.
    2:14:44 I told you it was psychotic.
    2:14:46 I could have told you that when you started it.
    2:14:47 You should have asked me.
    2:14:50 Whenever I meet a serial entrepreneur, I’m like, what?
    2:14:58 When you say it’s hard, this is, I asked this question, I paused on it because I actually
    2:15:03 posted about this on my Instagram and my Snap this morning about how hard it is and how nobody
    2:15:03 talks about that.
    2:15:07 And so when you experience the hardship as a founder, you kind of look in the mirror and
    2:15:07 think it’s you.
    2:15:09 Do you know what I mean?
    2:15:11 You think, oh, this is evidence of my inadequacy.
    2:15:15 But it really, I mean, why do you say that?
    2:15:17 Because it sounds like you have PTSD.
    2:15:22 No, it’s more, I think like the hard, kind of to your point about how do you turn stress
    2:15:23 into something positive, right?
    2:15:29 The hard is a good thing in the sense that like what makes it so fun but also so challenging
    2:15:31 is the rate at which you have to change and grow.
    2:15:35 Like that is what has been so unbelievably hard, right?
    2:15:40 That, you know, the business at four people is really different than the business at 100
    2:15:40 people.
    2:15:44 The business when we’re supporting a million people is different than the business supporting
    2:15:45 850 million people using our service.
    2:15:50 And they have to change so much over that period of time.
    2:15:53 To have to grow so much over that period of time, like that’s what’s hard.
    2:15:58 Like because you just have to force yourself to change and grow and think about what you,
    2:16:03 you know, how do I need to adapt to be the person that our business needs six months from
    2:16:06 now, which inevitably will be different than who I am today.
    2:16:08 So do you think you could run Snap for the rest of your life?
    2:16:10 I would certainly be an honor.
    2:16:11 I mean, I’d love that.
    2:16:18 Maybe you’d leave Snap and then you’d get bored and then you’d start some new company.
    2:16:18 Who knows?
    2:16:21 And we have a closing tradition on this podcast where the last guest leaves a question for
    2:16:23 the next guest not knowing who they’re leaving it for.
    2:16:27 And the question that has been left for you, interesting.
    2:16:32 I feel like I may have asked this before, but you’re going to have to do your very best.
    2:16:38 What is the hardest thing you ever had to overcome?
    2:16:46 Yeah, I think the hardest thing, maybe this is a good segue from what we were just talking
    2:16:46 about.
    2:16:48 The hardest thing I’ve ever had to overcome is myself, right?
    2:16:54 I’ve constantly had to force myself at every stage to grow and change and be different and
    2:16:58 evolve to meet the needs of our business and our community or my family.
    2:17:03 And I think, you know, that’s the battle with yourself to become a better version of yourself
    2:17:04 every day.
    2:17:06 That’s a tough one.
    2:17:12 Self-awareness, I was thinking about that as you were just saying that, about the idea
    2:17:16 of self-awareness as a CEO and how you develop that.
    2:17:19 Because it’s such an important thing when there’s so much counting on you being aware.
    2:17:24 So I don’t know how you think about self-awareness as a leader and if there’s any system you’ve
    2:17:26 had to cultivate that awareness that’s been productive.
    2:17:28 I love that you said that.
    2:17:35 I think it’s so challenging and it becomes harder and harder, I think, as the business grows,
    2:17:36 and you grow as a leader.
    2:17:38 A, because you become busier.
    2:17:43 So it’s harder to tune in and really connect with people, right, in the way that you really
    2:17:47 need to to understand how they really feel or what they’re thinking and to create a trusted
    2:17:49 relationship so they feel like they can tell that to you.
    2:17:55 As the company grows, you know, I think people become very focused on curating the information
    2:17:56 that you’re receiving.
    2:18:02 So you’re constantly getting a lot of reporting that, you know, shows leaders and their teams
    2:18:03 in a very positive light.
    2:18:08 And so you have to think about proactively breaking that because that will be the default
    2:18:10 that the organization, I think, will do.
    2:18:14 All of a sudden, they will just try to make sure you’re receiving information, right, that
    2:18:17 shows them in a great light because they want to be successful.
    2:18:18 It makes perfect sense.
    2:18:22 But I think you have to really do a lot of work to break that and to get out deeper in
    2:18:24 the organization and just talk to people.
    2:18:25 And I think there’s no substitute.
    2:18:26 I wish there was.
    2:18:29 But there’s really no substitute to just walking around and talking to people.
    2:18:34 And I found that that’s an unbelievable way in our organization to just get great information
    2:18:35 really quickly.
    2:18:37 And then you see as a CEO, someone’s working on a presentation.
    2:18:40 They’re like, oh, yeah, this presentation will get to you in like six weeks, you know.
    2:18:42 But yeah, sure.
    2:18:46 I can show you a little bit of it right now, you know, because the way that, you know,
    2:18:51 calendars work as a CEO and business reviews work and that sort of thing, all this sort of
    2:18:56 information, I think, you know, ends up flowing in a way that’s just slower than it did in
    2:18:57 the beginning of the company.
    2:19:00 So I think, you know, really taking the time to connect with people and form those trusted
    2:19:05 relationships, being really proactive about breaking the information system that will form
    2:19:09 around you, right, if you’re not more deliberate about going and getting other sources of information,
    2:19:11 that’s really important.
    2:19:15 And then, you know, I think just, you know, that empathy and intuition really helps because
    2:19:18 sometimes people feel uncomfortable saying how they really feel.
    2:19:22 And it’s only because, you know, you just notice something in their eye or their affect
    2:19:25 or whatever it is that you’re like, is that, you know, is that really how you feel?
    2:19:28 You know, we should, or should we really be doing this differently?
    2:19:33 And I think, you know, the ability to really understand how people feel and create a space
    2:19:37 for them to actually share their perspective, it just, you know, is so, so valuable.
    2:19:41 Do you ever find yourself feeling a little bit impatient with your team?
    2:19:43 Because I get this a lot.
    2:19:45 I’m always trying to make things move faster.
    2:19:47 And I think maybe there’s a point of privilege where as the leader of an organization,
    2:19:52 you know, you can just break everything to make things happen, but maybe the intern in
    2:19:54 the office doesn’t feel like they’ve got that permission.
    2:20:00 But urgency as a leader, speed, you talked about increasing the learning speed of the organization.
    2:20:02 Do you ever feel impatient as a leader?
    2:20:04 I’m extraordinarily impatient.
    2:20:06 Like, and I think it’s in my DNA.
    2:20:11 I mean, like my father would not, like the idea of waiting, like if you want to just like
    2:20:13 punish my father, you put him in a line for anything.
    2:20:19 Like he will go, it’s just like he, the thought of waiting in a line for him would just drive
    2:20:21 him crazy because he’s a very impatient person.
    2:20:25 I think I have some of that, some of that impatience, you know.
    2:20:28 If I asked your team members, what’s Evan like as a leader?
    2:20:28 What do you think they’d say?
    2:20:30 Oh my goodness.
    2:20:33 I don’t know.
    2:20:37 They might all have different perspectives because I really try to like bring out the best in
    2:20:40 our team members by showing different parts of myself.
    2:20:42 I’m not the same leader to every individual.
    2:20:43 That would be terrible.
    2:20:48 I think so much of being a leader is trying to figure out for each individual and each
    2:20:52 person, what sort of communication style will bring out the best in them and their unique
    2:20:53 abilities.
    2:20:58 So, you know, the engage, the way I engage with our CEO, Derek, is different than the way
    2:21:01 I engage with Betsy, who’s our chief brand officer, is different than the way I engage
    2:21:03 with our design team.
    2:21:03 And that’s important.
    2:21:05 If I asked them what you’re good at, what would they say?
    2:21:11 I think I’m good at a couple things.
    2:21:21 I think I’m quite good at really understanding human needs and wants and figuring out how
    2:21:24 to reflect that in our products.
    2:21:28 I mean, oftentimes it’s one of the competitions I like to have with our team is, you know, a
    2:21:32 lot of times in engineering, people like to run A-B tests, right?
    2:21:37 So they’ll like, they’ll run four A-B tests and they’ll sort of pick, you know, the one that
    2:21:38 performs the best, right?
    2:21:41 And like, this is the case for like a text string or something like that.
    2:21:45 If they want to put a, you know, text in the app, they’ll write four different variants of
    2:21:45 it or whatever.
    2:21:49 And what I really like to do is figure out, can I write the variant that will win the A-B
    2:21:52 test without that, you know, without them having to run it?
    2:21:57 And I think that sort of intuition of what people will respond to, you know, what makes
    2:22:02 sense to them, what’s clear in terms of communicating through our product, our features, you know, and
    2:22:02 that sort of thing.
    2:22:06 I think that’s something that I can offer the team and part of that’s just because I’ve
    2:22:08 been doing it for 13 years, right?
    2:22:12 Every, you know, every week or almost every day looking at work with our team and trying
    2:22:15 to figure out what, you know, will resonate with the people that use our products.
    2:22:16 So I think I’m good at that.
    2:22:22 I also think kind of maybe this kind of to my earlier point, I really work hard to bring
    2:22:22 out the best in people.
    2:22:28 And I think, you know, hopefully if I’ve done my job really well, people say like, wow, I didn’t
    2:22:32 think I could do that, or I didn’t know I could do that, or I didn’t know that I was
    2:22:35 a really creative person, but you showed me that I’m actually a really creative person.
    2:22:36 That’s so cool.
    2:22:36 Thanks.
    2:22:44 I think oftentimes it’s by giving people the courage and the space to be creative and also
    2:22:47 to show them the different ways that creativity applies.
    2:22:53 So for example, you know, I think a lawyer might think, how could I be creative as a lawyer,
    2:22:58 right, but if you have a conversation with a lawyer as, you know, as we did early on in
    2:23:02 our business and say, you know, the problem today is all these privacy policies that are
    2:23:03 written, they make no damn sense.
    2:23:06 And I don’t know if you’ve ever tried to read a privacy policy at one of these internet
    2:23:06 companies, it doesn’t make sense.
    2:23:10 What if we were creative and we actually wrote a privacy policy that people could understand?
    2:23:11 Wouldn’t that be cool?
    2:23:16 Like, how could we solve this problem differently and have a different sort of set of expectations?
    2:23:17 And then people say, wow, that’s interesting.
    2:23:18 Let’s try doing that.
    2:23:21 And they do it and they’re like, oh, wow, no, I am creative.
    2:23:22 We can solve this problem differently.
    2:23:25 We don’t need to just have another privacy policy just like everybody else.
    2:23:28 We can work really hard to put it in human terms and that would be better.
    2:23:32 And so I think showing all sorts of team members across our company the way that their work can
    2:23:37 be creative in service of our community or in service of our advertising partners, that’s
    2:23:40 something that I hope to bring to our team.
    2:23:41 And conversely, what are you not good at?
    2:23:43 If I’d asked all of them, I said, what’s Evan not good at?
    2:23:44 Almost everything else.
    2:23:45 I mean, that’s the challenge.
    2:23:46 No, come on.
    2:23:50 There’s got to be some defining traits that you’re like, if you ask my team after this,
    2:23:51 they’ll tell you what I’m not good at.
    2:23:54 They’ll tell you what I’m good at, but they’ll also tell you what I’m not good at.
    2:23:55 And they’ll all agree.
    2:23:56 They’ll have total consensus.
    2:24:02 No, but I do mean that seriously, that like in almost every area of our business, whether
    2:24:10 it’s HR or legal or finance or whatever, I’m certainly far from the best.
    2:24:15 I mean, our team members are extraordinarily talented at what they do across our business.
    2:24:18 And by nature, I’m just not very good at those things.
    2:24:24 And so I think for me, the real secret, I guess, or not a secret, the focus of what I’ve
    2:24:29 tried to do over the years, as so many entrepreneurs do, is say, how can I spend more of my time doing
    2:24:32 what I’m good at, you know, collaborating with our team, trying to create new products,
    2:24:36 be creative, and then, you know, have a team around me that’s so much better at everything
    2:24:40 else that, you know, I couldn’t possibly be better at.
    2:24:45 Especially as being a younger CEO, I think that’s probably even more important than it
    2:24:50 is for other people to be able to have that self-awareness and humility to say, I don’t
    2:24:51 know all the answers.
    2:24:54 Because you started this company at bloody, what, like 21 years old, 22 years old.
    2:24:57 So you’ve never done running a public company before.
    2:25:02 So I think humility is probably even more important for someone like you at that stage.
    2:25:07 Interestingly, it is the strategic advantage, right?
    2:25:11 To be 20 years old and to not know anything so that you can ask any question and not look
    2:25:14 like an idiot is the greatest gift in the world.
    2:25:18 I mean, I was almost always the youngest person in the room, almost always, you know?
    2:25:23 And that was such a blessing because everyone’s like, oh, what are you working on?
    2:25:24 Oh, an app?
    2:25:24 That’s cool.
    2:25:27 And I’d be like, yeah, actually, would you mind talking to me about, like, you know, the
    2:25:29 best ways to prepare your company to be public?
    2:25:30 And people are like, sure, you know?
    2:25:37 So I think, you know, being able to use that naivete as the fundamental advantage to be able
    2:25:39 to learn quickly is so important.
    2:25:40 But have you lost that now?
    2:25:41 Hopefully never.
    2:25:46 I mean, that’s the whole, that’s like what I love to do is the curiosity, the asking questions.
    2:25:54 Evan, what is the, this is my last question, what is the most important question for entrepreneurs
    2:25:59 that are listening to this conversation now based on everything that you know and have
    2:26:03 done that will help them that I didn’t ask?
    2:26:11 I think they should really ask themselves if they love what they’re doing.
    2:26:17 And if they really love what they’re doing, that will be the fuel that will carry them the
    2:26:17 whole way.
    2:26:22 But there are so many people who are trapped building businesses or, you know, in jobs
    2:26:27 that don’t really love what they do, who haven’t found how to use their special gifts in a way
    2:26:29 that applies to the business world.
    2:26:33 And I think so much of life is trying to figure out what is that thing that I can do that I
    2:26:37 just love that brings out the best in me and my talents.
    2:26:40 And I think not giving up in pursuing that is just so important.
    2:26:42 Evan, thank you so much.
    2:26:44 Thank you so much for doing this today.
    2:26:47 I know you don’t do a ton of podcasts, so I was particularly honored that you’d come and
    2:26:48 sit here with me.
    2:26:51 And hopefully it wasn’t a nerve-wracking experience.
    2:26:52 I had a lot of fun.
    2:26:55 And thank you for helping me with my 2025 resolution.
    2:26:57 I’m going to try and make some progress here.
    2:26:58 I’m so keen.
    2:27:02 I’m so keen to know who in your life has been nudging you to get out there more, because
    2:27:03 there must be someone.
    2:27:07 Unfortunately, like everybody, which is why I’ve caved.
    2:27:10 Well, thank you so much.
    2:27:12 And it’s so wonderful to get to know you more and understand how you’re thinking about all
    2:27:12 of these things.
    2:27:16 And thank you for the wisdom that all of the entrepreneurs, the founders that are listening
    2:27:17 to this conversation have gained from you.
    2:27:21 And I do encourage you to do more of this kind of thing, because there’s so many of us
    2:27:25 that are so curious about the ups, the downs, and everything in the middle of being an entrepreneur,
    2:27:29 building a company like you have in a world that is changing at absolute light speed.
    2:27:33 So it’s a real service to all of us to get to know you, to get to know the thinking of
    2:27:36 the company, but also to be able to learn from the experience you’ve had.
    2:27:39 And I’m really excited now to go and try these spectacles.
    2:27:39 Awesome.
    2:27:40 Let’s do it.
    2:27:42 We launched these conversation cards and they sold out.
    2:27:44 And we launched them again and they sold out again.
    2:27:45 We launched them again and they sold out again.
    2:27:50 Because people love playing these with colleagues at work, with friends at home, and also with
    2:27:50 family.
    2:27:53 And we’ve also got a big audience that use them as journal prompts.
    2:27:58 Every single time a guest comes on the diary of a CEO, they leave a question for the
    2:27:59 next guest in the diary.
    2:28:01 And I’ve sat here with some of the most incredible people in the world.
    2:28:05 And they’ve left all of these questions in the diary.
    2:28:08 And I’ve ranked them from one to three in terms of the depth.
    2:28:10 One being a starter question.
    2:28:15 And level three, if you look on the back here, this is a level three, becomes a much deeper
    2:28:18 question that builds even more connection.
    2:28:24 If you turn the cards over and you scan that QR code, you can see who answered the card and
    2:28:27 watch the video of them answering it in real time.
    2:28:31 So if you would like to get your hands on some of these conversation cards, go to thediary.com
    2:28:33 or look at the link in the description below.
    2:28:33 We’ll look at the link in the description below.
    Bạn đã trở thành tỷ phú trẻ nhất thế giới ở tuổi 25.
    Bạn có Mark Zuckerberg đang đề nghị bạn 3 tỷ đô la.
    Đó chắc chắn là một ngày định mệnh, nhưng chúng tôi đã quyết định rằng chúng tôi tốt hơn hết là nên tự mình tiến bước.
    Có bao giờ bạn nghi ngờ về quyết định đó không?
    Evan Spiegel là người đồng sáng lập một trong những nền tảng mạng xã hội lớn nhất thế giới, Snapchat.
    Anh đã biến các tin nhắn biến mất thành một đế chế trị giá hàng tỷ đô la, định nghĩa lại cách chúng ta kết nối trực tuyến.
    Evan, bạn không tham gia nhiều podcast đúng không?
    Tôi không tham gia nhiều buổi nói chuyện công cộng, nhưng tôi muốn chia sẻ nhiều hơn.
    Vậy hãy quay lại những ngày đầu ấy.
    Tôi lớn lên là một người hướng nội và tôi rất thích xây dựng những thứ.
    Ở trường, tôi đã phải tự xây dựng máy tính của mình.
    Và khi bạn bắt đầu nhận ra rằng những thứ trông rất phức tạp bề ngoài thực ra không khó đến thế,
    bạn bắt đầu tự hỏi, bạn có thể xây dựng thêm những gì nữa.
    Vì vậy, điều đó dẫn đến việc xây dựng Snapchat khi tôi 21 tuổi.
    Tôi là sinh viên đại học tại Stanford và chúng tôi đã huy động được 485.000 đô la với định giá 4,25 triệu đô la.
    Quá tuyệt vời.
    Nhưng vào thời điểm đó, có rất nhiều ứng dụng trở nên phổ biến rất nhanh và rồi lại dần tàn.
    Nhiều người đã nói với chúng tôi rằng chúng tôi nên bán nó.
    Họ nói, bạn chỉ đang gửi ảnh qua lại.
    Làm thế nào điều này có thể phát triển lâu dài?
    Nhưng sự phát triển của Snapchat là không bình thường, để nói như vậy.
    Nó như một loại virus và đã đạt 75 triệu người dùng mỗi tháng.
    Vậy tôi tự hỏi bạn có lời khuyên nào về những nguyên tắc cơ bản của thành công không?
    Mức độ mọi người quan tâm đến những gì họ làm và khả năng hành động nhanh chóng là yếu tố dự đoán thành công.
    Tại Snapchat, chúng tôi có một đội ngũ thiết kế rất nhỏ.
    Chỉ có chín người, nhưng họ liên tục tạo ra một số lượng ý tưởng, sản phẩm và tính năng đáng kinh ngạc vì 99% ý tưởng không tốt, nhưng 1% thì có.
    Tôi muốn biết họ dạy gì ở Stanford vì tỷ lệ thành công trong việc tạo ra một số doanh nhân hàng đầu thế giới là rất cao.
    Có rất nhiều bài học rất tốt.
    Bài học đầu tiên là…
    Tôi muốn giữ Diary of a CEO miễn phí và không có bất kỳ loại tường phí hay mô hình đăng ký nào mãi mãi.
    Và cách để chúng tôi làm điều đó là các bạn chọn theo dõi và đăng ký chương trình này.
    Vì vậy, nếu bạn đang nghe chương trình ngay bây giờ, bạn có thể đã nhận được tập này, có thể đã nghe một vài tập trước, bạn có thể làm một ơn cho tôi không?
    Và nếu bạn giúp tôi điều này, tôi hứa rằng tôi sẽ chiến đấu ở mọi khía cạnh trong 10 năm tới để giữ cho chương trình này hoàn toàn miễn phí mà không có tường phí và không có bất kỳ chi phí nào cho người dùng.
    Bạn có thể nhấn nút theo dõi không?
    Nút theo dõi sẽ có trên bất kỳ ứng dụng nào bạn đang nghe bây giờ.
    Có thể là Spotify hoặc Apple hoặc gì đó như thế.
    Nhưng việc nhấn nút theo dõi, thường ở góc của ứng dụng hoặc một dấu kiểm nhỏ, là lý do cho việc chương trình này sẽ mãi mãi miễn phí, mãi mãi.
    Cảm ơn bạn rất nhiều.
    Nếu bạn làm điều đó cho tôi, tôi cảm ơn bạn rất nhiều.
    Tôi thật sự trân trọng điều đó.
    Quay lại với tập phim.
    Evan, khi bạn nhìn lại những năm đầu tiên của mình và cố gắng tìm ra những mối liên kết ở hậu cảnh, tôi đoán, như Steve Jobs từng nói, những kết nối ấy là gì?
    Có một vài lựa chọn định mệnh mà cha mẹ tôi đã đưa ra mà tôi nghĩ đã có ảnh hưởng lớn.
    Một trong số đó là họ không bao giờ cho tôi xem TV.
    Vì vậy, họ không cho tôi xem TV, không muốn tôi lãng phí thời gian làm điều đó, nhưng cùng lúc đó cho phép tôi lấy bất kỳ cuốn sách nào tôi muốn.
    Và đó thực sự, tôi nghĩ, là một trải nghiệm hình thành rất quan trọng đối với tôi.
    Và khi đọc sách, bạn có thể sử dụng trí tưởng tượng của mình rất nhiều, bạn biết đấy, để cố gắng hình dung các nhân vật trong đầu mình.
    Và điều đó thực sự hữu ích.
    Và vì tôi không xem TV, tôi có rất nhiều thời gian rảnh.
    Và vì vậy, tôi thích xây dựng những thứ.
    Ý tôi là, khi tôi còn nhỏ, tôi đã làm một khách sạn giả nhỏ trong phòng khách của chúng tôi và, bạn biết đấy, có một trải nghiệm của khách mà cha mẹ tôi có thể đến và, bạn biết đấy, cố gắng ở lại khách sạn của chúng tôi.
    Và tôi đã có thể sử dụng trí tưởng tượng của mình rất nhiều ở nhà.
    Cha mẹ tôi không bao giờ làm tôi cảm thấy tồi tệ khi làm lộn xộn nhà cửa, di chuyển ghế để thể hiện bản thân và tạo ra những thứ.
    Bạn có cảm thấy mình phù hợp khi bạn còn là một đứa trẻ không?
    Không, hoàn toàn không.
    Không.
    Tôi là một người hướng nội khi lớn lên.
    Vì vậy, bạn biết đấy, tôi nghĩ đôi khi điều đó khiến tôi khó khăn hơn trong việc cảm thấy mình thuộc về.
    Và khi nào máy tính xuất hiện trong cuộc sống của bạn?
    Tôi đoán tôi đã tiếp xúc với máy tính đầu tiên của mình, ôi, có lẽ là ở mẫu giáo, lớp một, có thể vào khoảng thời điểm đó.
    Cha đỡ đầu của tôi đã mang một trong những máy Macintosh đầu tiên đến để giới thiệu cho gia đình chúng tôi.
    Và tôi đã được thử những thứ như KidPix và những thứ tương tự.
    Và sau đó, tôi đoán sau đó ở trường, tôi đã đến phòng máy tính rất nhiều.
    Tôi thực sự muốn có máy tính riêng của mình.
    Vì vậy, bước đột phá lớn là khi mẹ tôi nói, bạn biết đấy, nếu bạn tự xây dựng máy tính của mình, bạn có thể có nó.
    Chúng tôi sẽ không để bạn kết nối với internet.
    Nhưng nếu bạn tự xây dựng máy tính của mình, bạn có thể có nó để chơi.
    Và vì vậy, có lẽ đến lớp sáu.
    Tôi đã có một giáo viên đã giúp tôi, bạn biết đấy, lấy tất cả những linh kiện cần thiết và lắp ráp chúng lại để xây dựng một chiếc máy tính.
    Và tôi nghĩ hành động này, bạn biết đấy, lắp ráp những linh kiện này, bật nó lên, bạn biết đấy, khởi động Windows chỉ làm tôi nhận ra vì sao nó lại có vẻ phức tạp bên ngoài.
    Khi bạn chỉ nhìn vào cái tháp, cái hộp đó, phải không, hoặc, bạn biết đấy, và bạn chưa mở nó ra và thấy bên trong, tôi nghĩ nó có thể rất khó hiểu hoặc phức tạp.
    Nhưng ngay khi bạn nhận ra rằng không khó đến vậy, bạn biết đấy, để lắp ráp tất cả lại và bắt đầu, tôi nghĩ có điều gì đó thực sự quyền năng về cảm giác đó.
    Cảm giác đó dạy bạn điều gì?
    Tôi nghĩ, bạn biết đấy, và tôi nghĩ điều này càng đúng hơn bây giờ vì, nếu bạn lên YouTube, bạn có thể học cách thực hiện hầu như mọi thứ, đúng không?
    Nhưng tôi nghĩ khi bạn bắt đầu nhận ra rằng những điều trông có vẻ rất phức tạp hoặc khó hiểu ở bề ngoài không khó đến vậy, bạn sẽ bắt đầu tự hỏi, bạn biết đấy, còn điều gì khác bạn có thể xây dựng hoặc còn điều gì khác bạn có thể tạo ra hoặc, bạn biết đấy, còn cách nào khác bạn có thể thử nghiệm với thứ gì đó dường như là không thể từ bên ngoài, nhưng thực sự chỉ không khó như vậy.
    Và bạn đã bị bắt nạt ở trường, đúng không?
    Có phải lớp sáu là khi bạn bị bắt nạt hay là một thời gian sau đó?
    Thời trung học không phải là khoảng thời gian dễ dàng nhất đối với tôi.
    Tại sao?
    Bạn biết đấy, như tôi đã đề cập, tôi có chút khó khăn trong việc hòa nhập.
    Tôi không tham gia nhiều hoạt động mà một số bạn cùng lớp khác đã tham gia, như thể thao và những thứ tương tự.
    Tôi đã chơi một chút trong đội quần vợt.
    Nhưng tôi nghĩ, bạn biết đấy, sự kết hợp giữa việc không thực sự chơi thể thao với bạn bè, dành nhiều thời gian trong phòng máy tính, bạn biết đấy, vào giờ nghỉ trưa hoặc sau giờ học, tôi nghĩ điều đó đã dẫn đến việc tôi cảm thấy có phần cô lập về mặt xã hội.
    Bạn biết đấy, trong một thời điểm mà tôi nghĩ là khá khó khăn cho rất nhiều đứa trẻ.
    Bạn đã như thế nào khi còn là một đứa trẻ?
    Bạn có tự tin không?
    Tôi không biết tôi có tự tin vào bản thân mình không, nhưng tôi chắc chắn đã tự tin vào những ý tưởng của mình.
    Ví dụ, tôi sẵn sàng đứng lên cho những ý tưởng mà tôi nghĩ là khác biệt hoặc tôi sẵn sàng khám phá những ý tưởng mà không có vẻ phổ biến vào thời điểm đó.
    Bởi vì tôi nghĩ điều đó là quan trọng.
    Tôi đã nói chuyện với ba tôi – ba tôi đã ở cùng chúng tôi một thời gian.
    Và tôi đã nói chuyện với ông. Tôi đã nói, bạn biết đấy, những câu chuyện nào bạn nghĩ tôi có thể kể về thời thơ ấu? Bạn nghĩ gì?
    Và ông ấy đã nói, ôi, bạn nên nói rằng bạn thực sự là một người trái ngược.
    Bạn biết đấy, tôi đã hỏi, bạn có nghĩa là gì khi nói là một người trái ngược?
    Ông ấy nói, bạn không nhớ rằng bạn đã viết một bài báo như một cuộc phơi bày về chương trình toán học?
    Bởi vì bạn đã, bạn biết đấy, phỏng vấn tất cả những giáo viên, học sinh và phụ huynh này và, bạn biết đấy, viết một cuộc phơi bày toàn bộ về cách mà chương trình toán có thể tốt hơn.
    Và ông ấy đã nói, bạn biết đấy, đó có thể là điều tốt hơn là không nên nói ra trong môi trường đó.
    Nhưng trường học, để họ được khen ngợi, đã hỗ trợ tôi và cho phép tôi xuất bản nó và, bạn biết đấy, tôi nghĩ họ đã tạo ra một môi trường mà, bạn biết đấy, trẻ em có thể thách thức quyền lực, điều này thực sự, bạn biết đấy, là điều mà tôi học được là ổn.
    Tôi nghĩ đó cũng là một nguyên tắc của nhiều người mà tôi gặp, như bạn, rằng họ ổn với việc thách thức quy ước.
    Và, bạn biết đấy, vào những khoảnh khắc nhất định trong cuộc đời, bạn đưa ra những quyết định, mà có thể nói là những cược trái ngược.
    Tôi có thể thấy chúng ở khắp mọi nơi trong câu chuyện của bạn.
    Nhưng rõ ràng điều đó là điều bẩm sinh có trong bạn từ khi còn khá nhỏ.
    Nhìn lại, bạn không thực hiện nhiều podcast, phải không?
    Tôi không thực hiện nhiều bài phát biểu công khai lắm.
    Đó là một quyết định cho năm mới 2025 của tôi, mặc dù vậy.
    Vì vậy, chúng ta cùng xem, bạn biết đấy, tôi đang cố gắng chia sẻ một chút nhiều hơn.
    Tại sao?
    Tôi nghĩ thật sự quan trọng để mọi người hiểu công ty của chúng tôi và những gì chúng tôi đại diện, tại sao chúng tôi đưa ra những quyết định mà chúng tôi làm.
    Và tôi nghĩ một phần của điều đó là, bạn biết đấy, hiểu biết về tôi.
    Bobby và tôi, bạn biết đấy, đã bắt đầu công việc này cách đây 13 năm.
    Và chúng tôi đã đưa ra nhiều lựa chọn khác nhau trong suốt chặng đường.
    Nhưng tôi nghĩ nếu chúng tôi không nói về chúng, không ai biết cả.
    Vì vậy, thật sự quan trọng đối với chúng tôi để chia sẻ, bạn biết đấy, cách chúng tôi đưa ra quyết định và triết lý thiết kế của chúng tôi và những thứ tương tự.
    Tôi nghĩ đây là một thời điểm rất thú vị để trở thành CEO, bởi vì tôi nghĩ ngay cả 10, 15 năm trước, các CEO của những công ty lớn mà rất nhiều người sử dụng và yêu thích không thực hiện podcast.
    Họ có thể công bố thông cáo báo chí và đội ngũ tiếp thị của họ sẽ điều hành giao tiếp.
    Nhưng đã có một sự chuyển mình lớn về việc lãnh đạo và tính minh bạch.
    Bạn biết đấy, các nhà lãnh đạo của chúng tôi, giống như, được kỳ vọng sẽ là hộp kính.
    Tôi nghĩ thậm chí còn hơn cả điều đó, truyền thông đã thực sự biến đổi để tập trung vào cá nhân, đúng không?
    Cá nhân là điều mà mọi người quan tâm.
    Họ là những người có phân phối.
    Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ rằng, như vậy, trọng tâm đã chuyển từ thực thể, như doanh nghiệp, để tập trung nhiều hơn vào các nhân vật cá nhân, đúng không, và những người kể chuyện.
    Vì vậy, bạn đã lên đại học.
    Bạn đã vào Đại học Stanford, một trường đại học tuyệt vời.
    Và bạn đã đi đến đó để theo đuổi thiết kế sản phẩm.
    Tại sao bạn chọn thiết kế sản phẩm vào giai đoạn đó trong cuộc đời?
    Có điều gì đã gọi bạn về khóa học đó không?
    Chà, điều thật sự thú vị về thiết kế sản phẩm là khái niệm cơ bản là, bạn không cần phải ngồi chờ và, bạn biết đấy, chờ đợi một ý tưởng rơi từ trên trời xuống hoặc bị sét đánh.
    Bạn có thể tạo ra những ý tưởng mới một cách có hệ thống bằng cách lắng nghe mọi người, đồng cảm với họ và sau đó tự chế tạo các giải pháp cho những vấn đề mà họ chia sẻ với bạn.
    Và sau đó, bạn lặp lại những giải pháp đó bằng cách mang những giải pháp trở lại cho họ và hỏi, bạn nghĩ sao?
    Điều này có giải quyết được vấn đề của bạn không?
    Vì vậy, đối với tôi, có thể kết hợp tình yêu làm ra mọi thứ của mình với quy trình tạo ra những thứ có thể hữu ích cho mọi người, tạo ra những sản phẩm mới, điều đó thật sự rất thú vị với tôi.
    Và trường thiết kế sản phẩm được tạo ra bởi một người thật sự tầm nhìn tên là David Kelly.
    Tôi đã có cơ hội tham gia một lớp học với ông ấy.
    Và đó thực sự chỉ là một trải nghiệm tuyệt vời.
    Thiết kế sản phẩm là gì đối với một người như tôi không biết họ dạy gì trong một khóa học như vậy?
    Có phải vì đầu tôi cho rằng, như thiết kế, như sản phẩm vật lý?
    Rất nhiều chương trình thiết kế sản phẩm tại Stanford được hướng đến các sản phẩm vật lý.
    Tất nhiên, bây giờ, bạn biết đấy, nó còn nhiều hơn thế.
    Nhưng khi tôi ở đó thời điểm đó và nó thuộc khoa kỹ thuật cơ khí, nó rất hướng về sản phẩm vật lý, hiểu biết về vật liệu.
    Nhưng tất cả đều là một phần của khung này về cách chúng ta hiểu các vấn đề mà mọi người đang đối mặt? Làm thế nào để chúng ta thấu hiểu họ? Và sau đó, chúng ta thiết kế các giải pháp để giải quyết những vấn đề đó như thế nào? Bạn đã học về khởi nghiệp trong thời gian này không? Bởi vì tôi nghĩ rằng trong năm thứ hai của bạn, bạn đã tham gia một lớp về khởi nghiệp và vốn đầu tư mạo hiểm, đúng không? Vâng, đó thực sự là một bước ngoặt. Lớp học có tên “Khởi nghiệp và Vốn Đầu Tư Mạo Hiểm”, và lớp học này là một chuỗi các nghiên cứu tình huống chủ yếu do các doanh nhân đến và trình bày câu chuyện về việc tạo dựng doanh nghiệp của họ và những bài học đã học. Sau đó, có phần hỏi đáp mở. Tôi đã được nghe những câu chuyện tuyệt vời của họ và đặt câu hỏi cho họ. Điều đó thật sự là nguồn cảm hứng lớn cho tôi. Bạn có nhớ điều gì đã học được từ những lớp học đó mà cuối cùng trở nên rất quan trọng đối với bạn về một ý tưởng hay triết lý không? Tôi nghĩ điều lớn nhất mà tôi đã rút ra từ thời gian của mình tại Stanford và từ lớp học đó là sự tập trung vào việc theo đuổi những cơ hội thực sự, thực sự lớn. Và tôi nghĩ một trong những điều khác biệt so với việc lớn lên ở đây trong khu vực LA là nhiều thành viên trong cộng đồng doanh nghiệp mà tôi tiếp xúc thì lại chú trọng hơn vào dòng tiền, đúng không? Như là việc doanh nghiệp này có thể kiếm lời nhanh chóng bao nhiêu? Bạn biết đấy, chúng ta có thể thực hiện điều đó một cách dự đoán như thế nào? Chúng ta sẽ tạo ra bao nhiêu tiền mặt? Tại Stanford, văn hóa doanh nghiệp hoàn toàn định hướng xung quanh, à, cơ hội đó lớn cỡ nào? Như là, đó có phải là một cơ hội lớn không? Cơ hội đó có đủ lớn không? Bởi vì nếu bạn không theo đuổi thứ gì có thể đạt tới hàng tỷ người, thì điều đó không thú vị chút nào. Và đó là một cách nghĩ hoàn toàn khác đối với tôi kết hợp với cách tiếp cận vốn đầu tư mạo hiểm, đó thực sự là đầu tư nhiều tiền ngay từ đầu và mở rộng nhanh chóng và sau đó xây dựng doanh nghiệp sau khi bạn đã đạt được quy mô, sau khi bạn đã đạt được sự chấp nhận đại trà. Tôi luôn tự hỏi họ dạy gì tại Stanford, đặc biệt là liên quan đến kinh doanh, bởi vì tỷ lệ thành công trong việc tạo ra một số doanh nhân nổi bật nhất thế giới là thực sự, thực sự cao. Vậy bạn đang nói với tôi rằng một trong những ý tưởng quan trọng là tham vọng lớn. Vâng, và tôi nghĩ điều đó thật hợp lý bởi vì việc tạo ra một doanh nghiệp thật sự là rất khó. Tỷ lệ thành công của bạn cực kỳ thấp. Vì vậy, thật sự quan trọng để bạn theo đuổi thứ gì đó thực sự lớn để nếu bạn thành công, thì đến cuối ngày, sẽ có một cơ hội lớn ở cuối cầu vồng. Vậy trong đầu tôi, tôi nghĩ, nếu nó thực sự lớn, thì khả năng thất bại có lẽ sẽ gia tăng. Vì vậy, bạn biết đấy, tôi có thể mở một quán cà phê, đúng không? Và tỷ lệ thành công của tôi khá là hợp lý. Nhưng nếu tôi theo đuổi việc xây dựng một mạng xã hội mới, điều mà chỉ một kẻ tâm thần mới làm, thì tỷ lệ thành công của tôi là gì? Một trong hàng triệu? Tôi nghĩ điều thú vị là ở chỗ, trong kinh doanh công nghệ là cách mà nó mở rộng quy mô. Và vì vậy, tôi nghĩ điều khác biệt so với ví dụ về quán cà phê của bạn là một khi bạn xây dựng được một dịch vụ tuyệt vời một lần, như khi chúng tôi xây dựng Snapchat, một lần, nó có thể mở rộng tới 850 triệu người trên toàn thế giới, đúng không? Trong khi bạn sẽ phải xây dựng một quán cà phê mới ở mọi góc phố để mở rộng doanh nghiệp. Và vì vậy, khi bạn bắt đầu nhìn thế giới theo cách khả năng mở rộng và khả năng xây dựng, bạn biết đấy, một sản phẩm hoặc dịch vụ có thể tiếp cận hàng tỷ người, điều đó thực sự thay đổi, bạn biết đấy, những cơ hội mà bạn xác định hoặc những điều mà, bạn biết đấy, những dịch vụ mà bạn muốn xây dựng. Thú vị đấy. Vì vậy, câu hỏi mà hầu hết chúng ta, đặc biệt là ở Vương quốc Anh, thường không nghĩ về việc xây dựng các doanh nghiệp có tiềm năng tiếp cận quy mô lớn. Một phần là vì chúng tôi không có nhiều kinh nghiệm vững chắc, tôi nghĩ, về việc xây dựng những công ty công nghệ kỳ lân vĩ đại ở châu Âu, như những gì các bạn làm ở đây. Một trong những điều, tôi không biết liệu chúng ta có muốn đi vào con đường này và nói về khởi nghiệp ở châu Âu hay không, nhưng tôi nghĩ một trong những thách thức thực sự ở châu Âu là các thị trường ở mỗi quốc gia quá nhỏ. Và vì vậy, điều thú vị khi tôi nói chuyện với các doanh nhân ở châu Âu, thường họ rất tập trung vào việc phát triển trước ở quốc gia của họ và sử dụng thị trường đó làm bệ phóng. Nhưng tất cả các quốc gia ở châu Âu đều khá khác nhau. Văn hóa và ngôn ngữ khác nhau. Và đôi khi các doanh nhân có thể dành quá nhiều thời gian để cố gắng phát triển ở châu Âu thay vì những gì tôi thấy ở một số công ty ở Úc, chẳng hạn. Họ ở trên một hòn đảo. Điều đầu tiên mà những doanh nhân này nghĩ đến là, “Làm thế nào tôi có thể phát triển ở Mỹ? Làm thế nào tôi có thể phát triển ở Trung Quốc? Làm thế nào tôi có thể phát triển ở một thị trường thực sự, thực sự lớn và mở rộng quy mô nhanh chóng?” Và sau đó có thể tôi sẽ quay lại đầu tư và phát triển ở châu Âu hoặc phát triển ở các quốc gia khác nơi mà có thể khó khăn hơn để phát triển. Điều đó hoàn toàn đúng. Nghĩ về danh mục đầu tư của tôi, có khoảng 40 công ty khác nhau ở đó. Và gần như tất cả chúng, không có ngoại lệ thực sự nào, đã áp dụng cách tiếp cận là “Chúng tôi sẽ chinh phục Vương quốc Anh trước và sau đó chúng tôi sẽ cố gắng tìm ra nước Mỹ.” Nhưng trong quá trình chuyển tiếp sang Mỹ, họ gặp rất nhiều thách thức về việc bao nhiêu chi phí để thành công ở đây, như chi phí marketing ở đây. Nếu họ ở trong lĩnh vực bán lẻ, sẽ khó khăn như thế nào để vào Target hoặc Walmart ở đây. Hơn nữa, các nhà sáng lập cuối cùng xây dựng cuộc sống, gia đình của họ ở Vương quốc Anh, điều đó có nghĩa là các nhà sáng lập không thể thực sự, bạn biết đấy, dời bỏ và chuyển đến Mỹ sau đó trong hành trình. Vì vậy, hầu hết trong số họ cố gắng vào Mỹ, tiêu tốn rất nhiều tiền, bị cháy đen, rồi quay lại. Và sau đó tôi đã thấy câu chuyện đó lặp đi lặp lại nhiều lần. Khi bạn nghĩ về việc thâm nhập vào các thị trường quốc tế này, bạn có phái cử các thành viên cốt lõi của đội ngũ đến đó không? Thường thì những gì chúng tôi đã làm với Snapchat là thực sự theo dõi sự tăng trưởng. Vì vậy, tìm kiếm các quốc gia mà mọi người đã bắt đầu sử dụng sản phẩm, đã yêu thích nó và đang cung cấp cho chúng tôi nhiều phản hồi.
    Và sau đó, bạn biết đấy, chúng tôi sẽ gửi người đến đó hoặc chúng tôi sẽ tìm cách để xây dựng dựa trên động lực hoặc đảm bảo rằng nội dung được bản địa hóa đúng cách và làm việc với các nhà sáng tạo địa phương để nội dung trở nên phù hợp. Nhưng tôi nghĩ, bạn biết đấy, vì dịch vụ của chúng tôi dựa trên giao tiếp, Snapchat không thực sự hoạt động trừ khi bạn sử dụng nó với một người bạn. Bạn phải sử dụng nó cùng nhau. Chúng tôi tìm kiếm động lực nơi mà bạn bè sử dụng nó để giao tiếp với nhau và sau đó tìm ra cách để xây dựng lên trên đó với hệ sinh thái nội dung hoặc thực tế tăng cường và những thứ tương tự. Ý tưởng đầu tiên của bạn thất bại là gì? Ôi, có rất nhiều. Tôi đã từng làm một cái máy vắt cam một thời gian. Nhưng tôi nghĩ thất bại lớn nhất là Future Freshmen. Bobby và tôi, tôi đã rất may mắn khi gặp Bobby. Anh ấy sống đối diện hành lang với tôi trong hội sinh viên tại Stanford. Và bạn biết đấy, chúng tôi chia sẻ niềm đam mê làm ra những thứ. Vì vậy, chúng tôi đã cùng làm việc trên một vài ý tưởng xã hội khá thú vị. Nhưng điều mà chúng tôi quyết định dành nhiều thời gian là Future Freshmen, được thiết kế để giúp trẻ em nộp đơn vào đại học. Đó là điều chúng tôi đã có trải nghiệm trực tiếp, vì vậy chúng tôi có thể đồng cảm với sự khó khăn của quá trình này. Chúng tôi có anh chị em cũng đang nộp đơn vào đại học. Vì vậy, chúng tôi đã dành khoảng 18 tháng để xây dựng một trang web đầy đủ chức năng. Bạn có thể chọn các trường mà bạn muốn vào. Nó sẽ tập hợp tất cả các câu hỏi và yêu cầu bài luận và làm cho việc nộp đơn trở nên dễ dàng. Nhưng rõ ràng vào cuối 18 tháng đó, rằng thật khó để chúng tôi có thể chiến thắng. Chúng tôi đang đối mặt với một công ty tên là Naviance, có bộ phần mềm riêng. Họ có một ý tưởng cực kỳ tốt đó là họ đã đến gặp tất cả các tư vấn viên đại học trên toàn nước Mỹ, bạn biết đấy, tại các trường trung học và những thứ tương tự, và nói, hãy bảo mọi người sử dụng Naviance. Đảm bảo rằng các bậc phụ huynh của sinh viên đang sử dụng nền tảng của chúng tôi. Và vì vậy họ nhận được rất nhiều phân phối qua tất cả các trường khác nhau. Và vì vậy, rõ ràng bạn sẽ sử dụng nền tảng được tư vấn bởi tư vấn viên đại học của bạn, chứ không phải là một ứng dụng được tạo ra bởi hai đứa trẻ từ Stanford. Vì vậy, chúng tôi có một bất lợi lớn về phân phối. Và chúng tôi cũng nhận ra rằng, ngay cả khi chúng tôi rất thành công và có được một triệu sinh viên, bạn biết đấy, mỗi năm nộp đơn vào các trường đại học bốn năm hoặc, bạn biết đấy, một cái gì đó như vậy, chúng tôi sẽ lại phải thu hút thêm một triệu sinh viên khác trong năm tiếp theo. Và vì vậy, chúng tôi đã có sự nhận thức rằng điều này sẽ rất khó để xây dựng một doanh nghiệp lớn và chúng tôi thực sự nên thử nghiệm điều gì đó khác. Và quan trọng nhất, hãy cố gắng xây dựng một thứ sẽ không mất 18 tháng để phát triển trước khi chúng tôi nhận được phản hồi tốt. Vì vậy, cố gắng xây dựng một thứ gì đó thật đơn giản, bạn biết đấy, mà mọi người có thể thử và mà chúng tôi có thể thu thập phản hồi nhanh hơn. Vậy hai điểm ở đây. Làm thế nào bạn biết khi nào nên từ bỏ? Bạn đã tập hợp một vài nguyên tắc ở đó. Nhưng ngay cả tôi nghĩ rằng điều đó thật khó trong kinh doanh vì bạn có thể nhận được nhiều phản hồi tiêu cực. Nhưng điều đó không nhất thiết có nghĩa là ý tưởng đó là thứ mà bạn nên bỏ cuộc. Có thể nó có nghĩa là bạn nên xoay chuyển hoặc lặp lại hoặc chỉ tiếp tục. Nhưng làm thế nào bạn biết? Những dấu hiệu nào đã cho bạn biết nên từ bỏ doanh nghiệp đó? Tôi nghĩ với chúng tôi, đó là chúng tôi không yêu thích sản phẩm đủ. Tôi nghĩ nếu bạn thực sự yêu thích sản phẩm, bạn biết đấy, và bạn yêu thứ mà bạn đang xây dựng, điều mà bạn đang làm, bạn có thể vượt qua hầu hết mọi thứ. Ý tôi là, đó thực sự là trường hợp trong những ngày đầu của Snapchat. Chúng tôi yêu, bạn biết đấy, việc sử dụng sản phẩm. Chúng tôi đã sử dụng nó cả ngày với bạn bè. Vì vậy, chúng tôi thực sự, chúng tôi chỉ có một sự gắn bó với nó mà chúng tôi không bao giờ phát triển được với Future Freshmen vì chúng tôi không đang nộp đơn vào đại học. Vì vậy, chúng tôi không có mối liên hệ tương tự, tôi nghĩ, với sản phẩm mà cuối cùng chúng tôi đã phát triển được với Snapchat. Và tại sao điều đó lại quan trọng đến vậy, tình yêu và đam mê cho thứ mà bạn đang xây dựng? Bởi vì tôi nghĩ đó là điều mà bạn biết đấy, tình yêu và đam mê cho những gì bạn đang xây dựng và tình yêu và đam mê cho những người bạn đang làm việc cùng, như vậy cho phép bạn vượt qua, bạn biết đấy, tất cả các thách thức xảy ra khi bạn thử xây dựng một doanh nghiệp. Tôi nghĩ nếu bạn không yêu điều bạn đang làm, ý tôi là, tôi thực sự yêu những gì tôi đang làm và đội ngũ mà chúng tôi được làm việc cùng và, tất nhiên, các sản phẩm mà chúng tôi tạo ra, cộng đồng mà chúng tôi phục vụ. Và tôi nghĩ rằng nếu không có tình yêu đó cho những gì bạn đang làm, điều đó có thể trở nên, bạn biết đấy, sẽ gặp khó khăn. Và điều khác mà bạn đã nói là bạn cảm thấy rằng bạn nên theo đuổi một doanh nghiệp mà không mất như 18 tháng, như hai năm thời gian của bạn để xây dựng trước khi bạn đưa nó ra thị trường. Tại sao điều đó lại quan trọng đối với các doanh nhân đang lắng nghe, những người có thể đã mất nhiều năm hoàn thiện một cái gì đó trong phòng ngủ của họ mà chưa ra thị trường? Tại sao nhận thức đó lại quan trọng với bạn cho doanh nghiệp tiếp theo? Tôi nghĩ rằng việc nhận được phản hồi từ khách hàng của bạn một cách nhanh chóng và sớm nhất có thể là điều cốt yếu, ngay cả khi đó chỉ là trên mặt sau của một chiếc khăn ăn, như, hey, đây là điều tôi đang nghĩ. Đây sẽ là hình dạng như thế nào. Bạn nghĩ gì về ý tưởng đó? Bởi vì thật khó để biết bạn có một ý tưởng tốt hay không trừ khi bạn có thể đưa cái gì đó trước mặt mọi người và để họ sử dụng. Ý tôi là, đó gần như là một trong những quy tắc cốt yếu của chương trình thiết kế sản phẩm mà tôi đoán rằng chúng tôi đã cố tình bỏ qua, đó là bạn nên tạo mẫu nhanh chóng và nhận phản hồi càng sớm càng tốt để bạn biết mình đang đi đúng hướng. Ý tôi là, ngay cả trong những ngày đầu, bạn biết đấy, Snapchat trước khi nó được gọi là Snapchat, nó được gọi là Pickaboo. Nó tập trung nhiều hơn vào những tin nhắn mất tích. Rất nhanh chóng chúng tôi nhận ra điều đó không hấp dẫn với mọi người. Họ muốn giao tiếp bằng hình ảnh.
    Họ muốn giao tiếp bằng hình ảnh.
    Vì vậy, khi chúng tôi gọi ứng dụng là Snapchat, chúng tôi giải thích rằng nó nhanh gấp 10 lần so với việc gửi một bức ảnh qua tin nhắn văn bản.
    Mọi người đều như, ôi, tôi muốn điều đó.
    Giống như, đó là một thứ mà tôi sẽ sử dụng hàng ngày.
    Và vì vậy, thật thú vị khi nhận được phản hồi sớm như vậy, bạn biết không, với phiên bản ban đầu của ứng dụng mà tốn, bạn biết đấy, vài tháng để tạo ra.
    Tôi nghĩ đây là một điểm rất thú vị mà nhiều người sáng lập không nhận ra, rằng ngay cả những công ty như của bạn, họ bắt đầu với một giả thuyết ban đầu, điều này gần như luôn sai.
    Nhưng khi bạn nghe những câu chuyện này, bạn nghe thấy, như, tôi đã có một ý tưởng trong tầng hầm của mình và sau đó theo đuổi nó, và rồi nó trở thành một doanh nghiệp tỷ đô.
    Nhưng có điều gì đó về sự khiêm tốn và nhận thức rằng ý tưởng ban đầu của bạn có thể là điên rồ, có thể sai lầm, và rằng công việc của bạn không phải là, giống như, phải đúng.
    Nó là để thành công.
    Và đó là hai điều khác nhau, phải không?
    Tôi hoàn toàn đồng ý.
    Và tôi nghĩ thách thức, có lẽ, đây là, như, một trong những bữa tiệc Vanity Fair cách đây một triệu năm.
    Kỷ vật là một chiếc bật lửa, và, như, ở một bên, có viết, giám đốc luôn luôn đúng, và ở bên kia, có viết, khách hàng không bao giờ sai.
    Bạn biết đấy, và tôi nghĩ, như, đó là một thách thức thú vị trong kinh doanh, rằng bạn phải trung thực với tầm nhìn của mình, lý do tại sao bạn xây dựng một sản phẩm, triết lý của bạn.
    Nhưng cùng lúc đó, khách hàng của bạn là những người mà bạn phục vụ, và cuối cùng, cảm giác của họ về sản phẩm của bạn là đúng, dù bạn có đồng ý hay không.
    Vậy thì bạn đã vượt qua Future Freshman để đến doanh nghiệp tiếp theo như thế nào?
    Hành trình từ đó là gì?
    Vì vậy, bạn đã gặp đồng sáng lập của mình tại thời điểm đó, Bobby, và bạn đã chuyển sang ý tưởng Snapchat như thế nào?
    Tôi nghĩ một trong những điều rất hữu ích là tôi đã có một học kỳ, một quý học ở nước ngoài tại Cape Town.
    Và tôi nghĩ việc bước lùi lại và ở đó đã mang lại cho tôi một cái nhìn tổng quát về những gì chúng tôi đang làm.
    Tôi đã làm việc trên nó trong khi vẫn tiếp tục làm việc với Future Freshman trong thời gian đó, nhưng điều đó thật sự đã cho tôi một cái nhìn sâu sắc hơn.
    Và tôi nghĩ, bạn biết đấy, tôi chỉ nhận ra rằng điều này sẽ rất khó khăn, và tôi không thực sự yêu thích những gì chúng tôi đang làm.
    Chúng ta phải tìm kiếm điều gì đó khác.
    Và đó có phải là một cảm giác bạn có không?
    Giống như một cảm giác rằng, tôi không thích làm điều này mỗi ngày, mở email của tôi, suy nghĩ về vấn đề này?
    Vâng, tôi nghĩ thật quan trọng để lắng nghe những cảm giác đó.
    Ừ.
    Hmm.
    Vâng, chúng tôi rất giỏi trong việc không lắng nghe chúng.
    Tôi nghĩ rằng vì cha mẹ và những áp lực khác, đúng không, để tiếp tục làm một điều gì đó.
    Vậy thì bạn đã làm thế nào để từ Cape Town đến ý tưởng cho Snapchat?
    Chà, tôi trở về từ Cape Town.
    Tôi chuyển vào một ký túc xá tại Stanford.
    Một trong những người bạn của tôi là Reggie, một người bạn của tôi đã sống trong hội thanh niên của chúng tôi trước đó, cũng ở trong ký túc xá đó.
    Vì vậy, chúng tôi đã chơi với nhau, và, bạn biết đấy, một ngày nọ, anh ấy nói, trời ơi, tôi ước mình có thể gửi một bức ảnh biến mất.
    Tôi đã nghĩ, đó là một ý tưởng siêu thú vị.
    Và chúng tôi đã tra cứu.
    Có một vài ứng dụng khác đang làm một vài điều tương tự vào thời điểm đó, nhưng chúng chủ yếu tập trung vào vấn đề bảo mật.
    Họ không thực sự tập trung vào niềm vui, bạn biết đấy?
    Vì vậy, đó là một ý tưởng siêu thú vị, và bạn có thể thấy rất nhanh rằng nó đủ đơn giản để chúng tôi có thể xây dựng và nhận phản hồi nhanh chóng, bạn biết đấy?
    Và tôi nghĩ có một vài lựa chọn thiết kế quan trọng mà chúng tôi đã thực hiện vào lúc đó.
    Một trong số đó là mở camera.
    Chúng tôi thật sự muốn trở thành, bạn biết đấy, tiêu đề là cách nhanh nhất để chia sẻ một khoảnh khắc.
    Chúng tôi muốn trở thành cách nhanh nhất để chia sẻ một khoảnh khắc.
    Và vào thời điểm đó, tôi không biết bạn có nhớ hay không, iPhone có một hoạt ảnh chụp hình, vì vậy bạn sẽ chạm vào camera để mở nó, và nó sẽ mất rất lâu để mở camera một cách siêu chậm.
    Và có một nút gạt lớn mà bạn phải chọn giữa camera và video, đúng không?
    Vì vậy, có rất nhiều sự cản trở trong việc sử dụng camera.
    Vì vậy, chúng tôi quyết định sẽ mở camera.
    Chúng tôi sẽ bỏ cái hoạt ảnh đó, và bạn sẽ có thể đi thẳng vào việc ghi lại những gì đang xảy ra trước mặt bạn trước khi khoảnh khắc đó biến mất.
    Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ đó là một lựa chọn rất quan trọng mà chúng tôi đã thực hiện.
    Và sau đó, dĩ nhiên, lựa chọn cho phép mọi người chọn thời gian họ muốn để cho ai đó, bạn biết đấy, xem snap của họ, nhưng với điều kiện rằng bạn luôn có thể chụp màn hình.
    Và đó có lẽ là một trong những phản hồi quan trọng nhất mà chúng tôi nhận được trong những ngày đầu.
    Vì vậy, chúng tôi đã xây dựng nguyên mẫu của ứng dụng.
    Tôi đã mang nó đến lớp thiết kế của tôi.
    Đây là ứng dụng mới.
    Nó có tên là Picaboo.
    Bạn có thể đặt một bức ảnh biến mất.
    Bạn biết đấy, điều này thực sự khác biệt với mạng xã hội.
    Mạng xã hội là tất cả về tính vĩnh cửu, và bạn đang cố gắng trông nổi tiếng và thu thập tất cả những lượt thích, bình luận và những bức ảnh đẹp.
    Bạn biết không, đó là 1% những khoảnh khắc trong cuộc sống của bạn.
    Và đây là Snapchat.
    Đây là – hay Picaboo vào thời điểm đó.
    Đây là Picaboo.
    Đây là cho 99% còn lại, đúng không?
    Tất cả những khoảnh khắc khác mà bạn có thể cảm thấy xấu hổ khi đăng lên cho tất cả bạn bè của mình nhưng mà bạn muốn chia sẻ với bạn thân nhất hoặc, bạn biết đấy, gia đình của bạn.
    Mọi người đều nói, điều này sẽ không bao giờ hoạt động vì bạn luôn có thể chụp màn hình.
    Điều này chẳng có ý nghĩa gì cả.
    Vì vậy, nó không biến mất.
    Bạn có thể chụp màn hình.
    Và tôi nghĩ một trong những phát minh lớn – và đó là lý do tại sao tôi nghĩ việc nhận phản hồi này là rất quan trọng.
    Một trong những phát minh lớn mà chúng tôi đã thực hiện vào mùa hè đó khi Bobby và tôi đang làm việc ở nhà của cha tôi, chúng tôi đã phát minh ra một cách để phát hiện xem ai đó đã chụp màn hình.
    Và vì vậy, chúng tôi sẽ gửi một thông báo nhỏ quay lại nói rằng, chào, bạn biết đấy, bạn của bạn đã chụp màn hình.
    Và tôi nghĩ đó là một phần lý do khiến dịch vụ đó trở nên thú vị, vì bạn có thể cài đặt thời gian mà nó xuất hiện với bạn bè của bạn. Nhưng nếu họ muốn lưu lại, họ có thể chụp màn hình. Nhưng bạn sẽ biết rằng họ đã lưu lại. Và tôi nghĩ đó là một trong những vòng phản hồi đầu tiên của sản phẩm giúp mọi người cảm thấy thoải mái khi sử dụng nó cho việc nhắn tin bằng hình ảnh. Hành trình đó kéo dài bao lâu từ khi bạn nói chuyện với Reggie về việc muốn hình ảnh biến mất cho đến thời điểm bạn biết rằng Snapchat sẽ trở thành một điều lớn? Cái khoảng cách đó dài bao lâu? Tôi nghĩ rằng phải đến năm học tiếp theo, nó mới diễn ra với tôi. Trong suốt mùa hè đó, Bobby và tôi đã đến nhà bố tôi, làm việc rất nhiều về dịch vụ, đổi tên nó thành Snapchat, nhận được rất nhiều phản hồi. Khi chúng tôi sử dụng nó với bạn bè, mọi người đều muốn, như là, “Này, mình có thể thêm chú thích không? Mình có thể vẽ lên đó không?” Bởi vì trong phiên bản ban đầu, nó chỉ là một bức ảnh. Nhưng vì bạn bè của chúng tôi sử dụng nó để giao tiếp, chúng tôi cần phải thêm các tính năng như chú thích và vẽ. Do đó, tôi nghĩ rằng Snapchat đã ra mắt trên App Store vào khoảng tháng 9 năm 2011, và có lẽ cho đến mùa thu muộn hoặc thậm chí đầu năm 2012, tôi nhớ đang ngồi ở phía sau lớp học, và chúng tôi có một bộ đếm snap sẽ đếm tổng số snap đã được gửi. Và trong những ngày đầu, nó chỉ là hàng trăm hoặc một nghìn hoặc gì đó, và bạn biết đấy, tôi sẽ làm mới trang và số lượng không thay đổi, bạn biết không. Nhưng đến thời điểm đó, vào đầu năm 2012, mỗi lần tôi làm mới trang đếm snap, số lượng sẽ tăng lên, và nó sẽ nhảy lên một, hai hoặc mười. Vì vậy, rõ ràng là mọi người đang sử dụng dịch vụ và giao tiếp, và đó là lúc tôi nghĩ, “Ồ, điều này thật thú vị.” Bạn biết đấy, không chỉ chúng tôi thích nó với bạn bè mà còn có nhiều người khác sử dụng nó nữa. Một trong những điều bạn đã nói ở đó là bạn đã sử dụng những người xung quanh, những người bạn của bạn, để cho bạn phản hồi về các tính năng mà bạn nên thêm vào tiếp theo. Bạn đã nói rằng mọi người muốn viết lên đó, và họ muốn thêm chú thích. Là một người sáng lập, điều đó chắc chắn khá khó khăn vì bạn nhận được rất nhiều phản hồi để thay đổi nhiều thứ suốt thời gian. Làm thế nào bạn biết được phản hồi nào là tốt mà bạn sẽ thực hiện, so với những thứ chỉ là sao nhãng hoặc phản hồi không tốt? Có một khung nào mà bạn đã phải triển khai không? Tôi nghĩ rằng tất cả phản hồi đều là phản hồi tốt. Tất cả phản hồi đều có giá trị. Tôi nghĩ điều bạn làm với nó mới quan trọng. Ví dụ, hãy lấy việc sử dụng công cụ chú thích làm ví dụ. Bạn biết không, chúng tôi có thể đã thêm một công cụ chú thích cực kỳ cồng kềnh khiến việc sử dụng mất rất nhiều thời gian, giống như trên mạng xã hội nơi bạn thêm chú thích ở dưới cùng của bức ảnh và nhấn vào đó và thêm hashtag các thứ. Cách mà chúng tôi quyết định triển khai chú thích để làm cho mọi người dễ dàng giao tiếp hơn là chỉ cần nhấn vào bức ảnh ngay sau khi bạn chụp. Vì vậy, bạn sẽ chụp để lấy bức ảnh, nhấn, bàn phím sẽ bật lên. Có một thanh chú thích nhỏ, bạn biết thanh chú thích đó, nó vẫn cho phép bạn nhìn thấy bức ảnh phía sau. Thay vì nó gắn liền với bức ảnh bên dưới, nó nằm ngay trên bức ảnh. Và ngay khi bạn nhấn enter, bạn có thể, bạn biết đấy, chuyển đến trang mà bạn chọn bạn bè mà bạn muốn gửi. Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ rằng điều quan trọng hơn việc nghe phản hồi “Này, tôi muốn có cách để thêm chú thích hoặc thể hiện nhiều hơn trong bức snap” là cách mà chúng tôi triển khai phản hồi đó và thiết kế một thứ gì đó thật nhanh và dễ sử dụng là lý do mà thanh chú thích màu đen bây giờ trở thành biểu tượng với Snapchat và được biết đến trên toàn cầu. Vì vậy, khoảng một năm từ khi có ý tưởng cho đến ngày bạn gọi vốn lần đầu tiên, đúng không? Vâng, đại khái là như vậy. Hãy nói cho tôi biết về điều đó. Vậy bạn đã gọi được bao nhiêu vốn? Bạn đã thực hiện các bước như thế nào để gọi vốn? Và tình hình kinh doanh lúc đó như thế nào về người dùng và lượt tải? Vâng, tôi không nhớ chính xác số liệu thống kê người dùng, nhưng điều thật sự hữu ích là chúng tôi có khoảng một năm dữ liệu. Vì vậy, nếu bạn nhớ vào thời gian đó, có rất nhiều ứng dụng mà kiểu như là phổ biến chóng mặt, chúng sẽ trở nên nổi tiếng rất nhanh và sau đó lại phai nhạt. Vì vậy, các nhà đầu tư mạo hiểm thường nhảy vào những ứng dụng này, rồi những ứng dụng đó trở nên rất nổi tiếng và sau đó lại mờ nhạt. Và vì vậy khi chúng tôi gọi vốn, một trong những điều thực sự giúp chúng tôi là chúng tôi có một năm dữ liệu để thể hiện, “Này, khi mọi người bắt đầu sử dụng sản phẩm này để trò chuyện với bạn bè của họ, họ tiếp tục làm như vậy.” Bởi vì điều đó rất thú vị và tốt hơn giao tiếp qua tin nhắn văn bản, và mọi người sử dụng nó liên tục khi họ biết cách. Và điều đó thật sự quan trọng đối với các nhà đầu tư những người lo lắng, “Đây có phải chỉ một dịch vụ ngắn hạn khác không?” Vì vậy, chúng tôi đã dẫn dắt, tôi nghĩ rằng chúng tôi có khoảng ba đến năm trang trình bày chỉ về dữ liệu. Bạn có nhớ phản hồi mà bạn nhận được từ các nhà đầu tư vào giai đoạn đầu tiên đó không? Tôi nghĩ điều này quan trọng vì tất cả các nhà sáng lập sẽ nhận được email cho họ biết rằng họ không đi đúng hướng. Vâng, tôi nghĩ phản hồi lớn nhất là như, “Này, điều này có vẻ như là thứ mà những công ty công nghệ lớn mạnh sẽ sao chép.” Và, bạn biết đấy, thật khó để cạnh tranh với họ. Vì vậy, bạn biết đấy, chúng tôi không thực sự chắc chắn rằng muốn đầu tư vào một cái gì đó đang đối đầu với những công ty công nghệ lớn mạnh này. Ý tôi là, có một số sự khôn ngoan trong đó. Chắc chắn có rất nhiều khả năng nhìn xa trong đó. Vâng, vì xác suất xây dựng một ứng dụng mạng xã hội là cực kỳ thấp. Chúng tôi đã nói trước khi bắt đầu ghi âm rằng bạn phải gần như ảo tưởng mới nghĩ rằng bạn có thể làm được.
    Tôi nghĩ vào thời điểm đó, bạn biết đấy, Snapchat đến sau Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, như bạn đã biết, tất cả những dịch vụ đó đã xuất hiện trước. Và tôi nghĩ rằng ý tưởng rằng, bạn biết đấy, đó vẫn là thời điểm mà mọi người tin rằng hiệu ứng mạng nghĩa là bạn không thể cạnh tranh, phải không? Ai có mạng lưới lớn nhất thì sẽ thắng. Không ai khác có thể cạnh tranh. Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ có mối lo ngại rằng, bạn biết đấy, ôi, nếu những đối thủ cạnh tranh khác lớn hơn nhiều và họ có hiệu ứng mạng, làm sao bạn có thể phát triển và cạnh tranh? Thế nên, đó là một phần lớn trong phản hồi từ mọi người. Và sau đó, tôi nghĩ cũng có một nhóm người khác không thực sự hiểu dịch vụ này là gì nên họ cũng không quan tâm lắm. Nhưng Jeremy ở Lightspeed đã liên lạc. Hình đại diện của anh ấy là một bức ảnh cùng Obama. Và tôi đã nghĩ, ôi, được rồi, chắc chắn đây phải là thật, giờ với AI, bạn chẳng biết được. Nhưng vào thời điểm đó, tôi cảm thấy, ok, chắc chắn phải hợp pháp. Chúng tôi đã gặp gỡ họ và một trong những đối tác của anh ấy, tôi đoán là con gái của anh ấy đã sử dụng Snapchat và yêu thích Snapchat. Và vì vậy họ đã hiểu dịch vụ này và điều gì làm cho nó thực sự hữu ích và cách con gái của họ sử dụng nó với bạn bè. Cuối cùng, họ đã đầu tư 485,000 đô la với định giá 4.25 triệu đô la. Thật là một thỏa thuận tuyệt vời khi nhìn lại. Vào thời điểm bạn huy động được số vốn đó, bạn có bao nhiêu người dùng? Tôi đoán khoảng 100,000 người hoặc gì đó tương tự. Và định giá khoảng 4 triệu đô la phải không? 4.25 triệu, đúng rồi. Trong năm đầu tiên cho đến thời điểm bạn huy động được số tiền đó, bạn có bao giờ nghi ngờ rằng Snapchat sẽ thành công không? Và tôi đoán để hiểu rõ hơn câu hỏi, bạn gần như phải thêm một mục tiêu hay tham vọng vào điều đó. Vì vậy, tôi giả định bạn muốn và nghĩ rằng nó có thể trở thành một công ty. Bạn có bao giờ nghi ngờ rằng nó sẽ trở thành như vậy không? Có điều gì xảy ra vào năm đầu tiên đó không? Có một lúc mà chúng tôi vô tình làm ngừng hoạt động hạ tầng của Snapchat trong ba ngày. Vì vậy, dịch vụ đã ngừng hoạt động hoàn toàn trong ba ngày. Thực ra, có điều gì đó bị hỏng và chúng tôi mất ba ngày để sửa chữa. Và chúng tôi đã nghĩ, chúng tôi đã xong. Ý nghĩa là, chúng tôi sẽ làm gì? Dịch vụ đã ngừng hoạt động trong ba ngày. Đây là một dịch vụ nhắn tin, bạn biết đấy, liệu có ai sẽ sử dụng nó không? Và khi chúng tôi bật lại, mọi người đã bắt đầu sử dụng nó một lần nữa. Và điều đó đã mang lại cho chúng tôi nhiều niềm tin hơn rằng, bạn biết đấy, chúng tôi có một sản phẩm mà mọi người thực sự yêu thích sử dụng. Nó đã phát triển như thế nào và tại sao? Có phải là một chiến dịch tiếp thị hay là sự phát triển tự nhiên? Điều duy nhất mà chúng tôi thấy hiệu quả là, bạn biết đấy, bạn bè sử dụng nó với nhau, nói với bạn bè về nó và muốn, bạn biết đấy, học cách sử dụng nó. Bởi vì việc giao tiếp bằng hình ảnh là một điều mới mẻ. Ý tôi là, trước đó mọi người chưa từng giao tiếp bằng hình ảnh. Và thậm chí cách mọi người nghĩ về hình ảnh cũng giống như một bức ảnh dùng để lưu giữ một khoảnh khắc quý giá, đúng không? Như thế, hoặc như một bức ảnh gia đình. Đó thực sự là cách mọi người nghĩ về hình ảnh vào thời điểm đó. Bạn không thể, như thế, đó chỉ là thời kỳ chạy máy ảnh kỹ thuật số, như cắm vào máy tính của bạn và tải lên ảnh. Vì vậy, đã có một sự thay đổi lớn trong hành vi của mọi người nhận ra rằng, wow, không, một bức ảnh đáng giá hơn ngàn lời nói. Và giờ tôi có thể chụp ngay lập tức trên điện thoại của mình và gửi cho bạn bè, và, bạn biết đấy, trong vài trăm mili giây, chúng tôi có thể giao tiếp bằng hình ảnh thay vì chỉ sử dụng hình ảnh để lưu giữ kỷ niệm. Tôi không nghĩ rằng chúng tôi thực sự nhớ về điều đó. Điều đó thật điên rồ rằng chúng tôi không nhớ? Chẳng phải quá lâu rồi sao? Tôi biết, nhưng chúng tôi chỉ không nhớ. Như bạn đã nói, tôi đã nghĩ, thật sự, bạn không thể gửi một bức ảnh cho bạn bè và nói chuyện. Tôi đã cố gắng nghĩ xem ứng dụng nào mà tôi có thể đã sử dụng vào thời điểm đó để làm điều đó. Và thực ra, không có một ứng dụng nào. Vâng, nhưng giờ tôi đang tự kỷ ám thị, bạn biết đấy, thật tệ. Không, điều đó thật điên rồ. Chúng ta quên điều đó vì giờ đã trở thành điều bình thường trên mọi ứng dụng. Bạn có thể, và tôi đoán họ cuối cùng đã học được từ bạn, sao chép điều đó từ bạn. Tôi có bức ảnh này từ những ngày đầu. Bạn có nhớ bức ảnh này không? Ô, thật tuyệt. Bức ảnh này. Thật tuyệt. Đây là bức ảnh gì? Bạn ở đâu? Bạn đang làm gì? Ai đó? À, đây thực ra là văn phòng đầu tiên của chúng tôi, thật tuyệt. Nó được gọi là Blue House ở Venice, 523 Oceanfront Walk. Và thực ra, bạn biết đấy, mọi thứ đã đến điểm bùng nổ tại nhà bố tôi. Tôi nghĩ có bảy hoặc tám người chúng tôi đang sống ở đó. Bạn biết đấy, một đêm, bạn gái của bố tôi lúc đó, giờ là vợ của ông ấy, đã vào và một trong những đồng đội của chúng tôi đang ngủ trên ghế sofa với một tấm chăn mà cô ấy đã mua cho anh ấy vào Giáng sinh. Và cô ấy nói, tôi nghĩ chúng ta đã đủ rồi ở đây. Vì vậy, chúng tôi đã phải tìm một văn phòng và dọn ra. Chúng tôi đã đi ăn tối ở Venice và đi qua ngôi nhà màu xanh cũ này và thấy có biển cho thuê ở đó. Và chúng tôi đã nghĩ, wow, điều này sẽ thật điên rồ. Chúng tôi có thể có một văn phòng bên bãi biển trên lối đi Venice. Hãy gọi cho họ. Và chúng tôi đã gọi cho họ. Họ muốn một mức giá điên rồ mỗi mét vuông cho thuê. Chúng tôi không thể đủ khả năng vào thời điểm đó. Nhưng cuối cùng chúng tôi đã chờ một chút lâu hơn và có thể đàm phán mức giá đó xuống rất nhiều và đã chuyển vào ngôi nhà màu xanh. Và tôi nghĩ điều tuyệt nhất về ngôi nhà màu xanh là lối đi Venice là một trong những điểm du lịch phổ biến nhất ở California, có thể là cả trên thế giới. Ý tôi là, hơn 10 triệu người mỗi năm đến thăm lối đi Venice. Và chúng tôi có một logo ma lớn, biểu tượng ứng dụng lớn của chúng tôi bên ngoài. Và suốt cả ngày, mọi người đến và trò chuyện với chúng tôi về ứng dụng hoặc cho chúng tôi phản hồi hoặc cần giúp đỡ với tài khoản của họ. Và vì vậy, chúng tôi đã thực sự đắm chìm trong những người từ khắp nơi trên thế giới đang sử dụng Snapchat và muốn đến trò chuyện với chúng tôi về nó. Cuối cùng, điều đó đã trở nên hơi quá sức.
    Nhưng lúc đầu, thật sự rất tuyệt khi được đứng trên con đường đi bộ với rất nhiều người như vậy.
    Vậy có bao nhiêu người có thể vào ngôi nhà xanh?
    Tôi nghĩ, bạn biết đấy, ở mức tối đa, có khoảng 20 mấy người.
    Tôi nghĩ chúng tôi đã có 20 mấy người lúc chúng tôi chuyển ra ngoài, có thể là 30.
    Nó khá chật chội.
    Ý tôi là, tôi đã chơi chơi đuổi chân với, bạn biết đấy, những người dưới bàn.
    Chúng tôi bị chèn chúc khá nhiều.
    Và lúc đó bạn có bao nhiêu người dùng?
    Để mọi người có thể đến con đường đi bộ và có những cuộc trò chuyện, chắc hẳn bạn đã khá nổi tiếng.
    Tại thời điểm đó, có lẽ đã có hàng triệu người, tôi đoán vậy.
    Và bạn đã bỏ học đại học vào thời điểm đó, rõ ràng là vậy.
    Ừ.
    Nói cho tôi về quyết định đó.
    Bởi vì tôi biết ứng dụng đang phát triển và mọi thứ, nhưng để bỏ học một trường đại học danh giá chắc chắn không phải là quyết định dễ dàng.
    Tôi thực sự cảm thấy mình không còn sự lựa chọn nào khác.
    Tôi không có đủ tín chỉ để tốt nghiệp.
    Tôi đang theo chương trình thiết kế sản phẩm, chương trình kỹ thuật.
    Tôi có một lượng lớn lớp học mà tôi phải hoàn thành.
    Cuối cùng, chúng tôi đã huy động được 485.000 đô la từ các nhà đầu tư.
    Và, bạn biết đấy, tôi đã dành cả ngày cố gắng vượt qua những môn học này, tôi nghĩ, lúc đó tôi đã đăng ký khoảng 20 tín chỉ hoặc gì đó và cố gắng làm việc với doanh nghiệp của chúng tôi.
    Tôi chỉ không thể làm cả hai cùng một lúc.
    Vì vậy, tôi đã nghĩ, hy vọng một ngày nào đó tôi sẽ có thể quay lại.
    Tôi thực sự đã quay trở lại và lấy bằng của mình vào năm 2018, điều đó thật tuyệt.
    Nhưng tôi chỉ không thể làm cả hai cùng một lúc.
    Tại sao bạn quay trở lại và lấy bằng của mình?
    Tôi thực sự không muốn có cuộc tranh luận đó với các con của chúng tôi khi mà chúng nói, bạn biết đấy?
    Khi chúng nói, nhưng bố, bạn biết đấy?
    Như là bạn đã bỏ học.
    Bạn không có bằng.
    Thế thì tại sao tôi cần có một cái?
    Bạn biết đấy, tôi nghĩ các trường đại học có thể rất có giá trị.
    Không phải ai cũng phù hợp, nhưng nó đã tạo ra một tác động lớn trong cuộc đời tôi.
    Vì vậy tôi muốn có thể cho các con thấy nó quan trọng như thế nào.
    Và tôi đã nghĩ trước đó khi chúng ta nói về đại học, thế giới đã thay đổi như thế nào khi bạn đi học.
    Bây giờ bạn có bốn cậu con trai.
    Cậu lớn nhất, tôi nghĩ, 14 tuổi.
    Nếu cậu ấy muốn giống như bố, giả sử cậu ấy muốn đi theo bước chân của bạn, có điều gì khác dựa trên cách mà thế giới hiện tại mà bạn sẽ khuyên cậu ấy nên học trước tuổi 21 không?
    Có đề tài nào hoặc bằng cấp nào mà bạn sẽ khuyến khích cậu ấy theo đuổi bây giờ nếu cậu ấy muốn giống như bố, nếu đó là quyết định của cậu ấy không?
    Tôi nghĩ một trong những điều quan trọng nhất ngày nay là nuôi dưỡng sự sáng tạo.
    Ý tôi là, tôi nghĩ sự sáng tạo thực sự là yếu tố X, chắc chắn trong thời đại AI, đúng không?
    Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ việc nuôi dưỡng sự sáng tạo, tìm ra cách phát triển những kỹ năng đó.
    Ví dụ, Flynn 14 tuổi.
    Cậu ấy rất thích vẽ.
    Cậu ấy tài năng vô cùng trong việc vẽ.
    Và tôi nghĩ đôi khi cậu ấy nghĩ, ừ thì, tôi không biết có một nghề nào trong việc vẽ không.
    Nhưng tôi nghĩ đôi khi cậu ấy không thấy rằng vẽ chỉ là cách mà cậu ấy thể hiện sự sáng tạo.
    Vẽ là khởi đầu của hành trình đó trong việc rèn luyện những cơ bắp trong não của bạn cho phép bạn hình dung điều gì đó mà người khác không thấy, đúng không?
    Và đó là một cách, một công cụ, một kỹ năng mà cậu ấy có thể sử dụng để thể hiện những gì trong đầu mình.
    Nhưng tôi nghĩ việc rèn luyện cơ bắp đó, sự sáng tạo đó là rất quan trọng.
    Tôi nghĩ sự sáng tạo đang ngày càng trở nên hiếm có hơn, cuối cùng là vì phần lớn xã hội chúng ta thì sự sáng tạo được định hướng xung quanh những thứ mà chúng ta có thể đo lường.
    Sáng tạo thì thật khó đo lường.
    Vì vậy tôi nghĩ việc tìm ra sự cống hiến để đầu tư vào phát triển sự sáng tạo khi mà kết quả không chắc chắn là điều thực sự khó khăn.
    Nhưng đó thực sự là điều mà tôi muốn khuyến khích cậu ấy hoặc nhiều người khác làm.
    Chúng ta đều được sinh ra với sự sáng tạo.
    Chúng ta đều, bạn biết đấy, chúng ta đều được sinh ra với khả năng thể hiện chính mình.
    Và chỉ theo thời gian, tôi nghĩ rằng chúng ta ngừng, bạn biết đấy, thực hành khả năng đó hoặc, bạn biết đấy, hoặc chúng ta trở nên sợ hãi khi thể hiện bản thân.
    Và tôi nghĩ rằng điều đó có thể được khắc phục.
    Bởi vì ở độ tuổi đó, chúng ta thường suy nghĩ qua các chức danh công việc, phải không?
    Chúng ta nghĩ, chức danh công việc nào mà tôi nên nhắm đến?
    Chẳng hạn như bác sĩ, luật sư, v.v., thay vì chúng ta không suy nghĩ nhiều về việc tích lũy những kỹ năng hữu ích lâu dài, tôi sẽ nói vậy.
    Bây giờ tôi có em trai của bạn gái mình.
    Cậu ấy đang đau đầu cố gắng chọn một chức danh công việc cho 60 năm tiếp theo của cuộc đời mình.
    Tôi nói với cậu ấy, nó không hoạt động như vậy đâu, bạn biết đấy?
    Và thế giới bây giờ cũng đang thay đổi rất nhanh.
    Có lẽ điều đó có ý nghĩa hơn khi cố gắng có được một số kỹ năng cơ bản sẽ có thể chuyển giao.
    Hơn nữa, các chức danh công việc thì hoàn toàn vô lý.
    Trong những ngày đầu, chúng tôi chỉ tạo ra, bất kỳ ai gia nhập đội ngũ, chúng tôi chỉ đơn giản tạo ra chức danh của họ.
    Nó sẽ không liên quan gì đến bất cứ điều gì cả.
    Vì vậy, chức danh công việc thì vô lý khi đội ngũ nhỏ, đúng không?
    Chỉ nói chung là vậy.
    Bởi vì tôi nghĩ mọi người gắn bó với những chức danh công việc để xác nhận địa vị, đúng không?
    Và tôi nghĩ cuối cùng, những tác động tuyệt vời, sự sáng tạo, những ý tưởng tuyệt vời có thể đến từ bất cứ đâu, đúng không?
    Và càng nhiều bạn tập trung tổ chức của mình vào hệ thống cấp bậc, tôi nghĩ rằng bạn càng ít tập trung vào những điều đúng đắn, đó là làm thế nào để chúng ta đảm bảo rằng những ý tưởng vĩ đại đến từ mọi nơi, được nổi lên, bạn biết đấy, và được phát triển.
    Nhưng hệ thống cấp bậc sẽ xuất hiện khi mọi thứ bắt đầu lớn lên, và chúng ta cần phải đặt quy trình và các dòng báo cáo vào vị trí.
    Bạn bảo vệ điều đó như thế nào?
    À, tôi nghĩ bạn đang đề cập đến vấn đề căn bản mà tất cả các công ty cuối cùng đều gặp phải.
    Và tôi nghĩ có một cuốn sách hay có tên là “Loonshots”, mà tôi rất thích, thực sự đề cập trực tiếp đến vấn đề này.
    Và cơ bản, những gì tác giả Safi Bacall tìm thấy là các công ty lớn, bạn biết đấy, khi họ trở nên lớn hơn, họ có rất nhiều khách hàng để phục vụ.
    Họ cần xây dựng tất cả cơ sở hạ tầng tổ chức này.
    Và cuối cùng, điều đó đi kèm với hệ thống cấp bậc.
    Nhưng những công ty tiếp tục đổi mới, những công ty rất thành công trong việc đổi mới một cách nhất quán trong thời gian dài, cũng có những đội ngũ rất nhỏ, rất phẳng không có bất kỳ cấp bậc nào và thực sự, thực sự tập trung vào đổi mới và thử nghiệm những điều mới. Cuối cùng, những công ty thành công thực sự tìm ra cách xây dựng một mối quan hệ giữa tổ chức lớn hỗ trợ tất cả các khách hàng này, cần phải hoạt động một cách nghiêm túc và tập trung vào các chỉ số, và giữa họ và nhóm người rất nhỏ đang thử nghiệm những điều điên rồ.
    Và ông ấy đã đưa ra rất nhiều ví dụ.
    Bạn biết không, một trong những lý do mà Hoa Kỳ có thể chiến thắng trong Thế chiến II là họ có một nhóm các nhà khoa học điên rồ đang thử nghiệm những điều mới như radar và những thứ tương tự vào thời điểm đó. Nhưng sau đó, họ đã mang những ý tưởng đó đến quân đội, một tổ chức khổng lồ, rất có cấu trúc và phân cấp, và hỏi, “Các bạn nghĩ gì về điều này? Các bạn có thể làm gì với nó? Ý tưởng của các bạn là gì? Phản hồi của các bạn là gì? Mang điều này vào trận chiến. Đưa nó lên máy bay. Xem điều gì xảy ra.” Và sau đó, đưa phản hồi đó quay trở lại cho nhóm nhỏ các nhà phát minh và nhà khoa học, không có cấu trúc, phẳng này.
    Bằng cách thực sự tập trung vào mối quan hệ giữa các phần của tổ chức đó, cuối cùng, các công ty có thể tìm ra cách để xây dựng một mối quan hệ vững mạnh giữa hai bên và sau đó đổi mới theo thời gian.
    Vậy bạn đã làm điều đó như thế nào ở Snapchat?
    Tại Snapchat, chúng tôi có một đội ngũ thiết kế rất nhỏ. Tôi nghĩ điều đó sẽ khiến mọi người ngạc nhiên. Chỉ có chín người. Thực sự? Nó hoàn toàn phẳng. Vì vậy không có chức vụ fancy nào cả. Tất cả mọi người đều là nhà thiết kế sản phẩm. Cách mà nhóm làm việc rất tập trung vào việc làm ra sản phẩm. Đó là công việc chính. Thực tế, vào ngày đầu tiên của bạn khi bạn bắt đầu, chúng tôi có các buổi phê bình thiết kế một lần mỗi tuần trong vài giờ. Vào ngày đầu tiên của bạn, bạn phải trình bày một cái gì đó. Vì vậy, bạn phải làm một cái gì đó và trình bày nó. Và điều đó thực sự thú vị và mạnh mẽ vì điều này dẫn đến một điều, tất nhiên, vào ngày đầu tiên của bạn khi bạn không có bối cảnh cho những gì công ty đang làm, không biết điều gì đang diễn ra, làm thế nào bạn có thể nghĩ ra một ý tưởng tuyệt vời? Ý tôi là, điều đó gần như là không thể. Nhưng bạn phải trình bày một ý tưởng vào ngày đầu tiên của bạn. Và vì vậy cuối cùng, vào ngày đầu tiên của bạn, nỗi sợ tồi tệ nhất của bạn đã trở thành sự thật, rằng chúng tôi ngồi lại với nhau và nhìn thấy một ý tưởng mà cuối cùng không tuyệt vời lắm. Ý tôi là, đôi khi chúng khá tốt, nhưng cuối cùng không tuyệt vời lắm. Và điều đó, tôi nghĩ, mở ra cánh cửa cho sự sáng tạo vì bạn đã – điều đó đã xảy ra. Bạn đã thất bại. Ý tưởng không tốt. Và, bạn biết đấy, điều cuối cùng diễn ra trong nhóm thiết kế của chúng tôi là 99% ý tưởng không tốt, nhưng 1% là tốt. Và, bạn biết đấy, chúng tôi thực sự tuân theo ý tưởng rằng, bạn biết đấy, hoặc là khái niệm rằng cách tốt nhất để có một ý tưởng tốt là có nhiều ý tưởng. Vì vậy, nhóm luôn tạo ra một số lượng ý tưởng và sản phẩm và tính năng đáng kinh ngạc. Và cuối cùng, công việc của chúng tôi là cố gắng tìm ra những cái tuyệt vời và sau đó, quan trọng nhất, xây dựng một mối quan hệ mạnh mẽ giữa đội ngũ nhỏ này, những người liên tục đưa ra tất cả những thứ này, và tổ chức kỹ thuật lớn hơn của chúng tôi, tổ chức sản phẩm lớn hơn của chúng tôi cũng có đủ loại ý tưởng tuyệt vời và cũng đang đổi mới theo cách của riêng họ và xây dựng một vòng quay giữa hai bên, nơi mà cuối cùng, bạn biết đấy, chúng tôi có thể tạo ra rất nhiều sản phẩm mới và sau đó liên tục cải thiện chúng.
    Có rất nhiều câu hỏi mà tôi rất, rất tò mò về. Câu hỏi đầu tiên là, bạn có đo lường số lượng ý tưởng mà nhóm thiết kế nhỏ đó đang sản xuất không?
    Không, nhưng tôi biết khi nào chúng tôi cần nhiều hơn.
    Được rồi, được rồi, không sao cả. Vậy là bạn có một cảm giác trực quan. Nó là một nhóm nhỏ. Bạn có thể gần gũi. Và sau đó, làm thế nào bạn khiến tổ chức lớn hơn hợp tác với nhóm thiết kế nhỏ hơn khi tổ chức lớn hơn có những động lực riêng của họ, có các chu kỳ lập kế hoạch riêng của họ, có cái tôi riêng của họ, như tất cả mọi người khác? Làm thế nào bạn khiến họ làm việc cùng nhau?
    Đối với chúng tôi, tổ chức cầu nối có lẽ là tổ chức sản phẩm của chúng tôi. Và họ thực sự giúp kết nối các điểm giữa các kỹ sư và các nhà thiết kế. Và nhiều điều này, bạn biết đấy, thực sự phản ánh mối quan hệ mà Bobby và tôi đã có trong những ngày đầu rất sớm, nơi mà tôi tập trung nhiều hơn vào thiết kế. Tôi có chút kiến thức về kỹ thuật và đã học một ít khoa học máy tính, nhưng tôi tập trung nhiều hơn vào thiết kế. Và Bobby, bạn biết đấy, là một nhà khoa học máy tính phi thường, đúng không? Anh ấy đã học toán và khoa học máy tính ở trường, nhưng anh ấy cũng yêu thích thiết kế. Và vì vậy, chúng tôi đã có một mối quan hệ thực sự, bạn biết đấy, mạnh mẽ nơi mà tôi có thể nói chuyện với anh ấy về ý tưởng mới và thiết kế, và anh ấy có thể nói về các ràng buộc về kỹ thuật.
    Vì vậy, khi, bạn biết đấy, ví dụ, khi chúng tôi đang phát minh ra khái niệm rằng, bạn biết đấy, bạn sẽ chạm để chụp ảnh và giữ để ghi video, vào thời điểm đó, đó là một điều rất lớn, đúng không? Để giúp mọi người dễ dàng hơn trong việc sử dụng máy ảnh của họ. Bây giờ thì mọi máy ảnh trên điện thoại thông minh đều chạm để chụp ảnh, giữ để quay video. Nhưng độ phức tạp kỹ thuật cần thiết để có thể thực hiện thiết kế đó là điều mà chúng tôi thực sự đã thảo luận và làm việc cùng nhau vì cách mà thiết kế và hoạt hình phải hoạt động và cách mà bạn, bạn biết đấy, giữ ngón tay của bạn thực sự quan trọng đối với cách mà cuối cùng chúng tôi chuyển đổi giữa, bạn biết đấy, luồng video và việc chụp ảnh tĩnh. Và chính cuộc đối thoại đó cuối cùng đã dẫn đến việc, bạn biết đấy, tạo ra một sản phẩm mới và một, bạn biết đấy, thứ mới mà mọi người có thể sử dụng.
    Dịch đoạn văn sau sang tiếng Việt:
    Vậy nên chúng tôi đã phản chiếu nhiều điều đó và cố gắng xây dựng mối quan hệ đó xuyên suốt tổ chức liên tục theo thời gian, nơi mà bạn biết đấy, có một cuộc đối thoại thực sự và một sự hiểu biết cũng như trân trọng cả thiết kế lẫn kỹ thuật, mà thường thì điều đó được tạo điều kiện bởi tổ chức sản phẩm của chúng tôi. Về đội ngũ thiết kế nhỏ, bạn nói rằng bạn có một buổi đánh giá hàng tuần. Buổi đánh giá là gì? Đó chỉ là nơi chúng tôi xem xét công việc. Đó là tất cả những gì chúng tôi làm. Mọi người chỉ chia sẻ công việc mới. Vì vậy, trong một vài giờ, chúng tôi sẽ chỉ xem xét tất cả những ý tưởng mới. Đã xuất phát từ đội ngũ nhỏ đó. Và những thiết kế mới xuất hiện từ tuần trước từ đội này. Và những cái này có thể là bất cứ điều gì không? Thực sự là bất cứ điều gì, đúng vậy. Thường thì, chúng liên quan đến việc giải quyết một vấn đề. Vậy nên quay trở lại với triết lý thiết kế sản phẩm đó, vấn đề chúng tôi đang cố gắng giải quyết là gì? Làm thế nào chúng tôi có thể đồng cảm với cộng đồng của chúng tôi? Được rồi, những người sáng tạo của chúng tôi đang gặp khó khăn khi đăng bài lên Snapchat. Thật bối rối với cách mà họ đọc phản hồi của câu chuyện của họ hoặc điều đó không hoạt động đúng cách. Làm thế nào chúng tôi có thể làm cho điều đó dễ dàng hơn? Và sau đó chúng tôi sẽ chỉ xem xét một tấn ý tưởng. Còn về những người bạn nói, có tám hoặc chín người. Họ có làm việc một mình trong đội đó hay họ làm việc như một đội? Họ thường xuyên nhận được phản hồi từ nhau. Thường thì, chúng tôi cùng nhau giải quyết các dự án trong những đội nhỏ, nhưng tất cả đều tập hợp lại một cách thường xuyên. Tôi rất thích điểm này mà bạn đã đề cập rằng điều quan trọng mà bạn đã khám phá ra là trò chơi là nhiều ý tưởng hơn, không phải cố gắng tìm một ý tưởng hoàn hảo. Nhiều ý tưởng, nhiều phản hồi. Nhiều ý tưởng, nhiều phản hồi. Bạn tăng tỷ lệ thất bại của mình, bạn nhận được nhiều phản hồi hơn. Nó thực sự đi ngược lại với những gì mọi người nghĩ khi họ xây dựng một doanh nghiệp. Họ nghĩ rằng trò chơi là để có một ý tưởng hoàn hảo. Nhưng đó đều là những người chưa bao giờ xây dựng một doanh nghiệp trước đây. Đúng vậy, thật sự. Vì cuối cùng bạn học được điều gì đó, đúng không? Bạn học rằng bạn không giỏi trong việc đoán. Đúng vậy. Và tôi nghĩ, cuối cùng, bạn phải tối đa hóa tỷ lệ học hỏi của mình. Ý tôi là, điều đó thật sự rất quan trọng. Tối đa hóa tỷ lệ học hỏi của bạn. Quay trở lại những ngày đầu. Bạn đang ở trong văn phòng đó. Khi bạn nghĩ về những người trong bức ảnh đó đã là một phần của khoảng 20 người đầu tiên, việc tuyển dụng quan trọng đến mức nào, nhìn lại? Tôi nghĩ đó là tất cả. Tôi nghĩ đó là tất cả. Và những người này thực sự, thực sự là những người tuyệt vời. Ý tôi là, vẫn vậy, trong nhiều trường hợp, là những người bạn thân thiết. Và tôi nghĩ, thú vị, có một khoảnh khắc tôi nhận ra David, Daniel, Bobby, và một vài kỹ sư ban đầu khác của chúng tôi, tất cả họ, bạn biết đấy, là những kỹ sư nguyên bản, cũng là những nhạc sĩ. Và đó là một khoảnh khắc thật sự thú vị, bạn biết đấy, vì những người sớm làm việc trong bộ phận kỹ thuật của Snap đã cực kỳ sáng tạo và cực kỳ tài năng. Và đó là một khoảnh khắc “aha” thú vị, vì tôi nghĩ nhiều người thường nghĩ về các lĩnh vực như tách biệt. Như là, ôi, có các nhà thiết kế, và sau đó có kỹ sư ở một nơi khác. Và tôi nghĩ nhiều phép màu thực sự là khi những lĩnh vực đó kết hợp hoặc giao thoa hoặc những người thực sự yêu thích và trân trọng cả hai. Đặc biệt là đối với một công ty đang khao khát sáng tạo. Tuyệt đối. Trong mọi việc nó làm. Về điểm tuyển dụng này, bạn đã mắc phải sai lầm tuyển dụng nào trong những ngày đầu không? Ôi, chắc chắn rồi. Và những sai lầm đó là gì? Không nhất thiết là về người, mà là các khung cơ bản đã sai, hoặc cách mà bạn đã tuyển dụng những người này, hoặc điều gì đã gây ra sai lầm? Tôi nghĩ đôi khi trong những ngày đầu, chúng tôi gần như đã quá chú trọng vào những loại kinh nghiệm sai, nếu điều đó có ý nghĩa. Vì vậy, một trong những điều mà chúng tôi thực sự muốn làm là đưa vào những người có kinh nghiệm lãnh đạo rất, rất dày dạn, những người đã điều hành những đội lớn hơn nhiều. Đó là, nếu chúng tôi muốn xây dựng một công ty lớn, chúng tôi phải tìm những người đã điều hành các công ty lớn và các đội lớn. Và vì vậy, một trong những nhà lãnh đạo kỹ thuật đầu tiên gia nhập đội ngũ của chúng tôi, tôi nghĩ anh ấy đã đến từ việc làm việc trong một đội khoảng 300 người hoặc kiểu như vậy tại Amazon, đã đến với một đội chỉ có tám người tại Snapchat. Nhưng chúng tôi thực sự đã nghĩ xa hơn về, như, làm thế nào chúng tôi có thể tuyển dụng những người có thể giúp chúng tôi mở rộng ở đây và xây dựng một cái gì đó thực sự lớn? Và tôi nghĩ rằng sự chú trọng đến kinh nghiệm lãnh đạo và kinh nghiệm lãnh đạo quy mô thực sự rất có giá trị. Tôi nghĩ điều mà thường thì ít giá trị hơn trong những ngày đầu là gần như có nhiều người có chuyên môn cụ thể rõ ràng. Vì vậy, có những người sẽ, bạn biết đấy, đến phỏng vấn hoặc một thứ gì đó như vậy và nói rằng, ồ, tôi nghĩ điều các bạn nên làm là thêm nút thích vì mọi nền tảng khác đều có nút thích. Vì vậy, nếu bạn chỉ thêm nút thích, thì mọi người sẽ, bạn biết đấy, sử dụng dịch vụ của bạn nhiều hơn. Và không thực sự đến với tinh thần cởi mở và tò mò như, ồ, tại sao Snapchat lại làm điều đó khác đi? Như, tại sao bạn không có nút thích và bình luận? Nó giống như, bạn đang nghĩ về dịch vụ khác đi như thế nào? Và làm thế nào tôi có thể thay đổi và phát triển và thích nghi với cách mà bạn nghĩ về nó để giúp bạn phát triển nhanh hơn? Và vì vậy, tôi nghĩ bây giờ một trong những điều mà chúng tôi luôn tìm kiếm trong quy trình phỏng vấn là khả năng thích ứng, đúng không? Thật tuyệt vời khi có kinh nghiệm trước đó. Nhưng câu hỏi là, làm thế nào bạn áp dụng kinh nghiệm trước đó đó cho một bối cảnh mới và thay đổi và điều chỉnh cách mà bạn thấy mọi thứ, thay đổi góc nhìn của bạn, bạn biết đấy, để có thể đáp ứng nhu cầu của doanh nghiệp của chúng tôi, cái mà khác với, bạn biết đấy, các doanh nghiệp khác? Những yếu tố khác là gì? Nếu bạn muốn tạo ra một nhân viên Snapchat hoàn hảo bây giờ, tính cách của họ sẽ như thế nào, tâm lý của họ, các thuộc tính của họ là gì? Chúng tôi có ba giá trị và ba hành vi lãnh đạo. Ba giá trị đó là tốt bụng, thông minh, và sáng tạo.
    Đó đã là, những giá trị đó đã tồn tại từ rất đầu, thực sự vì Bobby và tôi đã có một cuộc trò chuyện, kiểu như là, chúng tôi muốn làm việc với những người như thế nào? Những người tốt bụng, thông minh, sáng tạo, như vậy thật tuyệt. Nhưng từ đó trở đi, và chúng tôi có thể dành thêm thời gian để nói về điều này, tôi nghĩ điều thật sự hấp dẫn theo thời gian là học hỏi, bạn biết đấy, và nhân tiện nói thêm, 10 năm trước, mọi người không nói về sự tử tế ở nơi làm việc. Ý tôi là, mọi người sẽ nói, xin lỗi, cái gì? Bạn biết đấy, không, không phải là tử tế, thông minh, sáng tạo. Tại sao lại tử tế? Điều mà chúng tôi phát hiện ra là mối quan hệ giữa sự tử tế và sự sáng tạo thực sự rất quan trọng. Bởi vì nếu mọi người không cảm thấy thoải mái khi đưa ra những ý tưởng điên rồ, nếu họ không cảm thấy thoải mái khi nói rằng, bạn biết đấy, họ có một ý tưởng mới và thực sự đó không phải là điều tuyệt vời lắm, thì họ sẽ không bị cười nhạo, rằng họ sẽ được hỗ trợ, đúng không? Nếu bạn không có một nền văn hóa hỗ trợ như vậy, thật khó để sáng tạo. Và vì vậy, chúng tôi đã học theo thời gian rằng thực sự, ồ, sự tử tế là thành phần thiết yếu nếu bạn muốn có một nền văn hóa sáng tạo. Nhưng nói chung, tốt bụng, thông minh, sáng tạo, thông minh, khá dễ hiểu. Và khi nói đến hành vi lãnh đạo, có ba hành vi hoặc thuộc tính lãnh đạo mà chúng tôi tìm kiếm. Tôi chỉ muốn dừng lại ở điểm về sự tử tế. Bạn có phân biệt giữa việc ai đó tốt bụng và tốt tính không? Bởi vì trong môi trường của bạn, bạn cũng đã đề cập rằng bạn thực hiện những buổi phê bình và bạn đang đưa ra phản hồi phê bình cho mọi người. Và nếu một nền văn hóa trở nên quá tử tế, thì liệu điều đó có cản trở đổi mới và phản hồi không? Chúng tôi luôn phân biệt giữa tốt bụng và tử tế. Có một vài ví dụ mà tôi nghĩ sẽ hữu ích cho điều đó. Ví dụ, tôi nghĩ thật sự tử tế khi nói với ai đó rằng họ có cái gì đó mắc trong răng. Nếu bạn có cái gì đó mắc trong răng, bạn muốn biết về điều đó, đúng không? Điều đó có thể khiến bạn cảm thấy ngượng ngùng. Chắc chắn, với tư cách là người chỉ ra điều đó, cũng có chút ngượng, đúng không? Nếu bạn chỉ muốn tốt bụng, bạn giả vờ rằng không có gì xảy ra và bạn chỉ nói, ôi, bạn biết đấy, thật vui được gặp bạn hay gì đó. Nhưng nếu bạn thực sự tử tế và muốn giúp người đó, bạn nói, bạn biết đấy, bạn có cái gì đó mắc trong răng. Bạn cần phải giải quyết vấn đề đó. Và tôi nghĩ rằng điều đó giúp phân biệt giữa, bạn biết đấy, những điều tốt đẹp và sự tử tế và thực sự muốn giúp ai đó. Tôi nghĩ một ví dụ tuyệt vời khác là nếu ai đó thực sự đang gặp khó khăn, bạn biết đấy, ở công việc hoặc họ đang gặp khó khăn để phát triển hoặc họ đang gặp khó khăn trong việc thực hiện nghĩa vụ của mình tại Snap, bạn biết đấy, điều tốt đẹp nhất là có thể chỉ làm cho họ cảm thấy tốt về điều đó. Ôi, đừng lo lắng. Bạn biết đấy, tôi chắc chắn mọi thứ sẽ ổn thôi. Điều tử tế là thực sự giúp họ thành công, đúng không? Nói, này, điều này không hoạt động vì bạn đang làm X, Y và Z. Bạn biết đấy, đây là một số điều để suy nghĩ về nó khác đi. Cung cấp phản hồi thực sự trực tiếp cho phép mọi người phát triển. Và đó là điều tử tế để làm thay vì chỉ làm cho họ cảm thấy tốt về việc không đáp ứng được mong đợi. Giá trị lãnh đạo. Bạn nói có ba. Giá trị lãnh đạo. Được rồi, có ba giá trị lãnh đạo. Điều đầu tiên là lãnh đạo hình chữ T. Vì vậy, chúng tôi nói rất nhiều về lãnh đạo hình chữ T. Điều chúng tôi ý nghĩa ở đây là bạn có một chiều sâu thực sự về kinh nghiệm, một chiều sâu về chuyên môn trong một lĩnh vực nhất định, và sau đó là một chiều rộng thực sự về hiểu biết về toàn bộ doanh nghiệp và khả năng kết nối với nhiều loại người khác nhau với những cách suy nghĩ khác nhau. Bởi vì bạn cần phải có khả năng kết nối chuyên môn của mình với tất cả các lĩnh vực khác nhau của doanh nghiệp chúng tôi để thực sự tạo ra tác động như một nhà lãnh đạo. Ý tôi là, tôi nghĩ đó là một trong những dấu ấn của việc điều hành một doanh nghiệp ngày nay là cơ bản là không thể làm bất cứ điều gì thú vị nếu không có một đội ngũ, đúng không? Cách mà thế giới hoạt động ngày nay rất phức tạp. Và điều thực sự quan trọng là bạn có những người có chuyên môn sâu, nhưng sau đó họ phải áp dụng nó vào tất cả những lĩnh vực chức năng chéo khác. Bạn biết đấy, vì vậy họ phải có sự quen thuộc với nó và khả năng liên hệ với những người có quan điểm khác nhau hoặc các lĩnh vực chuyên môn khác. Và khi chúng tôi tiếp tục với các nguyên tắc lãnh đạo này, bạn có đang nói rằng để trở thành một nhà lãnh đạo tại Snapchat, bạn cần ba điều này không? Hay bạn đang nói rằng mọi người tại Snapchat đều cần ba điều này? Chúng tôi nghĩ mọi người đều là nhà lãnh đạo. Vì vậy, chúng tôi áp dụng điều này một cách rộng rãi. Nhưng tất nhiên, bạn biết đấy, tôi nghĩ điều này thực sự quan trọng khi chúng tôi nghĩ đến việc tuyển dụng hoặc đưa vào một nhà lãnh đạo mới rằng, bạn biết đấy, đây là điều mà chúng tôi nói chuyện với mọi người. Vậy nếu có ai đó không thực sự hình chữ T, nếu họ hơi hơi hình chữ I, có điều gì họ có thể làm để trở nên hình chữ T hơn một chút không? Vâng, đó có thể là điều dễ dàng hơn, đúng không? Nếu bạn có thể xây dựng chiều sâu thực sự của chuyên môn bằng cách tương tác với mọi người có thể nằm ngoài vùng thoải mái của bạn hoặc ở những phần khác của doanh nghiệp và xây dựng sự tò mò và hiểu biết đó, điều đó giúp phát triển, tôi nghĩ, độ rộng hiểu biết đó. Tôi nghĩ điều khó hơn là nếu bạn là một người tổng quát và bạn không có bộ kỹ năng sâu đó hoặc lĩnh vực chuyên môn sâu đó, thật sự rất khó để mang lại đủ giá trị cho đội ngũ, đúng không? Và tôi nghĩ đó là lý do tại sao mọi người cảm thấy thất vọng với ý tưởng về quản lý giữa, đúng không? Nơi mà như kiểu, ôi, đây chỉ là một người, bạn biết đấy, biết một chút về nhiều thứ nhưng không thể thực sự giúp tôi giải quyết vấn đề này vì họ không thực sự biết chi tiết. Họ không thực sự hiểu, bạn biết đấy, làm thế nào để giúp tôi, bạn biết đấy, phát triển như một cá nhân hoặc giải quyết vấn đề kỹ thuật khó khăn này. Và tôi nghĩ đó là lý do tại sao lĩnh vực chuyên môn đó lại quan trọng đến vậy bởi vì thật khó để truyền cảm hứng cho những người mà bạn đang làm việc cùng nếu bạn không biết nhiều về, bạn biết đấy, lĩnh vực mà bạn đang làm việc.
    Và bạn có cần phải trở thành một nhà lãnh đạo hình chữ T tại Snapchat bây giờ, và khi có 10 người trong phòng ngủ hoặc ở nhà của bố bạn không? Điều đó có luôn quan trọng hay chỉ là điều kiện của việc trở nên lớn hơn? Đó là một câu hỏi tuyệt vời. Tôi ước chúng ta đã suy nghĩ cẩn thận hơn về các giá trị và đặc điểm lãnh đạo mà chúng ta tìm kiếm vào thời điểm đó. Và tôi nghĩ rằng, khi bạn làm việc trong một nhóm 10 người hoặc 20 người, bạn không nghĩ nhiều về những đặc điểm lãnh đạo thực sự quan trọng với chúng ta. Thực sự, bạn chỉ đang suy nghĩ về cách để sống sót qua ngày mai. Nhưng tôi nghĩ theo thời gian, khi chúng tôi học được những nhà lãnh đạo nào thực sự thành công tại Snap, chúng tôi đã có thể xem xét những thuộc tính đó và nói: Ừ, đây là những nhà lãnh đạo thực sự thành công ở đây và tạo ra nhiều giá trị cho doanh nghiệp của chúng tôi.
    Trước khi chúng ta chuyển sang hai điều tiếp theo, nếu Evan này có thể quay ngược thời gian về với Evan đang điều hành một nhóm 10 người và có thể kéo họ sang một bên và nói, “Nghe này, đây là một số lời khuyên mà bạn cần biết về lãnh đạo khi xây dựng đội ngũ này, lời khuyên quan trọng nhất tôi có thể dành cho bạn vào thời điểm này.” Và đây là dành cho tất cả các doanh nhân đang xây dựng, họ đang đặt nền tảng cho một công ty tiềm năng rất lớn ngay bây giờ. Bạn sẽ thì thầm vào tai anh ấy điều gì? Tôi sẽ nói rằng mọi thứ sẽ ổn thôi. Thật vậy? Mọi thứ sẽ ổn thôi. Bạn biết đấy, tôi nghĩ đôi khi mọi người quá tập trung vào việc đưa ra quyết định đúng đắn và không tập trung đủ vào việc sửa chữa nếu họ sai. Và tôi nghĩ điều mà tôi sẽ nhấn mạnh hơn là bạn thay đổi ý kiến của mình nhanh như thế nào khi nhận được thông tin mới? Bạn sửa chữa một vấn đề hoặc một sai lầm nhanh như thế nào nếu bạn không đưa ra quyết định đúng ngay từ đầu? Đó là vòng phản hồi rất quan trọng để xây dựng một doanh nghiệp trong những ngày đầu. Nó có rất ít liên quan. Rõ ràng, có những quyết định tồn tại, bạn biết đấy, và những quyết định đó có thể tạo ra một số vấn đề lớn cho doanh nghiệp của bạn. Nhưng hầu hết các quyết định không phải là quyết định tồn tại. Điều quan trọng hơn là đưa ra một quyết định và sau đó nếu bạn sai, hãy sửa chữa nó. Tôi nghĩ rằng, khi bạn sai, phần sửa chữa đó cần được chú ý nhiều nhất và cũng là cách bạn có thể xác định, bạn biết đấy, ai là những nhà lãnh đạo tuyệt vời của bạn, ai là những người thực sự tài năng trong nhóm, bởi vì họ rất nhanh chóng chỉ ra rằng bạn biết đấy, tôi không nghĩ rằng chúng ta đã làm đúng điều đó. Tôi nghĩ chúng ta nên đi theo con đường này, con đường khác mà, bạn biết đấy, chúng ta có thể chưa từng xem xét vào lần đầu tiên. Và tôi nghĩ rằng cần có can đảm để nói điều đó trong một tổ chức thay vì chỉ nói, “Ô, chúng ta đang làm rất tốt.” Khi bạn ở đó và bạn đã mắc sai lầm, có điều gì đó bạn đã làm sai. Trong hồi tưởng, bạn có biết trong kiểm tra của bạn? Bởi vì một trong những điều mà tôi nghĩ đến khi tôi là một người sáng lập lần đầu xây dựng một bảng thông báo sinh viên là tôi sẽ nhận được phản hồi và phản hồi sẽ nói rằng, bạn sai về điều này, bạn cần thay đổi. Và tôi nghĩ đôi khi có một phần của tôi biết, nhưng tôi đã quá sợ hãi để hành động theo nó. Vậy nên tôi đã tự dối lòng mình để tiếp tục. Và tôi nghĩ rằng nhiều người sáng lập cũng làm như vậy. Tôi biết điều này vì họ đến với tôi trong danh mục đầu tư của tôi và họ nói, “Ô, Steve, có một người mà chúng tôi đã tuyển dụng và anh ấy đã ở đó được một năm và anh ấy chẳng làm nên trò trống gì cả.” Tôi hỏi, “Tại sao bạn lại nói cho tôi biết điều đó?” Và họ đang trì hoãn, tránh né cuộc trò chuyện. Nhưng rõ ràng họ biết. Rõ ràng họ biết rằng điều đó không đúng. Thật hài hước khi bạn nói điều đó vì bất cứ khi nào ai đó đến hỏi tôi về kiểu người đó, lời khuyên như, “Bạn nghĩ chúng tôi nên làm gì?”, “Bạn có nghĩ rằng…?” Tôi nói, “Nghe có vẻ như bạn đã quyết định rồi.” Vậy nên, tôi nghĩ rằng rất quan trọng để hành động dựa trên phản hồi đó, không sợ thay đổi hướng đi nhanh chóng nếu bạn nhận ra rằng bạn đã mắc sai lầm. Nhưng như bạn đã chỉ ra, điều đó khó thực hiện. Đôi khi đáng để xem liệu cược của bạn có thành công hay không. Bạn không muốn làm rối loạn đội ngũ và thay đổi ý kiến của mình mọi lúc. Vì vậy, đôi khi thực sự đáng để xem mọi thứ một chút trước khi bạn thay đổi.
    Có điều gì khác mà bạn muốn nói với Evan trẻ tuổi đó trong lời khuyên từ nhà của bố bạn không? Ở thời điểm đó, khi chúng tôi chưa mở rộng lên hàng ngàn người, tôi nghĩ rằng chúng tôi có thể đã rõ ràng hơn về văn hóa, những giá trị tốt đẹp, thông minh, sáng tạo, và thực sự nhúng những điều đó vào đội ngũ trước khi mở rộng. Bởi vì một trong những thách thức lớn nhất mà chúng tôi phải đối mặt là, bạn biết đấy, khi chúng tôi từ 20 người tăng lên 2.000 người, chúng tôi đã thực sự đưa vào tất cả các nền văn hóa khác nhau từ đủ loại công ty khác nhau. Như chúng tôi đã đưa vào một nhóm người từ Amazon, phải không? Họ thực sự yêu thích tài liệu sáu trang. Chúng tôi đã đưa vào một nhóm người từ Google, phải không? Họ rất tập trung vào việc ra quyết định dựa trên sự đồng thuận. Chúng tôi cũng đã đưa vào một nhóm từ Meta nữa. Và tôi nghĩ rằng chúng tôi đã quá chậm để thực sự rõ ràng về những giá trị của chúng tôi và điều đó trông như thế nào trong thực tế, những hành vi đó trông như thế nào. Tôi nghĩ rằng nếu chúng tôi đã sớm và nhanh chóng hơn, khi đánh giá hiệu suất và xem xét giá trị của chúng tôi, tốt bụng, thông minh, sáng tạo, chúng tôi có những hành vi cụ thể gắn liền với điều đó mà thực sự có cơ sở nghiên cứu. Và mỗi khi chúng tôi thực hiện một cuộc nghiên cứu toàn diện để hiểu những hành vi nào thực sự liên kết với hiệu suất và những giá trị đó. Nhưng điều đó mang lại cho mọi người một khung rõ ràng về kỳ vọng về cách hành xử tại Snap và văn hóa độc đáo của chúng tôi. Và có một thời điểm mà tôi cảm thấy chúng tôi đang mất kiểm soát văn hóa của mình. Và tôi không hài lòng với công ty và đội ngũ của mình. Tôi nhớ rằng tôi đã phàn nàn với một người bạn của tôi. Đây có lẽ là câu chuyện của bạn về việc mọi người đến với bạn và nói rằng, “Ôi, điều đó không hoạt động.” Tôi đã phàn nàn với một người bạn của tôi.
    Và tôi chỉ nghĩ, trời ơi, tôi thật sự không thích nó. Tôi không thích công việc của mình. Tôi không thích những gì công ty chúng tôi đã trở thành. Và cô ấy chỉ nhìn tôi và nói, thì hãy sửa chữa nó đi. Và tôi nghĩ, đó là một điểm hay. Tôi nghĩ rằng nó đã thay đổi và phát triển quá nhanh đến nỗi thật khó để giữ vững những giá trị của chúng tôi. Nhưng tôi thật sự đã lấy lời khuyên đó làm kim chỉ nam và bắt đầu cố gắng sửa chữa cùng đội ngũ của chúng tôi, làm rõ ràng về các giá trị, làm rõ ràng về các hành vi, giữ một tiêu chuẩn cao hơn và nói, này, nếu bạn không thích việc tử tế, thông minh và sáng tạo, cũng không sao. Có những công ty khác với văn hóa khác nhau, nhưng, bạn biết đấy, điều đó thực sự quan trọng với chúng tôi ở đây.
    Vậy bạn có ước rằng, nếu bạn làm một cuốn sách văn hóa trong những ngày đầu, đó sẽ là một việc khá đáng chú ý, nhưng bạn có muốn không? Và sau đó, như tôi đang nghĩ thực tế, người sáng lập nên làm gì nếu họ ở giai đoạn mà họ có một đội ngũ nhỏ, để ngăn chặn những gì đã xảy ra với bạn về văn hóa trở nên hơi “trộn lẫn”?
    Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ rằng đó không phải là vấn đề của cuốn sách văn hóa mà nhiều hơn về cách bạn áp dụng bất kỳ giá trị nào của bạn vào quy trình tuyển dụng của bạn, vào quy trình thăng chức của bạn, vào việc liệu mọi người vẫn làm việc tại công ty hay không. Và chúng tôi đã quá chậm để khắc sâu những giá trị đó vào đánh giá hiệu suất của chúng tôi. Và vì vậy tôi nghĩ nếu chúng tôi đã nhanh chóng hơn trong việc nói, này, đây là những giá trị của chúng tôi và những gì chúng tôi đại diện cho. Đây là cách nó trông như thế nào trong thực tế. Và nếu bạn không sống theo điều đó, thì đây không phải là ngôi nhà phù hợp cho bạn, như vậy sẽ giúp định hình văn hóa nhanh hơn rất nhiều. Cũng vì ngay lập tức mọi người sẽ thấy, ôi, nếu họ nghiêm túc về các giá trị của mình và họ yêu cầu mọi người rời đi nếu họ không sống theo các giá trị đó, thì, bạn biết đấy, tôi tốt hơn hết là hãy hòa nhập với các giá trị hoặc tìm một văn hóa khác phù hợp hơn với tính cách của mình.
    Nó dường như không phải là một ưu tiên trong văn hóa của các nhà sáng lập. Tôi nghĩ nó thực sự là một ưu tiên, nhưng thật khó để hiểu điều đó có nghĩa là gì. Bạn biết đấy, tôi đã có rất nhiều người nói với tôi rằng, thực sự, bạn phải tập trung vào văn hóa, tập trung vào văn hóa. Bạn như thể, bạn có ý nghĩa gì về văn hóa? Thật ra, đó chỉ là cách mọi người cư xử, phải không? Ý tôi là, đó thật sự là những gì chúng tôi đang nói. Như vậy, tập hợp của các hành vi trong nhóm, mà bạn biết, là chấp nhận hoặc là những chuẩn mực trong công ty của bạn?
    Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ thay vì sử dụng từ lớn văn hóa này, mà tôi đã nghe nhiều, nhưng không hiểu nó như thế nào kết nối chiến thuật với doanh nghiệp của chúng tôi, tôi nghĩ khi chúng tôi nói chuyện với các nhà sáng lập, chúng tôi nên cụ thể hơn về, bạn biết không, cách mọi người đang sống giá trị của công ty hàng ngày thông qua hành vi của họ. Và điều đó cơ bản được xác định bởi các động lực của tổ chức. Bởi vì những gì bạn đã nói là bạn cơ bản đã giới thiệu các cấu trúc động lực mà bạn sẽ bị ra khỏi hoặc bạn sẽ được thăng chức. Và nói thật về điều đó và nghiêm túc. Nhưng, bạn biết không, những cuộc trò chuyện khó khăn đến khi là, ôi, người đó là một ngôi sao. Nhưng họ không thực sự sống theo giá trị tử tế của chúng tôi. Và Bobby, tôi nghĩ, đã rất tuyệt vời về điều này. Bobby nói, Evan, không có ai là một kẻ đánh đập tài ba. Nếu bạn thực sự thông minh, làm thế nào bạn có thể là một kẻ đánh đập? Ý tôi là, điều đó có nghĩa là, bạn biết không, và bạn nghĩ, ôi, tôi thích điều đó.
    Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ rằng khái niệm rằng nếu bạn thực sự thông minh, làm thế nào bạn có thể là một kẻ đánh đập với mọi người? Ý tôi là, cái gì? Điều đó, tôi nghĩ, thực sự đã hình thành cách tiếp cận của chúng tôi trong việc xây dựng đội ngũ. Và tôi nghĩ nó mang lại cho bạn sự rõ ràng trong những khoảnh khắc mà bạn nghĩ, ôi, nhưng họ thật thông minh hoặc họ thật tài năng. Nó như thể, vâng, nhưng nếu họ thông minh và tài năng như vậy, tại sao họ không thể chỉ là tử tế với mọi người?
    Lời khuyên tồi tệ nhất mà bạn nhận được trong những năm đầu là gì? Chúng tôi đã nói về một số lời khuyên tốt và những lời khuyên tốt mà bạn sẽ đưa ra bây giờ. Nhưng có phải có bất kỳ lời khuyên nào thật sự tệ mà bạn nhận được mà có vẻ hợp lý nhưng lại là lời khuyên tồi? Tôi nghĩ nhiều người trong những ngày đầu đã nói với chúng tôi rằng chúng tôi nên bán. Ý tôi là, có rất nhiều, có một khoảnh khắc đáng xấu hổ. Tôi nhớ tôi tham gia một cuộc gọi hội nghị sớm với một số luật sư của chúng tôi và tôi không nghĩ họ biết tôi đã tham gia và họ đang nói về, bạn biết đấy, điều này về cơ bản sẽ trở về không, bạn hiểu không? Đó là trong những ngày đầu. Như thể, đây chỉ là một xu hướng, bạn biết đấy, bla, bla, bla. Và tôi nói, ôi, chào mấy bạn. Các bạn đang đùa đấy à. Và họ không biết bạn ở trên cuộc gọi. Họ không biết tôi đã tham gia vì tôi tham gia sớm một phút hoặc hai và gì đó như vậy.
    Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ có rất nhiều sự hoài nghi trong những ngày đầu và nhiều người đã nói, bạn biết đấy, hãy bán ngay khi có thể, bạn biết đấy, bạn đang cạnh tranh trong một ngành thực sự, thực sự khó khăn với nhiều người chơi lớn và bạn không biết liệu mọi người sẽ tiếp tục yêu thích sản phẩm này. Nhưng tôi nghĩ những gì họ đã bỏ lỡ là tầm nhìn của chúng tôi cho tương lai, đúng không? Họ chỉ thấy những gì nằm trong công chúng. Chúng tôi đã làm việc với mọi thứ, và vẫn đang làm việc với tất cả các sản phẩm tuyệt vời mới, điều này mang lại cho chúng tôi niềm tin vào tương lai và khả năng của chúng tôi để tạo ra sản phẩm mà mọi người thực sự yêu thích. Nhưng tôi nghĩ từ bên ngoài, khi bạn nhìn vào Snapchat, bạn chỉ nghĩ, mọi người đang gửi hình ảnh qua lại. Ý tôi là, làm thế nào điều này có thể trở thành một doanh nghiệp? Làm thế nào điều này có thể phát triển lâu dài? Nhưng bạn thực sự nhận được một đề nghị, một đề nghị rất nổi tiếng khi bạn 23 tuổi từ Mark Zuckerberg tại Facebook. Vâng, đó chắc chắn là một ngày định mệnh. Điều đó bắt đầu như thế nào? Câu chuyện đó bắt đầu từ đâu? Có phải là một email, một cuộc gọi điện thoại, một sự giới thiệu? Tôi nghĩ nó là một email ban đầu. Và tôi nghĩ chúng tôi đã gặp nhau vào một thời điểm nào đó và họ đã quan tâm đến những gì chúng tôi đang làm.
    Và, bạn biết đấy, vào thời điểm đó họ đang làm việc trên một sản phẩm cạnh tranh gọi là Poke, bạn biết đấy, vì vậy họ đã nói chuyện với chúng tôi, kiểu như, “Này, bạn biết đấy, chúng tôi đang khám phá lĩnh vực này”. Bạn nghĩ sao? Và có thể bạn muốn tham gia Facebook. Tôi nghĩ họ vừa mới mua lại Instagram, có lẽ khoảng một năm trước đó hoặc gì đó tương tự. Và quan điểm của chúng tôi là Instagram đã bị đánh giá quá thấp và thương vụ mua lại đó cuối cùng đã bỏ lỡ một cơ hội to lớn. Instagram được bán với giá một tỷ, phải không? Vâng. Một tỷ, đúng rồi. Còn WhatsApp thì khoảng 19 tỷ. Vâng, tôi nghĩ vậy. Bạn 23 tuổi vào thời điểm đó. Bạn có Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg, đề nghị cho bạn rất nhiều tiền. Tôi nghe nói rằng họ đã đề nghị 3 tỷ. Vâng, chúng tôi chưa bao giờ nói về điều đó công khai, nhưng đúng là vậy. Đó có phải là con số không? Không hẳn là con số chính xác, nhưng đó là cái đã được công bố công khai, vì vậy chúng ta có thể dựa vào đó. Được rồi. Nhưng bạn có nhận được lời đề nghị không? Đã có một cuộc trò chuyện thực sự về việc nó sẽ như thế nào và, bạn biết đấy, để kết hợp sức mạnh. Nhưng cuối cùng, bạn biết đấy, khi chúng tôi trao đổi với ban giám đốc và các nhà đầu tư của mình, chúng tôi đã quyết định rằng chúng tôi muốn tự mình làm. Vậy tôi đang cố gắng hiểu là một người 23 tuổi, nếu ai đó đề nghị tôi 3 tỷ cho một ứng dụng mà tôi đã bắt đầu, bạn đã nói rằng có lẽ bạn vẫn đang ở nhà với bố hoặc trong văn phòng màu xanh vào thời điểm đó. Vâng, tôi nghĩ chúng tôi chắc chắn ở nhà với bố tôi. Bạn đang ở nhà với bố bạn và có ai đó đang đề nghị bạn 3 tỷ cho một ứng dụng. Bạn có sự khôn ngoan gì để từ chối điều đó? Tôi ước tôi có thể nói rằng đó là sự khôn ngoan. Tôi nghĩ chỉ đơn giản là Bobby và tôi rất thích những gì chúng tôi đang làm. Chúng tôi yêu những gì chúng tôi đang làm. Chúng tôi tin vào tương lai của nó. Và cuối cùng, chúng tôi đã thuyết phục được các nhà đầu tư của mình rằng, cơ hội của chúng tôi lớn hơn rất nhiều theo thời gian. Và, bạn biết đấy, tôi nghĩ đó là lý do khiến chúng tôi có đủ tự tin để đưa ra quyết định đó. Bạn đã bao giờ gặp hoặc nói chuyện với Mark về điều đó chưa? Vâng, vâng, vâng. Tôi đã biết Mark từ lâu. Và ông ấy, ông ấy có hứng thú mua lại không? Um, bạn biết đấy, chúng tôi đã có một số cuộc trò chuyện thú vị về việc điều đó có thể trông như thế nào nếu chúng tôi làm việc tại Facebook. Tôi muốn rất thận trọng với những cuộc trò chuyện đó. Tôi không muốn nói ra ngoài chừng mực, nhưng, bạn biết đấy, ông ấy rất chiến lược và rất giỏi trong việc xác định, bạn biết đấy, vào thời điểm đó họ có một phần mềm xác định những ứng dụng phát triển nhanh nhất, um, để họ có thể theo đuổi chúng để mua lại. Tôi, tôi chỉ rất, tôi rất muốn thấy những điều đó diễn ra như thế nào. Nghe như một điều gì đó bạn sẽ thấy trong một bộ phim, nơi bạn nhận được cuộc gọi từ ai đó như Mark Zuckerberg, người đã xây dựng một đế chế lớn và bạn gần như cảm thấy như mình bị triệu hồi. Tôi tưởng tượng bạn được triệu hồi từ nhà bố mình để đến gặp ông ấy. Và bạn đã đến văn phòng của Facebook để gặp ông ấy, tôi đoán là trực tiếp. Tôi nghĩ có một lần tôi đã lên đó, chúng tôi, ông ấy đã đến gặp chúng tôi ở, uh, chúng tôi đã gặp nhau ở căn hộ của Cheryl ở Santa Monica hoặc gì đó như vậy. Cheryl có một căn hộ ở đó. Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ đó là nơi lần đầu tiên Bobby và tôi gặp ông ấy. Và ông ấy có nói với bạn rằng ông ấy sẽ sao chép bạn nếu bạn không bán không? Ông ấy chỉ giải thích rằng ông ấy đang làm việc trên Poke và rằng, bạn biết đấy, đó là cho tin nhắn hình ảnh và những điều tương tự. Và tôi đoán bạn không muốn gia nhập một công ty lớn vào thời điểm đó. Nó ít hơn là không muốn gia nhập một công ty lớn. Tôi nghĩ về cơ bản chúng tôi muốn xây dựng một doanh nghiệp khác biệt. Ý tôi là, bạn trở lại với bài viết blog đầu tiên của chúng tôi và cách mà chúng tôi đã nói về việc muốn cung cấp một giải pháp thay thế cho mạng xã hội, rằng chúng tôi cảm thấy mạng xã hội là về việc trở nên xinh đẹp và hoàn hảo. Và chúng tôi muốn một cách giao tiếp với bạn bè mà vui vẻ. Đạo đức của công ty, các giá trị, tầm nhìn rất khác biệt. Rất khó để tưởng tượng rằng chúng tôi có thể tiếp tục làm những gì chúng tôi yêu thích theo cách mà chúng tôi yêu thích, như một phần của tổ chức đó, vì họ chỉ định hướng theo một cách hoàn toàn khác. Có khi nào bạn hoài nghi về quyết định đó không? Không. Ngay cả một khoảnh khắc? Không có một khoảnh khắc nào. Không. Tất cả các nhà đầu tư đều ủng hộ chứ? Vâng, tất cả các nhà đầu tư của chúng tôi đều ủng hộ. Họ chắc chắn đã kiếm được rất nhiều tiền. Vâng, nhưng họ đã làm một điều rất thông minh ngay từ đầu trong một vòng tài trợ trước đó, tôi đoán khoảng thời gian đó hoặc trước đó, nơi mà Bobby và tôi đã có thể bán mỗi người 10 triệu đô la cổ phiếu. Vì vậy, mỗi người chúng tôi có 10 triệu đô la và chúng tôi đã nghĩ, wow, chúng tôi đã thành công. Như bạn biết đấy, chúng tôi đã có đủ tiền để sống mãi mãi. Và điều đó đã cho phép chúng tôi chỉ cần cố gắng hết sức. Ý tôi là, vào thời điểm đó bạn sẽ nói, hãy cứ thử xem sao. Vì vậy, không có cảm giác như, ôi không, tôi sẽ không thể mua một ngôi nhà. Tôi sẽ không thể, bạn biết đấy, có một gia đình. Chúng tôi đã nói, mỗi người chúng tôi có 10 triệu đô la. Hãy cứ tiến lên. Ý tôi là, cũng có một bài học ở đó cho các nhà sáng lập đang xem xét việc, như họ nói, “đặt một ít lên bàn”. Tôi nhận được một tin nhắn thoại từ cô ấy. Thực ra tôi đã nghe nó vào sáng nay và tôi đã đáp lại cô ấy sáng nay. Một người bạn của tôi, doanh nghiệp của cô ấy, tôi nghĩ đã ở đỉnh cao của thị trường vào năm 2020, đang chuẩn bị cho một đợt IPO. Và ban giám đốc và các nhà đầu tư của cô ấy đều nói rằng nó sẽ trở thành doanh nghiệp trị giá một tỷ đô la và rằng cô ấy nên tiếp tục. Cô ấy đã tiếp cận tôi và hỏi xem tôi có muốn mua một số cổ phần của cô ấy không. Tôi đã xem xét doanh nghiệp và tôi định giá nó ở mức một phần tư tỷ. Xin lỗi, một phần tư tỷ đô la, tức là 250 triệu, con số rất khác biệt. Và các nhà đầu tư xung quanh cô ấy đang nói rằng nó trị giá một cái gì đó khác.
    Dịch đoạn văn sau sang tiếng Việt:
    Cô ấy đã gửi cho tôi một ghi chú giọng nói, và bây giờ là bốn năm sau vào sáng nay, nói rằng, cảm ơn bạn về điều đó, Stephen. Bởi vì mặc dù chúng tôi đã không tiến hành một thỏa thuận với bạn, nhưng bạn đã gieo cho tôi ý tưởng rằng tôi có thể được bán một câu chuyện. Vì vậy, điều tôi đã làm là vài tháng sau cuộc trò chuyện của chúng tôi là tôi đã bán một vài cổ phần. Và tất nhiên, bạn biết chuyện gì đã xảy ra trong năm 2020 với thị trường và cuối cùng mọi thứ đã sụp đổ. Cô ấy nói rằng bây giờ tôi sẽ cảm thấy như mất trí vì công ty đang gặp khó khăn và rõ ràng là thị trường đã thay đổi nếu tôi không rút bớt một phần. Và cô ấy đã gửi một ghi chú giọng nói bốn năm sau để nói cảm ơn vì đã gieo hạt giống đó trong đầu cô ấy. Tôi cũng nghe thấy điều tương tự ở bạn. Tôi nghe rằng bạn đã rút bớt một chút tiền. Nó đã thay đổi cách ra quyết định của bạn. Nhưng cũng, bạn chỉ không bao giờ biết. Vâng. Và tôi nghĩ bạn phải, như bạn đã nói, bạn phải cẩn thận khi tiếp cận những tình huống này như thể đó là trò chơi không có người thắng. Dù sao chúng ta sẽ lớn mạnh hoặc là, bạn biết đấy, và với rủi ro mà chúng ta sẽ mất hết hoặc, bạn biết đấy, chúng ta sẽ bán công ty. Tôi nghĩ, bạn biết đấy, có rất nhiều giải pháp sáng tạo cho phép các nhà sáng lập rút bớt tiền, chăm sóc gia đình của họ và vẫn nỗ lực xây dựng một doanh nghiệp lớn. Và các nhà đầu tư mạo hiểm thực sự hợp nhất với triết lý nỗ lực lớn. Các nhà đầu tư tăng trưởng có thể ít như vậy hơn khi doanh nghiệp ngày càng lớn. Nhưng khi bạn có các nhà đầu tư mạo hiểm, ý tôi là, họ, bạn biết đấy, họ đang tìm kiếm tỷ suất hoàn vốn 10x, 100x. Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ rằng, bạn biết đấy, tìm một công thức hoạt động cho các nhà sáng lập, cho phép họ, bạn biết đấy, chăm sóc gia đình của họ, nhưng cũng vẫn nỗ lực lớn là một cách tiếp cận quý giá. Bạn và Mark có phải là bạn bè không? Bạn nói bạn biết anh ấy. Lần cuối cùng tôi thấy anh ấy là tại phiên điều trần của Thượng viện, tôi nghĩ, cái gì đó, năm ngoái? Trông thật thú vị. Cô ấy đã thử một lần. Không, không có cơ hội. Đến năm 2014, khi bạn 24 tuổi, 40% người lớn ở Mỹ sử dụng Snapchat mỗi ngày. Và đến năm 2015, Snapchat đã đạt được 75 triệu người dùng hàng tháng. Vào thời điểm đó, cuộc sống của bạn với tư cách là một CEO, một nhà sáng lập như thế nào? Đây là năm 2015? 2014, 2015. 2014, 2015. Bạn trở thành tỷ phú trẻ nhất thế giới ở tuổi 25, chỉ bốn năm sau khi ra mắt Snapchat, với giá trị tài sản ròng ước tính 4 tỷ vào thời điểm đó. Cuộc sống khá tốt. Tôi đã gặp vợ tôi vào năm 2014, đó là một bước ngoặt lớn trong cuộc đời tôi. Tại sao lại là bây giờ? Cô ấy là một người phụ nữ tuyệt vời, thực sự đã mang lại cho tôi cảm giác ổn định và một lượng hỗ trợ lớn. Cô ấy rất quan tâm đến sức khỏe. Đó là một điều mà cô ấy thực sự đam mê. Vì vậy, giống như, tôi sống với một huấn luyện viên sức khỏe mỗi ngày. Và, bạn biết đấy, để có được loại ổn định và hệ thống hỗ trợ đó trong khi trải qua, bạn biết đấy, xây dựng doanh nghiệp của chúng tôi thật sự rất có ích. Bạn quản lý điều đó như thế nào? Bạn quản lý mối quan hệ lãng mạn như thế nào khi bạn đang điều khiển một chiếc tàu vũ trụ? Tôi nghĩ một trong những điều rất hữu ích là cô ấy, bạn biết đấy, cũng rất thành công. Cô ấy có doanh nghiệp riêng mà cô ấy đang làm, gọi là Core Organics, một doanh nghiệp mỹ phẩm hữu cơ. Vì vậy, cô ấy thực sự hiểu rằng thật khó để trở thành một doanh nhân và luôn hỗ trợ, bạn biết đấy, công việc của tôi và cam kết của tôi với công việc và đội ngũ của chúng tôi. Và vì vậy tôi nghĩ đó gần như là điều đã kết nối chúng tôi, không phải điều gì đó, bạn biết đấy, đã khiến chúng tôi xa cách. Và tôi nghĩ điều đó thật thú vị. Tôi nói chuyện với nhiều người, đôi khi họ nói, ừ, mối quan hệ của tôi đang gặp thử thách vì tôi làm việc quá nhiều. Và những gì tôi nhận ra khi tôi có những cuộc trò chuyện đó với mọi người là rất thường khi họ gặp vợ/chồng của họ khi họ không làm việc nhiều. Họ gặp vợ/chồng của họ 10 năm trước, 15 năm, 20 năm trước, bạn biết đấy, khi họ chỉ mới bắt đầu sự nghiệp của mình. Và tôi nghĩ, bạn biết đấy, thật khó khăn khi bạn có một công việc lớn hơn và tất cả đều tiêu tốn thời gian. Và vợ/chồng của bạn sẽ nói, nhớ khi chúng ta mới gặp nhau và bạn không làm việc nhiều lắm? Bạn đã dành nhiều thời gian hơn cho tôi. Ngay từ khi tôi gặp vợ tôi, cả hai chúng tôi đều làm việc hết sức. Và vì vậy tôi nghĩ rằng kỳ vọng này rằng, bạn biết đấy, cả hai chúng tôi đều làm việc mọi lúc để hỗ trợ doanh nghiệp của chúng tôi, hỗ trợ gia đình của chúng tôi, làm những gì chúng tôi yêu thích, đã được hình thành trong mối quan hệ. Nhưng làm sao bạn dành thời gian để gặp nhau? Bạn có cần thiết lập hệ thống để đảm bảo rằng bạn không chỉ ở văn phòng cả thời gian không? Một trong những điều thực sự hữu ích mà chúng tôi bắt đầu làm cách đây vài năm là có ngày gia đình vào Chủ nhật, luôn là ngày gia đình. Và điều đó có nghĩa là mọi người đều ở nhà. Vì vậy, nếu con cái chúng tôi muốn có bạn bè đến chơi hoặc gì đó, đó hoàn toàn là điều tốt. Nhưng chúng không đến nhà bạn bè. Mọi người tập trung bên nhau. Và, bạn biết đấy, việc dành thời gian đó cho gia đình là rất quan trọng. Cô ấy đóng vai trò gì trong việc đưa ra phản hồi cho bạn? Ôi, wow. Cô ấy đưa ra phản hồi rất, rất thẳng thắn. Điều đó như một món quà, đúng không? Đúng vậy, và tôi nghĩ cô ấy thực sự đam mê những lĩnh vực khác với những gì tôi đam mê. Và vì vậy, bạn biết đấy, cô ấy có thể đưa ra phản hồi cho tôi trong những lĩnh vực khác hoặc những điều mà tôi thực sự thậm chí không nghĩ đến, bạn biết đấy. Có phản hồi nào khó khăn mà cô ấy đã chia sẻ với bạn mà bạn có thể chia sẻ với tôi không? Bạn biết đấy, tôi nghĩ một trong những thách thức mà tôi đôi khi gặp phải là tôi có thể có một tông giọng rất, như, gay gắt. Như, ngay cả khi những gì tôi đang nói thực sự, bạn biết đấy, tôi đang cố gắng trở nên hữu ích hoặc tử tế hoặc gì đó. Tôi đã được nuôi dưỡng bởi, và cha tôi là một luật sư tranh tụng. Mẹ tôi là một luật sư thuế. Như, tôi đã lớn lên với việc nghe cha tôi có những cuộc trò chuyện rất căng thẳng qua điện thoại mọi lúc. Vì vậy, như, trong chế độ kinh doanh, tôi có thể rất thẳng thắn. Và tôi không nghĩ điều đó là hữu ích.
    Và tôi không nghĩ mọi người muốn nghe khi bạn có một giọng điệu sắc bén hoặc hung hăng. Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ cô ấy luôn khuyến khích tôi, kiểu như, hãy nói điều tương tự, nhưng theo một cách hơi khác một chút. Và mọi người sẽ nghe, bạn biết đấy. Bạn gái của tôi cũng nói như vậy với tôi. Bởi vì tôi nghĩ đôi lúc tôi không chuyển được ngữ cảnh từ công việc ra ngoài, Steve, và, bạn biết đấy, vì đôi khi bạn sẽ nhận được email và tin nhắn ở nhà, và bạn gái của tôi có thể đến và cô ấy có thể nói điều gì đó. Cách tôi phản ứng gần như là cách tôi sẽ phản ứng như khi tôi ở văn phòng. Và tôi phải nói, cô ấy luôn đúng. Bởi vì có một phần trong giọng điệu của tôi mà tôi nghĩ đang truyền tải cảm xúc mà tôi đang cảm thấy từ điều tôi đang làm để cố gắng khiến cô ấy để tôi yên. Đây là điều mà cả hai chúng tôi có thể cùng làm việc. Thật điên rồ. Thật điên rồ khi Matt có mặt ở nhà, cách bạn nói điều gì đó. Một trăm phần trăm. Và có sự đồng cảm và tử tế. Và bạn đã có bốn đứa trẻ nữa, điều mà tôi chưa có. Đối với tôi, đó là một trách nhiệm thêm bên cạnh chiếc tên lửa của Snapchat, mối quan hệ, và giờ là bốn đứa trẻ nữa. Vâng, nhưng đó là điều tuyệt vời nhất trên thế giới. Ý tôi là, điều tuyệt vời nhất trên thế giới là có con. Thật sao? Không có gì tuyệt vời hơn trong hành tinh này. Ý tôi là, tôi chưa tìm thấy điều gì gần giống. Tại sao? Bởi vì tình yêu và sự kết nối mà bạn có với con cái của bạn là điều không giống bất kỳ điều gì khác mà bạn sẽ từng trải nghiệm. Ý tôi là, nó sâu sắc, bạn biết đấy. Hai bạn làm thế nào để cân bằng bốn đứa trẻ, các doanh nghiệp, mối quan hệ? Vâng, tôi nghĩ Miranda có thể cân bằng tốt hơn tôi, tôi nghĩ vậy. Và cô ấy thực sự cam kết dành thời gian cho bọn trẻ. Ý tôi là, đó là điều quan trọng với cô ấy. Và điều đó cũng quan trọng với tôi. Tôi không nghĩ, bạn biết đấy, tôi đã dành rất nhiều thời gian thưc sự trong nhiều năm, chỉ tìm kiếm những người cực kỳ thành công và chỉ hỏi họ rằng: “Này, làm thế nào để bạn nuôi dạy những đứa trẻ tuyệt vời?” Kiểu như bạn đã rất thành công. Bạn đã làm thế nào? Và điều tôi rút ra được từ khoảng 100 cuộc trò chuyện này là cơ bản rằng các bậc phụ huynh thực sự cam kết và có thể dành thời gian với con cái của họ và tự mình làm điều đó, tự mình tương tác với con cái, thì họ có xu hướng có mối quan hệ rất tốt với con cái, và con cái của họ dường như cũng trở nên tuyệt vời. Và điều làm tôi đau lòng là có rất nhiều bậc phụ huynh không thể dành thời gian trực tiếp một cách cá nhân với con cái của họ hay có lẽ trong trường hợp của tôi là thời gian một đối bốn với con cái của họ. Bởi vì đó dường như là yếu tố quan trọng là sự kết nối với cha mẹ của bạn. Có mặt ở đó. Bạn có sở hữu một doanh nghiệp hay bạn làm việc trong lĩnh vực marketing không? Nếu bạn là người đó, hãy lắng nghe một cơ hội giá trị từ nhà tài trợ của chương trình chúng tôi, LinkedIn. Tôi là một nhà đầu tư vào khoảng 40 công ty. Và trong khi họ hoạt động trong các ngành khác nhau, tất cả đều gặp một thách thức, có thể là thách thức quan trọng nhất khi nói đến marketing, đó là đưa thương hiệu của họ đến với đúng đối tượng. Chúng ta có thể nghĩ đến những lúc chúng ta đã lướt mạng xã hội và nhận được một quảng cáo hoàn toàn không liên quan đến chúng ta. LinkedIn giờ đã phát triển thành một mạng lưới gồm hơn một tỷ chuyên gia, bao gồm 130 triệu người ra quyết định, điều đó có nghĩa là bạn có thể nhắm mục tiêu cụ thể người mua của bạn theo chức danh công việc, cấp bậc, ngành nghề, thậm chí là doanh thu công ty. Vì vậy, hãy ngừng lãng phí ngân sách marketing của bạn vào đối tượng sai và bắt đầu nhắm vào đám đông đúng qua LinkedIn ngay bây giờ. Và vì bạn là một phần của cộng đồng của tôi, LinkedIn đang cung cấp cho bạn 100 đô la cho chiến dịch tiếp theo của bạn. Hãy truy cập linkedin.com/diary để yêu cầu phần của bạn ngay bây giờ. Đó là linkedin.com/diary. Và tất nhiên, các điều khoản và điều kiện áp dụng và chỉ có trên quảng cáo LinkedIn. Tôi đã xem trang LinkedIn của bạn. Tôi đã xem tiểu sử của bạn. Bạn có biết tôi sắp nói gì không? Tôi nghĩ là có, vâng. Trong tiểu sử LinkedIn của bạn, nói rằng bạn là, tôi nghĩ, phó chủ tịch sản phẩm tại Meta. Đó không phải là trò đùa của tôi. Chúng tôi đã lấy lại trò đùa đó từ Kara Swisher, người đã khởi xướng nó. Nhưng tôi nghĩ giờ đây họ đã sao chép các tính năng nhắn tin tạm thời và các câu chuyện, mọi thứ, bạn biết đấy, rất nhiều thứ mà chúng tôi đã làm trong thực tế tăng cường. Tất nhiên, giờ họ nói họ đang làm việc trên kính mắt, thứ mà, bạn biết đấy, chúng tôi đã làm việc trong hơn một thập kỷ. Tôi nghĩ, tôi nghĩ tôi đã, tôi nghĩ tôi đã xứng đáng với, xứng đáng với danh hiệu đó. Tôi không biết. Chắc hẳn điều đó khiến bạn khó chịu. Bởi vì điều đó sẽ khiến tôi khó chịu. Ví dụ, tôi có thể ngồi trên một podcast và tôi có thể nói, không, tôi sẽ không bận tâm. Bạn biết đấy, vấn đề là, bla bla bla bla bla. Nhưng không, điều đó sẽ khiến tôi khó chịu vì bạn vừa nói với tôi rằng có rất nhiều người đang cố gắng sáng tạo để nghĩ ra những ý tưởng này. Họ có hàng ngàn ý tưởng. Bạn đang chiến đấu để tìm một ý tưởng. Và sau đó bạn có khoảnh khắc đó khi bạn trình bày nó với thế giới. Thế giới nói, điều này thật thú vị. Bạn biết người đã nghĩ ra điều đó. Bạn ngồi cạnh anh ta. Một trong những điều rất đáng bực bội về điều này là họ tái sử dụng các phát minh của chúng tôi để tạo ra những sản phẩm khiến mọi người cảm thấy không hạnh phúc và xấu hổ về bản thân. Một trong những điều thú vị là trong năm ngoái, có một nghiên cứu từ Hà Lan, một nghiên cứu hoàn toàn độc lập từ Hà Lan. Chúng tôi không tham gia. Một nghiên cứu khác từ Australia nữa. Và nó so sánh, tôi nghĩ, như Instagram, TikTok và Snapchat. Và nó cơ bản phát hiện ra rằng với Snapchat, không có các tác động tiêu cực nào, nghiên cứu xác định không có tác động tiêu cực về sức khỏe tâm thần khi sử dụng Snapchat. Nhưng có các tác động tiêu cực về sức khỏe tâm thần khi sử dụng Instagram và TikTok. Và thực tế, tôi nghĩ nghiên cứu ở Hà Lan đã tìm ra rằng Snapchat thực sự thúc đẩy sự khỏe mạnh và giúp thúc đẩy các mối quan hệ của bạn nữa. Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ điều thực sự đáng thất vọng là khi mọi người nghĩ rằng vì họ đã sao chép một số tính năng của chúng tôi mà các sản phẩm là như nhau hoặc rằng chúng thực hiện cùng một điều.
    Khi sản phẩm của chúng tôi được thiết kế theo một cách rất khác biệt, nhằm hỗ trợ mối quan hệ của bạn với những người bạn thân thiết và gia đình, và cuối cùng đó là điều hỗ trợ sự an lành của bạn.
    Và vì vậy, điều mà chúng tôi không bao giờ muốn ai nghĩ là nếu họ sử dụng những câu chuyện trên Instagram, thì đó giống như Snapchat.
    Và bạn biết đấy, mặc dù họ đã đánh cắp tên sản phẩm hoặc một số chức năng của nó, nhưng cách mà Snapchat được thiết kế nhìn chung lại có tác động tích cực thực sự trong cuộc sống của mọi người.
    Điều đó không phải là những gì mọi người cảm thấy khi họ sử dụng Instagram.
    Bạn có bao giờ nghĩ đến việc gửi email hoặc nhắn tin hay gọi điện cho Mark khi họ bắt đầu sao chép một số tính năng cốt lõi của bạn như tính năng câu chuyện không?
    Không, chúng tôi không làm như vậy.
    Tôi nghĩ, bạn biết đấy, một trong những điều mà tôi rất ngưỡng mộ về Kevin Systrom là khi họ sao chép tính năng câu chuyện, họ đã ngừng giả vờ rằng họ đang làm điều gì đó khác biệt.
    Ý tôi là, với những thứ như Poke, họ đã cố gắng lừa dối là sản phẩm của chính họ.
    Ôi, chúng tôi, bạn biết đấy, đang làm một điều gì đó hơi khác biệt.
    Bạn biết đấy, với những câu chuyện, Kevin Systrom đã ra mặt và chỉ nói, này, chúng tôi nghĩ đây là một tính năng tuyệt vời.
    Đây là một sản phẩm thật sự xuất sắc.
    Và như vậy, chúng tôi sẽ đánh cắp nó và đưa vào Instagram.
    Và chúng tôi nghĩ bạn sẽ thích nó.
    Và bạn biết đấy, tôi nghĩ rằng sự trung thực đó, ít nhất, là đáng ngưỡng mộ.
    Có phải bạn cảm thấy một cảm giác bất công khi ai đó đánh cắp ý tưởng của bạn như vậy không?
    Không, không hề.
    Ý tôi là, đó là cái mà, bạn biết đấy, tôi chắc chắn bạn biết câu nói, như, những nghệ sĩ vĩ đại đánh cắp.
    Tôi nghĩ, một trong những điều về ngành công nghiệp của chúng tôi là mọi người liên tục được truyền cảm hứng từ nhau.
    Ý tôi là, trong những ngày đầu, tôi đã đến thăm ByteDance khi họ chỉ có Totiao, ứng dụng Totiao, về cơ bản là một ứng dụng nguồn tin tức.
    Nhưng nó đã được hỗ trợ bởi AI, bởi ML.
    Và khi tôi thấy điều đó, điều đó thực sự truyền cảm hứng cho tôi.
    Và chúng tôi đã thực hiện một thay đổi lớn đối với sản phẩm của mình.
    Chúng tôi đã tách biệt tất cả nội dung của người sáng tạo và nhà xuất bản khỏi các câu chuyện của bạn bè.
    Và chúng tôi đã nói, này, bạn biết đấy, khác với mạng xã hội nơi bạn thấy nội dung dựa trên những gì bạn bè bạn thích hoặc bình luận, trên Snapchat, chúng tôi sẽ thực hiện các gợi ý dựa trên ML.
    Bạn sẽ có nội dung từ bạn bè của bạn.
    Nhưng sau đó bạn sẽ có cả một thế giới khác của nội dung từ các nhà sáng tạo và nhà xuất bản sẽ được gợi ý dựa trên sở thích của bạn.
    Và những gì bạn đam mê.
    Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ như việc lấy cảm hứng từ các công ty và doanh nghiệp khác là một phần của đổi mới.
    Tôi nghĩ đó là một phần của trò chơi.
    Nhưng điều đó chắc chắn đã cho chúng tôi thấy rằng nếu chúng tôi muốn đổi mới, nếu chúng tôi muốn tạo ra những sản phẩm mới, chúng tôi nên tạo ra những thứ rất khó để sao chép, mất nhiều thời gian để sao chép, rất khó để thực hiện.
    Bởi vì nếu bạn theo đuổi những điều thực sự khó khăn và phức tạp, sẽ khó hơn rất nhiều cho các công ty lớn chỉ sao chép chúng.
    Bởi vì tôi đang nghĩ về rất nhiều nhà sáng lập mà tôi biết đã bắt đầu doanh nghiệp.
    Và có thể là bất cứ điều gì từ một công ty áo phông đến có thể là một podcast.
    Và họ đang phải đối mặt với việc người khác sao chép ý tưởng của họ.
    Và đôi khi họ phản ứng rất xấu.
    Tôi nghĩ rằng rất quan trọng để tiến hóa rất nhanh chóng từ việc chỉ là một sản phẩm hoặc chỉ là một tính năng đến trở thành một nền tảng hoặc một hệ sinh thái.
    Và vì vậy, điều tôi muốn nói là nếu tôi so sánh những ngày đầu của các câu chuyện, nơi mọi người chỉ đăng các câu chuyện cho nhau, thì việc sao chép tính năng đó khá dễ dàng.
    Bạn biết đấy, bạn có thể lập trình điều đó khá nhanh.
    Chắc chắn với AI bây giờ, bạn có thể lập trình nó rất nhanh.
    Khi tôi nhìn vào những gì chúng tôi đã làm với thực tế tăng cường, đúng không, chúng tôi có LensCore, đó là bộ công cụ render riêng của chúng tôi cho thực tế tăng cường chạy trên điện thoại nhưng cũng trên kính của chúng tôi.
    Chúng tôi có một công cụ gọi là LensStudio, một công cụ cực kỳ tinh vi mà các nhà phát triển có thể sử dụng để xây dựng những trải nghiệm AR này.
    Chúng tôi có hàng triệu người đang sử dụng những trải nghiệm AR này trên điện thoại.
    Và chúng tôi có hàng trăm ngàn nhà phát triển đang tạo ra tất cả những trải nghiệm AR này.
    Khi bạn có loại công nghệ rất phức tạp mà khó sao chép và bạn có một hệ sinh thái những người đang sử dụng nó, cả về mặt nhà phát triển, bạn biết không, các nhà sáng tạo, và cả cộng đồng của chúng tôi những người yêu thích những trải nghiệm AR đó, thì nó trở nên rất, rất khó để bạn biết, sao chép 4 triệu lens mà các nhà phát triển đã tạo ra cho nền tảng của chúng tôi, bạn biết không, hoặc chuyển hàng trăm triệu người đang tận hưởng thực tế tăng cường trên Snapchat sang một nền tảng mới.
    Và vì vậy, đặc biệt là trong lĩnh vực công nghệ, càng nhanh bạn có thể tiến hóa từ việc là một tính năng hoặc một sản phẩm trở thành một nền tảng thực sự, tôi nghĩ rằng đó là nơi giá trị được tạo ra lâu dài.
    Vì vậy, gần như mối quan hệ này giữa mức độ khó khăn và phức tạp của điều đó trong việc xây dựng và tạo ra dường như ngược lại với độ dễ dàng để sao chép.
    Tôi nghĩ vậy.
    Và sau đó, bạn biết đấy, mức độ hệ sinh thái mà nó có về việc người khác đang sử dụng nó, đúng không, gần như nhiều hơn như một thị trường, đúng không, điều đó khiến cho việc di cư cả hai bên của thị trường trở nên rất khó khăn.
    Bạn có nghĩ rằng những công ty công nghệ hiện tại, những công ty trị giá hàng nghìn tỷ, những nền tảng xã hội lớn đó, là độc quyền và nên được chia tách không?
    Bởi vì đã có một lời kêu gọi lớn ban đầu để chia tách những công ty này.
    Và bạn đã, tôi đoán có thể nói, là một nạn nhân của sức mạnh của một độc quyền, có khả năng đột nhập, sao chép, nhân bản, đánh cắp một đổi mới.
    Tôi nghĩ điều quan trọng hơn về việc họ có phải là độc quyền hay không là chúng ta nghĩ điều gì sẽ xảy ra tiếp theo, đúng không?
    Ý tôi là, nếu bạn nhớ, đã có một khoảng thời gian mà ai cũng nghĩ Microsoft sẽ thống trị thế giới.
    Họ đã bị cuốn vào rất nhiều luật chống độc quyền, các cuộc điều tra và vụ kiện liên quan đến chống độc quyền và đủ thứ khác. Cuối cùng, có thể do bị phân tâm bởi các vụ kiện, nhưng tôi cũng nghĩ rằng đó chỉ là cách họ nghĩ về doanh nghiệp của mình vào thời điểm đó, họ đã bỏ lỡ toàn bộ chu kỳ di động. Bạn biết đấy, tôi nghĩ mọi người đang nhìn vào Google hiện tại và hỏi liệu có một khoảnh khắc tương tự diễn ra cho Google không? Google đang phải đối mặt với rất nhiều cuộc điều tra chống độc quyền. Liệu ChatGPT, ví dụ, có đang xuất hiện và với AI, có thực sự làm cho việc cạnh tranh với doanh nghiệp cốt lõi của Google trở nên khó khăn hơn không? Và vì vậy, tôi nghĩ rằng với thời gian tồn tại lâu dài của chu kỳ quy định và kiện tụng, ý tôi là, bạn đang nói đến hơn 10 năm, thì có vẻ như không quan trọng lắm nếu chính phủ nghĩ rằng đó là một cuộc độc quyền hay không, vì dường như không có nhiều điều họ có thể làm về điều đó. Vậy điều mà tôi nghĩ quan trọng hơn nhiều đối với các công ty công nghệ nhỏ là suy nghĩ về những sáng kiến, công nghệ cơ bản nào mà chúng tôi có thể làm việc, có thể phát triển cuối cùng sẽ giúp chúng tôi phát triển doanh nghiệp? Và có thể, bạn biết đấy, một ngày nào đó bắt kịp một trong những công ty lớn này ở một vị thế yếu hơn. Tôi muốn nói về điều đó. Nhưng câu hỏi cuối cùng của tôi về việc sao chép là, nếu bạn ở trong vị trí của Mark Zuckerberg, bạn có sao chép Snapchat không? Tôi nghĩ rằng với vị trí thị trường của họ, đó là một chiến lược rất hiệu quả. Họ về cơ bản có một khoản tiền mặt khổng lồ. Tôi nghĩ họ đang đầu tư 20 tỷ đô la mỗi năm vào, bạn biết đấy, các sản phẩm kính AR và một số sản phẩm VR của họ. Kính AR chủ yếu là sao chép những gì chúng tôi đang làm. Và ngoài điều đó, họ có hàng chục tỷ đô la trong tất cả các khoản đầu tư khác nhau, bao gồm sao chép ChatGPT, đúng không, và tất cả sự tiến bộ trong các mô hình ngôn ngữ lớn. Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ đó là một chiến lược khá hiệu quả nếu bạn ở quy mô đó, tạo ra được nhiều tiền mặt như vậy để chỉ, bạn biết đấy, phân bổ vốn đó cho nhiều cược khác nhau và chờ xem công ty nào thành công và những gì họ tạo ra và sau đó cố gắng đổ vào đó một khoản vốn lớn và hy vọng những công ty đó không đạt được quy mô. Có ngày nào khó khăn cho bạn trong tất cả những điều đó không? Có ngày nào khó nhất mà bạn có thể nhớ không? Đã có rất nhiều lo ngại khi Instagram Stories lần đầu ra mắt rằng Snapchat sẽ hoàn toàn trở nên lỗi thời. Và bạn biết đấy, họ đã làm rất tốt khi nói về bao nhiêu người đang sử dụng, bạn biết đấy, stories. Chúng tôi đã nhận được rất nhiều câu hỏi và áp lực về việc, bạn biết đấy, Snapchat có bao giờ thành công không? Và tôi không nghĩ mọi người nhận ra vào thời điểm đó rằng mọi người chủ yếu sử dụng Instagram cho các nhà sáng tạo nội dung và những người có sức ảnh hưởng và những điều tương tự. Còn họ chủ yếu sử dụng Snapchat cho bạn bè và gia đình. Vì vậy, chúng tôi đã tập trung vào trường hợp sử dụng bạn bè và gia đình này, điều mà không phải là những gì Instagram đang hướng tới. Họ tập trung nhiều hơn vào những người có sức ảnh hưởng. Và tôi nghĩ chỉ vì Snapchat đã bắt đầu tăng trưởng với những người có sức ảnh hưởng đó. Nếu bạn nhớ, bạn biết đấy, DJ Khaled và một số snap đầu tiên đó, đã có những người có sức ảnh hưởng bắt đầu tham gia Snapchat chỉ để sử dụng Stories, đúng không, để sử dụng nó theo cách khác với cách mà chúng tôi đã thiết kế ban đầu cho bạn bè và gia đình. Và tôi nghĩ đó là điều thực sự đã thu hút sự chú ý của Instagram. Vì vậy, thật sự bực bội trong những khoảnh khắc đó khi mọi người nói, vậy Snapchat sẽ sống sót như thế nào? Bởi vì họ không hiểu rằng Stories trên Instagram phục vụ cho một mục đích hoàn toàn khác với, bạn biết đấy, Stories trên Snapchat. Bạn chắc hẳn đã thấy điều đó đến vì mọi người bắt đầu tin rằng có tính năng mới sắp ra mắt. Tôi đang điều hành một doanh nghiệp truyền thông xã hội vào thời điểm đó và có những hacker có thể xem qua các cơ sở mã và xem những tính năng sắp ra mắt. Và sau đó nó bị rò rỉ ra ngoài blog. Vì vậy, với tư cách là một đội, bạn đang quản lý cảm xúc của một nhóm người. Và nhóm người đó, họ đều nghe thấy rằng người chơi lớn nhất trong trò chơi sắp ra mắt một tính năng trung tâm trong đề xuất của bạn. Vậy, với tư cách là một nhà lãnh đạo, bạn quản lý cảm xúc của mọi người như thế nào trong thời điểm đó? Chà, tôi nghĩ rằng điều đó có thể là một điều, bạn biết đấy, mang lại năng lượng cho một đội, đúng không? Nếu bạn có một số công ty lớn nhất thế giới xác nhận những gì bạn đang làm, điều đó thực sự có thể mang lại năng lượng nếu bạn tiếp cận nó theo cách đó, đúng không? Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ thay vì chỉ nói, ôi không, đó là, bạn biết đấy, kết thúc trò chơi, nhưng có lẽ tốt hơn hết là nên đóng cửa mọi thứ và bỏ cuộc. Tôi nghĩ nếu bạn nói đây thực sự là bằng chứng cho thấy chúng ta đang đi đúng hướng ở đây, rằng chúng ta đang xây dựng những sản phẩm mà mọi người yêu thích, rằng chúng đang thu hút sự chú ý của một số công ty lớn nhất và quyền lực nhất thế giới. Bạn biết đấy, hãy xây dựng trên điều đó. Hãy tiếp tục phát triển những sản phẩm mà hàng tỷ người trên khắp thế giới sẽ sử dụng. Và tôi nghĩ cuối cùng đến điểm mà, bạn biết đấy, bạn có thể thuê và, bạn biết đấy, giữ chân được những người tài năng, sáng tạo thực sự không? Tôi nghĩ thật tuyệt nếu bạn là một nhà thiết kế tại Snap rằng những thứ bạn đang tạo ra không chỉ được sử dụng bởi hơn 850 triệu người sử dụng Snapchat mà còn là hàng tỷ người sử dụng đủ loại sản phẩm khác bởi vì mọi người nhận được rất nhiều cảm hứng từ đội ngũ thiết kế của chúng tôi và những gì họ xây dựng. Tôi nghĩ đó thật sự là điều tuyệt vời. Một trong những trường hợp sử dụng mà xuất hiện gần như từ trên trời rơi xuống, tôi nghĩ, cho Snapchat là, và đây là điều mà tôi chỉ nghĩ đến ngày hôm qua, là vào một thời điểm nào đó bạn phải đưa ra quyết định về, như, nội dung dành cho người lớn trên ứng dụng. Và OnlyFans đã xây dựng một doanh nghiệp lớn mạnh hiện nay, và họ cơ bản là trong ngành kinh doanh nội dung người lớn. Vào một thời điểm nào đó, bạn chắc hẳn đã bị thách thức về điều đó bởi các nhà đầu tư hoặc người dùng, liệu bạn có cho phép nội dung khiêu dâm trên nền tảng không, vì điều đó sẽ, có lẽ, sẽ tạo ra một lượng người dùng đang tăng lên. Vâng, chúng tôi chủ động quét nội dung khiêu dâm và loại bỏ nó. Ý tôi là, điều đó trái với quy định nội dung của chúng tôi.
    Chúng tôi đã làm điều đó trong một thời gian rất, rất dài. Vậy nên, có, tôi muốn nói rằng đó không phải là cách mà chúng tôi suy nghĩ về, bạn biết đấy, doanh nghiệp cốt lõi của chúng tôi. Và tôi cũng nghĩ, bạn biết đấy, khi bạn nghĩ về sự tự biểu đạt, tầm quan trọng của sự tự biểu đạt, môi trường mà bạn đang ở thực sự rất quan trọng, đúng không? Đó là lý do tại sao chúng tôi có các hướng dẫn về nội dung, vì chúng tôi muốn mọi người cảm thấy như họ đang ở trong một môi trường nơi họ có thể tự biểu đạt. Và tôi nghĩ rằng một số cuộc trò chuyện về các hướng dẫn nội dung khác nhau hoặc việc có hướng dẫn nội dung hay không đã thực sự thú vị, vì tôi nghĩ rằng mọi người đang bỏ lỡ điểm chính rộng hơn. Nếu bạn có một nền tảng không có hướng dẫn nội dung và nó đầy những người đang la hét vào nhau hoặc nói những điều thực sự ác ý hoặc xúc phạm hoặc đăng tải nhiều nội dung khiêu dâm, đó là một điều rất khó chịu cho hầu hết mọi người, đúng không? Thật khó chịu. Bạn nói, ôi, có thể nền tảng này không dành cho tôi. Có thể tôi không cảm thấy thoải mái khi tự biểu đạt ở đây, vì tất cả những thứ mà tôi đang thấy không thực sự phù hợp hoặc phù hợp với giá trị của tôi. Và vì vậy, một trong những điều mà chúng tôi phát hiện ra rất sớm là nếu bạn muốn tạo ra một nền tảng nơi mọi người cảm thấy thoải mái khi tự biểu đạt, cảm thấy thoải mái khi giao tiếp với bạn bè và gia đình của họ, có hướng dẫn nội dung thực sự hữu ích, vì nó có nghĩa là trải nghiệm nội dung sẽ cảm thấy thoải mái hơn. Nhưng không phải mọi người sẽ nói, vậy đó là kiểm duyệt, tôi đang nghĩ đến video mà Mark Zuckerberg đã phát hành về sự thay đổi của Meta đối với các hệ thống kiểm duyệt của họ, chuyển đến Texas, nhận ra rằng tôi nghĩ ông ấy đã nói rằng họ đã quá lệch trong việc phân bổ người kiểm duyệt của họ về mặt chính trị thiên tả. Vì vậy, rất nhiều nội dung thiên hữu đã bị kiểm duyệt. Bạn nghĩ gì về lập luận đó về việc kiểm duyệt nội dung, rằng chúng tôi không muốn kiểm duyệt mọi người? Tôi nghĩ đó là một sự hiểu lầm về Tu chính án thứ nhất và cách mà nó áp dụng. Nếu chúng ta nhìn vào đất nước của chúng ta, cách mà, bạn biết đấy, ít nhất ở đây, tại Hoa Kỳ, với Tu chính án thứ nhất, thực sự tập trung vào cách mà chính phủ tương tác với các nhà sáng tạo nội dung hoặc nhà xuất bản nội dung. Và nó nói, này, không được phép để chính phủ can thiệp vào sự tự biểu đạt của cá nhân hoặc nhà xuất bản, đúng không? Điều đó là không được phép. Nhưng một trong những điều mà Tu chính án thứ nhất cũng làm là nói rằng, bạn biết đấy, các nền tảng hoặc cá nhân có thể đưa ra lựa chọn về loại nội dung mà họ muốn quảng bá hoặc muốn có trên nền tảng của họ. Đó là một phần của Tu chính án thứ nhất. Bạn không thể ép Wall Street Journal phải, bạn biết đấy, đưa bài viết này hoặc bài viết kia hoặc chấp nhận bất kỳ bài viết nào từ bất kỳ tác giả nào trên toàn thế giới. Wall Street Journal, với tư cách là một tờ báo, có thể quyết định rằng, bạn biết đấy, những tác giả nào mà họ muốn bao gồm trên các trang của mình. Và đó là một phần của quyền tự biểu đạt được bảo vệ bởi Tu chính án ở đây tại đất nước này. Vì vậy, toàn bộ khái niệm về kiểm duyệt không áp dụng cho các công ty là doanh nghiệp tư nhân mà thực sự có quyền Tu chính án để quyết định nội dung nào có trên nền tảng của họ. Và họ có thể muốn quyết định rằng chúng tôi mở cửa cho bất cứ điều gì. Bất cứ điều gì cũng được. Không vấn đề gì. Và có vẻ như một số nền tảng đang thực hiện lựa chọn đó. Nhưng các nền tảng khác như của chúng tôi thì nói, này, để có một bộ thảo luận lành mạnh trên nền tảng của chúng tôi, để đảm bảo mọi người cảm thấy thoải mái khi họ xem nội dung trên nền tảng của chúng tôi, chúng tôi không muốn mọi người đối diện với khiêu dâm, ví dụ, hoặc nội dung bạo lực hoặc, bạn biết đấy, nội dung thù hận. Đó không phải là điều khiến mọi người cảm thấy tốt. Và chúng tôi thực sự muốn đảm bảo rằng nội dung đó không có trên nền tảng của chúng tôi vì nó không tuân theo các hướng dẫn của chúng tôi. Và đó có thể là một trong những lý do tại sao trong một số nghiên cứu này cho thấy rằng mọi người cảm thấy tốt hơn khi họ sử dụng Snapchat vì họ không gặp phải, bạn biết đấy, nội dung thực sự bạo lực khi họ sử dụng Snapchat. Có phải có vấn đề rằng nếu bạn có cơ sở địa lý tại Los Angeles hoặc California, thì quan điểm kiểm duyệt nội dung của bạn sẽ rất thiên tả so với nếu bạn có cơ sở tại một bang đỏ và điều đó có thể không đại diện cho thế giới? Hay bạn chỉ không quan tâm? Bạn chỉ nghĩ, có lẽ đây là giá trị của chúng tôi như một công ty? Tôi không nghĩ vậy vì tôi không nghĩ rằng việc nói, bạn biết đấy, bạo lực cực đoan không phải là điều chúng tôi muốn trên nền tảng của mình. Tôi không nghĩ rằng điều đó mang tính chính trị. Tôi nghĩ đó là một quyết định dựa trên giá trị hoặc nói rằng chúng tôi không muốn phục vụ khiêu dâm cho cộng đồng của chúng tôi. Tôi không nghĩ rằng đó là một lựa chọn chính trị. Tôi nghĩ đó là một quyết định dựa trên giá trị. Vì vậy, thật không may, ngay bây giờ trong văn hóa của chúng ta, thực sự có một cám dỗ lớn để chính trị hóa những điều mà thực ra khá hợp lý. Và vì vậy, tôi nghĩ chúng ta phải tránh cám dỗ đó và thay vào đó tập trung vào, bạn biết đấy, giá trị hoặc các lựa chọn kinh doanh mà mọi người đang đưa ra? Tại sao bạn nghĩ Meta đã rút lui các chính sách kiểm duyệt của họ? Tôi không chắc. Tôi nghĩ, bạn biết đấy, có một thời điểm khi họ dường như có rất nhiều sự ủng hộ để thực hiện điều đó. Tôi nghĩ rằng sẽ là thách thức cho họ ở châu Âu, ví dụ, nơi có rất nhiều quy tắc và quy định về, bạn biết đấy, cấm những thứ như phát ngôn thù hận, ví dụ, hoặc nội dung khủng bố. Và tôi nghĩ sẽ rất thú vị để xem họ điều hướng điều đó như thế nào. Thực sự là tiết kiệm hơn rất nhiều khi tránh việc kiểm duyệt nội dung. Việc kiểm duyệt nội dung tốn tiền. Và điều đó cũng có thể là một yếu tố cân nhắc. Nếu bạn không kiểm duyệt nội dung, mức độ tương tác có tăng lên không? Đó là một câu hỏi hay. Tôi đã thấy một số báo cáo và một số nghiên cứu cho thấy rằng, bạn biết đấy, nếu nội dung được kiểm duyệt, mức độ tương tác có thể giảm xuống. Rõ ràng, có những nghiên cứu cho thấy nội dung tiêu cực lan truyền xa hơn và nhanh hơn trên mạng xã hội vì lý do con người. Nhưng tôi không chắc trong trường hợp cụ thể này. Bạn cảm thấy thế nào về bối cảnh mạng xã hội? Nó đã thay đổi rất nhiều trong sáu tháng qua.
    Chỉ mới không đầy sáu tháng, tôi sẽ nói là 12 tháng kể từ khi tôi nghĩ rằng Elon đã mua Twitter, giờ được gọi là X.
    Dường như có một hiệu ứng domino xảy ra liên quan đến việc kiểm duyệt nội dung, về các loại tiếng nói trên mạng xã hội, về phong trào lớn này xung quanh kiểm duyệt và tự do ngôn luận.
    Cũng đã có một sự phân mảnh của mạng xã hội khi ngày càng nhiều người, như là, rời bỏ các nền tảng nhất định và chuyển sang Blue Sky và Threads.
    Và, bạn biết đấy, Rumble là nền tảng lớn duy nhất nghiêng về bên phải chỉ cách đây vài năm.
    Và giờ đây, tôi không biết, dường như mọi thứ đang thay đổi trước mắt chúng ta.
    Tôi không suy nghĩ quá nhiều về nó, nói thật với bạn.
    Đối với tôi, cảm giác như đây là sự tiếp nối, ít nhất là trong trường hợp này.
    Tôi nghĩ chúng ta có thể dùng Meta làm ví dụ chỉ vì họ về cơ bản là thị trường mạng xã hội.
    Và điều thật sự thú vị về những sự lựa chọn của họ là họ có xu hướng làm theo cơn gió chính trị.
    Vì vậy, khi Biden là tổng thống, và Mark đã rất công khai về điều này, họ đã làm rất nhiều việc kiểm duyệt nội dung một cách chủ động.
    Và đó là điều mà có vẻ như, tôi đoán, Nhà Trắng lúc bấy giờ đã yêu cầu họ làm một cách rất chủ động.
    Và giờ đây, dường như, với chính quyền mới, chính quyền này có cách tiếp cận khác với việc kiểm duyệt nội dung.
    Và Meta đang theo sát điều đó.
    Và điều tôi thấy chủ yếu từ Meta theo thời gian là họ khá sẵn sàng để điều chỉnh theo bối cảnh chính trị và thực sự làm theo sự dẫn dắt của các chính trị gia ở đây.
    Có phải điều đó đáng để ngưỡng mộ không?
    Không, tôi nghĩ đó chắc chắn là một cách tiếp cận có tính sống sót, chắc chắn, khi bạn là một công ty lớn và quyền lực như vậy, đúng không?
    Bạn biết đấy, nếu bạn nhìn vào Meta, họ đang có rất nhiều cuộc kiện tụng với chính phủ ngay bây giờ.
    Chính phủ đang xem xét rất nhiều khía cạnh khác nhau của doanh nghiệp của họ.
    Và khi bạn ở quy mô đó, và bạn bị kiểm soát bởi một người sáng lập duy nhất, tôi nghĩ đó là bản năng sinh tồn có nghĩa là tùy thuộc vào ai đang ở Nhà Trắng, bạn thay đổi chính sách của mình.
    Bạn có lạc quan về bốn năm tới ở Mỹ không?
    Tôi vô cùng lạc quan về đất nước của chúng ta.
    Tôi yêu đất nước của mình rất nhiều.
    Tôi nghĩ rằng người Mỹ trên khắp đất nước của chúng ta có một tinh thần tuyệt vời cho phép chúng ta vượt qua những thách thức phi thường cùng nhau.
    Gần đây hơn, đại dịch COVID, bạn biết đấy, xa hơn một chút, những thứ như Chiến tranh Thế giới thứ hai, nơi chúng ta đã cùng nhau, không chỉ với tư cách là một đất nước, mà còn rộng hơn trong thế giới để đối mặt với, bạn biết đấy, nỗi kinh hoàng của các cường quốc Trục.
    Tôi nghĩ rằng đất nước của chúng ta trong những khoảnh khắc quan trọng và cần thiết đã đoàn kết theo những cách rất mạnh mẽ.
    Và đó là điều thật sự truyền cảm hứng, thực sự truyền cảm hứng cho tôi.
    Con lớn nhất của bạn 14 tuổi, bạn đã nói.
    Cậu ấy đang ở độ tuổi mà sẽ chịu nhiều áp lực hơn để gia nhập mạng xã hội.
    Bạn có định cho cậu ấy tham gia Instagram không?
    Cậu ấy đang dùng Snapchat.
    Cậu ấy đang dùng Snapchat.
    Chắc chắn là trên YouTube và Roblox, thứ mà cậu ấy rất thích.
    Đó là tình hình hiện tại.
    Chắc hẳn bạn đã nghĩ về điều này.
    Hiện tại có rất nhiều cuộc thảo luận về tác động của mạng xã hội đối với sự lo âu của trẻ em.
    Tất cả những điều độc hại liên quan đến sự so sánh và ngày càng cô lập hơn.
    Bạn đã phát triển một thỏa thuận nào với vợ, với con cái, với gia đình về việc sử dụng mạng xã hội trong tương lai chưa?
    Tôi nghĩ chung chung quan điểm của chúng tôi là, bạn biết đấy, mỗi đứa trẻ của chúng tôi đều rất khác nhau.
    Chúng sẽ phát triển theo những cách khác nhau.
    Vì vậy tôi không nghĩ rằng một mô hình phù hợp với tất cả là cách tiếp cận đúng đắn ở đây.
    Tôi nghĩ rằng thực sự phụ thuộc vào tình hình của từng đứa trẻ tại bất kỳ thời điểm nào và ai chúng là và những gì chúng muốn làm.
    Tôi nghĩ một điều mà tôi muốn khuyến khích chúng suy nghĩ kỹ lưỡng là quyền riêng tư của chúng, đặc biệt là khi còn trẻ.
    Và tôi nghĩ có rất nhiều người trẻ tuổi ở độ tuổi rất nhỏ đang đăng tải nhiều nội dung công khai.
    Và tôi nghĩ rằng thật sự quan trọng để suy nghĩ cẩn trọng về những quyết định đó vì một khi bạn đã đăng tải điều gì đó công khai, bạn không thể lấy lại được.
    Và tôi nghĩ, bạn biết đấy, thật sự quan trọng khi chúng ta nói về công nghệ rằng chúng ta tập trung vào những cách sử dụng lành mạnh và xây dựng, mà, bạn biết đấy, Flynn chẳng hạn, ở tuổi 14 có thể sử dụng công nghệ như giữ liên lạc với bạn bè và gia đình.
    Tôi nghĩ khoảnh khắc quan trọng thực sự đối với chúng tôi như một gia đình là trước khi đại dịch COVID, chúng tôi không cho Flynn có điện thoại.
    Chúng tôi thực sự không cho phép cậu ấy sử dụng máy tính.
    Khi đại dịch xảy ra, cậu ấy cần giữ liên lạc với bạn bè.
    Cậu ấy cần kết nối với bạn bè.
    Chúng tôi biết rằng điều đó rất quan trọng cho sự phát triển của cậu ấy, đúng không?
    Và tôi nghĩ thách thức mà chúng tôi gặp phải gần như là cú sốc mà thanh thiếu niên đang trải qua vì trong suốt đại dịch, họ được bảo rằng bạn chỉ có thể nói chuyện với bạn bè trên máy tính.
    Bạn chỉ có thể nói chuyện với bạn bè qua điện thoại, đúng không?
    Và rồi khi thoát khỏi đại dịch, những gì họ nghe từ người lớn bây giờ là hãy tránh xa điện thoại của bạn.
    Đừng sử dụng điện thoại của bạn chút nào.
    Tôi nghĩ cả hai thái cực là không bình thường.
    Và đối với chúng tôi là các bậc phụ huynh, chúng tôi suy nghĩ rất nhiều về mối quan hệ lành mạnh với công nghệ là gì?
    Tất nhiên, chúng tôi muốn bạn chạy bộ và gặp gỡ bạn bè hoặc đi dạo, đi đến trung tâm thương mại và chỉ nói chuyện.
    Nhưng chúng tôi biết khi Flynn không ở cùng bạn bè, khi chúng ở rải rác khắp nơi trên thế giới hoặc sau giờ học cố gắng gặp gỡ, việc sử dụng công nghệ là hữu ích.
    Việc nhắn tin với bạn bè hữu ích.
    Và vì vậy tôi nghĩ chúng tôi phải tìm ra sự cân bằng đúng đắn giữa việc nuôi dưỡng một lối sống lành mạnh, gắn kết với tất cả các sở thích, thú vui, đam mê của bạn.
    Và sau đó nếu bạn muốn sử dụng điện thoại của bạn để giữ liên lạc với bạn bè hoặc xem nội dung giải trí hoặc chơi game để thư giãn, điều đó cũng lành mạnh.
    Dù cho Finn có nói, “Con muốn xem, con muốn TikTok, bố?”
    Điều đó có thể là một cái cầu quá xa.
    Xin hãy chú ý rằng nội dung văn bản rất dài và phức tạp. Dưới đây là bản dịch tiếng Việt cho toàn bộ văn bản:

    Bởi vì TikTok thì, tôi thậm chí không dùng TikTok cá nhân vì từ những gì tôi nghe, nó giống như ma túy crack đối với mọi người. Họ chỉ ở đó trong khoảng ba hoặc bốn giờ mỗi ngày, lướt qua một cách vô thức. Nếu Finn về nhà và nói, “Con muốn dùng TikTok, bố,” thì bạn sẽ nói không? Chúng tôi có thể sẽ nói không. Chúng tôi đã nói không trong quá khứ, mặc dù cậu ấy không thực sự nhấn mạnh vấn đề đó. TikTok đã từng bị cấm và sau đó Trump xuất hiện và dường như cứu cánh. Đó có phải là điều tốt không? Là CEO của Snapchat, có phần nào trong bạn hy vọng rằng nó sẽ bị cấm không, vì có thể nhiều người sẽ chuyển sang sử dụng Snap? Bạn có nghĩ về điều đó không? Tôi nghĩ điều đó sẽ khá tốt cho doanh nghiệp của chúng tôi nếu như chúng bị cấm. Tôi nghĩ bức tranh lớn mà chúng ta thực sự cần phải tìm ra như một quốc gia và trong mối quan hệ của chúng ta với Trung Quốc là phải tìm ra các lĩnh vực mà doanh nghiệp sẽ hợp tác và làm ăn giữa Hoa Kỳ và Trung Quốc cũng như những lĩnh vực mà họ sẽ không. Bạn có thể đã quen thuộc, nhiều công ty công nghệ không thể hoạt động ở Trung Quốc vì nhiều lý do khác nhau. Có thể họ không có giấy phép, họ chưa được phép hoạt động, v.v. Nhưng họ được phép hoạt động ở Hoa Kỳ nơi chúng ta có một thị trường mở, một thị trường tự do. Và tôi nghĩ rằng chúng ta phải rất cẩn thận vào lúc này như một quốc gia vì việc là một thị trường mở luôn là một lợi thế chiến lược to lớn cho Hoa Kỳ. Nó là điều mà các tổ chức tự do thương mại, và những thứ tương tự, đã hỗ trợ rất lớn cho sự phát triển kinh tế của chúng ta. Nhưng bây giờ chúng ta đang ở một thời điểm mà tôi nghĩ chúng ta cần suy nghĩ kỹ và nói rằng, với một số quốc gia, tự do thương mại trong một số lĩnh vực sẽ rất hợp lý. Vì vậy, nếu chúng ta đang nói về đồ chơi trẻ em hoặc tã lót hay bất cứ thứ gì khác, đúng không, hãy để nó diễn ra. Điều đó tốt cho cả hai quốc gia, và cả hai quốc gia, tôi nghĩ, có thể làm ăn trong những lĩnh vực đó. Nhưng khi nói đến các lĩnh vực khác như, bạn biết đấy, dịch vụ thông tin hoặc có thể là khoáng sản quan trọng, có thể là một số loại hợp chất hoặc thành phần dược phẩm, đó là những lĩnh vực mà các quốc gia sẽ không thể hợp tác vì cuối cùng họ có những mục tiêu, tư tưởng, tầm nhìn rất khác nhau cho tương lai. Và tôi nghĩ vấn đề mà cộng đồng doanh nghiệp hiện đang gặp phải là sự thiếu rõ ràng trong vấn đề đó. Vì vậy, càng có nhiều sự rõ ràng mà chính phủ có thể tạo ra và nói rằng, bạn biết đấy, Hoa Kỳ và Trung Quốc làm việc cùng nhau có thể nói, “Này, chúng tôi đồng ý rằng những lĩnh vực này mở cho kinh doanh.” Và những lĩnh vực này là những lĩnh vực mà chúng tôi sẽ cạnh tranh và chúng tôi sẽ không hợp tác. Điều đó sẽ giúp cộng đồng doanh nghiệp. Bởi vì tôi nghĩ điều đáng thất vọng là, hãy tưởng tượng bạn là một doanh nhân Trung Quốc ngay bây giờ, xây dựng một công ty rất thành công, và sau đó chính phủ Hoa Kỳ nói, “Này, bạn biết đấy, xem xét đất nước của chúng tôi và các giá trị của chúng tôi và mối quan hệ chiến lược mà chúng tôi có với Trung Quốc, điều này không, điều này không, nó sẽ không hoạt động.” Nghe có vẻ như Trump muốn mua nó, điều này là một gợi ý rất thú vị. Và điều này gây lo ngại vì nó thiết lập một tiềm lệ mà có thể một ứng dụng như Snapchat, Vương quốc Anh có thể quyết định, “Nghe này, chúng tôi không biết liệu chúng tôi có thể tin tưởng bạn vì bạn là người Mỹ.” Vì vậy, chúng tôi muốn mua phiên bản Vương quốc Anh để bạn có Snapchat ở Vương quốc Anh. Điều đó có thể thiết lập một tiềm lệ đáng lo ngại trên toàn thế giới. Tôi nghĩ rằng đã có một số dấu hiệu ban đầu về điều đó với những người thực sự tập trung vào việc định vị dữ liệu và những gì không. Và đó là một trong những điểm của tôi xung quanh việc tôi nghĩ chúng ta cần làm rõ ràng về việc với những quốc gia nào, bạn biết đấy, chúng ta sẽ có luồng dữ liệu và thương mại tự do, và những quốc gia nào có những lĩnh vực mà điều đó có thể không hoạt động hiệu quả. Snapchat cuối cùng sẽ trở thành công ty đại chúng. Điều hành một công ty đại chúng là khó khăn, ít nhất là như vậy, vì giá cổ phiếu có thể tăng và giảm thực sự bất kể bạn đang làm gì và xây dựng điều gì. Và nó thực sự phản ánh thị trường rộng lớn, cảm xúc và tâm trạng của mọi người. Nhưng bạn phải quản lý điều đó như một CEO. Không dễ, tôi tưởng tượng. Bạn biết không? Nhiều người đã cảnh báo chúng tôi về việc trở thành công ty công khai. Và họ đã nói, bạn biết đấy, sẽ có áp lực rất lớn để tập trung vào ngắn hạn và những thứ tương tự, rằng sự giám sát hàng quý sẽ là một thách thức cho doanh nghiệp của chúng tôi. Cuối cùng, tôi nghĩ rằng việc chuyển đổi từ một công ty tư nhân sang một công ty đại chúng là một thách thức. Nó khá khác biệt. Nhưng bây giờ tôi thực sự nghĩ rằng kỷ luật và sự nghiêm khắc xung quanh hiệu suất hàng quý, cái bạn biết đấy, nhu cầu dự báo doanh nghiệp của bạn thực sự hiệu quả và sau đó so sánh bạn đang theo dõi như thế nào với dự báo của bạn, giúp công ty hoạt động hiệu quả hơn nhiều. Vì vậy, sự giám sát kiểu đó, tôi nghĩ có thể rất hữu ích, bạn biết đấy, cho đội ngũ lãnh đạo và sau đó cho đội ngũ rộng rãi hơn trong việc điều hành doanh nghiệp. Bây giờ, nơi mà nó có thể trở nên khó khăn là khi nói đến đầu tư lâu dài và đổi mới. Vì vậy, ví dụ, ngay bây giờ lãi suất đã tăng cao. Mọi người đang giảm chiết khấu dòng tiền, bạn biết đấy, ở mức độ cao hơn rất nhiều do đó. Và vì vậy có một mức độ chú ý lớn vào việc có lợi nhuận cho nhiều doanh nghiệp trong tất cả các lĩnh vực. Điều mà chúng ta biết là đúng đối với đổi mới lâu dài là sự nhất quán thực sự quan trọng. Bạn không thể chỉ bật công tắc và chuyển đổi đổi mới, chuyển đổi đầu tư vào các sản phẩm mới. Việc đó rất khó khăn và gây rối loạn. Vì vậy, chúng tôi đã đưa ra quyết định trong khoảng thời gian này, mặc dù chúng tôi đã đưa ra một số quyết định rất khó khăn và đau đớn để dừng một số dự án của mình. Chúng tôi vẫn đang đầu tư ở mức cao hơn ngay bây giờ trong khoảng thời gian này, mặc dù chúng tôi biết điều đó có nghĩa là, bạn biết đấy, giá cổ phiếu của chúng tôi có thể thấp hơn vì mọi người đang giảm chiết khấu dòng tiền của chúng tôi theo cách khác do lãi suất cao hơn.

    Hy vọng bản dịch này hữu ích!
    Tôi nghĩ rằng, bạn biết đấy, đó là lúc mọi thứ trở nên thách thức, thực tế là, bạn biết đấy, tiếp tục đầu tư qua những giai đoạn khó khăn hoặc những giai đoạn mà lãi suất tăng cao. Khi tôi nghĩ về việc ngồi vào vị trí của bạn, tôi nghĩ về tất cả những điều mà bạn có thể làm. Là một công ty đại chúng, tôi nghĩ bạn có thể làm bất cứ điều gì, nhưng bạn có thể theo đuổi bất kỳ mục tiêu nào. Và vào một thời điểm nào đó, như bạn đã nói, khi bạn dùng từ “đau đớn”, bạn sẽ phải đưa ra quyết định tập trung vào một điều gì đó. Và ngay cả ở cấp độ như tôi với những doanh nghiệp mà tôi điều hành, tôi thấy điều khó khăn nhất đối với tôi là, đặc biệt khi bạn thuộc dạng sáng tạo, là chọn một điều gì đó và nói không với tất cả những thứ khác. Tôi đã xem xét triết lý của bạn và tôi biết việc nói không và tập trung là rất cốt lõi đối với phong cách lãnh đạo của bạn, nhưng cũng là cách bạn suy nghĩ như một doanh nhân. Hãy cho tôi biết về những khoảnh khắc đau đớn mà bạn phải loại bỏ thứ gì đó mà bạn không muốn loại bỏ.
    Ừ, có rất nhiều. Bạn biết đấy, lời khuyên đó thật sự rất hữu ích cho chúng tôi, đặc biệt trong những ngày đầu của doanh nghiệp. Một trong những nhà đầu tư mạo hiểm đầu tiên của chúng tôi đã nói: “Này Evan, bạn cần phải trở nên giỏi trong việc nói không.” Ông ấy nói, bạn gần như không có tài nguyên. Tôi nghĩ chúng tôi thời điểm đó chỉ có một đội gồm bốn người. Bạn biết đấy, và bạn sẽ nhận được tất cả những yêu cầu đến vì công ty đang phát triển. Mọi người sẽ muốn hợp tác hoặc phỏng vấn hoặc bất cứ điều gì. Và nếu bạn có thể thật sự giỏi trong việc nói không và tập trung vào cộng đồng của bạn, tập trung vào khách hàng của bạn, như vậy thì đó là bí mật. Những điều đó đã thực sự giúp chúng tôi qua các năm. Nhưng như bạn đã chỉ ra, đã có những lúc chúng tôi phải định hướng lại hoặc chúng tôi phải đánh giá lại những lĩnh vực trong doanh nghiệp của mình. Tôi nghĩ một ví dụ tốt là các trò chơi nhỏ. Chúng tôi đã có hàng trăm người sử dụng các trò chơi nhỏ của mình. Mọi người rất yêu thích chúng. Đó là một nền tảng tuyệt vời. Bạn có thể chơi các trò chơi đa người theo thời gian thực bên trong Snapchat. Và cuối cùng, thật rõ ràng rằng điều đó sẽ không trở thành một doanh nghiệp lớn thực sự đối với chúng tôi, ít nhất là vào thời điểm đó. Và vì vậy chúng tôi đã phải đưa ra quyết định thật sự đau đớn để ngừng kinh doanh các trò chơi nhỏ của mình.
    Vậy bạn nghĩ về việc theo đuổi điều gì? Có rất nhiều công nghệ mới. Có những từ khóa đang hot. Bây giờ có AI. Có AR. Có VR. Có tai nghe. Có thiết bị đeo. Có rất nhiều thứ. Làm thế nào bạn quyết định cái cược nào là cược của bạn? Tôi nghĩ đó là một câu hỏi rất hay. Đó chính là, ở một mức độ nào đó, trực giác đóng vai trò quan trọng. Nhưng đó cũng là lúc phản hồi đóng vai trò rất quan trọng. Và đó là lý do tại sao, ví dụ như với thế hệ kính thông minh cuối cùng mà chúng tôi công bố vào năm ngoái, thế hệ thứ năm của kính, mục tiêu của chúng tôi chỉ đơn giản là đưa nó vào tay các nhà phát triển nhanh nhất có thể để chúng tôi có thể lắng nghe và hỏi: “Vậy bạn muốn xây dựng điều gì với kính này? Có những công cụ nào? Có cái gì không có? Bạn nghĩ điều gì sẽ thực sự thú vị?” Bởi vì càng nhanh chúng tôi học được từ những người sử dụng sản phẩm của mình, thì chúng tôi càng nhanh chóng cải thiện nó và tìm ra sự phù hợp giữa sản phẩm và thị trường là điều rất quan trọng. Và bạn cũng không biết thời gian dành cho khi nào thế giới sẽ thay đổi đủ để hướng đi mà bạn đã đặt cược sẽ diễn ra. Tôi nghĩ về Google Glass, mà tôi không còn nhớ chính xác là khi nào, khoảng một thập kỷ trước, khi mọi người nói, “Được rồi, chúng tôi sẽ đeo kính và Google có thứ gọi là Google Glass.” Và nó dường như đã biến mất. Sau đó, tôi nghĩ về thời điểm Meta mua lại Oculus và chúng tôi nghĩ, “Được rồi, đây là lúc mà mọi người sẽ đeo tai nghe VR.” Và đến giờ thì điều đó vẫn chưa thực sự xảy ra. Vì vậy, bạn có thể đặt cược, bạn có thể đúng, nhưng bạn có thể đã lỡ hẹn 15 năm. Tôi nghĩ bạn phải rất cẩn thận trong lĩnh vực công nghệ, vì mọi thứ thay đổi chậm chạp và rồi chúng nhanh chóng thay đổi. Và tôi nghĩ đó chắc chắn là trường hợp với ChatGPT, đúng không? Mọi người cảm thấy, ôi, công nghệ mới này xuất hiện từ đâu. Nhưng không, họ đã làm việc trên đó trong khoảng một thập kỷ? Ý tôi là, bạn biết đấy, và liên tục cố gắng tiến bộ. Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ rằng, miễn là bạn tìm thấy điều gì đó mà bạn thực sự tin là có thể tạo ra ảnh hưởng tích cực mà mọi người có thể sử dụng theo cách thực sự hấp dẫn, bạn đúng khi nói rằng đôi khi bạn phải kiên nhẫn. Nhưng đôi khi bạn có thể phát minh ra những điều mới mang lại sự lươn lẹo đó. Và vì vậy, tôi nghĩ nhiều lần, đội ngũ của chúng tôi đang nghĩ về, ôi, đúng rồi, trong quỹ đạo hiện tại, điều đó có thể mất rất nhiều thời gian. Nhưng nếu chúng tôi suy nghĩ khác đi hoặc phát minh ra một mảnh công nghệ mới nào đó có thể giúp chúng tôi tăng tốc tầm nhìn của mình, để những chiếc kính giúp mọi người chia sẻ những trải nghiệm mà phủ lên thế giới bằng tính toán? Và đó cũng là phần thú vị. Và Meta đã ra mắt Ray-Ban, mà tôi đã nghe nói về, tôi nghĩ tôi đã xem video về nó, có vẻ lại sao chép Snapchat. Điều đó có khiến bạn bực mình không? Điều duy nhất khiến tôi thất vọng là các chàng trai Luxottica đã thực sự đến với chúng tôi có lẽ vào năm 2017. Ai vậy? Luxottica. Essilor Luxottica là công ty sản xuất Ray-Ban. Họ đã đến với chúng tôi vào năm 2017 nói rằng, “Wow, thật tuyệt vời những gì các bạn đang làm với Spectacles. Chúng tôi yêu thích điều đó. Chúng tôi nên tìm cách hợp tác.” Vì vậy, chúng tôi đã nói chuyện với họ, tất nhiên là về tất cả những gì chúng tôi đang làm. Và rồi họ im lặng và quyết định không hợp tác với chúng tôi. Và chứng kiến rằng họ đã quay lại làm điều này với Meta. Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ cuối cùng đây là một điều như vậy. Tôi nghĩ cuối cùng, bạn biết đấy, bạn học được rất nhiều từ việc phát triển doanh nghiệp và thực sự hiểu cách mọi người làm kinh doanh. Và tôi nghĩ điều đó cho bạn thấy rất nhiều về thế giới.
    Và tôi nghĩ rằng điều quan trọng là các doanh nhân phải thực sự hiểu rằng nếu họ có một ý tưởng thực sự hấp dẫn, họ có một dịch vụ tuyệt vời, họ có thể cạnh tranh, họ có thể xây dựng các doanh nghiệp thực sự cuốn hút. Mặc dù có vẻ như điều đó không thể với những công ty khổng lồ như Essilor Luxottica, công ty dẫn đầu trong lĩnh vực kính mắt, hay Meta, mà tôi hy vọng Snapchat có thể là một ví dụ về một công ty đã giữ được sự độc lập và cạnh tranh với những doanh nghiệp lớn như vậy.
    Trí tuệ nhân tạo đã trở thành công nghệ được bàn luận nhiều nhất trong vài năm qua, một phần nhờ vào ChatGPT. Bạn đang nghĩ gì về tương lai của trí tuệ nhân tạo trong việc nó sẽ thay đổi cách kết nối giữa con người một cách cơ bản? Bạn có bốn cậu con trai. Chắc hẳn bạn đang suy nghĩ về những công việc nào sẽ tồn tại trong tương lai, như chúng ta đã nói trước đây. Có một câu chuyện lớn nói rằng những công việc tri thức như luật sư và kế toán sẽ không còn giống như trước nữa. Trên thực tế, ngay cả khi bạn nghĩ về cách mà các con của bạn sẽ được giáo dục, đứa con nhỏ nhất của bạn mới chỉ một tuổi. Liệu chúng sẽ đi đến một trường học hay sẽ sử dụng một mô hình ngôn ngữ lớn? Bạn đang nghĩ gì về tương lai đó? Bạn có lo lắng không?
    Tôi thật sự thích rằng bạn đã nhảy đến giáo dục vì tôi nghĩ rằng điều đó thực sự mạnh mẽ. Ngay cả trong trải nghiệm của riêng tôi, khả năng của tôi để học những điều đáng kinh ngạc trong một khoảng thời gian ngắn và kết nối các ý tưởng khác nhau lại với nhau là một công cụ tuyệt vời cho sự khám phá và học hỏi. Vì vậy, tôi không thể chờ đợi để các con của chúng ta, bạn biết đấy, sử dụng những loại công cụ như vậy. Tôi chắc chắn rằng Flynn ít nhiều cũng làm như vậy. Nhưng với vai trò là một đối tác tư duy, AI thực sự mạnh mẽ. Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ rằng, đặc biệt là đối với những người sáng tạo, nó sẽ là một công cụ cực kỳ mạnh mẽ để có thể lặp lại, nhận phản hồi, khám phá những ý tưởng khác nhau, khám phá những lựa chọn khác nhau. Ngay cả khi tôi đang viết một cái gì đó và tôi cảm thấy bế tắc, như kiểu, “Đúng vậy, điều này không có cảm giác đúng.” Và như kiểu, “Bạn có thể cho tôi 10 lựa chọn không?” Thật sự hữu ích để động não, bạn biết đấy, để tìm ra từ đúng.
    Hôm trước, khi tôi sử dụng ChatGPT hoặc một trong những chương trình cách đây vài ngày, tôi đã tự hỏi liệu mình có trở nên kém hơn trong việc viết lách vì cái thứ này giờ đây làm điều đó cho tôi. Viết là một cách tuyệt vời để suy nghĩ và hiểu biết. Vậy nên, liệu tôi có trở nên kém hơn trong việc hiểu mọi thứ vì giờ đây tôi đang ủy thác quy trình suy nghĩ một cách logic cho chiếc máy tính này, trong khi trước đây, tôi phải thực sự suy nghĩ sâu sắc về những gì tôi muốn nói? Tôi không biết. Tôi nghĩ rằng điều quan trọng là mọi người tiếp tục viết. Và thường thì, bản nháp đầu tiên của tôi là trên một tờ giấy, đúng không? Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ điều đó sẽ vẫn quan trọng. Nhưng câu hỏi lớn hơn đối với tôi là liệu AI sẽ giúp mọi người trở nên tốt hơn trong việc đặt câu hỏi hay không. Bởi vì cuối cùng, việc đặt một câu hỏi hay và có người có thể giúp trả lời là chìa khóa để học tập. Tôi nghĩ rằng, có thể, phước lành lớn nhất khi có một thầy giáo giỏi hoặc một người cố vấn tốt hay một bậc phụ huynh là bạn có thể đặt đủ loại câu hỏi hay, đúng không, và nhận được những câu trả lời đó.
    Và vì vậy tôi nghĩ nếu bây giờ chúng ta đang ở trong một, bạn biết đấy, một hình thức mà thực sự hoàn toàn xoay quanh việc đặt câu hỏi đúng và làm điều đó một cách lặp đi lặp lại, nếu điều đó có thể đào tạo tất cả chúng ta để hỏi những câu hỏi một cách hiệu quả hơn, đó sẽ là một vấn đề rất lớn. Thú vị. Tôi chưa nghĩ về điều đó. Tôi không biết mình có đang trở nên tốt hơn không. Thật sự tôi không biết. Điều này thực sự vì luôn có sự đánh đổi với công nghệ mới. Và vấn đề, như chúng ta đã thấy với mạng xã hội, là chúng ta thường không phát hiện ra sự đánh đổi cho đến 15 năm, 20 năm sau khi nó thực sự hiện ra với chúng ta, vì sự tiến bộ diễn ra chậm chạp rồi sau đó nhanh chóng. Vậy nên tôi đang cố gắng hiểu nếu bạn đang nhìn quanh một góc hay nhìn ra chân trời bây giờ để suy nghĩ về sự đánh đổi khi chúng ta lao vào điều gì đó mà, giống như mạng xã hội, đã làm cho điều gì đó tốt hơn, nhanh hơn, rẻ hơn, dễ dàng hơn, nhưng đi kèm với những hệ quả không mong muốn.
    Tôi nghĩ rằng, nói chung, khi chúng ta đã nhìn vào sự tiến hóa của công nghệ qua lịch sử, những loại công nghệ nền tảng này, bạn đã đúng khi nói rằng chúng đã gây ra sự gián đoạn. Nhưng chúng cuối cùng đã có những ảnh hưởng rất tích cực và có lợi. Ý tôi là, nếu bạn nhìn vào một công nghệ nền tảng như internet, một công nghệ nền tảng có thể như phương tiện giao thông, đây là những công nghệ nền tảng mà tôi nghĩ có thể thực sự thay đổi quỹ đạo của thế giới và cuối cùng làm cho cuộc sống của con người tốt hơn. Tôi nghĩ điểm mấu chốt sẽ là làm thế nào chúng ta điều hướng sự thay đổi đó cùng nhau, và đó sẽ là điều rất quan trọng để làm một cách suy nghĩ và thận trọng.
    Và tôi nghĩ, bạn biết đấy, theo nhiều cách, tin tốt về sự thay đổi công nghệ này là nó luôn được điều khiển bởi con người. Ý tôi là, mọi người, tôi nghĩ gần như quá chú ý vào những phát triển công nghệ mới và không suy nghĩ đủ về mô hình chấp nhận con người thực sự trông như thế nào? Chúng ta đang làm cho điều này trở nên dễ sử dụng hơn, dễ hiểu hơn, và dễ dàng hơn để mọi người có thể tích hợp vào cuộc sống của họ, vào quy trình làm việc của họ như thế nào? Và vì vậy, tôi nghĩ nhiều công việc cho một công nghệ nền tảng lớn như AI sẽ nhiều hơn về cách con người tương tác với nó, diễn giải nó và hiểu nó phù hợp với cuộc sống của họ như thế nào.
    Bất kể tôi ở đâu trên thế giới, dường như ai cũng đang uống trà matcha. Và có khả năng cao rằng trà matcha mà bạn đang uống được sản xuất bởi một công ty mà tôi đã đầu tư hơn bảy con số, họ là nhà tài trợ của podcast này có tên gọi Perfect Ted. Bởi vì họ là thương hiệu được sử dụng toàn cầu bởi các quán cà phê như Blank Street Coffee và Joe and the Juice và rất nhiều quán khác.
    Không chỉ bạn có thể thưởng thức matcha Perfect Ted tại các quán cà phê, mà bây giờ bạn cũng có thể tự làm tại nhà, tiết kiệm chi phí hơn rất nhiều, chỉ trong vài giây với bột matcha có hương vị mà tôi đang có ở đây. Matcha Perfect Ted là loại cao cấp, được lấy từ Nhật Bản. Nó rất mịn màng. Nó tự nhiên ngọt ngào. Không giống như những loại matcha có vị cỏ mà tôi đã thử trước khi biết đến Perfect Ted. Và nếu bạn là một trong những người đã nói với bản thân rằng bạn không thích matcha, có lẽ là vì bạn chưa thử matcha Perfect Ted của chúng tôi. Bạn có thể tìm thấy matcha Perfect Ted tại Vương quốc Anh, trong các siêu thị Tesco, Sainsbury’s, Holland and Barrett và tại Waitrose hoặc Albert Heijn nếu bạn ở Hà Lan. Và trên Amazon ở Mỹ hoặc bạn có thể tìm đủ loại trực tuyến tại perfectted.com. Bạn có thể được giảm giá 40% cho đơn hàng đầu tiên của mình khi sử dụng mã DIARY40.
    Snapchat hiện đang ở mùa nào trong vòng đời của công ty? Bạn biết đấy, như là bạn đã ở giai đoạn khởi nghiệp, bạn đang ở giai đoạn phòng ngủ của bố bạn, nơi bạn phải vật lộn và phát triển nhanh chóng. Sau đó bạn chuyển đến văn phòng màu xanh, bạn biết đó, bạn đã có sự tăng trưởng tột bậc, bạn đã có IPO. Snapchat đang ở mùa nào khi chúng ta ngồi đây hôm nay vào năm 2025? Bạn sẽ tóm tắt điều đó như thế nào nếu bạn phải mô tả một cách thi vị tâm lý của doanh nghiệp bây giờ? Theo một cách nào đó, có vẻ như chúng ta đang xuất hiện từ một mùa đông kéo dài hai năm ra một mùa xuân sớm. Hai năm qua thực sự thách thức. Chúng tôi đã phải xây dựng lại toàn bộ nền tảng quảng cáo của mình, thay đổi cách tiếp cận thị trường, bạn biết đấy, thực sự giúp các nhà quảng cáo tìm thấy thành công nhiều hơn. Và đồng thời cũng làm rất nhiều điều đó cho các nhà sáng tạo nữa. Chúng tôi đã chứng kiến sự tăng trưởng rất lớn, bạn biết đấy, tôi nghĩ trong quý vừa qua số lượng các nhà sáng tạo đăng bài đã tăng khoảng 40% so với năm trước. Có một tỷ bài đăng công khai mỗi tháng trên Snapchat. Và đó cũng là một lĩnh vực mà chúng tôi đã đầu tư rất nhiều. Nhưng hai năm qua thực sự rất thử thách. Vì vậy, tôi có thể nói rằng có thể là rất, rất sớm vào mùa xuân, bạn bắt đầu thấy một vài mầm xanh. Nhưng, bạn biết đấy, sương giá đang tan chảy.
    Bạn có nhận được bất kỳ lời đề nghị mua lại nào kể từ cuộc trò chuyện với Mark Zuckerberg một thời gian trước không? Có phải mọi người vẫn cố gắng mua công ty như những ngày nay không? Không, tôi nghĩ với cấu trúc bầu cử của công ty, bạn biết đấy, Bobby và tôi có cổ phần có quyền biểu quyết và cổ phần không có quyền biểu quyết được giao dịch công khai. Tôi nghĩ, nói chung, đôi khi mọi người sẽ nói, “Này, nếu các bạn bao giờ muốn nghỉ hưu hay gì đó, hãy nhớ đến chúng tôi.” Nhưng tôi nghĩ, bạn biết đấy, về việc đề nghị một lời mời nào đó, điều đó không hợp lý lắm với cấu trúc công ty của chúng tôi.
    Một điều khác mà tôi yêu thích khi đọc về cách bạn điều hành Snapchat là ý tưởng có một hội đồng. Ồ, thật tuyệt. Wow. Được rồi. Bạn có thể cho tôi biết về điều này không? Bởi vì tôi có thể muốn “đánh cắp”. Tôi không nên. Xin hãy lấy nó. Được rồi, tốt. Hội đồng là điều mà tôi đã “đánh cắp” từ ngôi trường mà tôi đã theo học khi lớn lên, có tên là Trường Crossroads for Arts and Sciences, một ngôi trường khá độc đáo. Và một trong những điều mà họ có tại Crossroads là một hội đồng. Và, bạn biết đấy, bắt đầu từ trung học, bạn sẽ cùng nhau với một nhóm từ 10 đến 12 bạn cùng lớp, và bạn ngồi thành vòng tròn, và có ba quy tắc. Đó là, bạn biết đấy, nói từ trái tim, lắng nghe từ trái tim, và phải tự nhiên. Và nó về cơ bản là câu chuyện theo lượt, nơi bạn đi quanh vòng tròn, và, bạn biết đấy, nó có thể đơn giản như, “Cuối tuần của bạn thế nào?” Hoặc, “Có một điều gì tuyệt và một điều gì khó khăn từ tuần trước không?” Và nó thực sự tạo ra cơ hội, A, cho mọi người lắng nghe lẫn nhau vì bạn đang lần lượt đi quanh vòng tròn, nhưng, B, bạn sẽ biết mọi người theo một cách rất, rất khác. Và tôi đã thấy điều đó có sức mạnh như thế nào trong thời trung học. Thời trung học là một thời kỳ khó khăn, là thời kỳ khó khăn với tôi. Nhưng trong hội đồng, tôi đã có thể kết nối với các bạn cùng lớp của mình, bạn biết đấy, theo một cách nào đó sâu sắc và suy nghĩ hơn mà bạn sẽ không chỉ đơn giản ở quanh máy nước hay bất cứ điều gì tại văn phòng. Vì vậy, đối với chúng tôi, cuối cùng, khi chúng tôi đến L.A. và ở trong Blue House, một trong những quyết định lớn mà chúng tôi phải đối mặt vào thời điểm đó là liệu có nên chuyển công ty từ L.A. sang Vùng Vịnh hay không. Và có rất nhiều áp lực, bạn biết đấy, “Này, tất cả tài năng công nghệ đang ở Vùng Vịnh. Thực sự quan trọng cho các bạn để ở đó cho tài năng.” Và vì vậy, chúng tôi đã cùng nhau tập hợp đội ngũ của mình và, bạn biết đấy, họ đã có hội đồng đầu tiên của chúng tôi. Và mọi người đã đi vòng quanh và chia sẻ suy nghĩ của mình. Chúng ta nên ở lại L.A. hay không? Họ cảm thấy thế nào về điều đó? Họ nghĩ gì? Và điều rõ ràng sau cuộc trò chuyện đó là chúng tôi thậm chí không cần phải đưa ra quyết định. Nó chỉ rõ ràng rằng chúng tôi tin tưởng vào L.A. và muốn ở lại L.A. Và đội ngũ nghĩ rằng đó thực sự là điều quan trọng đối với doanh nghiệp của chúng tôi, đối với bản sắc của chúng tôi, trên thực tế, là cách mà chúng tôi thuê tài năng, bởi vì mọi người thực sự phải cam kết việc chuyển đến L.A. để trở thành một phần của công ty. Vì vậy, đó là lần đầu tiên chúng tôi sử dụng hội đồng tại Snap. Và tôi đã thấy nó hiệu quả như thế nào trong môi trường làm việc. Và sau đó, khi doanh nghiệp ngày càng lớn và trở nên quan trọng hơn để kết nối với những người mới vào công ty hoặc, bạn biết đấy, làm việc ở một lĩnh vực khác của công ty, hội đồng đã trở thành một công cụ rất hữu ích để làm điều đó. Vì vậy, bạn biết đấy, tại Snap, chúng tôi có những người điều hành hội đồng có nhiệm vụ phụ trách các hội đồng này. Và bây giờ nhiều công ty khác cũng đang quan tâm đến việc làm điều này. Và chúng tôi cũng giúp đào tạo các công ty hoặc cung cấp các phiên làm việc cho các công ty khác để giúp họ kết nối các thành viên trong đội ngũ của mình.
    Cốt lõi của nó là gì? Chỉ cần tập hợp một nhóm nhỏ trong một phòng ban nhất định quanh bàn và để mọi người nói từ trái tim, lắng nghe từ trái tim và phải tự nhiên? Có. Và thường thì không phải ngồi quanh một bàn.
    Thường thì chúng tôi ngồi trên sàn theo hình tròn, điều đó, tôi nghĩ, giúp tạo cảm giác đó. Bạn biết đấy, khi ngồi trong một vòng tròn, mọi người đều ở vị trí ngang bằng nhau, điều này tôi nghĩ là rất quan trọng. Như bạn đã đề cập, các công ty có nhiều cấp bậc. Tôi nghĩ rằng cảm giác trong một công ty sẽ rất khác khi mọi người ngồi xung quanh một vòng tròn. Và tiếng nói của mọi người đều quan trọng và đều được nghe, bạn biết đấy, cho dù chỉ đơn giản là nói, “Wow, cuối tuần vừa rồi thật khó khăn” hoặc “Thực sự tôi đã có khoảng thời gian tuyệt vời. Tôi đã đi ăn tối với vợ tôi. Thật tuyệt vời.” Và tôi nghĩ rằng mọi người tìm thấy những điểm kết nối mới mà có thể họ sẽ không tìm thấy nếu không có điều đó. Thú vị quá. Với tư cách là một người lãnh đạo, bạn biết trong những tình huống đó khi nào nên lắng nghe đội ngũ của mình hoặc không lắng nghe họ? Bởi vì, bạn biết đấy, điều đó nghe có vẻ khá rủi ro đối với một nhà sáng lập, tôi không nói đây là những gì bạn làm, nhưng với một nhà sáng lập, việc điều hành công ty của họ dựa trên sự đồng thuận, tức là đảm bảo mọi người đều đồng ý về một điều gì đó, thực sự là một thách thức. Chúng ta thực sự đang chứng kiến điều này trong thế giới hậu đại dịch với cuộc tranh luận về làm việc từ xa, nơi một số công ty ban đầu đã quyết định, “Được rồi, mọi người sẽ làm việc từ xa.” Và sau đó nhiều công ty lại nói, “Không, hãy trở lại văn phòng.” Và nếu bạn hỏi một đội ngũ, có lẽ họ sẽ không nói tất cả “Hãy chạy trở lại văn phòng”. Nhưng với tư cách là một CEO, bạn phải đưa ra quyết định. Và chính sách làm việc từ xa của Snap hiện tại là gì? Chúng tôi trung bình hơn bốn ngày một tuần ở văn phòng. Hơn, và điều đó có phải là chính sách hay chỉ là thực tế đang xảy ra? Đó là theo chính sách và cũng là điều đang diễn ra. Được rồi. Và bạn có từng thay đổi điều đó không? Liệu có bao giờ có một khoảnh khắc trong đại dịch mà bạn nghĩ về điều đó? Trong đại dịch, tôi đã nghĩ rằng tôi sẽ không bao giờ trở lại văn phòng. Tôi đã như vậy, bạn biết đấy, trước khi đại dịch xảy ra, tôi thường dậy trước khi các con tôi thức dậy. Tôi về nhà sau khi bọn trẻ đã ngủ. Đã có một khoảnh khắc tôi tự hỏi: “Mình đang làm gì với cuộc sống của mình?” Tôi không bao giờ thấy bọn trẻ. Mình sẽ làm gì bây giờ? Và rồi đại dịch xảy ra. Nó như một phép màu. Tôi đã nghĩ, “Ôi Chúa ơi, tôi được thấy các con mình mỗi ngày. Tôi dậy và thấy các con.” Và tôi có chính sách cửa mở. Nếu tôi làm việc từ xa trong văn phòng tại nhà, các con tôi có thể vào bất cứ lúc nào. Chỉ có một lần là một trong những cậu con trai của tôi vào trong tình trạng hoàn toàn nude với hai chiếc Oreo, điều đó thực sự đã khiến tôi cân nhắc việc trở lại văn phòng. Nhưng thực sự, tôi nghĩ rằng thật quan trọng với các con tôi rằng, này, nếu tôi ở nhà, tôi không bị đóng cửa trong văn phòng của mình. Các con có thể vào bất cứ lúc nào, bạn biết đấy, với bất cứ điều gì và tôi sẽ giúp các con. Đôi khi điều đó có nghĩa là các con dành nhiều thời gian ngồi trên đùi tôi trong các cuộc họp. Nhưng nói chung, có một khoảng thời gian trong đại dịch mà tôi đã tự hỏi tại sao tôi lại muốn trở lại văn phòng? Tôi đang ở đây với gia đình mình. Nhưng tôi nghĩ rằng adrenaline và sự làm việc nhóm đã xảy ra trong đại dịch, khi tất cả chúng tôi có thể làm việc cùng nhau hiệu quả từ xa, chỉ có thể xảy ra vì chúng tôi đã làm việc cùng nhau về mặt thể chất trong một thời gian dài. Chúng tôi đã xây dựng được sự tin tưởng. Chúng tôi đã hình thành được ngôn ngữ chung. Chúng tôi đã có, bạn biết đấy, nhiều lần đã có những lộ trình dài về ý tưởng mà chúng tôi đã nghĩ ra để cùng nhau gặp mặt. Và điều đó thật sự đã giúp công ty vượt qua giai đoạn đó. Và tôi nhận ra rằng văn hóa công ty đang bắt đầu có sự rạn nứt, đúng không? Mọi người không học văn hóa nhanh chóng khi họ ở một mình và làm việc từ xa, và tách biệt khắp nơi trên thế giới. Tôi thực sự lo lắng về khả năng sáng tạo của chúng tôi, điều này rất quan trọng cho doanh nghiệp của chúng tôi nếu chúng tôi không ở cùng nhau về mặt thể chất. Cuối cùng, và đặc biệt là sau sự cố Oreo đó, chúng tôi đã nghĩ rằng việc quay trở lại văn phòng là rất quan trọng. Phản ứng của mọi người như thế nào? Một trong những điều mà chúng tôi đã cố gắng làm để giúp đỡ các thành viên trong đội là cung cấp cho họ một khoảng thời gian đủ dài. Chúng tôi đã đưa ra quyết định đó khá sớm và sau đó đã cho các thành viên trong đội một khoảng thời gian khá dài. Tôi nghĩ đó là khoảng sáu hoặc chín tháng. Đối với những người có hoàn cảnh đặc biệt, chúng tôi cũng sẽ cấp các ngoại lệ. Và theo thời gian, điều đó cho phép mọi người thích nghi với cuộc sống của họ. Đôi khi họ đã thuê một ngôi nhà hoặc mua một ngôi nhà ở nơi khác và cần phải quay trở lại một trong những văn phòng trung tâm của chúng tôi. Vì vậy, chúng tôi muốn tạo cho mọi người sự linh hoạt đủ để làm điều đó, không chỉ đơn giản là để họ thức dậy một sáng và nói, “Quay lại văn phòng.” Điều đó không quá chu đáo. Đối với bất kỳ doanh nhân nào ở đây đang lắng nghe cuộc trò chuyện của chúng tôi, và họ đang ở giai đoạn rất đầu của hành trình của họ, và họ đang nghĩ về rất nhiều điều khác nhau, rất nhiều vấn đề khác nhau, sản phẩm của họ không hoạt động, khách hàng đang phàn nàn. Khi bạn nghĩ về những nguyên tắc để thành công như một doanh nhân mà có thể áp dụng cho tất cả các ngành, bạn đã xác định những nguyên tắc đó trong tâm trí mình là để thành công trong bất kỳ nỗ lực nào chưa? Chúng tôi đã nói về một số trong số đó. Chúng tôi đã nói về văn hóa. Chúng tôi đã nói về tuyển dụng. Có điều gì khác mà bạn đã học được trong sự khôn ngoan của mình rằng những doanh nhân như tôi nên suy nghĩ nhiều về nó như là những nguyên tắc cơ bản của sự thành công không? Đối với tôi, có vẻ như yếu tố phân biệt lớn nhất là bạn quan tâm đến mức độ nào. Tôi có nghĩa là, điều đó dường như là quan trọng mỗi ngày khi tôi gặp gỡ các doanh nhân và những người làm việc trong các doanh nghiệp, bạn quan tâm đến doanh nghiệp của mình, đội ngũ của bạn, khách hàng của bạn đến mức nào? Và đó là những doanh nhân mà tôi nghĩ rằng thực sự thành công. Họ sẵn sàng nỗ lực thêm. Và sự quan tâm đó có thể đến từ nhiều nơi khác nhau, đúng không? Nó có thể liên quan đến tác động mà mọi người muốn tạo ra trong thế giới. Nó có thể liên quan đến điều mà mọi người thực sự muốn phát minh.
    Nó có thể là tình yêu của họ dành cho khách hàng và nhìn thấy nụ cười trên khuôn mặt của khách hàng. Nhưng tôi nghĩ rằng mức độ mà mọi người quan tâm đến những gì họ làm dường như là một yếu tố tiên đoán lớn, nếu không muốn nói là yếu tố tiên đoán, của sự thành công. Bạn có thể chăm sóc quá mức không? Tôi không nghĩ vậy. Tuy nhiên, nghe có vẻ căng thẳng khi chăm sóc nhiều như vậy. Tôi nghĩ trong cuốn sách của bạn, bạn nói về… Đừng nói về cuốn sách của tôi. Tôi không phản đối. Tôi chỉ như một người biện hộ. Đó là một trong những điều tôi thích về cuốn sách của bạn là bạn đã nói, này, mọi người đang nghĩ về căng thẳng sai cách, điều này tôi nghĩ thật sự rất mạnh mẽ. Tôi chỉ ước nhiều người nói về nó theo cách đó hơn. Bởi vì tôi nghĩ, bạn biết đấy, bạn chỉ cần… Dù sao đi nữa, bạn đã viết nó. Bạn không cần phải lặp lại điều đó. Không, không, không. Không, nhưng đó là một điểm tốt. Điều tôi muốn hỏi bạn là căng thẳng khi làm chính mình. Và bạn có kỹ thuật nào để quản lý căng thẳng đó không? Đặc biệt là khi điều hành một công ty công khai. Tôi chỉ nghĩ rằng điều đó thật điên rồ. Vâng, điều mà tôi nghĩ là hài hước… Đây là một trong những phát hiện hài hước của tôi trong vài ngày qua khi thử nghiệm. Cuối cùng, tôi đã có đủ ngày để nó, kiểu như, cho tôi một điểm số căng thẳng hoặc cái gì đó. Và tôi thực sự không căng thẳng trong suốt cả ngày, điều này thực sự phù hợp với cách tôi trải nghiệm công việc. Tôi không thấy công việc là rất căng thẳng. Tôi nghĩ rằng nhiều điều đã trở thành rất bình thường vì, bạn biết đấy, qua nhiều năm, chúng tôi đã phát triển kinh doanh của mình và gặp đủ loại tình huống hoang dã mà ở thời điểm này chỉ đơn giản là một điều bình thường hàng ngày. Bạn có ăn mừng không? Bạn có thực sự vui mừng khi có những khoảnh khắc chuyên nghiệp, nơi mà, tôi không biết, bạn ra mắt một tính năng mới và nó được đón nhận tốt? Bạn có thực sự vui không? Không. Đó là điều tôi cần phải làm việc, đặc biệt là ăn mừng đội ngũ của chúng tôi. Kiểu như, bạn biết đấy, chỉ cần cung cấp nhiều phản hồi tích cực hơn. Đó không phải là điều tôi làm nhiều, đặc biệt là trong các mục tiêu tập trung vào kết quả. Khi tôi thấy một ý tưởng hay, nếu tôi thấy một ý tưởng mới tuyệt vời, thì tôi thực sự vui và phấn khích. Tôi thích điều đó. Nhưng, bạn biết đấy, đối với tôi, một số cột mốc lớn của công ty, như sự phát triển của cộng đồng thì thật tuyệt. Hôm trước, tôi đã nói chuyện với ai đó. Họ nói rằng bạn nên tổ chức một bữa tiệc khi các bạn đạt tới một tỷ người. Tôi đã nghĩ, ôi trời, thật là một ý tưởng tuyệt vời. Tại sao tôi không nghĩ ra điều đó? Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ rằng chúng ta nên ăn mừng những điều như vậy. Tôi tự hỏi có phải có yếu tố phòng thủ trong điều này không, vì tôi đã nói chuyện với nhiều nhà sáng lập gần đây và họ đã nói với tôi rằng họ, theo thời gian và với sự chín chắn, họ gần như phát triển được sự bình tĩnh trong tất cả sự hỗn loạn đến mức họ không bị ảnh hưởng lên xuống. Và một số người trong số họ đã đưa ra trường hợp với tôi rằng nếu bạn bị ảnh hưởng bởi điều gì đó xảy ra bên ngoài, thì chắc chắn bạn sẽ không thể tránh khỏi việc bị ảnh hưởng xuống khi có điều gì xấu xảy ra bên ngoài. Vì vậy, các nhà sáng lập phát triển một sự lạnh lùng gần như vậy. Điều đó sẽ là một vấn đề thực sự đối với tôi vì rất nhiều việc tạo ra sản phẩm là kết nối với mọi người và lắng nghe mọi người và có thể đồng cảm với họ. Vì vậy, tôi hoàn toàn không thể cắt đứt phản ứng cảm xúc của mình. Tôi nghĩ, bạn biết đấy, tôi chọn những điều hoặc, bạn biết đấy, những điều làm tôi cảm thấy thực sự hạnh phúc là những thứ như ở bên con cái của chúng tôi hoặc điều gì đó, hoặc, bạn biết đấy, Hart đã làm rất tốt trong bài kiểm tra toán của cậu bé hôm trước và tôi đã cảm thấy tuyệt vời. Bạn hiểu ý tôi không? Tôi đã rất phấn khích về điều đó. Nhưng tôi nghĩ, theo điểm của bạn, một trong những điều tôi hối tiếc vào một thời điểm nào đó là không ăn mừng một số khoảnh khắc tuyệt vời đó. Tôi nghĩ, bạn biết đấy, đôi khi với tư cách là một doanh nhân, khi mọi thứ đều, kiểu như, đi lên phía trên bên phải và diễn ra rất tốt, bạn luôn như thế, điều gì sẽ xảy ra không hay? Bạn biết đấy, điều gì có thể xảy ra không hay? Và vì vậy bạn không suy nghĩ về việc ăn mừng khoảnh khắc tuyệt vời đó vì bạn đang nghĩ về, bạn biết đấy, ngày mai hoặc điều gì mà bạn có thể làm khác đi để chắc chắn rằng doanh nghiệp có thể tiếp tục phát triển. Và tôi nghĩ rằng việc thoát khỏi cái suy nghĩ kiểu như, bạn biết đấy, điều gì có thể sai, thực sự rất có ích. Điểm đó, sự hoang tưởng có lẽ là khá hữu ích. Nhưng việc ăn mừng những khoảnh khắc đó là rất quan trọng. Vậy đó là bài học tốt từ cuộc trò chuyện của chúng ta. Có ngày nào khó khăn nhất cho bạn không? Một ngày mà bạn bị thách thức nhiều nhất với tư cách là CEO của Snapchat? Điều đó xuất hiện trong tâm trí tôi khi tôi nói điều đó. Tôi nghĩ một số ngày khó khăn nhất, những ngày đau đớn là khi chúng tôi phải thay đổi cơ cấu công ty hoặc những thứ như sa thải. Tôi cảm thấy như mình có một trách nhiệm lớn đối với các thành viên trong đội. Và vì vậy khi chúng tôi làm họ thất vọng như vậy, bạn biết đấy, những ngày đó là tệ nhất. Ý tôi là, tất nhiên, trong nhiều trường hợp, tệ hơn đối với họ. Và tôi, bạn biết đấy, nhưng, nhưng với tư cách là một nhà lãnh đạo, cảm giác xấu hổ mà tôi cảm thấy khi chúng tôi phải đưa ra một quyết định như vậy, đó là điều tồi tệ. Bạn có bao giờ cảm thấy hội chứng kẻ mạo danh không? Bởi vì tôi nghĩ về khả năng của bạn, khả năng ra mắt một ứng dụng truyền thông xã hội, như chúng ta đã nói trước đó, thì tỷ lệ là một tỷ trên một hoặc điều gì đó, đúng không? Tôi không biết. Thật đáng kinh ngạc. Và tôi đoán không phải là một tỷ. Không có một tỷ ứng dụng như thế, nhưng tỷ lệ vẫn chống lại bạn. Vì vậy, khi điều đó xảy ra và nó bùng nổ và trở thành một ứng dụng toàn cầu lớn, có phải bạn không cảm thấy chút nào của hội chứng kẻ mạo danh? Tôi không thích thuật ngữ hội chứng kẻ mạo danh vì nó không nghe có vẻ tốt đẹp. Và tôi nghĩ hội chứng kẻ mạo danh thực sự là một điều tốt theo nghĩa là nó có nghĩa là bạn cảm thấy rằng còn nhiều điều để học, đúng không? Vì vậy, đối với tôi, bạn biết đấy, khi tôi tiếp cận bất kỳ tình huống nào hoặc, bạn biết đấy, bất kỳ cuộc họp nào hoặc, bạn biết đấy, bất kỳ điều gì chúng tôi đang cố gắng làm bên ngoài thế giới, tôi luôn cố gắng nghĩ xem: còn điều gì khác mà tôi có thể học ở đây? Rõ ràng, bạn biết đấy, đây là một cơ hội cho tôi để thực sự lắng nghe, học hỏi, tìm hiểu cách tôi có thể phát triển. Vì vậy, như vậy, tôi không bao giờ muốn cảm thấy rằng, ôi, bạn biết đấy, tôi đã nắm bắt được điều này.
    Tôi luôn muốn cảm thấy rằng, còn điều gì khác mà tôi có thể học được? Tôi có thể làm điều gì khác đi không? Bạn biết đấy, làm thế nào để tôi phát triển? Và tôi nghĩ đôi khi khi chúng ta gọi đó là “hội chứng kẻ mạo danh,” thì nó không thực sự hữu ích. Tôi nghĩ chúng ta nên nói với mọi người, này, nếu bạn cảm thấy mình còn nhiều điều để học, thì điều đó thật tốt. Nếu bạn cảm thấy rằng, này, có thể việc điều hành một công ty lớn không hoàn toàn bình thường, thì cũng là một điều tốt để giữ tâm trí cởi mở với những ý tưởng hoặc cách làm khác nhau. Nếu Snapchat biến mất hôm nay, Evan sẽ làm gì? Bắt đầu một công ty mới? Tôi có lẽ sẽ tiếp tục nhiều công việc mà gia đình chúng tôi đã làm để cống hiến lại. Ý tôi là, tôi nghĩ đó là phước lành lớn nhất của toàn bộ trải nghiệm Snap này là có thể cống hiến lại. Bạn biết đấy, chúng tôi đã làm rất nhiều như một gia đình. Chúng tôi đã làm rất nhiều với Snap và Quỹ Snap. Và điều đó đối với tôi giống như, bạn biết đấy, hy vọng phần còn lại của cuộc đời tôi sẽ là câu chuyện đó. Bạn không muốn bắt đầu một công ty công nghệ khác sao? Không bao giờ trong một triệu năm. Thật không? Không có cơ hội. Không có cách nào. Tại sao? Nó khó quá. Quá khó luôn. Tôi đã nói với bạn rằng nó điên rồ. Tôi có thể đã nói với bạn điều đó khi bạn bắt đầu. Bạn nên hỏi tôi. Mỗi khi tôi gặp một doanh nhân liên tiếp, tôi thường nghĩ, cái gì vậy? Khi bạn nói rằng việc đó khó khăn, tôi đã hỏi câu hỏi này, tôi đã ngừng lại một chút vì tôi thực sự đã đăng về điều này trên Instagram và Snap của mình sáng nay về việc nó khó khăn như thế nào và không ai nói về điều đó cả. Và vì vậy khi bạn trải qua khó khăn như một người sáng lập, bạn sẽ nhìn vào gương và nghĩ đó là lỗi của mình. Bạn có hiểu ý tôi không? Bạn nghĩ, ôi, đây là bằng chứng cho sự không đủ khả năng của tôi. Nhưng thực sự, ý tôi là, tại sao bạn lại nói như vậy? Bởi vì nghe có vẻ như bạn bị PTSD. Không, nó hơn thế, tôi nghĩ rằng điều khó khăn, theo quan điểm của bạn về việc làm thế nào để biến căng thẳng thành điều tích cực, đúng không? Điều khó khăn là một điều tốt theo nghĩa là những gì khiến nó thật thú vị nhưng cũng thật thử thách là tốc độ mà bạn phải thay đổi và phát triển. Đó là điều đã quá khó khăn, đúng không? Rằng, khi có bốn người, doanh nghiệp rất khác so với khi có 100 người. Doanh nghiệp khi chúng tôi hỗ trợ một triệu người thì khác so với doanh nghiệp hỗ trợ 850 triệu người sử dụng dịch vụ của chúng tôi. Và họ phải thay đổi rất nhiều trong khoảng thời gian đó. Việc phải phát triển rất nhiều trong khoảng thời gian đó, đó chính là điều khó khăn. Bởi vì bạn chỉ cần buộc mình phải thay đổi và phát triển và nghĩ về việc bạn cần thích nghi như thế nào để trở thành người mà doanh nghiệp của chúng tôi cần trong sáu tháng tới, điều đó chắc chắn sẽ khác với con người mà tôi là hôm nay. Vậy bạn có nghĩ bạn có thể điều hành Snap trong phần còn lại của cuộc đời mình không? Tôi chắc chắn sẽ thấy đó là một vinh dự. Ý tôi là, tôi rất thích điều đó. Có thể bạn sẽ rời khỏi Snap và sau đó bạn sẽ cảm thấy chán và sau đó bạn sẽ bắt đầu một công ty mới. Ai biết được? Và chúng ta có một truyền thống đóng podcast này là vị khách cuối cùng để lại một câu hỏi cho vị khách tiếp theo mà không biết họ đang để lại cho ai. Và câu hỏi đã được để lại cho bạn, khá thú vị. Tôi cảm thấy mình có thể đã hỏi điều này trước đây, nhưng bạn sẽ phải cố gắng hết sức. Điều khó khăn nhất bạn từng phải vượt qua là gì? Vâng, tôi nghĩ điều khó khăn nhất, có thể đây là một cách tốt để tiếp nối từ những gì chúng ta vừa nói về. Điều khó khăn nhất mà tôi từng phải vượt qua là chính bản thân mình, đúng không? Tôi đã phải buộc mình ở mỗi giai đoạn phải phát triển và thay đổi và trở nên khác biệt và tiến hóa để đáp ứng nhu cầu của doanh nghiệp và cộng đồng của chúng tôi hoặc gia đình của tôi. Và tôi nghĩ, bạn biết đấy, đó là cuộc chiến với chính mình để trở thành phiên bản tốt hơn của chính mình mỗi ngày. Đó là một điều khó khăn. Nhận thức về bản thân, tôi đã nghĩ về điều đó khi bạn đang nói điều đó, về ý tưởng nhận thức về bản thân như một CEO và cách bạn phát triển điều đó. Bởi vì đó là một điều rất quan trọng khi có quá nhiều thứ phụ thuộc vào việc bạn nhận thức được. Vì vậy, tôi không biết bạn nghĩ gì về nhận thức về bản thân như một nhà lãnh đạo và nếu có bất kỳ hệ thống nào mà bạn đã phải nuôi dưỡng nhận thức đó một cách hiệu quả. Tôi thích bạn đã nói điều đó. Tôi nghĩ điều đó rất thách thức và nó trở nên khó khăn hơn và hơn nữa, theo tôi, khi doanh nghiệp phát triển, và bạn phát triển như một nhà lãnh đạo. A, vì bạn trở nên bận rộn hơn. Nên thật khó để tập trung và kết nối thật sự với mọi người, đúng không, theo cách mà bạn thực sự cần để hiểu họ cảm thấy như thế nào hoặc họ đang nghĩ gì và để tạo dựng mối quan hệ đáng tin cậy để họ cảm thấy như họ có thể nói điều đó với bạn. Khi công ty phát triển, bạn biết đấy, tôi nghĩ mọi người trở nên rất chú trọng vào việc lựa chọn thông tin mà bạn đang nhận được. Vì vậy, bạn liên tục nhận được rất nhiều báo cáo cho thấy các nhà lãnh đạo và các đội của họ trong một ánh sáng rất tích cực. Và vì vậy bạn phải nghĩ đến việc chủ động phá vỡ điều đó bởi vì đó sẽ là mặc định mà tổ chức, tôi nghĩ, sẽ thực hiện. Đột nhiên, họ sẽ chỉ cố gắng đảm bảo rằng bạn nhận được thông tin, đúng không, mà cho thấy họ trong một ánh sáng tốt bởi vì họ muốn thành công. Điều đó hoàn toàn hợp lý. Nhưng tôi nghĩ bạn thực sự phải làm nhiều việc để phá vỡ điều đó và để ra ngoài nhiều hơn trong tổ chức và chỉ trò chuyện với mọi người. Và tôi nghĩ không có gì có thể thay thế được. Tôi ước có điều gì đó thay thế được. Nhưng thực sự không có gì có thể thay thế việc chỉ đi xung quanh và nói chuyện với mọi người. Và tôi nhận thấy đó là một cách tuyệt vời trong tổ chức của chúng tôi để chỉ nhận được thông tin tuyệt vời rất nhanh chóng. Và sau đó bạn thấy như một CEO, ai đó đang làm một bài thuyết trình. Họ sẽ nói, ôi, bài thuyết trình này sẽ đến tay bạn trong khoảng sáu tuần, bạn biết đấy. Nhưng vâng, chắc chắn. Tôi có thể cho bạn xem một chút ngay bây giờ, bạn biết đấy, vì cách mà, bạn biết đấy, lịch trình hoạt động của một CEO và các cuộc đánh giá kinh doanh diễn ra và những thứ tương tự, tất cả mọi thông tin này, tôi nghĩ, bạn biết đấy, cuối cùng sẽ truyền đạt một cách chậm hơn so với lúc công ty mới bắt đầu.
    Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ, bạn biết đấy, thực sự dành thời gian để kết nối với mọi người và hình thành những mối quan hệ tin cậy, chủ động phá vỡ hệ thống thông tin sẽ hình thành xung quanh bạn, đúng không, nếu bạn không cẩn thận hơn trong việc tìm kiếm các nguồn thông tin khác, điều đó thực sự rất quan trọng.
    Và sau đó, bạn biết đấy, tôi nghĩ sự đồng cảm và trực giác thực sự giúp ích bởi vì đôi khi mọi người cảm thấy không thoải mái khi nói ra những gì họ thực sự cảm thấy. Nó chỉ đơn giản là vì, bạn biết đấy, bạn nhận thấy điều gì đó trong ánh mắt của họ hoặc biểu cảm của họ hoặc điều gì đó khác mà bạn hỏi, “Liệu đó thực sự là những gì bạn cảm thấy?” Bạn biết đấy, chúng ta nên, hay chúng ta thực sự nên làm điều này khác đi? Và tôi nghĩ, bạn biết đấy, khả năng thực sự hiểu cảm xúc của mọi người và tạo ra một không gian để họ có thể chia sẻ quan điểm của mình, điều đó thật sự rất, rất quý giá.
    Bạn có bao giờ cảm thấy một chút không kiên nhẫn với đội ngũ của mình không? Bởi vì tôi gặp điều này rất nhiều. Tôi luôn cố gắng thúc đẩy mọi thứ diễn ra nhanh hơn. Và tôi nghĩ có thể có một điểm đặc quyền mà với tư cách là một nhà lãnh đạo của một tổ chức, bạn có thể phá vỡ mọi thứ để khiến mọi thứ xảy ra, nhưng có thể thực tập sinh trong văn phòng không cảm thấy họ có quyền đó. Nhưng sự khẩn trương như một nhà lãnh đạo, tốc độ, bạn đã nói về việc tăng tốc độ học hỏi của tổ chức. Bạn có bao giờ cảm thấy không kiên nhẫn với tư cách là một nhà lãnh đạo không?
    Tôi thì cực kỳ không kiên nhẫn. Kiểu như, tôi nghĩ điều đó nằm trong DNA của tôi. Ý tôi là, cha tôi sẽ không, ý tưởng chờ đợi, như nếu bạn muốn trừng phạt cha tôi, bạn chỉ cần để ông ấy xếp hàng cho bất cứ điều gì. Ông ấy sẽ phát điên lên, bởi vì ông là một người rất không kiên nhẫn. Tôi nghĩ tôi cũng có một phần trong đó, một phần sự không kiên nhẫn đó, bạn biết không.
    Nếu tôi hỏi các thành viên trong nhóm của bạn, Evan là người lãnh đạo như thế nào? Bạn nghĩ họ sẽ nói gì? Ôi trời ơi. Tôi không biết. Họ có thể có nhiều quan điểm khác nhau vì tôi thực sự cố gắng để mang lại điều tốt nhất cho các thành viên trong đội bằng cách thể hiện những phần khác nhau của bản thân. Tôi không phải là cùng một nhà lãnh đạo đối với từng cá nhân. Điều đó sẽ thật tệ. Tôi nghĩ rất nhiều về việc làm lãnh đạo là cố gắng tìm ra cho từng cá nhân và từng người, kiểu phong cách giao tiếp nào sẽ mang lại điều tốt nhất cho họ và khả năng độc đáo của họ.
    Vì vậy, bạn biết đấy, cách tôi tương tác với Giám đốc điều hành của chúng tôi, Derek, khác với cách tôi tương tác với Betsy, người là Giám đốc thương hiệu của chúng tôi, khác với cách tôi tương tác với nhóm thiết kế của chúng tôi. Và điều đó rất quan trọng.
    Nếu tôi hỏi họ bạn giỏi ở đâu, họ sẽ nói gì? Tôi nghĩ tôi giỏi ở vài điều. Tôi nghĩ tôi khá giỏi trong việc thực sự hiểu nhu cầu và mong muốn của con người và tìm ra cách phản ánh điều đó trong sản phẩm của chúng tôi. Ý tôi là, thường xuyên tôi có một cuộc thi mà tôi thích có với đội ngũ của chúng tôi là, bạn biết đấy, thường thì trong kỹ thuật, mọi người thích thực hiện các bài kiểm tra A-B, đúng không? Vì vậy, họ sẽ thực hiện bốn bài kiểm tra A-B và họ sẽ chọn, bạn biết đấy, cái nào hoạt động tốt nhất, đúng không? Và như vậy, điều này áp dụng cho một chuỗi văn bản hoặc một cái gì đó tương tự. Nếu họ muốn đưa một văn bản vào ứng dụng, họ sẽ viết bốn biến thể khác nhau của nó hoặc bất cứ điều gì.
    Và điều tôi thực sự muốn làm là tìm xem liệu tôi có thể viết biến thể sẽ thắng cuộc kiểm tra A-B mà không cần họ thực hiện nó không? Và tôi nghĩ rằng trực giác đó về những gì mọi người sẽ phản ứng, bạn biết đấy, cái gì hợp lý với họ, cái gì rõ ràng trong việc giao tiếp qua sản phẩm, các tính năng của chúng tôi, bạn biết đấy, và những điều như vậy. Tôi nghĩ đó là điều mà tôi có thể cung cấp cho đội ngũ, và một phần trong số đó chỉ đơn giản là vì tôi đã làm điều đó suốt 13 năm, đúng không? Mỗi, bạn biết đấy, mỗi tuần hoặc gần như mỗi ngày nhìn vào công việc của đội ngũ chúng tôi và cố gắng tìm ra điều gì sẽ được mọi người yêu thích, những người sử dụng sản phẩm của chúng tôi.
    Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ tôi giỏi ở điều đó. Tôi cũng nghĩ có thể là, điểm mà tôi đã đề cập trước đó, tôi thực sự cố gắng hết mình để mang lại điều tốt nhất cho mọi người. Và tôi nghĩ, bạn biết đấy, hy vọng nếu tôi đã làm tốt công việc của mình, mọi người sẽ nói, “Wow, tôi không nghĩ tôi có thể làm điều đó, hoặc tôi không biết tôi có thể làm điều đó, hoặc tôi không biết rằng tôi thực sự là một người sáng tạo, nhưng bạn đã cho tôi thấy rằng tôi thực sự là một người sáng tạo.” Điều đó thật tuyệt. Cảm ơn.
    Tôi nghĩ thường thì điều đó là bằng cách giúp mọi người có can đảm và không gian để sáng tạo và cũng cho họ thấy những cách khác nhau mà sự sáng tạo áp dụng. Ví dụ, bạn biết đấy, tôi nghĩ một luật sư có thể nghĩ, “Tôi có thể sáng tạo như một luật sư như thế nào,” đúng không, nhưng nếu bạn có một cuộc trò chuyện với một luật sư như, bạn biết đấy, như chúng tôi đã làm sớm trong doanh nghiệp của chúng tôi và nói, “Vấn đề bây giờ là tất cả những chính sách quyền riêng tư này được viết ra, chúng không có ý nghĩa gì cả.”
    Và tôi không biết nếu bạn đã bao giờ cố gắng đọc một chính sách quyền riêng tư tại một trong những công ty internet này, nó không có ý nghĩa. Nếu chúng ta sáng tạo và thực sự viết một chính sách quyền riêng tư mà mọi người có thể hiểu được? Điều đó không phải sẽ thật tuyệt sao? Như, chúng ta có thể giải quyết vấn đề này khác đi và có một bộ mong đợi khác? Và sau đó mọi người nói, “Wow, điều đó thú vị. Hãy thử làm điều đó.” Và họ làm như vậy và họ nói, “Ôi, wow, không, tôi là người sáng tạo.” Chúng ta có thể giải quyết vấn đề này khác đi. Chúng ta không cần phải có một chính sách quyền riêng tư giống như mọi người khác. Chúng ta có thể làm việc thật chăm chỉ để làm cho nó trở nên dễ hiểu và điều đó sẽ tốt hơn.
    Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ việc chỉ cho tất cả các thành viên trong đội ngũ của chúng tôi cách mà công việc của họ có thể sáng tạo phục vụ cho cộng đồng của chúng tôi hoặc phục vụ cho các đối tác quảng cáo của chúng tôi, đó là điều mà tôi hy vọng sẽ mang đến cho đội ngũ của chúng tôi. Và ngược lại, bạn không giỏi ở điểm nào? Nếu tôi hỏi tất cả họ, tôi đã nói, “Evan không giỏi ở đâu?” Gần như mọi thứ khác. Ý tôi là, đó là thách thức. Không, thôi nào.
    Chắc hẳn có những đặc điểm rõ ràng mà bạn có thể nói rằng, nếu bạn hỏi nhóm của tôi sau cuộc trò chuyện này, họ sẽ cho bạn biết những gì tôi không giỏi. Họ sẽ cho biết những gì tôi giỏi, nhưng họ cũng sẽ nói cho bạn biết những gì tôi không giỏi. Và họ sẽ đồng ý với nhau. Họ sẽ có sự đồng thuận hoàn toàn.
    Không, nhưng tôi thực sự nghiêm túc về điều đó, rằng ở hầu hết mọi lĩnh vực trong doanh nghiệp của chúng tôi, cho dù đó là nhân sự, pháp lý, tài chính hay bất cứ điều gì khác, tôi chắc chắn còn xa mới là người giỏi nhất. Tôi có nghĩa là, các thành viên trong nhóm của chúng tôi có tài năng đặc biệt trong lĩnh vực của họ trên khắp doanh nghiệp của chúng tôi. Và tự bản thân, tôi không giỏi những điều đó.
    Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ rằng đối với tôi, bí mật thực sự, hay không phải bí mật, là tiêu điểm của những gì tôi đã cố gắng để làm trong suốt những năm qua, như nhiều doanh nhân khác, đó là nói, làm thế nào tôi có thể dành nhiều thời gian hơn để làm những gì tôi giỏi, bạn biết đấy, hợp tác với nhóm của chúng tôi, cố gắng tạo ra các sản phẩm mới, sáng tạo, và sau đó, bạn biết đấy, có một nhóm xung quanh tôi mà giỏi hơn rất nhiều trong mọi lĩnh vực khác mà tôi không thể có khả năng tốt hơn. Đặc biệt là khi làm CEO trẻ hơn, tôi nghĩ rằng điều đó có lẽ còn quan trọng hơn đối với người khác để có sự tự nhận thức và khiêm tốn nói rằng, tôi không biết tất cả các câu trả lời.
    Bởi vì bạn đã bắt đầu công ty này khi mới chỉ 21, 22 tuổi. Bạn chưa bao giờ điều hành một công ty công khai trước đây. Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ rằng khiêm tốn có lẽ còn quan trọng hơn đối với một người như bạn ở giai đoạn đó. Thú vị là, đó là lợi thế chiến lược, đúng không? Để 20 tuổi và không biết gì cả để bạn có thể hỏi bất kỳ câu hỏi nào mà không trông như một kẻ ngốc là món quà lớn nhất trên thế giới.
    Tôi có nghĩa là, tôi gần như luôn là người trẻ nhất trong phòng, gần như luôn, bạn biết không? Và điều đó là một phước lành vì mọi người đều hỏi, ôi, bạn đang làm gì? Ồ, một ứng dụng? Thật tuyệt. Và tôi sẽ nói, vâng, thực sự, bạn có thể nói chuyện với tôi về cách chuẩn bị tốt nhất cho công ty của bạn để trở thành công ty công khai không? Và mọi người sẽ nói, chắc chắn, bạn biết không?
    Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ, bạn biết đấy, việc có thể sử dụng sự ngây thơ đó như một lợi thế căn bản để học hỏi nhanh chóng là rất quan trọng. Nhưng bây giờ bạn có mất đi điều đó không? Hy vọng là không bao giờ. Tôi có nghĩa là, đó là điều mà tôi yêu thích, sự tò mò, việc đặt câu hỏi. Evan, câu hỏi cuối cùng của tôi là, câu hỏi quan trọng nhất cho các doanh nhân đang lắng nghe cuộc trò chuyện này dựa trên những gì bạn biết và đã làm mà tôi chưa hỏi sẽ giúp họ là gì?
    Tôi nghĩ họ nên tự hỏi xem họ có yêu những gì họ đang làm không. Và nếu họ thực sự yêu những gì họ đang làm, thì đó sẽ là nguồn năng lượng thúc đẩy họ đi hết con đường. Nhưng có rất nhiều người bị mắc kẹt trong việc xây dựng doanh nghiệp hoặc trong những công việc mà họ không thực sự yêu thích những gì họ làm, những người chưa tìm ra cách sử dụng những món quà đặc biệt của mình theo cách áp dụng vào thế giới kinh doanh.
    Và tôi nghĩ rằng phần lớn cuộc sống là cố gắng tìm ra điều gì đó mà tôi có thể làm mà tôi thực sự yêu thích, điều đó mang lại điều tốt nhất trong tôi và tài năng của tôi. Và tôi nghĩ rằng không từ bỏ trong việc theo đuổi điều đó là điều cực kỳ quan trọng. Evan, cảm ơn bạn rất nhiều. Cảm ơn bạn vì đã tham gia cuộc trò chuyện hôm nay. Tôi biết bạn không thường xuyên tham gia nhiều podcast, vì vậy tôi rất vinh dự khi bạn đến ngồi cùng tôi.
    Và hy vọng rằng nó không phải là một trải nghiệm căng thẳng. Tôi đã rất vui vẻ. Và cảm ơn bạn đã giúp tôi với quyết tâm của tôi cho năm 2025. Tôi sẽ cố gắng tiến bộ hơn ở đây. Tôi rất háo hức. Tôi rất muốn biết ai trong cuộc sống của bạn đã khuyến khích bạn ra ngoài nhiều hơn, vì phải có ai đó. Thật không may, như mọi người khác, đây là lý do tôi đã đầu hàng. Cảm ơn bạn rất nhiều.
    Và thật tuyệt vời khi được hiểu thêm về bạn và cách bạn nghĩ về tất cả những điều này. Và cảm ơn bạn vì những trí tuệ mà tất cả các doanh nhân, những nhà sáng lập đang lắng nghe cuộc trò chuyện này đã học được từ bạn. Và tôi thực sự khuyến khích bạn làm nhiều điều như thế này hơn, bởi vì có rất nhiều người trong chúng tôi rất tò mò về những thăng trầm và mọi thứ ở giữa việc trở thành một doanh nhân, xây dựng một công ty như bạn đã làm trong một thế giới đang thay đổi với tốc độ ánh sáng.
    Vì vậy, đó thực sự là một dịch vụ cho tất cả chúng tôi để được biết bạn, để hiểu cách nghĩ của công ty, nhưng cũng để có thể học hỏi từ trải nghiệm mà bạn đã có. Và bây giờ tôi rất hào hứng để đi và thử những chiếc kính này. Tuyệt vời. Hãy làm điều đó. Chúng tôi đã ra mắt những thẻ trò chuyện này và chúng đã bán hết. Chúng tôi lại ra mắt chúng và chúng lại bán hết. Chúng tôi đã ra mắt lại và chúng lại bán hết. Bởi vì mọi người thích chơi chúng với đồng nghiệp tại nơi làm việc, với bạn bè ở nhà, và cũng với gia đình.
    Chúng tôi cũng có một lượng lớn khán giả sử dụng chúng như những gợi ý cho nhật ký. Mỗi lần một vị khách đến nhật ký của một CEO, họ để lại một câu hỏi cho vị khách tiếp theo trong nhật ký. Và tôi đã ngồi ở đây với một số người đáng kinh ngạc nhất trên thế giới. Và họ đã để lại tất cả các câu hỏi này trong nhật ký. Và tôi đã xếp hạng chúng từ một đến ba dựa trên độ sâu. Một là câu hỏi khởi đầu. Và cấp độ ba, nếu bạn nhìn ở mặt sau đây, đây là cấp độ ba, trở thành một câu hỏi sâu hơn, kết nối còn nhiều hơn nữa.
    Nếu bạn lật thẻ lại và quét mã QR đó, bạn có thể thấy ai đã trả lời thẻ và xem video của họ trả lời trong thời gian thực. Vì vậy, nếu bạn muốn có được một vài thẻ trò chuyện này, hãy truy cập thediary.com hoặc xem liên kết trong phần mô tả bên dưới. Chúng ta sẽ xem liên kết trong phần mô tả bên dưới.
    您在25歲時成為世界上最年輕的億萬富翁。
    馬克·扎克伯格向您提出了30億美元的報價。
    那肯定是個命運的日子,但我們決定還是要獨立發展。
    曾經有一天讓您懷疑這個決定嗎?
    埃文·斯皮吉爾是全球最大社交媒體平台Snapchat的共同創辦人。
    他將消失的訊息變成了一個價值數十億美元的帝國,重新定義了我們在線上互動的方式。
    埃文,您不常做播客,對吧?
    我幾乎不做公開演講,但我想多分享一些。
    那麼讓我們回到早期的日子。
    我在成長過程中是個內向的人,喜歡建造東西。
    在學校裡,我必須自己組裝電腦。
    一旦你開始意識到那些表面上看起來非常複雜的事物其實並不難,你就會開始思考,還能建造什麼其他的東西。
    這導致我在21歲時創建了Snapchat。
    當時我還是斯坦福大學的本科生,我們籌集了48.5萬美元,估值為425萬美元。
    真的是一個絕佳的交易。
    但回想起來,那時有許多應用程式在短時間內會迅速流行,然後逐漸消退。
    很多人告訴我們應該出售它,
    他們說,你只是來回傳送照片,這怎麼能長期增長呢?
    但Snapchat的增長可以說是非典型的。
    它就像一場病毒,月活躍用戶達到7500萬。
    所以,我想知道您是否有任何關於成功基本原則的建議。
    人們對他們所做的事情的關心程度以及快速行動的能力是成功的預測因素。
    在Snapchat,我們有一個非常小的設計團隊。
    只有九個人,他們不斷地產生大量的想法、產品和功能,因為99%的想法並不好,但1%的想法是有效的。
    我想知道斯坦福大學教什麼,因為培養世界頂尖企業家的成功率真的很高。
    那裡有很多非常好的課程。
    第一個是…
    我希望《首席執行官的日記》永遠保持免費,不收取任何形式的費用或訂閱模式。
    我們的方式是,你們選擇關注和訂閱這個節目。
    所以如果你現在正在聽這個節目,您可能是被發送了這一集,或者之前聽過幾集,您能幫我一個忙嗎?
    如果您這樣做,我保證在接下來的十年裡會全力以赴地打拼,確保這個節目完全免費,沒有付費牆,對用戶沒有任何費用。
    您能按下關注按鈕嗎?
    關注按鈕會在您當前收聽的應用上。
    可能是Spotify、Apple或類似的應用。
    但按下那個關注按鈕,通常在應用的角落或者一個小勾勾,是這個節目永遠免費的原因,永遠。
    非常感謝您。
    如果您為我這麼做,真的非常感謝。
    我非常感激。
    讓我們回到這集節目。
    埃文,當您回顧自己的早年,並試圖理解那些連接起來的點時,正如史蒂夫·喬布斯曾經所說的,那些點是什麼?
    我父母做過幾個有影響力的選擇,我認為影響巨大。
    其中之一就是他們從未讓我看電視。
    他們不希望我將時間花在這上面,但同時又允許我隨便取任何我想要的書。
    這對我來說是一次非常具有形成性的經歷。
    閱讀一本書時,你會大量使用想像力,試著在腦中描繪角色。
    這非常有幫助。
    而且因為我不看電視,所以我有很多空閒時間。
    我喜歡建造東西。
    我童年時會在我們的客廳裡建造一個假的酒店,然後讓我的父母來體驗住在我們的酒店。
    我在家裡能夠大量運用想像力。
    我的父母從未讓我感到因為把家裡搞得亂七八糟而有負罪感,因為我會移動椅子來表達自己和創造東西。
    你小時候覺得自己合群嗎?
    完全不感覺。
    不,我在成長時更像是一個內向的人。
    所以,我覺得有時候這讓我更難感覺自己融入集體。
    那麼,電腦什麼時候進入你的生活?
    我想我大概在幼兒園、一年級的時候接觸到了我的第一台電腦。
    我的教父帶來了一台早期的Macintosh來給我們家看。
    我有機會試用像KidPix這樣的東西。
    然後我在學校的電腦實驗室裡也待了很多次。
    我真的很想擁有自己的電腦。
    所以當我媽媽說,如果你自己組裝電腦,就可以擁有它時,我獲得了一次重要的突破。
    我們不會讓你連接上網,但如果你自己組裝電腦,就可以擁有它來玩。
    所以那大概是在六年級的時候。
    我有一位老師幫助我,將所有需要的零件組合在一起來組裝電腦。
    我覺得這個過程中,將這些零件組裝起來,打開電源,讓windows運行,讓我意識到為什麼看起來這麼複雜的東西,其實並不難。
    當你只是看著那個主機、那個箱子,對不對,或者是,還沒打開它看到裡面的情況時,這可能顯得很困惑或複雜。
    但當你一旦意識到,組合所有這些東西和開始並不是那麼難時,我覺得那種感覺是非常鼓舞人心的。
    這種感覺教會了你什麼?
    我認為,你知道,我認為這在今天的情況下更是如此,因為,你知道,當你上YouTube時,你幾乎可以學到任何東西,對吧?
    但我認為,一旦你開始意識到那些在表面看起來非常複雜或困惑的事情其實並不那麼困難時,你會開始想知道,你還能建造什麼或者創造什麼,或者,你知道,你還能如何與那些從外部看起來似乎不可能的事物進行實驗,但實際上並不那麼困難。
    你在學校被欺負過,對吧?
    是六年級的時候被欺負,還是其後的某個時候?
    中學時期對我來說不是,我認為,最輕鬆的時光。
    為什麼?
    你知道,正如我提到的,我有一點融入不進去。
    我沒有參加許多其他同學參加的活動,比如運動等等。
    我有參加過一點網球隊。
    所以我認為,沒有跟朋友一起參加運動,加上在電腦實驗室花了很多時間,在午餐或放學後,我想,這只會讓我感到有點社交孤立。
    你知道,在對很多孩子來說,我認為是一個棘手的時期。
    你小時候是個什麼樣的人?
    你有自信嗎?
    我不知道我是否對自己有自信,但我對我的想法肯定有自信。
    比如說,我願意為自己認為不同的想法站出來,或者我願意探索那些在當時看起來不受歡迎的想法。
    因為我認為這很重要。
    我曾經和我的爸爸聊過,他在我們那住了一段時間。
    我和他談的時候,我問他,你認為我能講什麼關於成長的故事?
    你怎麼看?
    他說,哦,你應該告訴他們你肯定是個逆潮流者。
    你知道,我就問,什麼是逆潮流者?
    他說,你不記得你寫的那篇文章,像是對數學課程的揭露嗎?
    因為你知道,你基本上訪問了所有這些老師、孩子和家長,然後寫了這篇關於數學課程如何可以更好的揭露。
    他說,這在那個環境中,可能更好不提。
    但學校值得稱讚的是,支持我並讓我出版了它,我想創造了一個環境,在那裡,孩子們可以挑戰權威,這真的讓我明白那是可以的。
    我想這也是我遇到的許多像你這樣人的一個原則,就是他們願意挑戰傳統。
    在你生命中的特定時刻,你做了這些決策,可以說是逆潮流的賭注。
    我可以在你的故事中看到它們。
    但顯然,這是你從小就擁有的某些天賦。
    回想起來,你不做很多播客,對嗎?
    我幾乎不做公共演講。
    不過這是我2025年的新年決心。
    所以我們來看看,我正在努力,分享得更多一些。
    為什麼?
    我認為讓人們了解我們的公司及我們所代表的意義,以及我們做出那樣決策的原因非常重要。
    而我認為這部分是,了解我。
    我和Bobby在13年前創立了這家企業。
    在這個過程中我們做了很多不同的選擇。
    但我認為如果不談論它們,沒有人會知道。
    所以對我們來說,分享我們如何做決策和我們的設計哲學,以及這種事情非常重要。
    我認為成為首席執行官的時代非常有趣,因為即使在10、15年前,許多人使用和喜愛的大公司的首席執行官們並不會做播客。
    他們也許會發佈新聞稿,他們的市場營銷團隊會負責溝通。
    但現在已經出現了這種對領導透明度的重大轉變。
    你知道,我們的領導者就像被期待成為透明的玻璃盒子。
    我認為甚至在此之上,媒體已經重新塑造了對個體的關注。
    個體才是人們感興趣的對象。
    他們是擁有發佈能力的人。
    所以我認為,重心已經從企業轉移到更專注於個體角色和故事講述者。
    於是你去上了大學。
    你去了斯坦福大學,這是一所令人驚嘆的大學。
    而你最終選擇追求產品設計的專業。
    在你人生的那個階段,為什麼選擇產品設計?
    那門課程吸引你的地方是什麼?
    產品設計真正酷的地方在於,基本概念是,你不需要等待靈感的降臨或被雷擊。
    你可以通過傾聽人們的聲音、同理心,然後基本上原型化地解決他們所分享的問題,來系統性地創造新想法。
    然後通過把那些解決方案帶回去,問他們:你覺得這解決了你的問題嗎?
    對我來說,能夠將我製作東西的熱愛與為人們製作有用的東西的過程結合起來,製作新產品,這對我來說非常興奮。
    而這所產品設計學校是由一位名叫David Kelly的先見之明的創始人創建的。
    我有機會上了他的一門課,真的是一次難以置信的經歷。
    對於像我這樣對這類課程內容一無所知的人來說,產品設計是什麼?
    是因為我頭腦中想到的是設計像實體產品的東西嗎?
    斯坦福的產品設計學校很多是圍繞實體產品而設的。
    當然,現在,它已經不止這個範疇了。
    但當我在那個時期,它在機械工程部門下,非常注重實體產品,理解材料。
    但這一切都是我們如何理解人們所面臨問題的框架的一部分?
    我們如何與他們產生共鳴?
    然後我們如何設計解決方案來解決這些問題?
    在這段時間裡,你也學到了創業精神嗎?
    因為我記得你在大學二年級的時候上了一門創業與風險資本的課程,是吧?
    對,那真的是一個改變遊戲規則的課程。
    這門課叫做創業與風險資本,課程基本上是由進來分享創業故事和教訓的企業家主導的案例研究系列。
    然後我們有一段開放的問答環節。
    我聽到了他們精彩的故事,並問了他們問題。
    這讓我非常受啟發。
    你還記得從那些課程中學到的什麼,最後對你產生了真正重要的影響嗎,無論是想法還是哲學?
    我認為我在斯坦福的經歷和那門課中學到的最重要的事情是專注於追求非常非常大的機會。
    我覺得在洛杉磯長大的一個不同之處是,我接觸到的商業社區往往更專注於現金流,對吧?
    例如,這個企業能多快轉盈?
    我們如何能做到這點,以便能夠預測?
    我們將產生多少現金?
    在斯坦福,商業文化完全是圍繞著這樣的思考,這個機會有多大?
    這是一個巨大的機會嗎?
    這個機會夠大嗎?
    因為如果你不是在追求可以觸及數十億人的東西,那就不那麼有趣。
    這對我來說是一種完全不同的思維方式,再加上風險資本的觀點,事實上是早期投資大量資金,快速擴張,然後在獲得規模和大規模採用後再構建業務。
    我一直很好奇斯坦福教授什麼,特別是與商業相關的課程,因為成功培養出一些世界首屈一指的企業家的比例確實非常高。
    所以你告訴我一個關鍵思想就是大志。
    是的,我認為這很有道理,因為創立一個企業是如此困難。
    你的成功機率是如此之低。
    所以追求一些真的很大的東西是非常重要的,這樣如果你成功的話,最終能夠在彩虹的另一端獲得一個巨大機會。
    所以在我腦海中,我在想,如果這真的很大,那麼失敗的機會可能會增加。
    所以,我可以開一家咖啡店,對吧?
    我的成功機會相當不錯。
    但是如果我追求建立一個全新的社交網絡,這可是只有精神病人才會做的事,那我的成功機會是什麼呢?
    十億分之一嗎?
    但我認為關於科技業最令人興奮的地方在於它的擴展方式。
    所以我覺得與咖啡店的例子不同,一旦你建立了一個極好的服務,像我們一次性建立Snapchat,它可以迅速擴展到全球8.5億人,對吧?
    而你則必須在每個街角都建立一家新的咖啡店才能擴展業務。
    所以一旦我開始從擴展的潛力和建立一個可以觸及數十億人的產品或服務的潛力來看世界,它真的改變了你識別的機會或你想建立的東西。
    有趣的是。
    所以大部分我們尤其是英國人,並不常思考建立能夠達到巨大規模的企業。
    部分原因是我們在歐洲並沒有像你們那裡那樣擁有強大的技術記錄來建立偉大的獨角獸科技公司。
    不過,我不知道我們是否想走這條路來談談歐洲的創業精神,但我認為歐洲的一個真正挑戰是各國市場的規模太小了。
    所以我與歐洲的企業家交談時,發現他們經常非常專注於先在自己的國家內部成長,並把這個市場作為跳板。
    但是歐洲的所有國家都相當不同。
    這裡的文化和語言各異。
    所以有時企業家花太多時間試圖在歐洲增長,而不是像我在澳大利亞一些公司所看到的那樣。
    他們在一個島上。
    這些企業家首先想到的是:我如何才能在美國增長?
    我如何才能在中國增長?
    我如何能在一個非常非常大的市場上迅速擴張?
    這樣我就可以在歐洲或其他地方重新投資和增長,這裡可能更難以增長。
    這是非常真實的。
    想到我的投資組合,裡面大約有40家不同的公司。
    幾乎每一家公司,除了個別例外,都是採取「先征服英國,然後再去美國」的方式。
    但在過渡到美國的過程中,他們遇到了很多挑戰,比如在這裡成功的成本是多麼高,例如行銷成本。
    如果他們在零售業,進入Target或Walmart是多麼困難。
    另外,創辦人最終在英國建立了自己的生活、家庭,這意味著他們無法在旅程的後期根本上遷往美國。
    所以大多數人會嘗試進入美國,浪費大量資金,受傷後又逃回去。
    我看到這個故事一次又一次發生。
    當你想到如何進入國際市場時,有沒有派核心團隊成員前往那裡?
    我們在Snapchat所做的事情往往是跟隨增長。
    因此尋找那些已經開始使用該產品、已經喜歡它並提供大量反饋的國家。
    然後,你知道,我們會派人去那裡,或者我們會想辦法在這個勢頭上持續發展,確保本地化得當,並確保我們與當地創作者合作,以便內容能夠相關。但我想,你知道,因為我們的服務基於溝通,你知道,Snapchat 除非和朋友一起使用,否則實際上是無法運作的。你必須一起使用它。我們尋找的就是那種朋友們用它進行互動的勢頭,然後想辦法在此基礎上構建內容生態系統或增強現實等東西。
    你第一次失敗的想法是什麼? 哦,我的天。那可多了。我曾經做過橙汁機。但我想最大的失敗是未來新生。波比和我,我很幸運能遇到波比。他住在斯坦福我們兄弟會的對面。我們都熱愛創作。所以,我們曾經在一些有趣的社交想法上合作過。但我們決定花很多時間的那件事就是未來新生,這是為了幫助孩子們申請大學。這是我們有過直接經驗的事情,因此我們能夠理解這個過程是多麼困難。我們有兄弟姐妹也在申請大學。因此,我們花了大約18個月建立一個功能完善的網站。你可以選擇你想上的學校。它會匯總所有的論文問題和要求,讓申請變得非常簡單。但在那18個月結束時,很明顯我們要勝出真的很困難。我們面對的是一家公司叫Naviance,他們有自己的軟體套件。他們有一個很好的主意,就是去美國所有的高中的大學輔導員那裡,告訴大家使用Naviance。確保你學生的父母在使用我們的平台。所以,他們在不同學校得到了很多分發。因此,你顯然會使用你的大學輔導員推薦的平台,而不是兩個斯坦福學生做的應用程序。
    所以我們有一個真正的分發劣勢。然後我們也意識到,即使我們大獲成功,得到了每年申請四年制大學的百萬學生,我們下一年還需要重新獲得另一百萬學生。因此,我們有這種意識,覺得建立一個大企業將非常困難,我們真的應該嘗試一些不同的東西。最重要的是,應該嘗試建立一些不需要18個月才可以獲得良好反饋的東西。所以嘗試建立一些簡單的東西,你知道,讓人們可以試用,我們可以更快地收集反饋。
    所以有兩點。你如何知道何時應該放棄?你已經總結了一些原則。但我認為在商業中這是困難的,因為你可能會得到很多負面的反饋。但這並不一定意味著這個想法是你應該放棄的。也許這意味著你應該轉型或迭代或繼續前進。但你是如何知道的?有什麼星星對齊,告訴你要放棄這個業務?我認為對我們來說是我們對產品的熱愛不夠。我覺得如果你真的熱愛這個產品,你知道,並且你熱愛你正在建造的東西和你正在做的事情,你可以克服幾乎任何事情。我是說,這在Snapchat的早期階段確實是這樣。我們喜歡使用這個產品。我們整天和朋友一起使用。因此,我們對它有一種依賴感,而我們從未在未來新生中發展出那樣的感情,因為我們不是在申請大學。因此,我們並沒有對這個產品有相同的聯繫,而我們最終與Snapchat建立了那種聯繫。
    那麼,為什麼這一切最終對建立的東西的熱愛和熱情如此重要?因為我認為,這種對你所建立的東西與你所合作的人們的熱愛和熱情,正是讓你克服在創建企業時面對的所有挑戰的依據。我認為如果你不喜歡自己所做的事情,我的意思是,我真的非常喜歡我所做的工作,以及我們能合作的團隊,還有我們製作的產品和我們服務的社區。我認為如果沒有那份對你所做事情的熱愛,這可能會很艱難。你提到的另一件事是,你覺得應該追尋一個不需要18個月、甚至兩年的時間才能推向市場的業務。對於那些可能在臥室裡花了多年時間完善某樣東西但尚未上市的企業家來說,為什麼這一見解對你下一個業務如此重要?我認為,從客戶那裡盡早快速獲得反饋是至關重要的,即使是在一張餐巾紙的背面,比如,嘿,這是我在想的東西。這將會是什麼樣子。你覺得這個想法怎麼樣?因為很難知道你是否有一個好主意,除非你能將某些東西放在面前讓人們使用。我是說,這幾乎是產品設計法則中的一個基本原則,我們似乎故意忽視了這一點,即你應該快速原型並儘快獲得反饋,以便知道你是否在正確的路上。我是說,即使在早期,知道Snapchat還未叫Snapchat時,稱為Pickaboo。它更多關注於消失的消息。我們很快就發現,這對人們來說並不有趣。他們想要用圖片來交流。
    他們想用圖片來交流。因此,當我們稱呼這個應用程式為Snapchat時,我們解釋說,這比通過簡訊發送照片快十倍。人們聽了都說,「哦,我想要這個。」就像,「這是我每天都會使用的東西。」因此,能夠在應用程式的初始版本推出不久後就獲得反饋,真的非常有趣,該版本耗時幾個月才創建成功。
    我認為這是一個非常有趣的觀點,很多創始人並未意識到,即使像你們這樣的公司也通常是從一個初始假設開始,而這個假設幾乎總是錯誤的。但當你聽到這些故事時,你會聽到,「我在地下室有了一個想法,然後追求它,結果它變成了一個十億美元的企業。」但其中有一種謙卑和認識,那就是你的初始想法可能不切實際、可能不正確,而你工作的目的並不是要證明自己是對的,而是要取得成功。這是兩件截然不同的事情,對吧?
    我完全同意。我認為挑戰在於,在很多年前的某個《名利場》派對上,有人提到,紀念品是一個打火機,一面寫著「導演總是對的」,而另一面則寫著「顧客永遠不會錯」。你知道,我認為這真是商業中的一個有趣挑戰,你必須忠於你的願景、你建產品的原因和你的哲學,但同時,你的顧客是你所服務的對象,最終,他們對你產品的感受是對的,無論你是否同意。
    那麼你是怎麼從Future Freshman過渡到你的下一個業務的?那段旅程是什麼?所以這時你已經認識了你的共同創始人Bobby,那你們是如何轉向Snapchat這個想法的?我認為其中一個非常有幫助的事情是,我在開普敦度過了了一個學期的海外學習。 我認為退後一步,待在那裡讓我對我們正在做的事情有了新的視角。雖然我當時仍在做Future Freshman,但它真的給了我更多的視角。我意識到,這將會非常困難,而我對我們所做的事情並不特別熱愛。我們必須尋找其他的東西。
    這是一種感覺嗎?更何況,對於每天處理電子郵件、思考這個問題沒有任何樂趣的感受?是的,我覺得聆聽這些感覺非常重要。嗯,對,當時我們非常擅長於不去聆聽它們。我想這是因為父母和其他壓力的影響,對吧,讓我們繼續做某些事情。
    那麼,從開普敦回來後,你是如何進入Snapchat這個想法的?我從開普敦回來後,搬進了史丹佛的大學宿舍。我的一位朋友Reggie,他之前住在我們的兄弟會裡,也住在同一個宿舍。我們一起玩耍,有一天他說, 「我希望我能發送一張會消失的照片。」我想,這是一個非常有趣的想法。我們查了一下,當時有幾個其他的應用程式在做一些類似的東西,但它們更注重安全,而不是真正注重趣味。這是一個超級有趣的想法,而你可以很快看到,它足夠簡單,我們能夠建造出它並迅速獲得反饋。
    我認為有幾個重要的設計選擇我們當時做出的。一個是打開相機。我們真的希望成為「分享瞬間的最快方式」,我們想成為分享瞬間的最快方式。當時,我不知道你是否還記得,iPhone有一個快門動畫,所以你要點擊相機打開它,然後打開相機會非常慢。有一個大開關,你必須在相機和視頻之間進行選擇,對吧?所以使用相機會有很多摩擦。因此我們決定打開相機,我們要去掉那個動畫,讓你能夠直接捕捉你眼前所發生的事情,在那一刻消失之前。
    所以我認為這是我們做出的非常重要的選擇。當然,還有一個選擇,讓人們選擇他們希望讓某人看多久他們的快照,但前提是你總是可以截圖。這可能是我們在初期獲得的最重要的反饋之一。於是我們建構了這個應用的原型。我把它帶到我的設計課上。「這是一個新的應用,叫做Picaboo。你可以設置一張會消失的照片。」你知道,這與社交媒體非常不同。社交媒體的焦點在於持久性,你試圖看起來受歡迎,收集所有這些讚和評論以及漂亮的圖片。這是你生活中1%的瞬間。而這裡是Snapchat(當時稱為Picaboo)。這是為了99%的瞬間,對吧?所有你可能會尷尬到不敢隨便發佈給所有朋友的瞬間,但你希望與你最好的朋友或你的家人分享。
    每個人都說,「這永遠無法運作,因為你總是可以截圖。這毫無意義。」所以它不會消失,你可以截圖。我認為其中一個偉大的發明—這就是我為什麼認為獲得這些反饋非常重要。當年夏天,當Bobby和我在我父親的家裡健身時,我們發明了一種檢測是否有人截圖的方式。因此,我們會發送一個小通知回來,說,「嘿,你的朋友截了圖。」
    我認為這部分讓這個服務變得有趣的是,你可以設定它出現的時間長度。 但是如果他們想保存,可以截圖。 但你會知道他們保存了。 我覺得這是產品早期反饋循環之一,幫助人們覺得使用它進行圖片消息傳遞是舒適的。 你和瑞吉聊到希望照片消失的那個時刻到你知道Snapchat會成為一個大事件之間的旅程有多長? 像這樣的空白有多長? 我會說對我來說,直到接下來的學年。 所以在那個夏天,鮑比和我去了我爸爸的家,努力工作在服務上,重新命名為Snapchat,獲得了很多反饋。 當我們和朋友一起使用它時,每個人都希望說,“嘿,我可以加個標題嗎?” “我可以畫上去嗎?” 因為在原版中,它只是張照片。 但因為我們的朋友群正在用它進行交流,我們需要添加標題和繪畫等功能。 所以我想Snapchat在2011年9月的應用商店推出,而直到那年秋末,甚至進入2012年初,我才意識到——我記得坐在教室的後面,我們有一個快拍計數器,可以計算發送的總快拍數。 在最初的幾天,快拍數目多少是幾百或幾千,而你知道,我會刷新頁面,數字沒變。 但到了那時,例如2012年初,當我每次刷新快拍計數器頁面時,數字就會上升,增加一到兩個或十個。 所以很明顯,人們在使用這個服務並進行交流,這時我想,“哦,這很有趣。 除了我們和朋友很喜歡它之外,還有更多的人在使用它。” 你提到的事情是,你使用周圍的人、你的朋友,來給你反饋關於接下來應該添加的功能。 你說人們想寫上去,想添加標題。 作為創始人,這一定很難,因為你不斷收到大量的反饋來改變許多事情。 你怎麼知道什麼是好的反饋,值得實施,什麼又是干擾或差的反饋? 是否有任何框架,你需要部署? 我認為所有反饋都是好反饋,所有反饋都有價值。我認為重要的是你如何處理它。 例如,讓我們以標題工具的使用為例。 你知道,我們本可以添加一個非常笨重的標題工具,使用起來慢得要死,就像社交媒體一樣,將標題添加到照片底部,然後點擊並使用所有的標籤。 我們決定實施標題的方式是讓人們能更方便地溝通,所有你需要做的就是在拍照後點擊照片。 所以你們快拍拍照後,敲擊後,鍵盤會彈出。 有一個小的標題欄,你知道那個標題欄,仍然允許你看到其背後的照片。 它不再是附加在照片下面,而是直接在照片上方。 然後一旦你按下Enter,你就可以跳到選擇要發送給哪些朋友的頁面。 所以我認為,比起聽到反饋,“嘿,我想要一種方法,讓我能添加標題或在快拍中表達更多”,我們實施那個反饋的方式和設計出一個非常快速且易於使用的東西,這就是為什麼那個黑色的標題欄現在我覺得已經成為Snapchat的代名詞,在世界各地都是眾所周知的。 所以從想法到你第一次籌集資金的那一天,大約經歷了一年。 是的,或多或少。 說說這件事。 你籌集了多少? 你是如何籌集資金的? 那時候業務在用戶和下載方面是什麼樣子? 是的,我不記得確切的用戶統計數據,但非常有幫助的是我們擁有大約一年的數據。 如果你還記得,那時候有很多應用出現得像是曇花一現,它們會迅速流行起來,然後逐漸消退。 所以,風險投資者會進入這些應用,然後這些應用會變得非常受歡迎,然後又退去。 所以當我們籌集資金的時候,幫助我們的其中一件事是,我們擁有一整年的數據來顯示,當人們開始使用這個產品與朋友交談時,他們會持續這樣做。 因為這真的很有趣,比基於簡訊的交流更好,人們在學會如何使用後會持續使用。 這對於那些擔心這只是一個又一個曇花一現的服務的投資者來說是非常重要的。 所以我們基本上就主導了,我想我們只有三到五頁的數據。 你還記得在那個早期階段從投資者那裡得到的反饋嗎? 我認為這是重要的,因為所有創始人都有可能收到告訴他們自己並未在從事有意義的事的電子郵件。 是的,我認為最大的反饋就是,“嘿,這似乎是一些真正大而強大的科技公司會抄襲的東西。 而且,他們競爭起來真的很艱難。 所以,我們並不確定我們是否想投資一個正在與這些非常大、強大的科技公司競爭的東西。” 我是說,這當中有些智慧。 當然在這一點上有很多前瞻性。 是啊,因為無論如何建立社交網絡應用的機會都是極低的。 我們在錄音前說過,你必須幾乎像是有些妄想才會相信自己能做到。
    我想那個時候,你知道,Snapchat 是在 Facebook、Twitter、Instagram 等所有服務之後才出現的。所有這些服務都是先行者。因此,我認為當時人們認為網路效應意味著無法競爭,對吧?擁有最大網路的人將會贏。沒有人能夠競爭。所以我想有這樣的擔憂,嗯,這些其他競爭對手如果更大,並且擁有網路效應,那麼你怎麼能成長並競爭呢?這是非常重要的反饋。然後,我覺得還有一整群人不太了解這個服務,所以對它不太感興趣。但 Jeremy 在 Lightspeed 伸出了援手。他的頭像是一張他和歐巴馬的合照。我心想,哦,好吧,這一定是真實的;現在有了 AI,你永遠不知道。但那時我覺得,哦,一定是合法的。於是我們和他們見面,他的合作夥伴之一,我想他的女兒使用 Snapchat 並非常喜愛它。因此,他們了解這個服務及其內容,還有她是如何和朋友一起使用它的。所以他們最後以 485,000 美元投資了,估值為 425 萬美元。回頭看,這真是一筆搞笑的交易。當你籌集資金時,你當時有多少用戶?我猜大約有 10 萬?估值大約是 400 萬?425 萬,是的。在第一年直到你籌集到那筆資金的時候,你是否曾懷疑 Snapchat 會成功?我想要理解這個問題,你幾乎需要為它加上目標或雄心。所以我假設你希望它成為一家企業並認為它可以成功。你是否曾懷疑過?在第一年中是否發生過任何事情?有一次我們不小心讓 Snapchat 的基礎設施停擺了三天。所以服務完全停止運行三天。實際上是某個東西壞掉了,我們花了三天時間來修復它。我們心想,完了。我們該怎麼辦?服務已經停了三天。這是一個即時消息服務,你知道,人們的朋友能夠互相交流,那麼會不會有人還會使用它呢?當我們重新啟動服務時,人們就開始再次使用它了。這給了我們更多的信心,這證明我們擁有一個人們真的喜愛使用的產品。它是如何增長的?是一次營銷活動還是有機的增長?我們唯一看到有效的方法就是,朋友們之間互相使用,告訴他們的朋友,想要學習如何使用它。因為用照片進行交流是一件新鮮事。我是說,人們之前並沒有用圖片進行交流。甚至人們對於照片的想法,都是將其視為保存珍貴時刻的東西,對吧?就像家庭照片一樣。那時人們真的是這樣看待照片的。你沒辦法,像那個時代剛剛是數位相機進入電腦上傳照片的時期。所以我認為人們意識到這是一種巨大的行為改變,哇,照片真的可以傳達千言萬語。現在我可以即時用手機拍照並在幾百毫秒內發送給朋友,我們可以用照片進行交流,而不僅僅是利用照片來保存回憶。我們好像不太記得這一點。這難道不瘋狂嗎?我們不記得。那也不是很久以前的事。我知道,但我們就是不記得。就像你說的,我心想,天啊,你不能把照片發給朋友然後交談。我心想,我根本無法想到那個時候我可以用的應用。而且根本就沒有。是啊,但現在我在自我懷舊,你知道,這太糟糕了。這真的很瘋狂。我們之所以忘記,是因為現在每個應用程式上這都是如此普遍。你可以。我想他們最終從你那裡獲得了這個,模仿你。我有這張早期的照片。你還記得這張照片嗎?哦,這太棒了。這張照片。真讚。這是哪張照片?你在哪裡?你在做什麼?那是誰?這其實是我們的第一個辦公室,非常棒。它叫做藍屋,位於威尼斯,523 Oceanfront Walk。其實,我父親的家裡事情已經達到了臨界點。我想那裡有七八個人住著。嗯,有一天晚上,他當時的女朋友(現在的妻子)進來,其中一位隊友正躺在沙發上,蓋著她給他買的聖誕毯子。她說,我覺得這裡已經不行了。因此我們不得不找辦公室並搬出去。我們當時在威尼斯吃晚餐,經過這棟舊藍房子,上面有出租的告示。我們想,哇,這樣太瘋狂了。我們可以在威尼斯海濱的人行道上擁有辦公室。我們打電話給他們。他們要求每平方英尺租金一個瘋狂的價格。我們當時負擔不起。但是我們最終再等了一會兒,並能夠把價格談下來,然後搬進了藍屋。我想藍屋最好的地方是,威尼斯的人行道是加州最受歡迎的旅遊目的地之一,甚至可能是全世界之一。每年超過 1000 萬人來到威尼斯的人行道。我們在外面有一個大型的鬼魂標誌,我們的大應用圖標。整天,來自世界各地的人們都會來找我們,談論這個應用、給我們反饋或需要幫助他們的帳號。因此,我們完全浸沉在來自世界各地使用 Snapchat 的人中,並且想來找我們聊聊。最終,這變得有點太多了。
    但從一開始,能夠和這麼多人一起在遊樂場上真是太棒了。
    那麼藍色房子裡可以容納多少人呢?
    我想,最多的話也就是二十幾個人。
    我想我們搬走的時候大概有二十幾個人,可能就是三十個。
    空間有點擠。
    我是說,我在桌子下和人玩著腳踢。
    我們真的擠得很緊。
    那麼當時你們有多少用戶呢?
    有很多人能來遊樂場聊天,你一定相當受歡迎。
    那時,我猜應該有幾百萬吧。
    到那時你顯然已經退學了。
    是的。
    跟我聊聊這個決定吧。
    因為我知道這個應用正在增長,但退讀一所享負盛名的大學可不是個簡單的決定。
    我真的感到我沒有選擇的餘地。
    我沒有足夠的學分畢業。
    我是說,你知道,我在參加產品設計計畫和工程計畫。
    我有很多課程還需要完成。
    最後,我們從投資者那裡籌集了48.5萬美元。
    而且,你知道,我整天都在努力通過這些,我當時可能上了20學分的課,還要努力經營這個業務。
    我只是無法在兩者之間兼顧。
    所以我當時想,希望有一天我能回去。
    我實際上確實回去了,並於2018年獲得了學位,這真的很棒。
    但是我真的無法做到同時兼顧兩者。
    為什麼你決定回去拿學位呢?
    我真的不想和我們的孩子們發生那種辯論,當他們說:“你知道我的意思嗎?”
    當他們說:“但爸爸,你知道意思嗎?你退學了,沒有學位,那我為什麼需要一個?”
    你知道,我認為大學是非常有價值的。
    這不是每個人都適合,但它對我的生活產生了巨大的影響。
    所以我想讓我的孩子們看到這一點有多重要。
    我之前在談論大學的時候想到,當你上大學的時候,世界是不同的,而你現在有四個男孩。
    最大的,我想,14歲。
    如果他想像爸爸一樣,假設他想追隨你的步伐,根據目前的世界,你會建議他在21歲之前學習什麼嗎?
    如果他希望像爸爸那樣,現在有任何主題或學位是你會推他去學習的嗎?
    我覺得當今最重要的事情之一就是培養創造力。
    我的意思是,我認為創造力在當今人工智慧的時代確實是X因素,對吧?
    所以我認為培養創造力,找到發展這些技能的方法是很重要的。
    例如,弗林14歲,他喜歡畫畫。
    他的畫畫才能驚人。
    我覺得有時候他會想,“我不知道畫畫是否能成為一份職業。”
    但有時候他並沒有意識到,畫畫只是他表達創造力的方式。
    畫畫是鍛鍊大腦那些讓你能夠想像出其他人看不見的事物的能力的起點,對吧?
    那是一種方式,一種工具,他可以用來表達他腦海中的想法。
    但我認為鍛鍊那種肌肉,那種創造力是非常重要的。
    我認為創造力變得越來越稀有,最終是因為我們社會的創造力圍繞著那些可量化的事物。
    創造力是非常難以量化的。
    所以我認為在不確定結果的情況下,找到專注於發展創造力的動力是非常困難的。
    但這正是我會鼓勵他或很多人去做的事情。
    我們每個人都是天生的創造者。
    我們每個人都具備表達自己的能力。
    我認為,隨著時間的推移,我們逐漸停止練習這種能力,或者我們變得害怕表達自己。
    我認為這是可以克服的。
    因為在那個年紀,我們會考慮工作職位,對吧?
    我們會思考,我的目標職位應該是什麼?
    比如醫生、律師等等,而不是去考慮收集有用的長期技能。
    我現在有我女朋友的小弟弟。
    他正在拼命想選擇一個未來60年的職位名稱。
    我就像,“事情不是這樣運作的,你知道嗎?”
    而且,現在世界變化得如此之快。
    也許試圖獲得一些基礎技能會更有意義。
    再加上,工作職位名稱都完全荒謬。
    在早期,我們會為加入團隊的每個人自創職稱。
    這完全與實際無關。
    所以小團隊的工作職位是荒謬的,對吧?
    這一般來說都是這樣。
    因為我想人們會依賴職位來賦予地位,對吧?
    我認為最終,驚人的影響力、創造力和偉大的想法可以來自任何地方,對吧?
    而我們越是把組織集中在層級上,我認為我們就越不專注於那些正確的事情,即:我們如何確保好的想法能夠來自各方面,得到呈現,並被實現。
    但當事情開始變大時,層級就會出現,我們需要建立流程和報告線。
    你如何防範這一點?
    好吧,我想你指出了所有公司最終都會面臨的根本問題。
    我覺得有一本叫做《Loonshots》的書,我非常喜歡,它恰好直接探討了這個問題。
    基本上,作者薩菲·巴卡爾發現,當大型公司變得越來越大時,服務的客戶越多。
    他們需要建立所有這些組織基礎設施。
    最終,這伴隨著層級的形成。
    但那些持續創新、在長時間內能持續成功創新的公司,通常擁有非常小而且平坦的團隊,根本沒有任何層級結構,真的非常專注於創新和嘗試新事物。最終,真正成功的公司找到了一種方法來建立這個龐大組織與支持這些客戶並需要在運營上嚴謹與以指標為重點的關係,並與這個嘗試瘋狂事物的非常小的團隊之間建立關係。他提供了許多例子。你知道,美國能夠在第二次世界大戰中獲勝的一種方式,就是擁有這些瘋狂的科學家團隊,當時他們在嘗試雷達等新事物。然後他們將這些想法帶到軍方,即一個龐大的、結構非常完善的層級組織,並問道:“你們對這個有什麼想法?你們可以如何使用這個?你們有什麼想法?你們的反饋是什麼?拿這個去戰鬥。放到飛機上。看看會發生什麼。”然後將這些反饋帶回這個非常不結構化、平坦、小型的發明家和科學家團隊。通過真正專注於組織內這些部分之間的關係,最終公司可以找到建立兩者之間強大關係的方法,然後持續創新。
    那麼你們在Snapchat是怎麼做到的呢?在Snapchat,我們有一個非常小的設計團隊。我想這會讓人感到驚訝,團隊只有九個人。真的嗎?這完全是扁平的。所以沒有花哨的職稱,所有人都是產品設計師。這個團隊的工作方式非常專注於製作東西。這就是整個工作。事實上,你第一次上班的那天,我們每週有一次為期幾個小時的設計評審。你在第一天就必須展示一些東西。所以你必須做一些東西並展示它。在我看來,這件事非常有趣且強大,因為最終,當然,當你在第一天沒有任何關於公司正在進行的工作背景、對正在發生的事情沒有任何想法時,你怎麼可能想出一個好主意?這幾乎是不可能的。但你必須在第一天展示一個想法。因此,最終,在你第一天,你最害怕的情況實現了,我們坐在那裡,一起看著一個最終不太好的想法。我是說,有時候它們還不錯,但最終不太好。我認為,這為創造力打開了大門,因為你已經——這已經發生了。你已經失敗了。那個想法不好。最終發生的是我們的設計團隊中,有99%的想法不好,但1%是好的。而且,我們真的遵循那個概念,就是獲得好主意的最佳方法就是有很多想法。因此,這個團隊不斷產生大量的想法、產品和功能等等。最終,我們的工作是試著找出哪些是好的,然後,最重要的是,建立這個小團隊與我們更大的工程組織及更大的產品組織之間的強大關係,他們也有各種驚人的想法,並且也在以自己的方式創新,並在兩者之間建立一個旋轉輪,使我們最終能夠製造很多新產品,然後持續改進它們。
    那裡有很多問題,我非常好奇。第一個是,你們是如何衡量那個小設計團隊產出想法的數量?不,不過我知道何時需要更多。好吧,好吧,沒問題。好吧,這麼說你大致上有一種直覺感。這是一個小團隊。你能保持親近。那麼,你們如何讓更大的組織與小設計團隊合作,而更大的組織有他們自己的激勵、有他們自己的計劃周期,有他們自己的自我意識,如同所有人類都有的一樣?你們是如何讓他們一起合作的?對我們來說,橋接組織可能是我們的產品組織。他們真的幫助連接工程人員和設計人員之間的點。而這些東西事實上反映了我和Bobby在早期階段之間的關係,那時我更專注於設計,我有一點工程背景,修過一些計算機科學,但我更專注於設計。Bobby是位不可思議的計算機科學家,他在學校修過數學和計算機科學,但他也熱愛設計。因此我們之間建立了這種非常強大的關係,我可以和他談論新想法和設計,他可以談論工程上的約束。例如,當我們發明這個觀念,即輕觸拍照並長按錄製視頻的時候,當時這是一個非常重要的事情,對於幫助人們更簡單地使用相機來說。現在,每部智能手機的相機都是輕觸拍照,長按錄製視頻。但實現這一設計所需的工程複雜性是我們真正討論並共同解決的,因為設計和動畫的工作方式以及你如何握住手指的方式對於我們最終在視頻流和拍攝靜態圖像之間切換的方式真的很重要。正是這種對話最終導致了新產品和人們可以使用的新事物。
    因此,我們在這方面做了很多鏡像,並試圖在組織內不斷建立這種關係,讓設計和工程之間有真正的對話、理解和欣賞,而這通常是由我們的產品組織來促進的。關於那個小型設計團隊,你提到你們每週有一次評議會。什麼是評議會呢?這基本上就是看工作,這就是我們所做的一切。人們只是分享新作品。在幾個小時內,我們會查看來自那個小團隊的新想法和過去一週的新設計。這些可以是任何東西嗎?真的可以是任何東西,是的。通常,它們圍繞著解決問題而展開。因此,回到那種產品設計理念的核心,就如我們要解決什麼問題?我們如何能夠與我們的社區產生共鳴?好吧,我們的創作者在發佈到Snapchat時遇到了阻礙。他們讀取故事回覆的方式令人困惑,或者這個過程並不順利。我們如何能讓這變得更簡單?然後我們會看大量的想法。而這些你所說的,八到九個人,他們是在小組內孤立工作,還是作為一個團隊協作?他們經常互相給予反饋。通常,我們會在小團隊中共同處理項目,但也經常會定期聚在一起。我喜歡你所提到的這一點,你發現的關鍵在於,重要的是要產出更多的想法,而不是尋求完美的點子。更多的想法,更多的反饋。更多的想法,更多的反饋。你提高了失敗率,獲得了更多的反饋。這有點違背了人們在創業時的思維,他們認為遊戲的目的在於擁有完美的點子。而這些人都是從未創建過企業的人。是的,確實如此。因為最終你會學到一些東西,對吧?你會明白自己並不擅長猜測。是的。而我覺得最重要的是,你必須最大化你的學習率。我指的就是這一點,這是關鍵。最大化你的學習率。讓我們回到那些早期的日子。你在那個辦公室裡。當你想到那張照片裡的二十個人時,回顧起來,招聘有多重要?我認為這一切都是關鍵。我認為這一切都很重要。這些人真的非常出色。我的意思是,至今在很多情況下依然是親密的朋友。而有趣的是,我曾經意識到大衛、丹尼爾、鮑比和另外幾位我們最初的工程師,他們都是音樂家。這是一個非常有趣的時刻,因為在Snap的工程團隊中,早期的人非常有創造力且才華橫溢。這是一個有趣的領悟時刻,因為我覺得人們常常把這些學科視為分開的。例如,“哦,那邊是設計師,那邊是工程師。”而我認為實際上,太多的魔力來源於這些學科的融合或交叉,或者是那些真正熱愛和欣賞兩者的人。尤其是對於一個渴望創造性的公司來說。絕對如此。在它所做的一切上。關於招聘這一點,你在早期的日子裡有沒有犯過招聘錯誤?哦,絕對有。那些錯誤是什麼?不是針對個人,而是框架不對,或者你是如何招聘這些人,或者導致錯誤的原因是什麼?我認為在早期的日子裡,我們偶爾會對錯誤的經驗類型過於重視,這樣理解嗎?所以我們真正想要做的一件事是引入那些非常有經驗的領導者,他們曾經管理過更大的團隊。這本來是,如果我們想建立一家大公司,我們必須找到曾經運營過大公司的大團隊的人。因此,早期加入我們團隊的一位工程領袖,我想他之前在亞馬遜工作過,在一個三百人的團隊工作,而現在來到一個八人的Snapchat團隊。但我們真的在思考如何能找到那些能幫助我們擴展,並建立出真正宏大事業的人。我認為這種對於領導經驗和大規模領導經驗的專注非常有價值。我認為在那些早期的日子裡,對於那些擁有特定領域專長的人,價值相對較低。有些人會,對吧,來接受面試或其他類似的事情,會說,“嗯,我覺得你們應該添加「喜歡」功能,因為其他所有平台都有「喜歡」。”所以如果你們添加「喜歡」,那麼人們就會更頻繁地使用你們的服務。卻沒有真正抱持同樣的開放思維和好奇心去思考:為什麼Snapchat的運作方式不同呢?為什麼你們不添加「喜歡」和評論?你在不同的方式上是如何考慮這個服務的?以及我如何能夠改變、成長及適應你們的思維方式,幫助你們增長更快?所以我認為現在我們在面試過程中總是關注的一件事就是適應能力,對吧?先前的經驗當然很重要。但是問題是,如何將先前的經驗應用於新的情境中,並改變和適應你的視角,去滿足我們的業務需求,這與其他業務是不同的?還有其他什麼因素?如果要打造一位完美的Snapchat員工,他們的個性、心理特徵和屬性會是什麼?我們有三個價值觀和三個領導行為。三個價值觀是:善良、聰明和創造力。
    這些價值觀自一開始就存在,實際上是因為鮑比和我在進行對話,討論我們希望與怎樣的人合作。善良、聰明、有創意,這些都是很好的特質。但隨著時間的推移,我們發現了一件非常迷人的事情,特別是十年前,人們在工作中並不談論善良。人們可能會問,抱歉,什麼?你知道的,不,不,是善良、聰明、有創意。像是,為什麼要談善良?
    我們發現,善良與創意之間的關係是非常非常重要的。因為除非人們感到舒適,能夠提出瘋狂的想法,否則他們就不會感到舒適,若他們提出某個新想法,結果其實不太好,他們不會被嘲笑,且會獲得支持,對吧?除非你擁有這種支持的文化,否則創意的產生會變得非常困難。因此,我們隨著時間的推移學到,其實善良是擁有創意文化的必備要素。但無論如何,善良、聰明、有創意,聰明的部分幾乎不需要解釋。當談到領導行為時,我們尋找三個領導行為或特質。
    我想在這裡稍微停頓一下,談談“善良”這一點。你是否區分了一個人是好心還是善良?因為在你的環境中,你還提到了你們進行批評會議並給予人們批評性的反饋。如果一個文化變得過於善良,這難道不會抑制創新和反饋嗎?我們始終區分善良與好心。有幾個例子我認為有助於說明這一點。例如:我認為告訴某人他牙齒上卡著東西是非常善良的。如果你的牙齒上卡著東西,你肯定想知道吧?這可能會讓你感到尷尬。作為指出這一點的人,確實會稍微尷尬,對吧?如果你只是想表現出好心,你可能會假裝沒什麼事情發生,而是說“哦,很高興見到你”或其他之類的話。但如果你真的要善良,並想幫助那個人,你應該說:“你牙齒上卡著東西,你需要處理一下。”
    我認為這有助於區分善意的行為和真正想要幫助某人的善良。我還想舉一個例子,如果某人在工作中非常掙扎,或者他們在成長方面有困難,或者在履行Snap的職責方面出現問題,做好心的行為也許只是讓他們感覺好一點。“哦,別擔心,我相信會好的。”而善良的行為實際上是幫助他們獲得成功,對吧?例如,可以這樣說:“嘿,這樣做不行,因為你在執行X、Y和Z。以下是一些不同的思考方式。”提供那種直接的反饋,幫助人們成長。這才是善良的做法,而不是僅僅讓他們對未達到預期感到好受。
    領導價值觀。你說有三個。領導價值觀。好的,總共有三個。第一個是T型領導。我們經常談論T型領導。我們的意思是,你在某個領域擁有真正深厚的經驗和專業知識,然後對整個業務有廣泛的理解,並能夠與各種不同思維方式的人聯繫。因為你需要能夠將你的專業知識與我們業務的所有不同領域聯繫起來,才能真正發揮作為領導者的影響力。我認為,這幾乎是今天經營業務的標誌之一,沒有團隊,基本上無法做任何有趣的事情,對吧?當今世界的運作方式非常複雜。擁有具有深厚專業知識的人非常重要,但他們還必須將這些應用到其他跨職能的領域。因此,他們必須對這些領域有一定的熟悉度,並且能夠與持不同觀點或其他專業領域的人建立聯繫。
    當我們深入探討這些領導原則時,你是說成為Snapchat的領導者需要這三個條件嗎?還是說Snapchat的每個人都需要這三個條件?我們認為每個人都是領導者。因此,我們會廣泛地應用這一點。但當然,當我們考慮招聘或引入新的領導者時,這是一個我們會與人討論的非常重要的事情。如果某人不完全是T型,而是有點像I型,他們是否可以做些什麼來變得更像T型?是的,這可能是相對容易的。對吧?如果你可以通過與來自你舒適區之外或業務不同部分的夥伴進行互動,並培養對他們的好奇心和理解來建立真正深厚的專業知識,這將有助於發展我認為的廣泛理解。
    我認為更難的是如果你是一個通才而沒有深厚的技能或專業知識,對團隊的貢獻將變得非常困難,對吧?我覺得這就是人們對中層管理的沮喪所在,就是“哦,這只是一個人,知道一些廣泛的知識但無法真正幫助我解決問題,因為他們對細節並不熟悉。”他們無法理解如何幫助我,無論是個人成長,還是解決這個棘手的技術問題。因此,我認為專業知識的領域是如此重要,因為如果你對你工作領域的了解不夠,就很難激勵與你一起工作的團隊成員。
    你現在在Snapchat需要成為一位T型領導者嗎?當你們在臥室裡只有十個人的時候,或者在你父親家裡的時候呢?這一直以來都是重要的,還是隨著規模變大而成為了必要的功能?這是一個很好的問題。我希望當時對於我們在尋找的領導價值觀和特徵能夠更加深思熟慮。我認為,當你在一個10人或20人的團隊中工作時,你不會特別思考哪些領導特徵對我們來說是最重要的。更多的是,我們在思考怎麼才能活過明天。隨著時間的推進,當我們學會了哪些領導者在Snap成功之後,我們能夠去觀察那些特質並說,好的,這些就是在這裡真正成功並為我們的業務帶來價值的領導者。
    在我們進入第二個問題之前,如果當時的Evan能回到他擔任十人團隊領導的時候,並能把他拉到一旁說,聽著,這裡有一些關於領導和建立這個團隊的建議,這是我這個時候能給你的最關鍵的建議。這對所有正在打造潛在大公司的創業者來說都是有幫助的。那你會在他耳邊輕聲說什麼?我會說,一切都會好起來的。真的?一切都會好起來的。你知道,我認為有時候人們過於專注於做出正確的決策,而不太關注如果做錯了怎麼去修正。我認為我會更加強調的是,當你獲得新信息時,你改變主意的速度有多快?如果你一開始沒有做出正確的決策,你修正問題或錯誤的速度有多快?這就是在早期創建業務中至關重要的反饋循環。這和存在性決策關係不大,明顯的存在性決策會給你的業務帶來一些大問題。但大多數的決策並不是存在性決策,更重要的事情是做出決策,如果你錯了,那就去修正。我認為,在你錯了的時候去修正這一部分,才是值得大多數關注的,也是如何識別你的優秀領導者,以及團隊中那些真正有才華的人,因為他們很快會指出,我認為我們做錯了,我認為我們應該採取這條路,或者是我們第一次也許沒有考慮到的其他路徑。我認為在組織中說出這些需要勇氣,而不是只是說,哦,我們的工作做得很好。
    當你回到那時候,你犯了錯誤,有些事情你做錯了。事後,難道你不知道自己錯了嗎?因為當我作為第一次創業者建立學生公告欄時,我會獲得反饋,反饋說你在這方面錯了,你需要改變。我認為有時候我內心的某一部分知道,但我卻太害怕去採取行動。因此,我有點自我迷惑,讓自己繼續前進。我認為許多創業者也是這樣。我知道這一點,因為他們來到我的投資組合中,他們說,哦,Steve,我們聘用的這個人已經在這裡一年了,但表現不好。我就會想,為什麼你要告訴我?他們在拖延,避免進行這個對話。但他們顯然知道。顯然他們知道情況不對。你這麼說有趣,因為每當有人來問我那類人際關係的建議時,例如我們應該做什麼,你認為呢?我就會說,聽起來你已經下定決心了。所以,是的,我認為基於這些反饋行動是非常重要的,不要害怕迅速改變方向,如果你意識到自己犯了錯。但正如你所指出的,這是很難做到的。有時候值得看看你的決策是否有效。你不想讓團隊陷入困境,一直在改變主意。有時候在改變之前,值得再看看事情。
    在你父親的房子裡,還有什麼其他建議你會對年輕的Evan說嗎?在我們尚未擴展到幾千人的時候,我認為我們本可以更清楚我們的文化,善良、聰明、創意的那一部分,並將其真正滲透到團隊中。因為我們面臨的最大挑戰之一是,當我們從20人增長到2000人時,我們基本上進口了來自各種不同公司的不同文化。我們從亞馬遜引進了一批,他們非常喜歡六頁的文件。我們引進了一批來自谷歌的人,他們非常重視共識決策。我們還引入了來自Meta的團隊。我認為我們在很長一段時間內對於我們的價值觀和實際行為、這些行為該如何具體表現得不夠清晰。我認為如果我們能更早和更快地進行這一過程,例如在評估表現時,查看我們的價值觀——善良、聰明、創意,我們有與之相關的具體行為,這些行為其實是有研究數據支持的。我們曾經做過一項全面的研究,以了解哪些行為與表現和這些價值觀有實質性關係。這為人們提供了一個非常清晰的框架,幫助他們了解在Snap應該如何行為以及我們獨特的文化。有一段時間我覺得我們正在失去對文化的控制,我對公司的狀況以及團隊並不滿意。我記得我當時在向一位朋友抱怨,這也許就像那些人來找你說,哦,情況不好一樣。我當時在向我的朋友抱怨。
    然後我當時心想,天啊,我就是不喜歡,像是,我不喜歡我的工作。我不喜歡我們公司的變化。她就看著我,然後說,那就去改變它。我當時想,這真是個好點子。我覺得公司改變得太快了,以至於很難忠於我們的價值觀。但我認真聽取了這個建議,開始與我們的團隊一起努力修正這一點,明確我們的價值觀,明確我們的行為,設立更高的標準,說,嘿,如果你不喜歡善良、聰明和有創意的環境,那也沒關係。還有其他公司有不同的文化,但你知道,這對我們來說真的很重要。
    所以你是否希望你在早期就製作一本文化手冊?這會是一件相當了不起的事情,但如果創始人處於現在有一支小團隊的階段,你會建議他們做什麼,以防止文化變得有點隨意?
    我認為,這不僅僅是關於文化手冊,而是關於如何將你的價值觀應用於招聘流程、晉升流程,以及人們是否仍然在公司工作的方面。我們在表現評估中嵌入這些價值觀的速度太慢了。因此,我認為如果我們能更快地說,嘿,這是我們的價值觀和我們所代表的,這在實踐中是什麼樣子的。如果你不符合這些標準,那麼這裡就不是你合適的地方,這會更快地形塑文化。因為立即人們就會看到,哦,哇,如果他們對自己的價值觀是認真的並且要求不符合的員工離開,嗯,那我就必須認同這些價值觀,要麼就去找另一種更適合我性格的文化。
    似乎創始人並不優先考慮文化問題。我認為這是一個非常重要的優先事項,但理解其意義並不容易。你知道,我聽到很多人告訴我,真的,你必須專注於文化,專注於文化。你可能會想,文化到底是什麼?其實就是人們的行為對吧?我說的就是這個。這是一種在公司內被接受的集體行為或規範。
    所以我認為,我們應該少用這個大而模糊的文化的詞,儘管我聽到很多,但並不明白它如何與我們的業務戰術相連結。我們在和創始人交談的時候,應該更具體地探討,人們每天是如何通過行為來體現公司價值觀的。這基本上是由組織的激勵機制所決定的。因為你所說的是,你基本上引入了激勵結構,這樣你會被解雇或獲得晉升。而在這上面變得現實和認真。但,艱難的對話出現了,像是,哇,那個人是個超級明星。你知道,但他們並不完全體現我們的善良價值觀。我認為Bobby在這方面做得很好。Bobby說,Evan,沒有什麼”聰明的混蛋”。如果你真的那麼聰明,怎麼會對別人惡劣呢?我的意思是,這意味著,哇,我真的喜歡這一點。所以我認為這個概念,即如果你真的那麼聰明,怎麼可能對別人不好?這讓我們在建立團隊的過程中得到了很大的啟發。而在那些瞬間,它讓你清楚地看到了,哇,但他們很聰明或者很有才華。是的,但如果他們那麼聰明和有才華,為什麼不能好好對待別人呢?
    你在那些早期多年的獲得的最糟糕的建議是什麼?我們談到了好建議,以及你現在會給出的好建議。但是有沒有什麼看似有道理卻其實是糟糕的建議呢?我認為早期有很多人告訴我們應該賣掉它。我記得有一個尷尬的時刻。我參加了一個與我們一些律師的電話會議,然後我想他們並不知道我加入了,他們在討論,這個東西基本上會變成零的意思,你知道我的意思嗎?這是在早期的日子。就像,這只是一時的潮流,等等,而我就想,哦,嘿,大家,你們在開玩笑吧。他們不知道我在通話中。我早一兩分鐘就加入了他們的會議。因此,我認為在早期有很多懷疑,許多人都在說,現在就賣掉吧,因為你正在與許多大型競爭者在一個非常艱難的行業中競爭,你不知道人們是否會繼續喜愛這個產品。但我認為他們錯過了我們對未來的願景。他們只看到了公眾所見。我們正在研發各種各樣的,而且仍然在研發各種驚人的新產品,這讓我們對未來充滿信心,並相信我們能夠製造出人們真正喜愛的產品。但是,我認為從外部看當你在尋找Snapchat時,你會認為,人們只是在互相發送照片。我的意思是,這怎麼可能成為一個商業?這怎麼可能長期增長?
    但你在23歲時確實收到了來自Facebook的Mark Zuckerberg的一個非常著名的報價。是的,那絕對是一個命運之日。這是如何開始的?故事是怎麼開始的?是電子郵件,電話還是介紹?我想最初是一封電子郵件。然後我想我們某個時候見了面,他們對我們正在做的事情感興趣。
    在那時,他們正在研發一個名為 Poke 的競爭產品,你知道的,所以他們跟我們聊說,嘿,我們正在探索這個領域,你覺得怎樣?也許你們想要加入 Facebook。我想他們大約在一年前剛收購了 Instagram。 我們的看法是,Instagram 當時被大大低估,那次收購最終放棄了一個巨大的機會。Instagram 的售價是十億,是嗎?對,十億。 WhatsApp 大約是十九億,對吧?我想是的。你當時23歲,Facebook 的馬克·祖克伯格正向你提供大量金錢。我聽說他們給出的報價是30億。是的,我們從未公開談論過這個,但是的。這是數字嗎?這技術上不是正確的數字,但那是公開報導的,所以我們可以這麼說。好吧。但你有收到報價嗎?確實有過一次真誠的對話,討論了合併的可能性。但是最終,當我們和董事會及投資者討論時,我們決定還是想自己單幹。因此我試圖理解,一個23歲的人,如果有人給我3億美元的報價,為我創立的應用程式,你說你當時還可能住在你爸爸的家裡或藍色辦公室。對,我想我們絕對是在我爸爸的家裡。你在父親的房子裡,有人為一個應用程式提供你30億美元。你有什麼智慧讓你拒絕了它?我希望我能說這是智慧。我想這只是因為我和博比喜歡我們正在做的事情。我們熱愛我們的工作。我們相信未來會更好。最終,我們也能說服我們的投資者,認為隨著時間的推移,我們的機會要大得多。因此,我想這就是賦予我們在做出這個決定時的自信的原因。你有見過馬克或和他談論過這件事情嗎?有的,有的。我認識馬克已經很久了。他對購買這個產品很感興趣嗎?嗯,我們有過一些有趣的對話,談論如果我們加入 Facebook,會是什麼樣子。我想,我想對這些對話特別敏感。我不想說一些不妥的話,但他非常有策略和洞察能力。在那時,他們有一個軟體,能識別出哪些應用程式增長很快,這樣他們可以追求收購。我只是對這些事情的發展非常感興趣。這聽起來就像你在電影中看到的情節,你接到像馬克·祖克伯格這樣的人打來的電話,他建造了這樣一個巨大的帝國,你幾乎感覺自己被召喚了。我想像中你從父親的家裡被召喚去見他。你去了 Facebook 辦公室與他見面,我想是親自見面。我記得有一段時間我到過那邊,他來到我們在查理爾的公寓中,我們在聖塔莫尼卡或類似的地方見過面。查理爾在那裡有一個公寓。然後你們在那裡第一次見面時,馬克有告訴你,如果你們不賣,他會抄襲你們嗎?他只是解釋了他在開發 Poke,這是關於圖片消息和那類似的東西。我猜那時你並不想進入一個大公司。這不是說不想加入大公司。我認為根本上,我們想要建立一個不同的業務。回到我們的第一篇部落格文章,提到我們想提供一個社交媒體的替代方案,因為我們覺得社交媒體是關於漂亮和完美的。我們想要一種與朋友交流的方式,能讓交流變得有趣。公司的理念、價值觀、願景都非常不同,很難想像我們能夠在那樣的組織中以我們熱愛的方式繼續我們熱愛的事情。你曾經懷疑過這個決定嗎?沒有。沒有一刻?沒有一刻。不。所有的董事會都有支持嗎?是的,我們所有的投資者都是支持的。他們本可以賺很多錢。是的,但是他們在早期的某個融資輪中做了一件非常聰明的事情,我想是在那時或之前,博比和我各賣出了1000萬美元的股票。因此我們每人有了1000萬美元,我們覺得,哇,我們成功了!我們有足夠的錢可以永遠用。這樣就讓我們能夠全力以赴。到了那個時候,你就會覺得,讓我們去拼一拼。因此並不存在那種感覺,像是,哦不,我無法買房,無法組建家庭。我們想著,我們每人都有1000萬,讓我們全力以赴。我想這對於考慮把資產取出來的創始人來說,這裡有一個教訓。我今天早上聽到了她的語音備忘錄,並在今天早上回覆了她。我的一位朋友,她的業務在2020年接近市場最高點,準備進行 IPO。她的董事會和投資者都告訴她這將是一個十億美元的業務,並且她應該繼續下去。她來找我,詢問我是否會購買她的一些股份。我看了一下這個業務,給它的估值是2.5億美元。抱歉,是2.5億,數字非常不同。而她周圍的投資者卻告訴她它值其他的東西。
    所以她在四年後的今天早上發了一個語音備忘錄給我,說:「謝謝你,史蒂芬。」因為雖然我們最終沒有和你達成交易,但你在我腦海中播下了這個想法,我可以基本上把一個故事賣給自己。因此,我在我們對話幾個月後做的事就是賣掉了一些股份。很明顯,你知道2020年市場發生了什麼,最終一切都崩潰了。她說,如果我沒有把一些股份變現的話,現在我會精神崩潰,因為公司正在掙扎,顯然市場也改變了。四年後,她發語音備忘錄來感謝你給她播下了那顆種子。我聽到你也有相似的經歷,聽說你也把一些資金變現了,這改變了你的決策框架。不過,你永遠也不知道。所以,我認為你必須小心處理這些情況,像是零和博弈。要麼我們會大展鴈翅,或是有風險的會失去一切,或者,我們會出售公司。我認為有各種創意解決方案能讓創始人執行這種策略,以便照顧家庭,同時也能追求更高的目標,建立一個偉大的企業。風險投資家與追求高回報的理念非常一致。隨著企業規模的增大,增長型投資者可能就不那麼一致了。但當你有風險投資家時,他們是追求10倍、100倍的回報。因此,我認為要找到一個對創始人有效的公式,既能照顧家庭,又能追求高目標,是一種有價值的方法。
    你和馬克是朋友嗎?你說你認識他。上次見到他是去年的參議院聽證會嗎?看起來挺有趣的。她試過嗎?不,不可能。到2014年,你24歲的時候,40%的美國成年人每天都在使用Snapchat。到2015年,Snapchat的月活躍用戶達到了7500萬。那時候,作為首席執行官和創始人的你生活是什麼樣的?這是2015年嗎?2014年,2015年。2014年,2015年。你在25歲時成為世界上最年輕的億萬富翁,在推出Snapchat的四年後,當時淨資產估計達到40億。生活實在不錯。我在2014年認識了我的妻子,這對我來說是個改變遊戲規則的人。為什麼現在呢?她是一個不可思議的女人,真的給了我巨大的穩定感和大量的支持。她非常關心健康問題,這是她非常熱衷的事情。因此,基本上我每天都和一個健康教練一起生活。而且,能在創建企業的過程中擁有這樣的穩定性和支持系統真的是幫助巨大。
    但你是怎麼管理這一切的呢?當你在駕駛一艘火箭船時,怎麼管理浪漫關係?我認為,有一件事非常有幫助,她自己非常成功。她有自己的業務,叫做Core Organics,這是一個有機護膚品品牌。因此,她真的理解成為創業者有多麼困難,並始終非常支持我,支持我的工作和我們的團隊。我認為這反而是讓我們走到一起的原因,而不是把我們推開。我覺得很有趣的是,我跟很多人聊過,他們有時會說,嘿,我的關係因為我工作太多而陷入了困境。而在與人談話時,我發現他們很多時候是在工作不是那麼多的時候認識了他們的配偶。他們十年前、十五年前、二十年前認識了他們的配偶,當時他們剛剛開始事業。我覺得,當你擁有一份更大的工作,且工作佔滿了你所有時間,的確會很困難。而你的配偶則會說,還記得我們第一次見面的時候嗎,你那時候並不忙工作?你花更多時間與我在一起。從我第一天遇到我妻子的時候,我們就已經始終全力以赴地工作。因此,我們都不斷工作的期望,來支持我們的事業和家庭,以及做我們喜愛的事情,早已融入了這段關係。
    但那你們是如何預留時間見面的?你們是否需要建立系統來確保你們不會整天都呆在辦公室?幾年前我們開始做的一件非常有幫助的事情是,每個星期日都定為家庭日,始終是家庭日。這意味著每個人都在家裡。如果我們的孩子想邀請朋友來玩,那完全沒問題,但他們是不能去朋友家的。每個人都在一起。 dedicating這段時間給我們的家庭真的非常重要。
    她在給你反饋中扮演什麼角色?哦,她非常坦率地給予反饋。這是一種禮物,對吧?這是一份禮物。是的,我覺得她很熱衷的領域和我熱衷的領域是不同的。所以,她能在不同的領域或我根本不會考慮的事情上給我反饋。
    她有沒有什麼艱難的反饋與你分享的?你知道,我有時面臨的一個挑戰是我的語氣可能非常嚴厲。即使我說的是在試圖幫助或友好,我的語氣也可能很嚴厲。我是由我的父親——一位訴訟律師和我的母親——一位稅務律師撫養長大的。我從小就聽到我爸爸常常在電話上進行非常激烈的對話。因此,在商業模式下,我可能會非常直接。我認為這並不有助於困難局面。
    我不認為人們在你用尖銳或激烈的語氣說話時會想要傾聽。因此,我覺得她總是在鼓勵我,比如說,“嘿,你可以用有點不同的方式來表達同樣的事。”人們會聽進去的。我的女朋友也這樣對我說。因為我覺得有時候我未能從工作的狀態切換到家庭狀態,因為有時候你在家會收到電子郵件和簡訊,而我的女朋友可能會過來說些什麼。我的反應幾乎是像我在辦公室那樣反應。說實話,我必須說,她總是對的。因為我的語氣裡有一部分,我想是傳達我在當時做事情時對她的情緒,讓她留我一個人。這是我們雙方可以改進的地方。這真是太瘋狂了。馬特在家的時候說話的方式是如此不同。百分之百同意。要有同理心和善意。而且你也有四個孩子,這是我沒有的。所以對我來說,這在Snapchat的火箭般的發展、關係以及現在還要照顧四個孩子的基礎上,多了一層責任。是的,但這是世界上最美好的事。我是說,擁有孩子是世界上最美好的事情。真的嗎?在這個星球上沒有比這更好的事情。我是說,我沒有找到任何接近的東西。為什麼呢?因為你和孩子之間的愛和聯繫是你將永遠經歷不到的。這是深刻的,你知道的。你們俩是如何平衡四個孩子、事業和關係的?好吧,我想米蘭達在這方面的平衡做得比我好。我認為她非常重視和我們的孩子們共度時間。這對她來說是非常重要的,而對我來說也很重要。我認為這些年來,我其實花了很多時間去找一些非常成功的人,詢問他們是如何撫養了偉大的孩子。你們都如此成功,這是怎麼做到的?我基本的收穫是,真正投入並能夠和孩子們一起花時間的父母,往往與孩子們之間會有非常豐富的關係,他們的孩子似乎也能夠茁壯成長。令我心痛的是,有太多的父母無法和自己的孩子進行直接的一對一交流,或者在我的情況下是與孩子進行四對一的交流。因為這似乎是與父母建立聯繫的關鍵成分。一直在那裡。你擁有一家公司還是從事營銷工作?如果是你,請注意我們節目的贊助商LinkedIn提供的一個寶貴機會。我是約40家公司的投資者。雖然這些公司運作在不同的行業,但它們都面臨著一個挑戰,這可能是營銷中最重要的挑戰,就是將它們的品牌展示給合適的受眾。我們可能都能想起在社交媒體上滾動時收到過的廣告,根本不相關。LinkedIn現在已經成長為一個擁有超過十億專業人士的網絡,包括一億三千萬個決策者,這意味著你可以通過職位、資歷、行業甚至公司的營收來特定針對你的買家。所以,停止在錯誤的受眾上浪費你的營銷預算,現在就開始通過LinkedIn針對合適的人群。因為你是我社區的一部分,LinkedIn為你提供了下一個活動的100美元抵用金。請前往linkedin.com/diary來索取。那是linkedin.com/diary。當然,適用條款和條件,只限於LinkedIn廣告。我看了你的LinkedIn頁面。我看到了你的簡介。你知道我將要說什麼嗎?我想知道,對。你的LinkedIn簡介上寫著你是Meta的產品副總裁。我不是在開玩笑。我們從一個,我想是Kara Swisher的人那裡借用了這個笑話,但我認為現在他們已經抄襲了短消息和故事的所有內容,還有許多我們在增強現實上所做的事情。當然,他們現在說他們在研究眼鏡,這是我們已經工作了十多年的事。我想,我想我應該配得上這個稱號。我不知道。這一定讓你感到生氣。因為這會讓我生氣。我可以坐在播客上說,“不,我不會在意。你知道,事情是,blah blah blah blah blah。”但不,這會讓我生氣,因為你剛告訴我,有很多人正在想出這些創意,他們的創意數以千計,而你卻在奮力尋找一個。然後你有那一刻,可以向世界展示,世界說,“這真有趣。”你知道那個想出這個想法的人。你坐在他旁邊。這一切都特別讓人惱火的原因之一就是他們重新利用我們的發明,製造出讓人感到不快和自卑的產品。過去一年,最有趣的事情之一是有一項來自荷蘭的獨立研究。我們並未參與; 來自澳大利亞的另外一項研究。它比較了Instagram、TikTok和Snapchat。我基本發現Snapchat沒有負面的,該研究確定使用Snapchat沒有負面的健康或心理健康的影響。但使用Instagram和TikTok則有負面的心理健康影響。事實上,我想荷蘭的研究發現Snapchat實際上促進了人們的幸福並幫助促進關係。因此,讓我感到沮喪的是,當人們認為因為他們抄襲了我們的一些特徵,這些產品就一樣或做的是同樣的事情。
    當我們的產品設計得非常不同,旨在支持您與摯友及家人的關係,最終又能支持您的幸福感時,我們就不希望任何人認為使用 Instagram 上的故事功能,就是與 Snapchat 相同。即便他們竊取了這個產品的名稱,或者情某些功能的執行方式,整體而言,Snapchat 的設計對人們的生活確實有很積極的影響,而這一點在使用 Instagram 時,人們並不會有同樣的感受。
    當他們第一次開始抄襲你們的一些核心功能,例如故事功能時,你有沒有考慮過發送電子郵件或發訊息,甚至打電話給馬克?不,我們並沒有這樣做。我覺得,關於凱文·西斯特羅姆,有一點我非常佩服的是,當他們抄襲故事功能時,他們不再假裝自己正在做任何不同的事情。我的意思是,像 Poke 這樣的東西,他們試圖將其假裝成自己的創造。哦,我們是以不同的方式在做。可是對於故事功能,凱文·西斯特羅姆出面說,「嘿,我們認為這是一個非常棒的功能,這是一個非常棒的產品。我們將竊取它並放入 Instagram 中。我們相信你一定會喜歡這個。」我覺得,至少他們的誠實是值得讚賞的。
    當有人如此竊取你的想法時,你是否感到不公?根本不會。我是說,這就是你知道的那句話:偉大的藝術家竊取。我覺得,我們行業很大一部分就是人們彼此不斷受到啟發。早期的時候,我去過字節跳動,他們當時只有今日頭條這款應用,基本上就是一個新聞訂閱應用,但它使用了 AI 和機器學習。當我看到這一點時,對我而言是非常振奮人心的。我們對我們的產品做了一個重大的改變。我們實際上將所有創作者和出版者的內容和朋友的故事分開。我們說,「嘿,與社交媒體不同,因為你看到的內容是基於你朋友喜歡的東西或者你朋友評論的內容,而在 Snapchat 上,我們會做基於機器學習的推薦。因此,你將會看到來自朋友的內容,但你還會擁有這個來自創作者和出版者的全新世界,其推薦基於你的興趣以及你所熱愛的事物。所以我確實認為,從其他公司和其他業務中汲取靈感是創新的一部分。我覺得這是遊戲的一部分。但它確實讓我們明白,如果我們想要創新,想要推出新產品,我們應該創造一些真的很難被複製的東西,這些東西需要花很長的時間才能複製、也很難實現。因為如果你攻克那些真正困難和艱難的事情,那麼這些大公司就會更難單純地去複製它們。
    因為我想到了很多創業者,我認識的創業者,他們開始了很多業務,從 T 恤公司到播客。他們也在與他人抄襲他們的想法作鬥爭,有時他們反應真的很好。我認為迅速演變,從僅僅是一個產品或一個功能,變成一個平台或生態系統是非常重要的。我的意思是,當我比較故事的早期日子,當人們只是為彼此發布故事時,那功能相對容易被抄襲。你知道,你可以很快編寫出代碼。現在對於 AI,你可能會很快編寫出它。當我看著我們在擴增實境方面的做法,我們有一個 LensCore,這是我們自己的擴增實境渲染引擎,可以在手機上運行,也可以在我們的眼鏡上運行。我們還有一個名為 LensStudio 的工具,這是一個極其先進的工具,開發者可以用來建立這些 AR 體驗。我們有數億人使用這些手機上的 AR 體驗,還有數十萬開發者在創造所有這些 AR 體驗。當你擁有這樣一種難以被複製的複雜技術,並且擁有一個使用它的生態系統,包括開發者、創作者,還有我們熱愛這些 AR 體驗的社區,這就變得非常困難。你知道,抄襲開發者為我們的平台創造的 400 萬個鏡頭,或者將數億享受擴增實境 Snapchat 的人轉移到新平台上。
    因此,特別是在技術行業,你能更快地從僅僅是一個功能或產品演變為真正的平台,我認為這就是長期創造價值的地方。因此,如何建造和創造的過程中的艱難程度和複雜性與抄襲的難易程度成反比。你覺得如何?然後,還有在其他人使用它的生態系統的規模上,對吧,幾乎像一個市場一樣,這就使得從這個市場的兩側進行遷移變得非常困難。
    你覺得現在存在的科技公司,那些萬億美元的社交平台,是否是壟斷,應該被拆分嗎?因為最初有人大力呼籲要拆分這些公司。你也可以說你是壟斷力量的受害者,因為他們能夠輕易地進入,抄襲、複製、竊取創新。我認為,更重要的是關於他們是否是壟斷的事情是,我們認為接下來會發生什麼。我的意思是,如果你還記得,有一段時間每個人都認為微軟會接管整個世界。
    他們卷入了大量的反壟斷立法或類似的反壟斷調查和訴訟,結果可能是由於被訴訟分散了注意力,當時他們對商業的思考方式也起了一定的作用,因此他們錯過了整個行動裝置的浪潮。
    你知道,我覺得人們現在在看谷歌的時候,都在想,谷歌是否會出現類似的時刻?谷歌正受到許多反壟斷調查的影響。例如,ChatGPT是否會出現,並且隨著人工智慧的發展,實際上讓谷歌的核心業務更難以競爭?
    因此,我認為考慮到監管和訴訟周期的持久性,我們談的已經超過10年,政府是否認為這是一個壟斷似乎無關緊要,因為他們似乎無法對此採取太多行動。
    所以,我認為對於小型科技公司來說,更重要的是思考我們能夠從事哪些根本創新和基本技術的開發,這些最終能幫助我們成長業務?或許,某一天能夠在某方面超越這些大型公司。
    我想談談這一點。但我對於抄襲的最後一個問題是,如果你在馬克·祖克柏的立場上,你會抄襲Snapchat嗎?我認為鑒於他們的市場地位,這是一個非常有效的策略。他們基本上擁有一個巨大的現金儲備。我覺得他們現在每年投資200億美元,就在增強現實眼鏡和一些虛擬現實的項目上。增強現實眼鏡的項目基本上是抄襲我們的做法。在此之外,他們還有數百億美元的各種其他投資,包括抄襲ChatGPT,還有在大型語言模型方面的所有進展。
    所以我覺得這是一個非常有效的策略,尤其是在這個規模上產生如此大量的現金,可以將這些資本投放到各種不同的投資上,然後觀察哪些公司會成功,他們會創造什麼,然後試著投入大量資本,希望這些公司無法達到規模。
    在所有這個抄襲中,你是否有過艱難的一天?有沒有你能回憶起來的最艱難的一天?當Instagram Stories首次推出時,普遍有很多擔憂,認為Snapchat會因此而變得過時。他們非常擅長討論有多少人使用Stories。我們也收到了很多問題和壓力,質疑Snapchat是否會成功。
    而人們並未意識到,當時使用Instagram的主要是內容創作者和影響者,而他們使用Snapchat主要是為了與朋友和家人交流。因此,我們真正專注於的是這一朋友和家人的使用情境,這並不是Instagram所追求的。他們更專注於影響者。我認為,正是因為Snapchat開始與這些影響者共同增長,才引起了Instagram的注意。如果你還記得,DJ Khaled和一些早期的Snapchat,當時已經有影響者開始加入Snapchat,專門用來發佈Stories,這與我們最初設計給朋友和家人的方式不同。我認為這就是吸引Instagram注意的原因。
    因此,在那段時間裡,人們都在問Snapchat將如何生存,這讓我們感到非常沮喪,因為他們沒有理解Instagram上的Stories和Snapchat上的Stories是為了完全不同的目的。
    你必須預見到這一點,因為人們開始透露這個新功能即將推出。我當時在經營一家社交媒體公司,有黑客可以查看代碼庫,看看即將推出的功能,然後再洩漏到博客上。因此,作為一個團隊,你在管理一群人的情緒。而那群人都聽說這個遊戲中的最大參與者即將推出你們主張的核心功能。作為一個領導者,你如何管理這些人的情緒?
    我認為這可以成為一種團隊激勵的因素。如果你有一些世界上最大公司對你正在從事的工作進行驗證,這會對你們團隊帶來很大的正能量,如果你以這種方式來看待它。因此,我認為與其說「哦,不,這是遊戲結束了,可能還不如關閉它,放棄算了」,不如說「這確實是我們走在正確道路上的證據,我們正在構建人們喜愛的產品,並且這些產品得到了世界上一些最大和最有實力的公司的注意。讓我們在此基礎上繼續努力,構建全世界數十億人都會使用的產品。」
    我認為,對於你是否能夠招聘和留住真正有才華、有創意的人,最終到了這一點,我覺得如果你是一名Snap的設計師,你創建的事物不僅被850萬以上的Snapchat用戶使用,還有數十億裡其他各種產品的使用者,因為人們從我們的設計團隊及他們所創造的事物中獲取了很多靈感,我覺得這是非常酷的。
    其中一個突如其來的使用案例,我認為對Snapchat來說,並且這是昨天我才想到的,就是你在某個時候必須做出關於應用程序上的成人內容的決定。而OnlyFans現在已經建立了這個龐大的商業,基本上是在成人內容業務中。你肯定在某個時候受到投資者或用戶的質疑,是否會允許成人內容在平台上存在,因為這顯然會成為一個增長的用戶群。
    是的,我們主動掃描色情內容並將其移除。這是違反我們的內容指導方針的。
    我們已經這樣做非常,非常長的時間了。所以,我的意思是,這並不是我們對我們核心業務的看法。我也認為,當你想到自我表達、自我表達的重要性時,你所在的環境真的很重要,對吧?這就是為什麼我們有內容指導方針,因為我們希望人們感覺自己處在一個可以自由表達自己的環境中。我覺得關於不同內容指導方針的討論,或者有沒有內容指導方針的討論,真的很有趣,因為我覺得人們正在忽略更廣泛的觀點。如果你有一個沒有內容指導方針的平台,裡面充滿了互相大喊大叫的人,或者說一些非常刻薄或冒犯的話,或發布大量色情內容,對大多數人來說,那是一個非常不舒服的事情,對吧?這是不舒服的。你會說,哦,也許這個平台不適合我。也許我在這裡表達自己不是很自在,因為我看到的所有內容都不太合適,或者與我的價值觀不相符。因此,我們非常早就發現,如果你想創造一個讓人們可以舒適地表達自己、可以舒適地與朋友和家人溝通的平台,擁有內容指導方針是非常有幫助的,因為這意味著內容體驗會感覺更舒適。
    但是,有人會說,這是審查,我現在想到的是馬克·祖克伯格關於Meta調整其中 moderations 的系統、將其遷移到德克薩斯州的視頻,意識到他表示他們在左派政治方面的審核人員過多。因此,許多右派內容被審查。你怎麼看待這種關於內容審查的論點,即我們不想審查人們?我認為這是對第一修正案及其適用範圍的誤解。如果我們看看我們的國家,至少在美國,第一修正案確實關注政府如何與內容創作者或內容出版商互動。它說,政府干擾個人或出版商的自我表達是不允許的,對吧?這是不被允許的。但第一修正案還有一個功能,就是說,平台或個人可以根據自己想推廣或想在其平台上擁有的內容進行選擇。這是第一修正案的一部分。你不能強迫《華爾街日報》去放這篇文章或那篇文章,或接受來自世界各地任何作者的任何一篇文章。《華爾街日報》作為一份報紙,可以決定它想在其頁面上包含哪些作者。這是我們在這個國家所擁有的受保護的第一修正案表達的一部分。
    因此,關於審查的整個概念不適用於那些私營企業,因為他們實際上擁有第一修正案的權利來決定其平台上的內容。他們可能希望決定我們對任何內容持開放態度。任何事情皆可,沒有問題。看起來有些平台正在做這個選擇。但我們這樣的平台則表示,嘿,為了在我們的平台上進行健康的討論,為了確保人們在瀏覽我們平台上的內容時感到舒適,我們不希望人們遇到色情內容,例如,或暴力內容,或仇恨內容。這不是讓人們感到愉快的事情。我們其實想確保這些內容不會出現在我們的平台上,因為這不符合我們的指導方針。這可能是為什麼在一些研究中顯示人們在使用Snapchat時感覺更好的原因,因為他們在使用Snapchat時並沒有遇到非常暴力的內容。
    如果你地理位置位於洛杉磯或加州,那麼你的內容審查觀點將會非常左翼,而如果你位於紅州,那可能不會代表世界,這是否也是一個問題?還是你根本不在乎?你只是認為,這是我們作為公司的價值觀?我不這麼認為,因為我不認為說極端暴力不是我們希望在平台上出現的東西。 我不認為這是政治問題。我認為這是一個基於價值觀的決策,或者說我們不希望向我們的社區提供色情內容。我不認為那是政治選擇。我認為那是基於價值觀的決策。所以我認為不幸的是,現在在我們的文化中,確實存在一種誘惑,即將其實相當常識的事情政治化。因此我認為我們必須避免這種誘惑,而是專注於,人們正在做出的價值觀或商業選擇是什麼?
    你認為Meta為什麼撤回了他們的審查政策?我不確定。我認為,當他們似乎有很多支持去這樣做的時候,是一個時刻。我認為對他們來說,在歐洲會有挑戰,例如,這裡有很多禁止仇恨言論或恐怖內容的規則和法規。 我認為看看他們如何應對這一點將是有趣的。無疑,避免審查內容的成本要低得多。審查內容是需要花費金錢的。這可能也是一個考量。如果你不審查內容,互動會增加嗎?這是一個好問題。我看到一些報告和研究顯示,如果內容被審查,互動可能會下降。當然,也有研究表明,負面內容在社交媒體上因為人類的原因更快且更廣泛地傳播。但我不確定在這一特定例子中怎麼樣。
    你對社交媒體的現狀感覺如何?在過去六個月裡,它變化了很多。
    這只是,不到六個月,我會說自從馬斯克收購推特,現在稱作X,已經過了12個月。
    在內容管理方面,在社交媒體上聲音的類型方面,在這場有關審查和言論自由的大運動方面,幾乎就像發生了一種多米諾效應。
    社交媒體也出現了分裂,許多人現在都在離開某些平台,轉向Blue Sky和Threads。
    而且,你知道,Rumble是幾年前唯一一個較大的偏右平台。
    而現在,我不知道,似乎一切都在我們眼前發生變化。
    說實話,我不會過於解讀這些。
    對我來說,這似乎更像是一種延續,至少在某種情況下。
    我認為我們可以用Meta作為例子,因為他們基本上是社交媒體市場的主導者。
    而他們選擇的真正有趣之處在於,他們往往會順應政治風向。
    所以當拜登當總統時,馬克對此非常公開,他們進行了很多非常主動的內容管理。
    這看起來顯然是當時白宮要求他們主動做的事情。
    而現在,看來在新政府的情況下,這個新政府對內容管理有不同的處理方式。
    而Meta也在跟隨這一點。
    因此,隨著時間的推移,我見到Meta的情況是,他們相當願意去駕馭政治背景,並真正跟隨這裡政治家的指導。
    這是值得讚賞的事情嗎?
    不,我認為這絕對是一種生存主義的做法,當你是一家如此龐大和強大的公司時,對吧?
    你知道,如果你看一看Meta,他們現在和政府有很多訴訟。
    政府正在審查他們業務的許多不同方面。
    因此,當你處於這種規模,而你又是由一位創始人控制時,我認為這是一種生存本能,這意味著根據白宮裡誰在掌權,你會改變你的政策。
    你對美國接下來的四年持樂觀態度嗎?
    我對我們的國家非常樂觀。
    我非常愛我們的國家。
    我認為身為美國人的我們擁有令人難以置信的精神,讓我們能夠共同克服各種非凡的挑戰。
    最近是COVID大流行,還有早些時候的二戰,我們團結起來,不僅是作為一個國家,而且更廣泛地在世界上共同面對軸心國的恐怖。
    我認為在非常關鍵和重要的時刻,我們的國家會以非常強有力的方式團結在一起。
    而這是讓我感到鼓舞、真正激勵我的事情。
    你說你最年長的孩子14歲。
    他現在正處於一個增長著加入社交媒體的壓力的年齡。
    你會讓他加入Instagram嗎?
    他在使用Snapchat。
    他在Snapchat上。
    當然還有YouTube和Roblox,他非常喜歡這些。
    這就是目前的情況。
    你肯定想過這個問題。
    目前社會上有很多關於社交媒體對孩子焦慮影響的討論。
    所有有關比較和變得更加孤立的有毒事物。
    你和你的妻子、孩子以及家人是否就未來的社交媒體使用達成了共識?
    我認為總體來說,我們的觀點是,每個孩子都是如此不同。
    他們會以不同的方式成長。
    因此,我不認為一刀切的模式是正確的方法。
    我認為這真的取決於我們的每個孩子在任何特定時刻的狀況,以及他們是誰和他們想做什麼。
    我認為我會非常鼓勵他們重視自己的隱私,特別是作為年輕人。
    我認為許多年輕人在很小的年紀就發佈了大量的公開內容。
    我認為在那種決策上保持深思熟慮是非常重要的,因為一旦你公開發佈了一些東西,就無法取回。
    我認為,當我們談論科技時,專注於健康和建設性的方式也很重要。例如,像Flynn在14歲的時候,他可以用科技保持與朋友和家人的聯繫。
    對我們這個家庭來說,真正的分水嶺時刻是在COVID大流行之前,我們不允許Flynn擁有手機。
    我們真的不允許他使用電腦。
    當疫情發生時,他必須與朋友保持聯繫。
    他必須與朋友保持連結。
    我們知道那對他的幸福感至關重要,對吧?
    而我認為我們面臨的挑戰幾乎是年輕人正在經歷的劇烈轉變,因為在整個疫情期間,他們被告知只能在電腦上與朋友交流。
    他們只能用電話與朋友交流,對吧?
    然後在疫情結束後,現在他們聽到的不少來自成人的聲音是遠離你的手機。
    不要使用手機。
    我認為這兩個極端都不尋常。
    對於我們作為父母來說,我們經常思考健康的科技關係是什麼?
    當然,我們希望你去參加越野比賽,和朋友聚會或者散步,去商場,什麼都可以聊天。
    但我們知道,當Flynn不和朋友在一起時,當他們分散在世界各地或者課後試著聚會時,使用科技是有幫助的。
    發信息給朋友是有幫助的。
    因此,我認為我們必須找到正確的平衡,說培養一種健康的、活躍的生活方式,兼顧你所有的興趣、愛好和激情。
    然後,如果你想利用手機與朋友保持聯繫,或者觀看娛樂內容,或者玩遊戲以放鬆自己,那也是健康的。
    即使Finn說,我想看,我想要TikTok,爸爸?
    那可能是有些太過了。
    因為 TikTok 就像,我自己其實並不使用 TikTok,因為我聽說它對人來說就像是毒品一樣。他們每天花三到四個小時在那裡無意識地滑動。如果 Finn 回家說,爸爸,我想用 TikTok,你會說不嗎?我們大概會說不。我們歷來都說不,儘管他並沒有真的強調這個問題。TikTok 本來要被禁,然後特朗普卻進來,似乎拯救了這一天。這是件好事嗎?作為 Snapchat 的 CEO,你是否希望它會被禁,因為這樣可能會有更多人過來使用 Snap?你有想過這點嗎?我認為如果它們被禁,我們的業務將會相當好。我覺得我們作為一個國家,還有關於與中國的關係,需要找出企業將在哪些領域協作和做生意,以及在什麼領域不會這樣做。
    你可能已經知道,許多科技公司因為各種原因無法在中國運營。也許他們沒有許可證,或者沒有被允許運營等等。但他們可以在美國運營,這裡有一個開放的市場,免費的市場。我認為,作為一個國家,我們在這個時刻必須非常謹慎,因為開放市場一直是美國的一個重大的戰略優勢。正是如此,自由貿易等事情一直大力支持著我們的經濟增長。但現在我們正處於一個時刻,我認為我們需要謹慎地說,對於某些國家,在某些領域的自由貿易是非常有意義的。因此,如果我們在談論兒童玩具或尿布,或者你提到的任何東西,對吧,放手去做。這對兩個國家都有好處,我認為兩國都可以在這些領域做生意。但當涉及到其他領域,例如信息服務,或者可能是關鍵礦物,或者是某些類型的藥物化合物或成分時,這些領域是國家之間無法協作的,因為最終他們有著截然不同的目標、意識形態和對未來的願景。我認為商業界當前面臨的問題是,在這方面沒有足夠的明確性。因此,政府越能創造明確性,讓美國和中國一起說,我們同意這些領域是開放的商機,而這些領域是我們將競爭而不會合作的領域,這對商業社群是有幫助的。因為我認為最讓人沮喪的是,想像一下,現在身為中國企業家的情景,創建了一家非常成功的公司,然後美國政府說,嘿,你知道的,考慮到我們國家及我們的價值觀和與中國的戰略關係,這是行不通的。聽起來特朗普想購買它,這是一個非常有趣的提議。而且這令人擔憂,因為這設立了一種潛在的先例,即像 Snapchat 這樣的應用,英國可能會決定,聽著,我們不知道是否能信任你,因為你是美國的。所以我們想購買英國版,以便你可以在英國運行 Snapchat。這可能在全世界設立令人擔憂的先例。我認為目前已經有一些人非常關注數據本地化等問題,這是我想表達的觀點,我覺得我們需要對哪些國家與我們之間的數據和貿易開放流通,哪些國家可能在某些領域無法有效運作變得更加清晰。
    Snapchat 最終將公開上市。經營一家上市公司是困難的,這樣說來不為過,因為股價可能會上升或下降,而這與你正在做什麼以及你在建設什麼無關。這的確反映了更廣泛市場的情緒和氛圍。但你必須作為 CEO 來管理這一點。我想這並不容易。你知道嗎?很多人曾警告我們關於上市的事。他們說會有很多壓力速求短期的導向,這種情況,季度的審查將對我們的業務造成挑戰。最終,我認為從私有公司轉變為上市公司的過程是具有挑戰性的。這是非常不同的。但現在我真的認為關於季度表現的紀律和嚴謹性、以及有效預測業務的需要,然後比較你實際跟踪預測的狀況,有助於公司更高效地運行。因此,我認為這種審查對領導團隊和整個團隊在經營業務方面是非常有幫助的。現在,當涉及到長期投資和創新時,就會變得困難。所以,例如,現在利率大幅上升。人們正在以更高的利率折現現金流,因此,許多行業的商業都對利潤有著巨大關注。我們知道對長期創新而言,持續性是非常重要的。你不能隨便打開或關閉創新,不能隨意啟動或關閉對新產品的投資。這是非常困難和破壞性的。因此,我們在這段時間內做出了決定,儘管我們關閉了一些項目,做出了一些非常困難和痛苦的選擇,但我們仍然在這段時間內以更高的速度進行投資,儘管我們知道這意味著我們的股價可能會較低,因為人們由於更高的利率而以不同的方式折現現金流。
    所以我認為,你知道,這就是當它變得具有挑戰性時,實際的現實是,繼續在困難的時期或利率大幅上升的時期進行投資。當我想到坐在你的位置或你的座位上時,我會想到你可以做的所有事情。作為一家上市公司,我認為你可以做任何事情,但你也可以追求任何目標。就像你所說的那樣,當你使用“痛苦”這個詞時,你最終會必須做出決定,專注於某件事情。即使在我所經營的這個層級,我覺得對我來說最困難的事情就是,尤其是當你有些創意時,選擇一件事情,並對其他一切說不。我知道你的理念,我知道說不和專注對於你的領導風格至關重要,但這也涉及到你作為企業家的思考方式。告訴我關於那些你不得不終結你不想終結的事物的痛苦時刻。是的,有很多這樣的情況。您知道,那段建議對我們非常有幫助,特別是在我們業務的早期階段。我們的第一位風險投資者之一對我說:“嘿,埃文,你必須學會很好的說不。”他說:“你幾乎沒有資源。”那時我們的團隊才四個人。你知道,當公司成長時,你會收到很多來自外部的請求。大家會想要進行合作,或進行訪談,或其他的。如果你能很好地說不,並專注於你的社群,專注於你的客戶,這就是秘密。這種專注確實在這些年幫助了我們。但正如你所指出的,我們確實有過需要重新專注或評估我們業務某些領域的時候。我認為一個很好的例子是迷你遊戲。我們有數百人使用我們的迷你遊戲,人們非常喜愛。這是一個出色的平台。你可以在Snapchat裡一起玩即時多人遊戲。最終,對我們來說顯然這不會成為一個真的很大的業務,至少在那時。所以我們不得不做出這個非常痛苦的決定,關閉我們的迷你遊戲業務。那麼你怎麼考慮去追求什麼呢?有這麼多新技術,有這些流行詞,現在有了AI,有了增強現實,有了虛擬現實,有了頭盔,有了可穿戴設備,有這麼多東西。你怎麼決定哪一個是你的賭注?我認為這是一個真的很好的問題。在某種程度上,直覺在這裡發揮著重要作用。但這也是反饋發揮重要作用的地方。因此,例如,對於我們去年宣布的最新一代眼鏡,我們的目標就是盡快將其帶到開發者的手中,以便我們可以傾聽,聽聽他們希望用眼鏡構建什麼?有哪些可用的工具?缺少什麼?你認為什麼會很有趣?因為我們能多快從實際使用我們產品的人那裡學習,我們就能多快改進它,找到重要的產品市場契合點。而且你也不知道這個時間範圍在何時會發生足夠的變化,使得你的賭注得以實現。我想到Google Glass,這是我甚至不太知道的事情,大約十年前人們說,“好,我們將會戴眼鏡,Google有這個Google Glass。”它似乎就這樣消失了。然後我想到Meta收購Oculus時,我們認為,“好,這就是大家將會佩戴虛擬現實頭盔的時候。”但這仍然好像並沒有真正發生。所以你可以下注,你可能會正確,但你可能會錯過15年。在技術方面,你必須非常小心,我認為,因為事情變化緩慢,然後又變化得非常迅速。我認為這無疑是ChatGPT的情況,人們覺得,“哇,這項新技術來得太突然了。”但其實,他們已經努力了,什麼,十年?我想,你知道,並不斷努力取得進展。因此,我認為,只要你能找到一些你真的相信可以以令人信服的方式對人們產生積極影響的東西,你是對的,有時你必須耐心等候。但在其他情況下,你可以發明一些新東西來縮短時間。因此,我認為很多時候,我們的團隊會思考,“好吧,當然,根據當前的軌跡,這可能需要很長時間。但如果我們從不同的角度考慮它,或者發明一些新技術來幫助我們加速我們的願景,比如幫助人們分享這些可以疊加計算的經驗的眼鏡?”這也是其中的樂趣之一。而且,Meta推出了Ray-Ban,這我聽說過。我想我看過他的視頻,似乎又是在模仿Snapchat。這讓你恼火嗎?唯一讓我感到沮喪的就是,Luxottica的那些人大約在2017年曾經來找過我們。他們是誰?Luxottica。Essilor Luxottica是生產Ray-Ban的公司。他們在2017年來找我們,說:“哇,你們在Spectacles上做的事情真棒。我們喜歡。我們應該找個辦法合作。”所以我們當然和他們談過我們正在做的一切。然後他們進入了沉默,決定不和我們合作。然後顯然又出現了,和Meta一起做這個。所以我覺得歸根結底就是這樣。最終,你在經營一家公司以及理解人們如何做生意的過程中學到了很多。我認為這向你展示了很多有關世界的事情。
    我認為企業家真正知道一件事是非常重要的,那就是如果他們擁有一個非常吸引人的想法,或者提供一個驚人的服務,他們是可以競爭的,他們是可以建立非常有吸引力的企業的。即使看起來面對如此巨大的公司,如Essilor Luxottica這個眼鏡行業的巨頭或Meta,Snapchat希望能夠成為一個能夠保持獨立並與這些非常龐大的企業競爭的公司的典範。
    人工智慧在過去幾年中已經成為最受討論的技術,這在很大程度上要歸功於ChatGPT。你對未來人工智慧的思考是怎樣的?它將在根本上改變人與人之間的聯繫?
    你有四個兒子。你一定在思考關於我們之前提到過的未來工作類型的問題。有一個重要的敘述指出,像律師和會計師這樣的知識工作將不會再是以前那樣。實際上,即使在你思考你孩子將如何受到教育時,你最小的孩子才一歲。他們將會去上學還是會使用大型語言模型?你對那個未來的想法是什麼?你害怕嗎?
    我真的很喜歡你跳到教育這個話題上,因為我認為這是非常深刻而且有力量的。我自己的經歷告訴我,我能夠在如此短的時間內學習到如此驚人的事物並將不同的想法串聯在一起,這是一個驚人的發現和學習工具。因此,我迫不及待想讓我們的孩子使用這些工具。我相信Flynn在某種程度上也在使用它。但作為一個思想夥伴,我認為人工智慧的確是不可思議的強大。因此,我確實認為,特別是對於創意者而言,這應該是一個難以置信的強大工具,可以幫助他們迭代、獲得反饋、探索不同的想法和選擇。
    即使當我在寫作時陷入困境,感覺「這樣不對」,我會說「你能給我10個選擇嗎?」這樣的頭腦風暴非常有幫助,幫我找到正確的詞。前幾天我在使用ChatGPT或其他一些程序時,心中有一個疑問,就是我會不會因為讓這個東西代替我寫作而寫得更差。寫作是一個如此美妙的思考和理解的方式。因此,難道我會因為現在將邏輯思考的過程推給這台電腦而在理解上變得更糟嗎?而以前我會真的深入思考自己想要表達的內容?
    我不知道。我認為人們繼續寫作是非常重要的。通常,我的第一稿是在一張紙上完成的。因此,我確實認為這是重要的。但對我來說更大的問題是,人工智慧是否會幫助人們更好地提出問題。因為最終,提出一個好問題並擁有能夠幫助回答的人是學習的關鍵。我認為,擁有一位優秀的老師、導師或父母或許是最大的祝福,因為你可以提出各種優秀的問題,並獲得那些答案。因此,我認為如果我們現在處於這樣一種模式中,真的圍繞著提出正確的問題並不斷地這樣做,如果能夠訓練我們所有人更有效地提出問題,那將會是一件大事。
    有趣的是,我從來沒有想過這個問題。我不知道我是否在變得更好。我不太確定。因為新技術總是有取捨的問題。而正如我們從社交媒體中看到的那樣,我們往往直到15年、20年後才發現這種取捨,當它真的顯露出不良影響時,因為它是緩慢的,然後又變得快速。所以我試著理解你是否在展望未來,以思考我們衝向某種事物的取捨,這就像社交媒體一樣,讓一些東西變得更好、更快、更便宜、更容易,但卻帶來了意想不到的後果。
    一般來說,我們歷史上查看科技的演變時,這些基本技術的確如你所說具有顛覆性,但最終它們產生了巨大的積極和有益的影響。我認為,如果你看看像互聯網這樣的基礎技術,或者像汽車這樣的基礎技術,甚至是飛機,這些都是我認為能夠真正改變世界軌跡並最終使人們的生活變得更好的基礎技術。我認為關鍵在於我們如何共同駕駛這種變化,這將是一件需要深思熟慮的事情。我認為,在很多方面,這種技術變革的好消息是,它始終由人掌控。我認為人們幾乎過度專注於新技術的發展,卻沒有充分考慮實際上人類接受曲線會是什麼樣子。我們如何讓這些東西變得更易於使用、更容易讓人理解、更容易融入他們的生活和工作流程中。
    因此,我認為像人工智慧這樣的重大基礎技術的很多工作將更多地圍繞人類如何與之互動、詮釋它、理解它如何融入他們的生活中。
    無論我身在世界的哪裡,似乎每個人都在喝抹茶。而你正在喝的那杯抹茶,極有可能是由我投資超過七位數的一家公司製作的,該公司是這個名為Perfect Ted的播客的贊助商。因為他們是像Blank Street Coffee和Joe and the Juice等全球咖啡館使用的品牌,還有許多其他品牌。
    不僅在咖啡館可以喝到 Perfect Ted 抹茶,您現在在家裡也能以更便宜的價格、迅速製作 Perfect Ted 抹茶,使用我面前這些帶有風味的抹茶粉。
    Perfect Ted 抹茶是儀式級別的,來源於日本。
    它口感滑順。
    它天然甜美。
    與我以前嘗過的那些草味抹茶完全不同。
    如果您告訴自己不喜歡抹茶,很可能是因為您還沒有嘗試我們的 Perfect Ted 抹茶。
    您可以在英國的 Tesco、Sainsbury’s、Holland and Barrett 和 Waitrose 或者在荷蘭的 Albert Heijn 找到 Perfect Ted 抹茶。
    在美國的亞馬遜上也有,或者您可以在 perfectted.com 在線購買完整系列產品。
    首次訂購時使用代碼 DIARY40 可享受 40% 的折扣。
    Snapchat 在它的公司生命中目前處於什麼季節?
    您知道的,像是您處於初創階段,就像在您父親的臥室裡,身處艱難而快速成長的時期。
    然後您進入藍色辦公室,您知道的,成長如同流星般迅速,並且進行了首次公開募股。
    當我們坐在這裡,展望 2025 年,Snapchat 現在處於什麼季節?
    如果您要用詩意的方式總結它,如何描述目前業務的心理狀態呢?
    在某種程度上,這感覺就像我們正從兩年的寒冬中走出來,邁入了早春。
    過去兩年非常艱難。
    我們必須重建整個廣告平台,改變市場進入的方式,真的要幫助廣告客戶獲得更多的成功。
    同時,也要為創作者做很多這樣的工作。
    我們在創作者發布方面看到了驚人的增長,據我了解,上個季度創作者的發帖量同比增長了大約 40%。
    每個月在 Snapchat 上有十億條公開帖子。
    這也是我們投入很多精力的領域。
    但過去的兩年確實非常具有挑戰性。
    所以我幾乎可以說,我們正處於非常非常早春的階段,開始看到一些綠色的芽。
    而且,霜雪也在融化。
    自從那一次與馬克·祖克柏的對話後,您是否收到了任何收購提議?
    如今還有人試圖購買公司嗎?
    不,我想根據公司的投票結構來看,您知道的,Bobby 和我擁有投票股,而不具投票權的股份是公開交易的。
    一般來說,有時有些人會說,嘿,如果你們有一天想退役之類的話,請考慮我們。
    但我覺得,提出收購的想法幾乎不太符合我們公司的結構。
    我在閱讀您運營 Snapchat 的方式時,另一件令我讚艷的事情是有一個議會的概念。
    哦,太棒了。
    好吧。
    您能告訴我這個的內容嗎?因為我可能會想學習一下。
    我不應該學。
    請您盡量參考。
    好的,太好了。
    議會這個概念是我從我成長時期所就讀的學校 Crossroads School for Arts and Sciences 獲取的,那是一所相當獨特的學校。
    Crossroads 的一個特點就是有議會。
    基本上從中學開始,您會與十到十二名同學聚在一起,坐成一個圓圈,並且有三個規則。
    那就是:發自內心地交流,真誠地傾聽,以及隨性自發。
    這基本上是輪流講故事,圍繞圓圈進行,您可以分享的內容可以是像“你的週末怎麼樣?”或者“上周有什麼值得高興的事情和煩惱?”
    這真的創造了一個機會,A,讓人們彼此傾聽,因為您都是輪流參加,但B,您能以非常不同的方式了解彼此。
    我曾看到在中學時期這是多麼強大。
    中學對我來說是一段艱難的時期。
    但在議會中,我能夠與我的同學建立真正有思想的連結,也許是更加深入的交流,這是一種不會在辦公室的水冷機旁隨便進行的對話。
    因此,對我們來說,最終當我們來到洛杉磯並在藍色房子裡時,我們面臨的重大決策之一就是是否應該把公司從洛杉磯搬到灣區。
    當時有很多壓力,人們認為灣區聚集了所有的科技人才,您們必須在那裡才能吸引到優秀的人才。
    所以我們召集了團隊,進行了我們的第一次議會。
    每個人都圍著圓圈分享自己的想法。
    我們該不該留在洛杉磯?他們對此有什麼感受?
    他們怎麼看待這個問題?
    從那次對話中非常清晰的一點是,我們根本不需要做出決定。
    顯而易見,我們相信洛杉磯並希望留在那裡。
    團隊認為這對於我們的業務、我們的身份,以及我們聘用人才的方式都是非常重要的,因為人們必須非常堅定地承諾搬到洛杉磯來成為公司的一部分。
    所以那是我們在 Snap 使用議會的第一次經驗。我看到它在工作環境中的有效性。
    隨著業務的擴大,能夠與新加入的員工或在公司不同部門工作的人建立聯繫變得更加重要,議會成為一個非常有用的工具。
    因此在 Snap,我們有議會的促進者,專門負責運行這些議會。
    現在越來越多的公司對此感興趣。
    我們還幫助訓練公司或提供研討會,幫助他們團結團隊成員。
    其本質是什麼?
    就是把小團隊聚集在某個部門的桌子周圍,讓每個人都發自內心地交談,真誠地傾聽,並隨性自發?
    是的。
    而且通常不是圍坐在桌子旁。
    通常是在地板上圍坐成一個圓圈,我認為這又有助於創造那種感覺。當你坐在一個圓圈裡時,每個人都是平等的,我覺得這是一件非常重要的事情。如你所提到的,公司有很多層級。我認為當每個人都坐在圓圈中的時候,這讓公司感覺起來非常不同。每個人的聲音都是重要的,每個人的聲音都被聽見,不論是在說:“哇,這真是個艱難的週末”或者實際上我度過了一段美好的時光,我和妻子出門吃了晚餐,那真是太棒了。我認為人們會找到一些新的聯繫點,否則他們也許不會找到這些連結。
    有趣的是,身為一位領導者,在這些情況下,你如何知道是否要聆聽你的團隊呢?因為,這聽起來對創辦人來說風險相當大,我不是說你這樣做,但對創辦人來說按照共識來運營公司,即確保每個人對某件事的認同,這是很具挑戰性的。我們在疫情後的世界中實際上看到了這一點,關於遙控工作的整個辯論,一開始有些公司是,“好吧,大家都將遠程工作。”然後又有很多公司說,“不,回到辦公室。”如果你問一個團隊,他們可能不會都說,“讓我們回到辦公室。”但作為CEO,你必須做出決策。那麼目下Snap的遠程政策是什麼呢?我們在辦公室的日子平均超過四天一週。這是規定還是僅僅是發生的情況?這是政策,也是目前的狀況。
    你曾經在這方面有所調整嗎?在疫情期間有沒有一刻讓你想過?在疫情期間,我曾經以為自己再也不會回到辦公室。我想,進入疫情的時候,我每天都是在孩子們醒來之前就起床,然後在他們入睡之後才回家。有一刻我在想,我在做什麼,從來都看不到我們的孩子。我該怎麼辦?然後疫情發生了,就像一場奇蹟。我想,“哦,我的天,我每天都可以看到我們的孩子。我可以醒來看到我們的孩子。”而且我有公開的門政策。如果我在家裡的辦公室工作,我的孩子可以隨時進來。只有一次是一個男孩全裸進來,手裡拿著兩塊奧利奧,這讓我考慮回辦公室的問題。但我真的認為這對我們的孩子來說很重要,嘿,如果我在家,我並不是關閉在我的辦公室裡。你可以隨時進來,不管你想帶什麼,我都會幫助你。有時候這意味著他們花了很多時間坐在我的腿上,甚至在會議中。但是在任何情況下,在疫情期間有一段時間我在想,我為什麼要回辦公室?我和我的家庭在一起。但我認為,在疫情期間,大家能夠有效地在遠程合作的那種肾上腺素和團隊合作,只能因為我們之前一起工作了很長時間。我們建立了所有的信任,我們建立了所有的簡寫。我們有很多次共同整理出來的長期計畫,以便能夠實體聚在一起。這真的支撐了公司度過那段時間。然後我清楚地意識到文化開始出現了裂痕,人們在孤單、分隔於世界各地時,並不會很快學到文化。我真的很擔心,如果我們不在一起,能否持續保持創造力,因為對我們的業務來說這是如此重要。
    所以最終,尤其是在那次奧利奧事件之後,我們認為回到辦公室是非常重要的。這一變化是如何被接受的?我們嘗試做的一件事情,就是給團隊成員一段相當長的時間來適應。我們很早就做出了這個決策,並給了團隊成員一段相當長的適應期,我想大概是六到九個月。對於有特殊情況的人,我們也會給予例外。隨著時間的推移,這讓人們能夠調整他們的生活。你知道,有時候他們在其他地方租了房子或購買了一個地方,需要搬回我們的某個總部辦公室。所以我們希望給人們足夠的靈活性去做到這一點,而不是讓他們早上醒來就說,“回到辦公室。”這並不是非常周到。
    對於那些正在收聽我們對話的企業家,尤其是那些在旅程開始時的人,他們正在思考這麼多不同的事情、面對這麼多不同的問題,他們的產品不奏效,客戶在抱怨。當你想到成功企業家的原則時,這些原則是可跨行業的,你是否已經在心中界定了這些成功的原則以便於任何努力呢?我們之前已經談到了一些。提到了文化,提到了招聘。還有什麼其他的你在智慧中學到的,企業家如我應該大量思考的成功的基本原則?對我來說,似乎最大的區別在於你有多在乎。我認為,這在我日常接觸的企業家和正在創業的人中看來,是“你有多在乎你的業務,你的團隊,你的客戶。”而那些企業家,我認為才是真正成功的人。他們總是多走一步。而這種在乎可以來自不同的地方,對人們希望對世界產生的影響、或者是他們真正想要發明的東西,都有可能。
    這可能是他們對顧客的熱愛,以及看到顧客臉上的微笑。但人們對自己所做的事情的關心程度,在我看來,似乎是一個相當重大的預測因素,如果不是唯一的預測因素的話,來評估成功。你會不會關心得太多?我不這麼認為。不過,聽起來關心到這種程度會很有壓力。我本來以為你在書裡提到過…… 別談我的書。 我並不是不贊同。我只是裝作反方辯護者。我喜歡你書中的一點就是你說,人們對壓力的看法是錯誤的,我認為這真的很有力。我希望更多的人能這樣談論它。因為我覺得,你知道的…… 不管怎樣,你已經寫過了。你不需要再重複一次。 不,不,不。 不過這是一個好的觀點。我本來想問你的是,作為你自己所承受的壓力。而你有沒有技巧來管理那種壓力?特別是經營一家公司。我只是覺得這很瘋狂。好吧,我覺得可笑的是……這是我這幾天用我的戒指嘗試時的一個有趣發現。我終於有足夠的日子讓它給我一個壓力分數或其他什麼的。實際上我白天並不感到壓力,這和我工作的感受非常一致。我覺得工作並不太壓力。我認為很多事情變得非常正常,因為你知道,這些年來我們發展了自己的業務,遇到了各種瘋狂的情況,現在這只是日常的正常事情。你會慶祝嗎?當你有一些專業時刻,比如我不知道的,你推出了新功能並且反響良好時,你會真的感到很高興嗎?你會真的很高興嗎?不。這是我需要努力改善的事情,特別是慶祝我們的團隊。你知道,提供更多這種非常積極的反饋。我在這方面做得不多,尤其是在專注於結果的目標方面。當我看到一個偉大的主意,如果我看到一個很好的新想法,那麼我會非常高興和興奮。我喜歡它。但是,你知道,對我來說,一些大企業的里程碑,比如社區的增長就不錯。我前幾天和某人聊過,他們說,當你們達到十億人時你應該舉辦一個派對。我當時想,天啊,真是一個好主意。我怎麼沒想到呢?所以我認為我們應該慶祝這樣的事情。我在想這是否有一種防衛的成份,因為最近我和許多創始人交談,他們告訴我,隨著時間的推移和成熟,他們幾乎在所有混亂中發展出了一種冷靜,在所有事情中都沒有被上下動搖。他們中的一些人向我提出,如果你因外部發生的事情而受到某種影響,那麼當外部發生壞事時,無法不受到影響。因此,創始人發展出了一種幾乎像冷漠的狀態。對我來說,這將是一個真正的問題,因為創造產品的很多方面都是關於與人連接、傾聽他們和能夠與他們共情。因此,我在任何情況下都絕對不能切斷我的情感反應。我認為,你知道,我選擇的事情或讓我感到真的很開心的事情是與孩子們在一起,或者,像是哈特前幾天在數學測試中表現得很好,我當時感覺真棒。你明白我的意思嗎?我對此感到非常興奮。但是,我認為就你的觀點而言,我在某些時刻非常後悔的一件事就是沒有慶祝那些美好的時刻。我認為,有時作為企業家,當一切都在上升,並且一切都非常順利時,你總是在想,會發生什麼錯誤?你知道,可能會發生什麼?所以你不會想到慶祝那個美好的時刻,因為你在思考的是,明天或你能做些什麼不同的事情來確保業務可以繼續增長。我認為打破那種“會發生什麼錯誤”的思維,一實際上是非常有幫助的。在那方面,偏執可能真的很有幫助。但慶祝那些時刻很重要。所以這是我們對話中的一個好的收穫。對你來說,有沒有最艱難的一天?你作為Snapchat的首席執行官時最具挑戰性的一天?當我這樣說時你會想到什麼?我認為有些最艱難的日子,痛苦的日子是,當我們不得不對公司的結構進行改變或裁員之類的事情。我覺得對我們團隊成員有一種巨大的責任感。因此,當我們讓他們失望時,這些日子是最糟糕的。我是說,當然,在許多情況下,對他們來說更糟糕。但是,作為一名領導者,當我們必須做出這樣的決策時,那種羞愧感,這讓我覺得真的很糟糕。你有時會感到冒名頂替者綜合症嗎?因為我想到你成功的機率,啟動一個社交媒體通信應用程序的幾率,正如我們之前所說的,大約是十億分之一之類的。嗯,我不知道。這驚人。而且我想並不是十億,並沒有十億個這樣的程序,但幾率就是不在你這邊。所以當那發生並且它爆炸並成為一個主要的全球應用程序時,難道不會感到冒名頂替者綜合症嗎?我不喜歡“冒名頂替者綜合症”這個詞,因為聽起來不太好。我認為冒名頂替者綜合症其實是一件好事,因為它意味著你感到還有更多可以學習的東西,對吧?對我來說,當我面對任何情況或者任何會議,或者我們正在嘗試在外部世界做的任何事情時,我總是試著思考:我在這裡還能學到什麼?我當然知道,這是我真正聆聽、學習、弄清楚如何成長的機會。因此,我永遠不想感覺到,“哦,我會做得很好。”
    我總是想要感覺,「還有什麼我可以學習的?」
    「我可以以不同的方式做什麼?」
    「你知道的,我如何能夠成長?」
    我認為有時候我們稱之為冒名者綜合症,這其實並不是特別有幫助。
    我覺得我們應該告訴人們,「嘿,如果你覺得自己還有更多需要學習的,這是件好事。」
    「如果你覺得,嘿,也許經營一家大型公司並不完全正常,這也是好事。」
    「也許敞開心胸接受不同的想法或做事方式是好事。」
    如果Snapchat今天消失了,埃文會做些什麼?
    創辦一家公司?
    我可能會繼續我們作為家庭所做的很多回饋工作。
    我的意思是,我認為整個Snap經歷中最大的福分就是能夠回饋。
    你知道的,我們作為一個家庭已經做了很多工作。
    我們與Snap和Snap基金會一起做了很多。
    這對我來說就像是,希望我生命的其餘部分都是這個故事。
    你不想再創辦一家科技公司嗎?
    千萬不會。
    真的嗎?
    沒有機會。
    為什麼?
    這實在太難了。
    實在太難了。
    我告訴過你這是瘋狂的。
    我本可以在你創業時告訴你。
    你應該問我。
    每當我遇到一個連續創業者時,我都會想,「什麼?」
    當你說這很難時,我就問這個問題,我停頓了一下,因為我今天早上在我的Instagram和Snap上發過這個關於多麼困難,沒有人談論這個。
    所以當你作為創始人經歷困難時,你會在鏡子前面反思,覺得是自己的問題。
    你明白我的意思嗎?
    你會想,哦,這是我不夠完美的證據。
    但其實,為什麼你會這樣說呢?
    因為聽起來你有創傷後壓力症候群。
    不,更像是我認為,您對於如何將壓力轉化為積極事物的看法,對吧?
    困難在某種意義上是一件好事,因為使這一切如此有趣但又如此具挑戰性的是你必須改變和成長的速度。
    那是非常難的,對吧?
    經過四個人時的業務和一百人時的業務是截然不同的。
    當我們支援一百萬人的時候,業務和支援八億五千萬人使用我們服務的業務是不同的。
    在那段時間內,這些業務必須改變如此之多。
    在那段時間內必須成長如此之多,這就是困難之處。
    因為你必須強迫自己改變和成長,思考如何適應,成為我們的業務在六個月後需要的那個人,這無疑會與今天的我不同。
    所以你認為你可以一輩子經營Snap嗎?
    我當然覺得這是一種榮幸。
    我的意思是,我會喜歡這樣。
    也許你會離開Snap,然後感到無聊,然後創建一些新公司,誰知道呢?
    在這個播客上,我們有一個結尾的傳統,即最後一位嘉賓會留下一個問題給下一位嘉賓,而不知道他們是留給誰的。
    而留給你的問題,挺有趣的。
    我感覺我可能之前問過這個,但你得盡你所能。
    你曾經需要克服的最困難的事情是什麼?
    是的,我認為最困難的事情,也許這是一個從我們剛才正在討論的內容的良好切入點。
    我曾經需要克服的最困難的事情就是自己,對吧?
    我不斷地在每個階段強迫自己成長、改變、不同和發展,以滿足我們的業務以及我們的社區或我的家庭的需求。
    我認為,你知道,這是一場與自己戰鬥的過程,每天都在變成一個更好的自己。
    這是一個艱難的挑戰。
    自我意識,我在想著你剛剛說的,關於作為CEO的自我意識的概念以及你是如何發展這一點的。
    因為當有這麼多人依賴你保持警覺時,這是一個非常重要的事情。
    所以我不知道你如何看待作為一位領導者的自我意識,以及你是否有什麼系統來培養這種生產性的意識。
    我喜歡你這麼說。
    我認為這是非常具有挑戰性的,隨著業務增長和你作為領導者的成長,這變得越來越困難。
    首先,因為你變得越來越忙,所以很難真正調動精力與人建立連接,對吧?
    以你真正需要的方式來理解他們的真實感受或想法,並創建一種信任關係,讓他們覺得可以告訴你。
    隨著公司擴大,你知道,大家會非常專注於篩選你所接收的信息。
    所以,你會不斷收到很多報告,這些報告以非常正面的角度展示領導者及其團隊。
    因此,你必須主動思考打破這種模式,因為這將會是組織的預設行為。
    突然間,他們會試著確保你接收到的信息,對吧?
    這些信息在展現他們的好的一面,因為他們想要成功。
    這是合情合理的。
    但我認為你必須做很多工作來打破這一點,深入組織與人交談。
    我認為沒有任何替代品。我希望有的,但其實真的沒有任何替代品,就是到處走走和人交談。
    我發現這是在我們的組織中迅速獲得優質信息的絕佳方式。
    然後你作為CEO看到某人在做演示時,他們會說,「哦,這個演示會在六週內給你」,你知道的。
    但是的,當然。我現在可以給你看一點點,因為你知道,作為CEO的日曆和業務回顧的運作方式,所有這些信息,我認為,最後流動的速度比公司的開始時慢得多。
    所以我認為,你知道,真正花時間與人建立聯繫,形成那些值得信賴的關係,主動打破圍繞在你身邊的信息系統,這一點非常重要。如果你不更有意識地去尋求其他的信息來源,那這將是非常重要的。而且,你知道,我認為同理心和直覺真的很有幫助,因為有時候人們會感到不舒服,無法表達他們真正的感受。只有當你注意到他們眼中的某些東西或他們的情緒時,才會想:“這是你真實的感受嗎?我們應該,或者說我們真的應該以不同的方式進行嗎?”我認為,真正理解人們的感受,以及創造一個空間讓他們分享他們的觀點,這一點實在是非常有價值的。
    你是否曾經發現自己對團隊有些不耐煩?因為我經常感到這一點。我總是試圖讓事情運行得更快。我認為,也許作為組織的領導者,存在某種特權,你可以打破一切來促使事情發生,但辦公室裡的實習生可能會覺得他們並沒有那個權限。不過作為領導者的緊迫感、速度,你提到了提高組織學習速度的問題,你是否在作為領導者的時候感到不耐煩?我非常不耐煩。我想這是我的DNA的一部分。我的父親就是,像等候的概念,對他來說,如果你想懲罰他,你就讓他排隊。不管是什麼,他想到排隊的事就會讓他發瘋,因為他是一個非常不耐煩的人。我想我也有一些那樣的不耐煩。
    如果我問你的團隊成員,Evan作為領導者是什麼樣的?你認為他們會怎麼說?哦,天哪,我不知道。他們可能會有不同的看法,因為我真的試著展現自己的不同面向來發掘我們團隊成員的最佳潛能。我對每個人都不一樣的領導,這樣就糟糕了。我認為作為領導者,很多時候都在努力了解每位個體和每位成員,什麼樣的溝通風格能帶出他們的最佳表現和獨特的能力。因此,我與我們的CEO Derek的互動方式,與我們首席品牌官Betsy的互動方式,與我們設計團隊的互動方式都是不同的。這一點很重要。
    如果我問他們你擅長什麼,他們會說什麼?我認為我擅長幾樣事情。我認為我相當擅長理解人類的需求和渴望,並找出如何在我們的產品中反映這一點。我的一個挑戰是,讓我們的團隊進行A-B測試。在工程中,人們經常會喜歡進行A-B測試。他們會進行四次A-B測試,然後選擇表現最佳的那個。這通常是針對一段文字。例如,如果他們想在應用程序中放上一段文字,他們會寫出四個不同的變體之類的。而我真正喜歡做的事情是,想辦法寫出能夠贏得A-B測試的變體,而不需要它們真正去進行測試。我認為這種直覺,對於人們會有何反應,什麼對他們來說有意義,什麼樣的表達通常能在我們的產品和功能中清楚表達,這是我能夠為團隊提供的一部分,而這部分也只是因為我從事這項工作已經13年了。每個星期或者幾乎每一天,我都在查看和我們的團隊合作,努力找出什麼樣的東西能與使用我們產品的人產生共鳴。所以我認為我擅長這一點。我還認為,這可能與我之前的觀點相吻合,我真的努力讓人們發揮出最佳潛能。我希望,如果我做好了我的工作,人們會說:“哇,我從來沒想過我能做到這一點,或者我不知道我能做到這一點,或者我不知道我是一個真正有創造力的人,但你讓我明白其實我是一個非常有創造力的人。這真酷。”
    謝謝。我認為很多時候,這是通過給人們勇氣和空間來表達創造力,還有展示創造力適用的不同方式。例如,我認為一位律師可能會想,“我作為律師怎麼能有創造力?”但如果你和一位律師進行一次對話,正如我們在業務早期所做的那樣,告訴他們:“今天的難題是,所有這些隱私政策寫得沒有任何道理。”我不知道你是否試過閱讀這些互聯網公司的隱私政策,它們真的沒有意義。如果我們發揮創意,實際上寫出一份人們可以理解的隱私政策,這不是很酷嗎?我們怎麼能以不同的方式解決這個問題,設置一個不同的期望?然後人們會說:“哇,這有趣。讓我們試試這樣做。”他們會這樣做,然後他們會發現:“哦,天哪,我真的有創造力。我們可以以不同的方式解決問題。我們不需要像其他公司那樣再弄一個隱私政策。我們可以努力把它以人類能理解的方式寫出來,這樣會更好。”所以,我想展示公司裡所有團隊成員的工作方式,讓他們看到他們的工作可以為我們的社區或為我們的廣告合作夥伴服務,這是我希望能夠帶給我們團隊的。
    相對來說,你不擅長什麼呢?如果我問他們,我會說,Evan不擅長什麼?幾乎其他一切。我是說,這就是挑戰所在。別這樣。
    這裡一定有一些明確的特徵,如果你問我的團隊,他們會告訴你我不擅長什麼。他們會告訴你我擅長什麼,但也會告訴你我不擅長什麼,他們都會達成共識。他們會完全一致。不是,我是認真的,在我們業務的幾乎每一個領域,不論是人力資源、法律、財務還是其他方面,我肯定遠不是最好的。我是說,我們的團隊成員在他們的工作上非常有才華。而我本質上,在這些事情上就是不太擅長。因此,我認為對我來說,真正的秘訣,或者說重點,在於我試圖多年來所做的事情,正如許多企業家所做的,是問自己:我怎樣才能把更多的時間花在我擅長的事情上,與我們的團隊合作,嘗試創造新產品,發揮創意,然後,有一支團隊在我身邊,他們在所有其他方面都比我強很多,而這些方面在我來說完全不可能做得更好。特別是作為一位年輕的首席執行官,我認為這對於其他人來說,自我認知和謙遜的重要性,對你來說可能更加重要,因為你在21歲或22歲時創辦了這家公司。所以你從來沒有管理過一家上市公司。我想謙遜對於像你這樣的人在那個階段可能更為重要。有趣的是,這實際上是一種戰略優勢,是吧?20歲而又不知道任何事情,這樣你可以問任何問題,而不會看起來很傻,這是世界上最大的禮物。我是說,我幾乎總是房間裡最年輕的人,幾乎總是,你知道?這真是一種祝福,因為每個人都會說,哦,你在做什麼?哦,一個應用程式?那很酷。我會說,是的,實際上,你能不能和我談談,如何準備你的公司上市的最佳方法?人們會說,當然,你知道嗎?因此,我認為,能夠將那種天真作為基本優勢,快速學習是非常重要的。但你現在失去了那種天真嗎?希望永遠不要。我是說,這就是我喜歡做的全部,保持好奇心,提問。埃文,這是我最後一個問題,根據你所知道的一切和你所做的,對於正在聆聽這次對話的企業家來說,最重要的問題是什麼,而我卻沒有問?我認為他們真的應該問自己是否熱愛他們正在做的事情。如果他們真的熱愛他們所做的事情,這將是推動他們走完全過程的燃料。但是有這麼多人被困在建設業務或工作中,他們並不真正熱愛自己所做的事情,並且還沒有找到如何將他們的特殊天賦利用於商業世界的方式。我認為生活中有很多部分是在試圖弄清楚,我能做的讓我熱愛的事情是什麼,能夠發揮我和我的才能的最好狀態。我想堅持追求這一點是非常重要的。埃文,非常感謝你。今天能和你一起做這個我感到非常榮幸。我知道你不常參加很多播客,所以我特別感到榮幸你能坐在這裡與我。希望這不是一次令人緊張的經歷。我玩得很開心。謝謝你幫助我實現我的2025年目標。我會嘗試在這方面取得一些進展。我非常渴望知道,誰在你的生活中一直在鼓勵你多出去活動,因為一定有某個人。不幸的是,就像每個人一樣,這就是為什麼我妥協了。非常感謝你。能更深入了解你,理解你對所有這些事情的思考,實在是太美好了。感謝你分享的智慧,所有正在聆聽這次對話的企業家和創始人都從你那裡獲得了這些知識。我真的鼓勵你進一步參加更多此類活動,因為我們之中有這麼多人對於作為企業家、建立像你這樣的公司,以及在這個瞬息萬變的世界中所經歷的高潮、低谷和一切,都充滿好奇。因此,能了解你,了解公司的思維,並學習你所擁有的經驗,對我們所有人來說都是一個真正的服務。我現在真的很期待去嘗試這些眼鏡。太棒了。我們來試試。 我們推出了這些對話卡,並且銷售一空。我們又推出了一次,它們再次銷售一空。我們再次推出,它們再次銷售一空。因為人們喜歡在工作中、在家中與朋友,甚至與家人一起玩這些遊戲。我們還有一個大型觀眾群,他們將其用作日記的提示。每當一位嘉賓來到《CEO的日記》上,他們都會留下一個問題給下一位嘉賓。而我曾與一些世界上最令人難以置信的人坐在這裡。他們在日記中留下了所有這些問題,我將其按照深度從一到三進行排序。一級是入門問題。而三級,如果你看看這裡的背面,這是一個三級問題,成為更深層次的問題,可以建立更多的連結。如果你翻轉卡片並掃描那個QR碼,你可以看到誰回答了這個問題,並觀看他們即時回答的視頻。因此,如果你想獲得這些對話卡,請訪問thediary.com或者查看下面描述中的鏈接。我們會看看下面描述中的鏈接。

    From turning down $3 billion from Facebook to building a $100 billion empire, Evan Spiegel reveals the blueprint behind Snapchat.

    Evan Spiegel, co-founder & CEO of Snapchat (now Snap Inc.), founded the app while at Stanford and became the youngest billionaire at 25.

    In this conversation, Evan and Steven cover how Snapchat almost didn’t exist, Evan’s ‘T-Shaped’ leadership style, getting bullied before founding Snapchat, and the harshest day of his CEO journey.

    Chapters:

    00:00 Intro

    02:29 The Dots That Got You Here

    03:33 Did You Feel Like You Fitted In?

    03:46 When Did Computers First Come In?

    05:02 Things Aren’t as Complicated as They Seem

    05:28 You Got Bullied

    06:09 What Were You Like as a Kid

    07:33 Why CEOs Don’t Do Many Podcasts

    08:55 Why Did You Choose Product Design?

    10:30 Your Class in Entrepreneurship

    11:00 Key Lesson From Entrepreneurship Class

    12:02 Big Ambitions

    13:26 Entrepreneurship in Europe

    16:00 Your First Failure

    18:00 How to Know When to Quit

    18:50 Why Love & Passion Matter

    19:19 Launching Early & Getting Feedback Fast

    20:39 How Initial Ideas Can Be Wrong

    21:37 How You Started Snapchat

    27:03 Customer Feedback to Implement

    28:36 Raising Capital

    29:46 Investor Feedback

    30:17 Building a Social Network Sounds Delusional

    31:51 Doubting Snapchat’s Success

    36:19 Quitting University for Snapchat

    37:33 Advice for Young Entrepreneurs

    39:27 Are Job Titles Limiting Creativity?

    40:34 Hierarchy Issues in Companies

    42:22 Innovating at Snapchat

    47:59 Importance of Hiring

    49:00 Hiring Mistakes to Avoid

    51:06 Leadership Traits of a Perfect Hire

    52:25 Being Nice vs. Being Kind

    53:52 T-Shaped Leadership

    56:44 Advice to Younger Evan

    59:39 Embedding Company Culture Early

    01:01:51 When Company Culture Dilutes

    01:03:35 Company Incentives

    01:04:25 Worst Early Advice

    01:05:47 How Mark Zuckerberg Approached You

    01:10:04 Saying No to That Offer

    01:13:13 Youngest Billionaire at 25

    01:14:19 Managing Romantic Relationships

    01:19:23 Ads

    01:20:21 Your LinkedIn Bio Joke

    01:22:45 Messaging Zuckerberg When They Copied Features

    01:26:57 Should Big Tech Monopolies Be Stopped?

    01:29:25 Hardest Day When Copied

    01:30:30 Leading in Tough Times

    01:31:48 Content Moderation Challenges

    01:36:28 Why Meta Rolled Back Moderation Policies

    01:39:20 Optimism About America

    01:40:08 Social Media & Your Kids

    01:42:51 Is TikTok’s Ban Good for Snapchat?

    01:46:07 Snapchat Going Public

    01:48:28 Killing Projects You Loved

    01:50:15 How Do You Prioritize?

    01:52:23 Ray-Ban Spectacles Launch Reaction

    01:53:37 Will Kids Learn From AI?

    01:56:34 Tradeoffs With AI

    01:58:22 Ads

    02:00:35 Snapchat in 2025

    02:02:14 Importance of Counsels at Work

    02:05:34 When to Listen to Your Team

    02:06:22 Work-From-Home Policies

    02:08:42 Principles of a Successful Entrepreneur

    02:10:18 Managing Stress

    02:13:10 Worst Days of Snapchat

    02:13:50 Do You Have Imposter Syndrome?

    02:15:08 Would You Start Another Tech Company?

    02:17:23 Hardest Thing You’ve Overcome

    02:18:17 Self-Awareness

    02:20:45 Do You Feel Impatient as a Leader?

    02:21:35 What Would Your Team Say About You?

    02:22:12 What Are You Really Good At?

    02:26:55 Biggest Question Entrepreneurs Should Ask

    Follow Evan:

    Twitter – https://g2ul0.app.link/hnvyN8X8SRb

    More about Snap’s new glasses – https://g2ul0.app.link/GDzqC6XeTRb

    Watch on YouTube:

    https://g2ul0.app.link/DOACEpisodes

    Get My Book & Cards:

    ‘The 33 Laws Of Business & Life’ – https://g2ul0.app.link/DOACBook

    Conversation Cards: https://g2ul0.app.link/f31dsUttKKb

    Follow Me:

    https://g2ul0.app.link/gnGqL4IsKKb

    Sponsors:

    LinkedIn Ads – https://www.linkedin.com/DIARY

    Perfect Ted – https://www.perfectted.com (Code: DIARY40)

    Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • No Mercy / No Malice: Porn

    AI transcript
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    0:00:48 He’s my father.
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    0:01:47 I’m Scott Galloway and this is No Mercy, No Malice.
    0:01:51 Young men face a variety of obstacles to thrive.
    0:01:56 One of those obstacles, on-demand porn.
    0:01:59 Porn, as read by George Hahn.
    0:02:06 Quote, pornography is the McDonald’s of sex.
    0:02:11 Fast, convenient, and utterly divorced from nutrition.
    0:02:12 Unquote.
    0:02:14 Anonymous.
    0:02:18 I was at Mobile World Congress in Barcelona earlier this month.
    0:02:25 A young man, married with two kids who founded a tech firm, approached me and asked if I’d mentor him.
    0:02:29 I told him, boss, you should mentor me.
    0:02:33 I mentor young men who are struggling and you are clearly thriving.
    0:02:35 He said, I have an addiction.
    0:02:38 I said, what’s the addiction?
    0:02:40 Porn.
    0:02:45 As soon as the words left his mouth, I sensed shame.
    0:02:48 Within 15 seconds, he couldn’t look me in the eye.
    0:02:51 And within 60 seconds, he’d fled.
    0:02:57 All addictions are wrapped in some shame, but not in equal amounts.
    0:03:02 Tell someone you’re sober from pills or booze and you’ll get praise and admiration.
    0:03:06 The same is not true for people with a porn addiction.
    0:03:13 In the past six months, a half-dozen men have told me their drug of choice is porn.
    0:03:21 I suspect they aren’t outliers, but canaries sounding an alarm from the most opaque sector of the addiction economy.
    0:03:32 At the turn of the millennium, there were no social media platforms, there wasn’t enough bandwidth to run video, and Amazon was a bookstore.
    0:03:35 But online porn dates back to 1995.
    0:03:47 By 2004, online porn was so ubiquitous that Avenue Q won six Tony Awards, including Best Musical, with a song called, wait for it,
    0:03:49 The Internet is for Porn.
    0:03:53 Nobody doubted that claim then, and nobody doubts it now.
    0:03:56 But how much of today’s Internet is porn?
    0:03:59 A. We’re not sure.
    0:04:05 Some estimates put porn-related traffic as high as one-third of all Internet traffic.
    0:04:12 Pornhub, the leading distributor of free, ad-supported porn, ranks in the top 20 websites globally.
    0:04:16 Ten of its competitors rank in the top 100.
    0:04:23 Porn addiction isn’t listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
    0:04:27 But in a study of 2,000 American adults,
    0:04:34 11% of men and 3% of women reported some agreement with the statement,
    0:04:36 I am addicted to pornography.
    0:04:43 Fewer people than report alcohol abuse, but more than admit to a problem with gaming or gambling.
    0:04:51 On my podcast, Dr. Anna Lemke, a professor of psychiatry at Stanford and the author of Dopamine Nation,
    0:04:53 said that beginning in the early 2000s,
    0:04:59 she saw warning signs in male patients who self-described as porn addicts
    0:05:01 and cited the Internet as the culprit.
    0:05:06 Since then, there’s been an escalation in people presenting with digital addictions.
    0:05:14 Porn addiction may be difficult to isolate within the broader and more diffuse Internet addiction,
    0:05:17 but compared to other Internet-enabled compulsions,
    0:05:19 there’s relatively little peer-reviewed research.
    0:05:25 My thesis? Few academics want to be known as the porn professor.
    0:05:27 See above. Shame.
    0:05:33 Humans came off the savanna hardwired for addiction.
    0:05:37 The dopamine rush a hunter felt when taking down a mammoth
    0:05:41 is neurologically the same feeling a gambler gets when betting.
    0:05:47 Our instinct to gorge whenever we see food was honed during millennia of scarcity,
    0:05:51 and it’s that same instinct the food industrial complex leverages
    0:05:55 to keep people eating long past the point of being satiated.
    0:05:58 Ours is an addiction economy.
    0:06:03 The most valuable companies arbitrage the disparity
    0:06:06 between our instincts and industrial production.
    0:06:11 On the Internet, everyone has access to everyone,
    0:06:16 and the digitization of a market results in a winner-take-most ecosystem.
    0:06:22 Dating apps sort potential partners into a small group of haves
    0:06:25 and a titanic group of have-nots.
    0:06:31 On Hinge, the top 10% of men receive 60% of the likes.
    0:06:35 The comparable figure for women is 45%.
    0:06:41 Online porn exploits the lack of mating opportunities for men.
    0:06:46 The most recent figures for A-Lo, the company behind Pornhub, Brazzers,
    0:06:48 RedTube, U-Porn, and X-Tube,
    0:06:53 showed 2018 revenue of $460 million,
    0:06:56 with a profit margin of 50%.
    0:07:05 Meanwhile, OnlyFans generated $6.6 billion in revenue in 2023.
    0:07:10 The firm has more than 300 million registered accounts,
    0:07:12 of which 70% are male.
    0:07:17 On the other end of the Internet connection are 4.1 million creators,
    0:07:19 84% of them women.
    0:07:24 While OnlyFans is known for its subscription model,
    0:07:29 one-off transactions are driving 88% of the revenue growth.
    0:07:32 These tips are an arbitrage on the disparity
    0:07:34 between the biological impulse to mate
    0:07:37 and the lack of mating opportunities.
    0:07:41 There are fewer economically and emotionally viable men,
    0:07:45 and too few venues where a man can develop the skills
    0:07:49 to express romantic interest while making a woman feel safe.
    0:07:54 Pro tip, research shows women are attracted to men
    0:07:56 who signal three primary attributes,
    0:08:00 resources, intellect, and kindness.
    0:08:04 In the VHS and DVD eras,
    0:08:07 porn consumption was a wealth transfer from men
    0:08:09 to the adult entertainment industry
    0:08:11 and mom-and-pop video store owners.
    0:08:14 In the OnlyFans era,
    0:08:17 it’s a wealth transfer from hundreds of millions of men
    0:08:21 to a handful of platforms and tens of thousands of women.
    0:08:24 During its peak growth,
    0:08:27 OnlyFans was adding the population of Atlanta
    0:08:30 to its registered user base every day.
    0:08:36 The average OnlyFans creator grosses roughly $1,800 annually.
    0:08:40 One analysis found that creators in the top 0.1%
    0:08:45 collect 100 times what those in the top 10% bring in.
    0:08:52 One OnlyFans earner grossed $43 million in a single year.
    0:08:56 A common query I receive at speaking gigs
    0:08:58 is who is most vulnerable to AI.
    0:08:59 Easy.
    0:09:04 OnlyFans is ground zero for disruption from AI bots.
    0:09:06 This is not a good thing,
    0:09:09 as there will be less friction to becoming less social,
    0:09:10 less mammalian.
    0:09:14 We are what we pay attention to.
    0:09:17 More research is needed, see above,
    0:09:20 but one study found that porn consumption
    0:09:23 explained 9% of the variation
    0:09:25 in men’s sexual objectification of women.
    0:09:28 Among men who preferred degrading pornography,
    0:09:32 the variance increased to 20%.
    0:09:36 A longitudinal survey of 962 Dutch adolescents
    0:09:40 found exposure to porn among males
    0:09:44 was a strong predictor of objectifying attitudes toward females.
    0:09:50 We pathologize males attracted to misogynistic communities
    0:09:54 as incels, potential mass shooters, and sex criminals,
    0:09:57 but these men are statistical outliers.
    0:09:59 However,
    0:10:04 we may be evolving a new species of asocial, asexual male.
    0:10:06 Homo Solo.
    0:10:12 Homo Solo’s inability to develop romantic skills
    0:10:15 means he’s primarily a danger to himself,
    0:10:17 as he’s likely to be less happy,
    0:10:18 earn less money,
    0:10:20 and die sooner.
    0:10:24 Homo Solo’s AI girlfriend never says no,
    0:10:27 is never tired, busy, or in a bad mood.
    0:10:28 In other words,
    0:10:30 she’s not human.
    0:10:33 And that obviates the risk of rejection
    0:10:35 and the other complexities of real-life relationships.
    0:10:39 The skills developed, or not,
    0:10:41 in the pursuit of organic love
    0:10:43 are key skills that serve men well
    0:10:46 in a variety of environments for the rest of their lives.
    0:10:49 We’ve been taught to believe
    0:10:50 that the menace to society
    0:10:52 was the fraternity alpha male.
    0:10:54 It isn’t.
    0:10:58 Society is being subjected to the sociopathy
    0:10:59 of a bunch of tech CEOs
    0:11:01 who, in my view,
    0:11:03 did not get laid enough as young men.
    0:11:06 Most leaders, however,
    0:11:08 hone skills from mating
    0:11:10 that have been key to their success.
    0:11:14 Show me a guy who is competent in a bar,
    0:11:15 and I’ll show you someone
    0:11:17 who can be reasonable in a boardroom.
    0:11:20 Show me a guy who objectifies women,
    0:11:23 building an app that pits women against one another
    0:11:26 based solely on their physical attributes,
    0:11:28 and I’ll show you Mark Zuckerberg,
    0:11:30 and an app whose algorithms
    0:11:32 encourage girls to sexualize themselves
    0:11:36 and young people to generally feel shittier about themselves.
    0:11:41 Sexual desire is fire.
    0:11:43 Without this fire,
    0:11:45 our species goes out of business.
    0:11:46 Unfortunately,
    0:11:50 we’ve built a fire-retardant generation.
    0:11:53 Zoomers prefer staying home
    0:11:55 and scrolling to going out,
    0:11:57 and when they do venture out,
    0:11:59 they’re less likely to visit a bar,
    0:12:00 reducing the chances
    0:12:02 they’ll make a series of bad decisions
    0:12:03 that might pay off.
    0:12:04 By the way,
    0:12:07 I believe the anti-alcohol movement
    0:12:09 is second only to remote work
    0:12:11 in the damage it’s doing to young people.
    0:12:14 The risk to a 25-year-old liver
    0:12:16 is dwarfed by the social isolation
    0:12:18 and loneliness epidemic
    0:12:20 plaguing America’s youth.
    0:12:23 Think of the most important things in your life,
    0:12:25 who you decided to have kids with
    0:12:27 and the friends you still count on.
    0:12:28 Then ask,
    0:12:30 did alcohol lubricate
    0:12:32 the often awkward formation
    0:12:34 and cementing of those bonds?
    0:12:37 Despite the risk
    0:12:38 to our one and only God,
    0:12:40 shareholder value,
    0:12:42 one-third of workers
    0:12:44 say they’ve had a workplace romance.
    0:12:46 This is verboten,
    0:12:48 but it shouldn’t be.
    0:12:51 Work is a great place to find a mate.
    0:12:53 The rules don’t apply, however,
    0:12:55 if you’re the founder of a tech firm.
    0:12:56 See above men
    0:12:57 who didn’t get laid in college.
    0:12:59 The culture wars
    0:13:01 are another fire retardant.
    0:13:03 Richard Reeves,
    0:13:04 the president of the
    0:13:06 American Institute for Boys and Men,
    0:13:08 recently told Vox
    0:13:11 that men know what not to do on a date.
    0:13:13 Don’t mansplain,
    0:13:14 don’t be toxic,
    0:13:15 don’t be a predator,
    0:13:15 don’t be a creep.
    0:13:18 But they’re clueless
    0:13:21 about what to do on a date.
    0:13:25 We’ve pathologized the pursuit of sex
    0:13:28 and made porn the path
    0:13:31 of exponentially less resistance.
    0:13:34 In news that won’t surprise anyone,
    0:13:37 dampening the fire that fuels casual sex
    0:13:39 and dating has coincided
    0:13:41 with the U.S. birth rate
    0:13:42 hitting an all-time low.
    0:13:45 Global birth rates
    0:13:46 are also plummeting.
    0:13:47 According to Pew,
    0:13:51 63% of men under 30
    0:13:51 are single,
    0:13:54 compared with 34% of women,
    0:13:55 i.e. the women
    0:13:57 are dating older guys.
    0:13:59 More than half
    0:14:00 of single Americans
    0:14:01 say they’re not currently
    0:14:02 looking for a relationship
    0:14:04 or casual dates.
    0:14:06 Another study found
    0:14:08 the percentage of sexually inactive men
    0:14:09 ages 18 to 24
    0:14:12 increased from 19% in 2002
    0:14:15 to 31% in 2018.
    0:14:18 The percentage of sexually inactive
    0:14:19 young women
    0:14:21 increased from 15%
    0:14:23 to 19%
    0:14:24 over the same period.
    0:14:28 I graduated, barely,
    0:14:29 from UCLA
    0:14:31 with a 2.27 GPA.
    0:14:33 I did, however,
    0:14:34 go on campus
    0:14:35 almost every day.
    0:14:37 Specifically,
    0:14:38 I left my fraternity
    0:14:40 to venture on campus
    0:14:41 as UCLA
    0:14:42 in the 80s
    0:14:44 was like a Cinemax film
    0:14:45 set in Brentwood.
    0:14:46 I would hang
    0:14:47 at North Campus
    0:14:48 with friends
    0:14:48 and,
    0:14:49 to be blunt,
    0:14:51 hope to meet someone
    0:14:52 I might,
    0:14:52 note,
    0:14:53 might,
    0:14:54 is doing a lot of work,
    0:14:56 have sex
    0:14:56 and establish
    0:14:58 a relationship with.
    0:14:58 If I’d had
    0:14:59 on-demand porn
    0:15:00 on my phone
    0:15:01 and computer,
    0:15:02 I’m not sure
    0:15:04 I would have graduated
    0:15:05 as I would have lost
    0:15:06 some of the incentive
    0:15:08 to venture on campus.
    0:15:10 I just read
    0:15:10 the previous sentence
    0:15:12 and it sounds crass
    0:15:12 and shallow,
    0:15:14 but it’s also accurate.
    0:15:16 And that’s the rub,
    0:15:17 so to speak.
    0:15:19 Porn can reduce
    0:15:19 your ambition
    0:15:20 to take risks,
    0:15:22 become a better person,
    0:15:23 and build a better life.
    0:15:25 The best thing
    0:15:25 in my life
    0:15:27 is raising two men
    0:15:28 with a competent,
    0:15:29 loving partner.
    0:15:30 The catalyst
    0:15:32 for me risking
    0:15:32 humiliation,
    0:15:34 approaching her
    0:15:36 at the Raleigh Hotel pool,
    0:15:37 and introducing myself
    0:15:38 wasn’t a desire
    0:15:39 to someday qualify
    0:15:41 for lower car insurance rates,
    0:15:43 but the desire
    0:15:43 slash hope
    0:15:45 to have sex.
    0:15:46 By the way,
    0:15:47 our oldest son’s
    0:15:49 middle name is Raleigh,
    0:15:50 and I’m taking him
    0:15:51 on a college tour
    0:15:51 next week.
    0:15:55 The key to success
    0:15:55 isn’t getting
    0:15:56 an investor,
    0:15:57 employer,
    0:15:58 or woman
    0:15:59 to say yes.
    0:16:01 It’s putting yourself
    0:16:01 in situations
    0:16:03 where you take risks,
    0:16:04 get a no,
    0:16:06 and realize
    0:16:07 you’re fine,
    0:16:08 i.e.,
    0:16:09 build resilience.
    0:16:11 And while it’s great
    0:16:13 that social norms
    0:16:14 have helped more women
    0:16:15 feel comfortable
    0:16:16 asking men out,
    0:16:17 the default setting,
    0:16:18 the expectation,
    0:16:20 continues to be
    0:16:20 that men
    0:16:22 make the first move.
    0:16:24 Among Zoomers,
    0:16:25 one study found
    0:16:26 men paid for all
    0:16:27 or most
    0:16:28 of a couple’s dates
    0:16:30 90% of the time.
    0:16:31 On first dates,
    0:16:33 80% of men
    0:16:34 expect to pay
    0:16:36 and 55% of women
    0:16:37 expect him to pay.
    0:16:39 I’ve told my boys
    0:16:40 that whenever they are
    0:16:41 in the company of women,
    0:16:42 they pay.
    0:16:44 Can’t wait for the shit
    0:16:45 on that one.
    0:16:47 I coach a number
    0:16:48 of young men.
    0:16:49 It’s unrealistic
    0:16:50 to tell them
    0:16:51 to abstain from porn.
    0:16:53 And there is evidence
    0:16:54 that porn consumption
    0:16:56 is fine in moderation.
    0:16:57 The problem
    0:16:59 is losing the fire,
    0:17:01 the sexual desire
    0:17:02 that inspires you
    0:17:03 to be a better man,
    0:17:04 to have a plan
    0:17:06 for economic viability,
    0:17:07 to be fit,
    0:17:08 to demonstrate
    0:17:08 kindness,
    0:17:09 intelligence,
    0:17:10 and a willingness
    0:17:11 to take risks,
    0:17:13 to build resilience
    0:17:14 and develop the ability
    0:17:16 to express romantic interest
    0:17:17 while making someone
    0:17:18 feel safe.
    0:17:21 We have companies
    0:17:22 with infinite resources
    0:17:23 and command
    0:17:25 of godlike technology
    0:17:26 all attempting
    0:17:28 to convince young men
    0:17:28 they can have
    0:17:30 a reasonable facsimile
    0:17:31 of life on a screen
    0:17:32 with an algorithm.
    0:17:35 The most frightening data
    0:17:36 I’ve seen recently
    0:17:38 is that 51% of men
    0:17:40 aged 18 to 24
    0:17:42 have never asked
    0:17:43 a woman out in person.
    0:17:45 I find this
    0:17:46 so fucking depressing.
    0:17:49 Romantic comedies
    0:17:49 are two hours,
    0:17:50 not 15 minutes,
    0:17:52 for a reason.
    0:17:54 Relationships
    0:17:54 and mating
    0:17:55 are hard
    0:17:57 and worth it.
    0:18:00 We need more venues,
    0:18:01 national service,
    0:18:02 third places,
    0:18:03 freshman seats,
    0:18:04 the office,
    0:18:05 where young people
    0:18:06 can meet.
    0:18:08 And men
    0:18:08 need to recognize
    0:18:10 there’s a profit motive
    0:18:11 in dampening
    0:18:12 the flames of desire
    0:18:13 and motivation
    0:18:14 to become better men.
    0:18:15 In sum,
    0:18:16 as I said
    0:18:17 on Bill Maher’s show,
    0:18:19 young men
    0:18:20 need to get out
    0:18:20 of the house,
    0:18:22 take risks,
    0:18:23 and demonstrate
    0:18:24 excellence
    0:18:25 so they can make
    0:18:26 their own bad porn.
    0:18:31 Life is so rich.

    As read by George Hahn.

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  • Can we just change how we measure GDP?

    There’s one statistic that rules them all when it comes to keeping track of the economy: gross domestic product (GDP). It’s the sum of all final transactions, so all the goods or services bought and sold, in an economy. GDP tells us how hot the economy is running, or how cool — like if we might be heading into a recession. And it’s an important tool to compare countries, policies, and politicians. It’s used by the U.S. government to allocate money and by businesses to make decisions about the future.

    For close to a century the building blocks of GDP have been the same. Now Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick, has proposed a big change: taking government spending out of GDP.

    On today’s show, can the U.S. change how it measures GDP? We talk with a former head of the BEA — about what he thinks they’re likely to do now, and about the pressure he faced while trying to compile GDP for nearly two decades. Turns out, people have always been trying to bend it to make whatever grand project they’re working on look better.

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