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  • From $17/hr to 6-Figure Side Hustle (Greatest Hits)

    AI transcript
    0:00:05 Here’s an oldie but a goodie from the archives from the Side Hustle Show Greatest Hits Collection.
    0:00:09 What’s up, what’s up Nick Loper here.
    0:00:15 Welcome to the Side Hustle Show because your 9 to 5 may make you a living, but your 5 to 9 makes you alive.
    0:00:21 This week you’ll meet a high school dean who’s built his Side Hustle to the point where it now makes more than the day job.
    0:00:23 And he’s done it teaching chess.
    0:00:29 Stick around to hear how Jeff DeOrio from EliteChess.net built his minimum viable audience.
    0:00:35 How he set up the business for recurring revenue and how you can borrow some of these same tactics in your own business.
    0:00:42 As a listener bonus, this week I put together a free list of 20 more hobby niches where you could apply the same general business model to.
    0:00:48 You’ll find that along with the full show notes for this episode at sidehustlenation.com/chess
    0:00:51 or through the link in the episode description of your podcast app.
    0:00:56 The story starts with Jeff teaching chess at a neighboring school’s summer camp.
    0:00:58 Ready? Let’s do it.
    0:01:02 [Music]
    0:01:12 I was making $17 an hour and started thinking, “Wow, maybe I could do this for myself and give myself a little bit of a raise.”
    0:01:23 Plus, I was making all these kids really strong in chess in the neighboring cities and then not really focusing on my own community that I was working with.
    0:01:26 You’re helping out the competition for your own chess team.
    0:01:34 Yeah, and while I believe strongly in just kind of helping anyone, I thought I should at least serve the people nearest to me too.
    0:01:35 Okay.
    0:01:42 So that was the idea, but I didn’t really move on it. I sometimes have a little trouble getting started.
    0:01:46 I have these ideas and then I kind of think about them quite too long.
    0:02:01 And it wasn’t until I was about to begin my fourth year of summer camp where I said, “I’ve got to give this a try,” but I was scared to do it.
    0:02:09 And so I decided that, you know what’s going to get me off of, get me moving would be to just host a charity event.
    0:02:23 I thought that if I made it about someone else, then it would make it a little bit easier for me to handle if, you know, it didn’t go well or if my idea wasn’t as strong as I thought.
    0:02:36 And so then I reached out to some local charities and asked them if they would be willing to let me run a charity chess tournament in their name and give them all the money basically.
    0:02:46 So they were very supportive. Sometimes when you knock on doors and ask people, “Can I give you money?” They very rarely turn you down, I found.
    0:02:51 They’re not like, “Well, skeptical. What’s the catch? What’s this guy’s angle?”
    0:02:54 Yeah. I mean, I didn’t get a lot of that angle.
    0:03:05 Maybe just inherently being an education people kind of, for whatever reason, I think they approached you with a little bit of a sense that you are giving yourself to the community in general.
    0:03:12 So I think that helped. The charities were all on board and they said, “Well, what can we do to help?”
    0:03:20 I really didn’t need much, but I said, “If you want it to go better, you could always send it out to your audience.” And so that’s what they did.
    0:03:26 Okay. You know, you’re piggybacking on the audience that they already have or the list that they already have.
    0:03:36 Yeah. And we’re just saying that we’re going to serve their audience. And we did that and it went well. And so then we did it at some local schools.
    0:03:45 And that really went well. And so we started to get sort of this little following that joined from it.
    0:03:55 From there, I basically then just started, I said, “You know what? I’m just going to donate my skills and chess knowledge and teaching abilities to anybody in the area.”
    0:04:03 And so from there, I reached out to local tournaments and I would show up at their tournament and I would go over games with kids.
    0:04:13 So when a kid plays a chess game, they take record of the moves. And after their game, they come out and I would go through the games and kind of guide the kids.
    0:04:20 And if anyone here has children, you know that when you play board games with kids and when they lose, it can be pretty traumatic.
    0:04:23 Yes. We’re in that stage for sure.
    0:04:33 Yeah. We had to put Monopoly on hold in our house for about a year. And so that definitely happens with chess because it’s a one-on-one thing and kids would lose and be really upset.
    0:04:42 And I would show up at these local tournaments and I would just scan the room for crying kids and I would just show up and I’d say, “Hey, bud.”
    0:04:47 Or, you know, to a little boy or girl and say, you know, parents and say, “Hey, can I go over that game with you?”
    0:04:56 And then my goal was just to really just try to make those kids feel really big and 10 feet tall when they left and show them, you know, all the great things they did.
    0:05:05 This would be the equivalent of a basketball or football player like watching game film after the fact, trying to figure out what went well, what didn’t go so well.
    0:05:14 100%, 100%. In chess, you often find that you make, you know, in a 30-move game, you might have made 28 really good moves and two bad ones.
    0:05:19 And unfortunately, that causes you to lose. But the essence of what you did is still really positive.
    0:05:25 And so I can tell you, if you get a bunch of crying kids to stop crying, parents are very, very thankful.
    0:05:31 They think you’re a magician. And we started to get little crowds at these tournaments and started to build the following.
    0:05:38 Okay. Does Elite Chess exist at this point? Or is it just kind of like you’re building your own reputation in the community?
    0:05:47 It does not really exist. It doesn’t even have a website or anything. The name exists, but I don’t really have a platform.
    0:05:54 I’m just building my name in the community. And I had literal sign-in lists of people’s emails.
    0:06:00 You know, I said, “Hey, do you do this on the side or where can we get more of what you’re doing?”
    0:06:03 And I would say, “Well, this summer we’re going to try some summer camps.”
    0:06:09 So if you’re interested, just write your email down on this sheet of paper. And we started to build a list.
    0:06:18 Okay. From the charity organizations inviting their existing audience of people, their existing email list,
    0:06:22 for the local schools, like, “Hey, we’re going to host a charity tournament at your school.”
    0:06:26 Or, “We’re going to host a free tournament at your school.” And they’re inviting their students, their parents.
    0:06:32 And so you’re kind of like very grassroots trying to build up this initial audience of people.
    0:06:36 And I like the paper signed up. She said, “Oh, I don’t have to have any fancy tech involved.”
    0:06:39 Put your name and email down here and we’ll be in touch.
    0:06:47 Yeah, that’s exactly what we did. And we did that for a few months. And I think we had around maybe 50 emails on there.
    0:06:55 But as with most of the stuff we’ve done, you know, they’re usually really strong leads, really strong emails and contacts.
    0:07:03 And so we then held our first summer camp and we ended up having 12 kids show up our first week.
    0:07:16 And I remember just in that first camp, you know, making five times the amount of money that I made teaching summer camps for somebody else just with 12 kids.
    0:07:24 Wow, that’s really cool. Kind of just grassroots validation. Hey, I didn’t have a huge database to advertise this too,
    0:07:32 but the people who were on this list were interested. We had 12 people show up and you’re kind of off to the races from there.
    0:07:39 Were you able to, like, secure a church basement or a community center?
    0:07:44 I’m just trying to think of, like, logistics of having 12 kids show up. Where do they go? And how does this work?
    0:07:53 Yeah, that’s exactly what we did. We went out and rented space from local churches and local schools.
    0:07:58 A lot of schools will rent their spaces as well. Some people don’t really know that.
    0:08:03 Schools often will rent, especially if you’re community-based organizations.
    0:08:10 And in my case, I did have some relationships in education. Not that they don’t do it to anyone, but…
    0:08:13 Yeah, especially in the summer, they’re not using the place, you know, it makes sense.
    0:08:20 Exactly. They’ve got these buildings sitting empty. And so we did that with churches and schools all summer.
    0:08:24 And then, you know, that’s where we kind of grew elite chess.
    0:08:29 And then once the summer was over, our families were like, “Well, you can’t stop now.
    0:08:35 Can you keep teaching our kids?” And so I basically just asked them what they would want.
    0:08:41 And they said they wanted once a week chess instruction during the weekdays, you know, at night.
    0:08:46 And so that was the start of our first weekly chess academy.
    0:08:55 And did you find that from those first 12 kids, was there some stickiness factor where they would come back the following week?
    0:09:00 Or they would come back later in the summer? You get this a lot with, you know, online marketing.
    0:09:05 Well, I had, you know, I built up this audience and I launched my thing and I made all the sales.
    0:09:09 And then the next week, the next month, it’s kind of like back to the drawing board.
    0:09:12 Well, now I got to go find more people. How does this work?
    0:09:18 Yeah, we, I’m very blessed. We built some really amazing relationships.
    0:09:24 And sometimes, you know, when I think back to those times, you know, they’re just really great times.
    0:09:30 Because when you have a small audience, you know, so much of the time we have this small audience sitting in front of us.
    0:09:35 And we think like, “Wow, I wish it was bigger.” Or, “Where’s the next person? Where’s the next person?”
    0:09:47 But, you know, even if you just have 15 people in front of you basically showing up saying that they like you and support you and want to, you know, be around you and what you’re doing,
    0:09:53 you can leverage it into just amazing situations and impact. And that’s kind of what we did.
    0:09:58 You know, we built such strong relationships with those first 12 to 30 kids.
    0:10:07 And I remember, you know, us going to tournaments together, sitting, you know, in hallways and stairwells, going over games.
    0:10:12 And, you know, they ended up being huge champions for us and really spreading the word.
    0:10:21 And we went to their birthday parties and graduation parties. And when you get bigger, you know, you lose a lot of that.
    0:10:27 And so, you know, there’s obviously a balance. But those original people that are with you on your journey are really special.
    0:10:31 And if you treat them well, it can really start you off on the right page.
    0:10:39 Yeah, there’s some advantages of being small and scrappy that the big players can’t necessarily afford to do.
    0:10:47 And it’s like, well, you can know everybody by name and you can spend time with them versus somebody with a huge audience.
    0:10:50 It just isn’t feasible.
    0:10:59 More with Jeff in just a moment, including how he initially priced his group classes and how he pivoted to online instruction to keep the business afloat.
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    0:13:33 Give an example of how things started to spider out from those first dozen or two dozen customers?
    0:13:41 Honestly, everything we’ve ever done to continue to grow has been just asking these people
    0:13:45 that show up for us what they need and what they want and how can we serve them.
    0:13:55 We did that, and we started to run our classes in seven-week blocks, kind of like selling a class.
    0:14:02 Every time our seven-week blocks were over, we’d have to go out and try to do another launch and get more kids.
    0:14:06 We would grow, but then they started to say, “Hey, we want to do this more regularly.
    0:14:11 Can you offer tournaments? Can you offer seminars?”
    0:14:19 We just started to continue to do that all the while charity and giving to local organizations was a big part of our mission.
    0:14:37 Just through word-of-mouth charity and listening to our people, we just slowly grew and then it just picked up momentum to the point where we are today.
    0:14:46 I like that call too. “What is the audience asking for help with?” This is straight out of John Lee Dumas’ book and all his advice over the years.
    0:14:50 “Well, I’ve got a little bit of people paying attention to me. What do they want help with?”
    0:14:54 “Okay, they want help with podcasting or webinars or whatever.”
    0:14:58 “Okay, I can do that and then on to the next thing.”
    0:15:02 “Well, what else are they asking for help with? How can we structure that in a way that makes sense for them?”
    0:15:09 Once a week, chess classes, they want tournaments, they want this other stuff and then continuing to build that out and go from there.
    0:15:16 Was there anybody else doing this in the community or just from a sense of competitive pricing?
    0:15:22 How do I know what to charge for this? Just throw a number out and see what kind of reaction it gets?
    0:15:31 Yeah, there was not anybody that I knew of that was doing these night classes.
    0:15:37 There was definitely organizations out there doing tournaments because that’s kind of where I started gathering some of my people.
    0:15:51 But really, the model that was out there was more of an after-school model where organizations would partner with a school and they’d have a chess coach show up to the school and run an after-school program.
    0:15:55 And that’s a great model and we do a little bit of that today too.
    0:16:09 The only difference is that sometimes parents put kids into there and their goal isn’t always because their kid loves chess and they want to grow them in chess or challenge them or inspire their intellectual abilities.
    0:16:22 A lot of times we would find that parents would put kids into there because it would work out for their work schedules and those kind of things, which is fine, but nobody was really focusing on chess for chess sake.
    0:16:37 And then basically, once we started doing it, the pricing, as you mentioned, was a challenge and me, just some of my own limiting beliefs and just being scared to charge.
    0:16:41 I remember the thought of, well, what are we going to charge per hour?
    0:16:47 My thought was, well, babysitters are getting paid $8 an hour.
    0:16:55 So at the very least, we can charge $8 an hour and people would be like, oh, it’s babysitting, but our kids are learning chess.
    0:17:14 And so our first program, we charged $8 an hour and that was, like I said, lots of things that I’ve kind of grown as an entrepreneur and charging and kind of diving into this part of the world when I was in education
    0:17:20 prior has been a great transition and hopping over those hurdles has been part of my journey too.
    0:17:30 Well, if it’s a group program, I’m trying to do the math on this, well, if I got 10 kids showing up and I can teach them at $8 an hour, all of a sudden I’m at $80 an hour.
    0:17:34 That’s not bad at all, but is that how this was structured?
    0:17:36 Yeah, that’s exactly it.
    0:17:48 That first group that had, I think, 12 kids show up at $8 an hour was $96 an hour and to me, and that was five times what I was making as a summer camp counselor.
    0:17:55 And you start to realize the power of these small groups and community around chess.
    0:18:00 Yeah, going from one to one to one to many.
    0:18:02 Oh, what’s the pricing look like today?
    0:18:06 So now our pricing has come a long way, I would say.
    0:18:16 Our pricing for in-person classes is about $25 an hour and online is about $17 an hour.
    0:18:25 And for me to get there was a journey, and so I’ve always just kind of went back to this idea of giving.
    0:18:30 And so anytime I would raise prices, I would always say, okay, I have to give them something more.
    0:18:32 And so I would give a little bit.
    0:18:44 And so we started doing things like giving tournaments as part of our program or giving seminars as part of our programs or providing individual assessments as part of our program.
    0:18:52 So the more we gave, it made it easier for me to kind of increase and justify pricing to a point where we are today.
    0:19:00 And frankly, I don’t know where our pricing could go because we’ve never raised prices and lost people, which is kind of interesting, you know.
    0:19:06 Okay, so you’re saying, well, we’re going to make it this price, we’re going to charge $25 an hour.
    0:19:17 But when you join this cohort or when you join this weekly class session, you also get this personal evaluation and you get access to our tournament calendar.
    0:19:22 So there’s other reasons than just show up at this time at this place.
    0:19:38 Yeah, and for me, that’s always just been a way that I could, you know, with integrity, look at my people and say, hey, we’re going to raise the prices, but you know, here’s why and here’s what’s additional coming down for you.
    0:19:51 You talked to me about the pandemic impact of doing in-person classes here and I don’t know if there’s a transition. It sounds like you’re doing online stuff today, you’re doing both today.
    0:19:56 And was that always the case or was that born out of necessity?
    0:20:12 Yeah, born out of necessity. One day we got an email from our school and churches that we were currently renting from and they said, you no longer can host in-person chess classes because of the pandemic.
    0:20:29 That was a huge wake up call for me, just kind of realizing that no matter what you do, you know, if you can kind of insulate yourself from having outside forces kind of impact your business.
    0:20:40 But I think just as a rule for me, that was something I said from this point forward, we’re really going to try to make sure that we’re in charge of our people and kind of what we do.
    0:20:51 And so we switched over to online and I basically cut, you know, all everyone’s prices in half and said, OK, stick with us.
    0:20:59 We’re going to try to do this online thing. And they really all did. And everyone stuck with us.
    0:21:13 And then what a very interesting thing happened, we don’t really do much marketing, which is kind of crazy, but the word of mouth that hit through online was incredible.
    0:21:27 And so our people started going out and telling their friends and cousins who they’d been talking to about chess and us for so long, but they weren’t able to physically get there and suddenly all those people now had access to us.
    0:21:31 Right. Because prior to this point, it’s all, it’s all been local.
    0:21:40 All local and we’d have parents driving from really far to come to us and all of a sudden now we had this bigger market open up.
    0:21:49 And so we I think at the start of the pandemic, we had about 90 kids coming every week to class.
    0:21:55 And then within, you know, by the end of the pandemic, we were all the way to like 200.
    0:21:59 Wow. That and then on top of that, you know, the Queen’s Gambit.
    0:22:01 Right. I was just going to say.
    0:22:13 Yeah, and it did. It did positively impact our business, not massively, but just, you know, we found that we started getting more inquiries from like little girls to play chess, which was really cool.
    0:22:28 And so we were able to kind of then maximize the online learning environment. It helped that my background is education and we were able to kind of create a product that was that could really help kids and families, you know, even when they were locked in in their houses.
    0:22:40 Yeah, that’s really cool. So yeah, you know, being in the right place at the right time to capitalize on an interest and increase in interest in chess through some pop culture stuff and just broader trends.
    0:22:53 But also just, you know, being able to serve a broader community of, well, it’s not just local anymore. We can do this for anybody at, you know, as long as it’s a reasonable time zone for you, come, come hang out and we’ll do this.
    0:23:03 Is there a cap to the size of the classes that you can reasonably host and allow for proper instruction and Q&A and everything?
    0:23:19 We try to keep our class sizes to around eight kids if we can. With that amount, we feel like we can give pretty good individual attention and still keep those relationships with our students.
    0:23:36 I have, you know, other coaches that are working with me now and as I say, you know, now with a little bit of a broader audience, you know, my personal relationships with each of our students is definitely different than it was, but they still have really strong relationships with their direct coaches.
    0:23:52 Okay, and right now it’s show up at this time and we’ll do live instruction. Is there or are there any plans to create the chess for kids, you know, beginner, intermediate, online course or like the chess for parents online course?
    0:23:57 I have to imagine there’s some sort of product out there or there’s some YouTube content around there.
    0:24:13 Yeah, that what I would say is one of our, you know, next steps. We are looking to get into the online space a little bit more. It’s been positive for us, but we don’t haven’t had any presence on YouTube or Twitch.
    0:24:28 There’s a lot of streaming that goes on with chess. And so that is the next step for us is trying to serve people, you know, without it being time sensitive and live. But then also we are continuing to expand in person as well.
    0:24:36 We just opened a physical retail chess center in our community. So we are starting to grow in that direction too.
    0:24:50 Okay. Side note, do you know if this is true or not? I read somewhere that a chess grandmaster can burn like thousands of calories during a match just due to the brain processing power that they’re using, or is it just like a total myth?
    0:25:09 That is true. I don’t know the science of it, but I will tell you that I personally have, you know, found I’ve played in three day chess tournaments where you’re playing sometimes up to 12 hours a day, and you will actually lose weight.
    0:25:27 I’ve lost like four or five pounds in a weekend. And all I did was sit at a chess board and play chess. It is kind of crazy to think about. And so when we compete with, when I was competing with our high school team and coaching them, I mean, our food intake and how we manage that.
    0:25:37 We were pretty extreme, I would say, just because we were at a higher level trying to win state titles. But that would be a big part of our process.
    0:25:44 That’s awesome. Now there’s a new product for you is chess as a weight loss tool. That’s crazy.
    0:25:59 I’m curious about the tools and tech that you’re using to manage the database of customers and process payments and host these online classes and separate that from the in-person stuff.
    0:26:04 Can you give me a sense of what’s helping you stay organized and run this whole thing?
    0:26:16 We use JotForm to kind of take people’s information, and then we use Stripe, integrate Stripe into that, and that manages our monthly memberships.
    0:26:27 As I said, we used to do seven-week blocks, but now it’s just recurring month-over-month charges automatically through Stripe. That’s really helped our churn rates.
    0:26:39 It’s for a monthly membership, and it’s $80 or $100. You get one class a week, and it’s at this time slot, and it’s just recurring until you cancel.
    0:26:58 Yep, that’s exactly right. Most of the tech that we use, and then we deliver our classes through Zoom webinars because it allows kids and families to register for their classes.
    0:27:07 We post our class schedules, and then families can register for those classes, and we can set class size limits based off those registrations.
    0:27:21 That allows us to kind of manage how many kids are in each class, and then it allows our coaches to access us too, because it’s just been kind of a really fun part of our growth.
    0:27:36 We have coaches right now. We have fantastic coaches in India. We have a coach in Bosnia. We have coaches all over the country, and because of this system, we’re able to kind of allow all these people from across the country and world
    0:27:38 to connect through chess.
    0:27:46 Yeah, do they rotate through the weeks, or if I sign up as a student, I’m going to get the same coach week after week?
    0:28:00 You get the same coach week after week. We did do some switching in the past, but we just once again, we’re very relationship based, and we think that coaches building relationships with their kids allows them to give individualized instruction,
    0:28:07 allows them to guide those kids, and so if you sign up, you will have the same coach week after week.
    0:28:17 More with Jeff in just a moment, including his rule for when it’s time to systemize, and how he’s grown his team, so it’s not just him selling his chess expertise anymore right after this.
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    0:30:51 This might be a silly question, but I’m curious about coming up with curriculum that is changing or different sub-games or drills to do.
    0:31:01 The body of content that you have to come up with to teach these classes on a weekly basis has got to be at least from an outsider looking in, kind of a daunting thing.
    0:31:15 Oh yes, incredibly daunting. Most of our business has grown. Just me being a full-time dean and having this on the side, I would, as soon as something got unmanageable to where I’m staying up all night doing something, I generally think,
    0:31:24 “Okay, I need to get a system.” And so for this, I was creating all the curriculum on my own, but now I license it.
    0:31:35 So I bought a package curriculum, which basically gives what we have is we have five different levels of class. There are 30 topics in each level.
    0:31:41 And so as the kids progress through those 30 topics, once they master them all, then they can just move up to the next level.
    0:31:59 So there’s a very nice path for them, and we don’t have to create any more curriculum. And our magic, I think, is really not necessarily in the X’s and O’s. It’s more of how we deliver it and so how we structure our classes and work with kids.
    0:32:05 And so we use that curriculum with our style and community to kind of make our product.
    0:32:15 Okay, no, that’s helpful to say, “Well, somebody else has already solved this problem.” And I like this message that whenever I’m staying up too late working on this, there’s got to be a better way.
    0:32:25 There’s got to be a system for this. And then going out and finding that. And then I didn’t even think about that too. But yeah, everybody’s coming in at different levels, kind of like swim lessons.
    0:32:35 I go from minnows to sharks, I forget what it was, I was a kid. But yeah, not everybody’s going to be jumping off the deep end right at the beginning.
    0:32:44 Yeah, so that point now allows me, for anybody who comes into our system, they sit down and they play me and chess for 10 minutes.
    0:32:54 And I give them like a little mini lesson, and it allows me to kind of set the stage for what kids and families will expect.
    0:33:04 And so after they play me and I give them some guidance, just like I did back in the day, then we’ll place them in a class level and then they’re off and running.
    0:33:14 Okay, on the instructor side, how do you end up connecting with these instructors really all over the world to come and work for each class for you?
    0:33:28 That mostly started with just the local chess community. We had people who were volunteering for our chess team that I was coaching at the high school for years.
    0:33:37 And so those were just the easiest ones because they donated so much time to our programs in the past that they kind of knew my style and what I wanted.
    0:33:47 And I was able to hire them on and try to pay them back for all they’ve done. And then from there, really just people started reaching out to us.
    0:33:57 And we would just vet them and train them. And now actually we’ve been doing it for so long, not crazy long, but 10 years.
    0:34:03 Now kids who took our classes are now coaches for us, which is really…
    0:34:04 Oh, that’s awesome.
    0:34:12 Yeah. I mean, we have, in fact, one of the kids in our first, out of that first 12, is basically one of our strongest coaches.
    0:34:21 And he’s a junior in college, but he’s perfect for our online coaching and hopefully he’ll have a future with us after he graduates too.
    0:34:23 Okay. Yeah, that’s really cool.
    0:34:35 A way to employ people, hire from within in a way. We went and looked at a preschool the other day where it had been around long enough for some of the student TAs that would come and help.
    0:34:40 It started there when they were four or five years old. It was like, “Oh, okay. You know, it comes full circle.”
    0:34:51 Yeah. And that’s a really fabulous endorsement, I would say, of that preschool, right, where people feel the connection to kind of return much like we see in some of our private schools in our area.
    0:34:58 There’s just this strong connection and returning to kind of give back what you were given.
    0:35:10 Did you ever get the pushback that, “Well, I wanted Jeff. You’re the guy with the credentials and you’re the face of this thing. I don’t want some other random instructor. I want my kid to have you.”
    0:35:18 Yeah. Still to this day, I would say when I do the assessments with people that they say that they would want me.
    0:35:28 I think this is not uncommon in anyone who runs a business, whether it’s a bakery or an online consulting or you name it.
    0:35:34 Originally, there’s this feeling that it’s like a personal brand and it’s all tied to you.
    0:35:35 Yeah.
    0:35:47 And while that makes you feel good, you know that if you truly want to impact more people, you’re going to have to find ways to kind of step away at least enough to kind of expand impact.
    0:36:07 And so we still do get that, but I’ve trained and worked with our coaches so much that they’re just incredible people and incredible coaches that I’ve never, without a second head, any doubts that once we put a kid with one of our coaches that they don’t get top notch service.
    0:36:21 Yeah, you’re right. This is the challenge amongst freelancers and tutors, experts of any kind where it’s like, “Do you get stuck selling your own expertise and trading time for money?”
    0:36:24 Even if it’s great money, there’s still a limit to that.
    0:36:26 Well, here’s a way to scale it.
    0:36:38 I connected with a guy in the Bay Area who was doing coding tutoring or computer science tutoring, and it was the same thing, kind of like starting out doing it himself.
    0:36:48 But we pretty quickly had branched out to hiring computer science majors from the local area colleges to go out and do this, kind of act on him as his proxy.
    0:36:54 They know what they’re doing, they’re trained on this stuff, they can help you just as well or better than I can.
    0:37:01 That was his way of kind of removing himself from that time for money, driving to kids’ houses and doing all that stuff.
    0:37:05 So that’s pretty cool. I’m just able to get that set up.
    0:37:16 With any recurring revenue side, it becomes this kind of math equation of managing the churn versus managing the growth.
    0:37:23 Hopefully, if I net positive like one extra person a day, I just gave myself a raise to borrow from Shane Sams.
    0:37:30 Give me a sense of how you’re thinking of that in terms of a monthly recurring revenue number or the metrics that matter most to you.
    0:37:34 It is definitely something that I think about now.
    0:37:45 It’s not something I thought about before, only because, well, I guess I thought about it a little bit when we had this kind of class model where we were selling these groups of seven weeks of class,
    0:37:50 then I was always relaunching and trying to figure out why so-and-so didn’t return.
    0:37:58 But once we got to the monthly recurring model, then churn became more of something that I focused on.
    0:38:05 I would say that there’s a few ways that we really believe to kind of decrease churn.
    0:38:15 Number one is habits. I think we are such creatures of habits, and habits probably lead to more of the large growth in our life than anything else.
    0:38:34 If you can build habits for these people to keep showing up at the same time, every week, and you serve them well, that’s a big deal because they will just start to say, “Wednesday is chess day, so we can’t have soccer that day,” or whatever else.
    0:38:40 So we build habits, and then, of course, providing value is always a great way to reduce churn.
    0:38:49 But I think more than anything, what we’ve started to notice is finding ways to show progress to kids is really powerful, and to anyone.
    0:38:59 We’re addicted psychologically to progress, and so no matter what kind of business you offer or service you offer, if you can show people,
    0:39:10 “Hey, this is where you were when you came to us, and here’s where you are now,” and you can regularly show that to people, you have a really strong chance of making them stay.
    0:39:23 And so what we do is we have these progress charts where kids are working through those 30 topics in their level, and they kind of put stickers on every time they master a topic.
    0:39:38 And every five topics they master, we give them a different chess piece key chain, and then those kind of things just keep them looking forward, and then they, of course, over time, can graduate to the next level.
    0:39:44 Okay, this would be like in martial arts, okay, you got your yellow belt, your brown belt, you’re working your way up.
    0:39:45 Exactly right.
    0:39:52 And they’re sharing this with the parents, or you’re sharing this with the parents, like, “Hey, look at where your kid was, and look where they are today.”
    0:39:58 And they have access to the charts, and the kids always love to show their parents their charts every day at class.
    0:40:03 So our in-person churn rates are really, really low, like they’re under 3%.
    0:40:06 And so that’s, you know, really good.
    0:40:10 Online, though, now is our next kind of challenge.
    0:40:16 And in our last coaches meeting, this is one thing that we’ve been talking about is, you know, how do we decrease our churn online?
    0:40:23 Because it’s much higher, our churn rate online is, you know, like 9% to 10%.
    0:40:27 Meaning every month, 10% of the people will drop off?
    0:40:29 Yeah, I don’t really like that.
    0:40:38 I don’t like feeling like I’m on a hamster wheel, but I also just don’t, I don’t want kids to kind of stop getting, you know, the benefits of chess,
    0:40:41 if it’s something on our end that we can kind of fix.
    0:40:45 Of course, kids try many different things, so that’s normal.
    0:40:50 But online, we are having trouble with showing them that same progress.
    0:40:52 We, you know, we can’t give them the key chain.
    0:40:58 We can’t really, like, have the chart is kind of a difficult thing for them to show their parents.
    0:41:02 And we don’t get to touch base with the parents always at the end of class.
    0:41:14 So right now, we are working through that and kind of showing, creating electronic charts and how we can go about showing that regular progress so that maybe kids will stick around longer.
    0:41:18 Okay, yeah, that’s, you know, that’s the life of the entrepreneur.
    0:41:21 It’s like, there’s always another challenge, like a game of whack-a-mole in a way.
    0:41:25 It’s like, okay, well, what’s the next thing to try and work on improving?
    0:41:27 But I appreciate that you got things going on.
    0:41:30 I like this, you know, figuring out ways to show progress.
    0:41:42 I think that’s probably something that anybody who’s in an instructional role or even a client-facing role can be helpful with to say, like, well, here’s the impact that we’re having and cultivating positive habits there.
    0:41:47 Jeff, you mentioned you don’t do a lot of marketing, but new people are finding you somehow.
    0:41:50 Are you incentivizing word-of-mouth?
    0:41:54 Are you still going out into the community doing these pro bono events?
    0:41:59 There’s got to be something else that keeps, you know, replacing that 10% a week.
    0:42:07 It is a little weird to say, but we’ve really never done any marketing just in about the last four months.
    0:42:18 Once we’ve started running, like, Facebook ads, but at a very low rate, like, under $10 a day, like, nothing, you know, really small.
    0:42:23 So it continues to be word-of-mouth and definitely, I would say, charity events.
    0:42:31 So that is our marketing, you know, it’s just the way that our company, we just view, like, we want to change the world with chess.
    0:42:35 So we always are doing charity events of some sort.
    0:42:41 Just this week, for instance, I, you know, I donated to two, like, fundraisers.
    0:42:51 So lots of people reach out to us and say, hey, we’re going to have a fundraiser for our school or our program or whatever it might be, community event.
    0:42:54 And so we always donate to those, no matter what.
    0:42:59 We always, if any school reaches out to us and says, hey, we want to start a chess club,
    0:43:02 we always donate all the boards to their chess clubs.
    0:43:06 So we donate, we’ve donated probably thousands of boards.
    0:43:14 We know that if we serve those people, generally speaking, you know, someone asks or they want to know about chess, they send them to us.
    0:43:20 And then even in the pandemic, you know, one of the first things we did is once we got the online piece figured out,
    0:43:28 we just reached out to libraries in the area and all over, really, and just said, hey, we know all your people are stuck at home.
    0:43:32 Can we offer free chess classes for them?
    0:43:34 And they said yes.
    0:43:42 And so the library would reach out to all their people and we would show up once a month and teach a chess class for the kids.
    0:43:48 And those kind of things just always seem to bring people back to us.
    0:43:53 Yeah. Well, the library thing, it didn’t have to be just the local library system anymore.
    0:43:56 I mean, you could lather rinse repeat across the country.
    0:43:58 Yeah, without a doubt.
    0:44:03 And it’s become such a part of kind of what we do that I don’t even think about it anymore.
    0:44:10 Like in a transactional way, I just sort of know that I just know that it’s going to happen and that people will come back to us.
    0:44:13 And often people ask like, what can we do for you that question?
    0:44:16 We get a lot and I often say nothing.
    0:44:24 And I think that does maybe impact people even more because I just really we’re not we’re not interested in that kind of transactional giving.
    0:44:28 But we know that in the end, it seems to have served us.
    0:44:40 So yeah. And at this point, I basically get a new student a day is where we’re at right now, you know, joining our programs or at least taking an assessment with me.
    0:44:44 So I’ve got all the people I can handle right now.
    0:44:46 Yeah. Super cool.
    0:44:52 What’s next for you? Do you foresee this becoming a full-time thing? Where do you want to take it?
    0:45:00 Yeah, you know, our business never was that it was always, you know, it started being something where we make a few extra bucks.
    0:45:05 And then, oh, maybe my wife can stay home and raise our kids.
    0:45:09 And then it’s like, oh, maybe we can actually save for someone’s college.
    0:45:11 And so it’s kind of progressed.
    0:45:16 But now, you know, my wife’s been amazing kind of raising the kids, but our kids are getting older.
    0:45:21 And so now my time is certainly something I’m even more conscious of.
    0:45:30 And the fact that my side hustle now makes more money than my main hustle, we are starting to think about maybe moving full time into chess.
    0:45:32 And so, yeah, we’ll see.
    0:45:36 We just opened a physical location in our community last month.
    0:45:39 So that’s been an incredible dream realized.
    0:45:47 And so we’re going to work with that and then hopefully do a little bit more online chess, basically building a YouTube.
    0:45:51 Physical locations is a home base for the local in-person classes.
    0:45:55 So you don’t have to keep shuffling around to different schools and church basements.
    0:45:56 Yeah, yeah, exactly.
    0:45:58 And we’re able to kind of have a home.
    0:46:08 And, you know, we’ve been running local events here for high school and middle school kids where they’re showing up, you know, on Friday nights at a very like safe, positive place for kids.
    0:46:14 So we’re trying to be a pillar of the community and then online and see what we can do online too.
    0:46:15 Well, I’m excited for you.
    0:46:22 I mean, anytime you get a side hustle to outpace the day job salary is incredible.
    0:46:27 So really inspired by what you’ve built at EliteChess.net.
    0:46:29 You can check Jeff out over there.
    0:46:30 Really appreciate you joining me.
    0:46:34 Let’s wrap this thing up with your number one tip for side hustle nation.
    0:46:42 My number one tip is to give whenever your business stagnates, I would say give.
    0:46:48 If you’re scared of, you know, starting your business, don’t make it about you give.
    0:46:54 And I think, you know, businesses were really designed to solve problems and make the world a better place.
    0:47:02 And if we just go back to that when you’re kind of banging your head against the wall or, you know, afraid or suffering from a living belief.
    0:47:11 If you just reach out to a local charity or find, you know, the community that you live in and find a way to give to them or give to the online community.
    0:47:18 I just think that in the end there’s going to be some magic that’ll happen both in you and the people you serve.
    0:47:19 Absolutely.
    0:47:25 I can hear it throughout the story, this spirit of giving and being a good steward of the community.
    0:47:28 It reminds me in one of Gary Vaynerchuk’s books.
    0:47:31 It’s like this one word chapter on how to win at marketing.
    0:47:35 Like the chapter title is longer than the entire chapter and it was just care.
    0:47:37 And I was like, that’s it next chapter.
    0:47:44 I was like, okay, if you can care, if you can give, you know, and be in a good position to have people start paying attention to you.
    0:47:47 So Jeff, really appreciate you joining me and sharing all this stuff.
    0:47:49 We will catch up with you soon.
    0:47:53 You go find them at EliteJess.net and appreciate you joining me.
    0:47:54 Thank you so much, Nick.
    0:47:55 This was really fun.
    0:48:00 All right, I hope you enjoyed that chat with Jeff.
    0:48:01 Definitely a really cool story.
    0:48:07 A couple takeaways I wanted to highlight were first the power of partner marketing.
    0:48:15 If you don’t have an audience, go find someone or some organization that does and figure out how to be of service to them in some way.
    0:48:28 In Jeff’s case, it was these charities and schools and libraries, teaching free classes, hosting these charity benefit tournaments, all while establishing himself and tapping into those preexisting audiences.
    0:48:39 Dustin Lean on the podcast took the same approach for his online marketing agency, reaching out to e-commerce software brands to host these free educational workshops or webinars for their customer base.
    0:48:44 This is definitely a fast track power move to build an audience quickly.
    0:48:48 And important note here, it doesn’t have to be a big audience to get the ball rolling.
    0:48:54 If you’re selling a higher ticket service, maybe just three or four clients is enough for a pretty serious side hustle.
    0:48:56 In Jeff’s case, 50 emails.
    0:49:02 You can find 50 people and you can know them by name and you can find out their problems and you can build their solution.
    0:49:09 That’s something that a company with 50,000 prospects can’t really do beyond just generic surveys and heat map software.
    0:49:17 Personal example, for the first two and a half years of side hustle nation, I would send a personal welcome message to everyone who joined the email list.
    0:49:29 I probably sent 10,000 of these things from 2013 to 2015, trying to get a response, trying to start a conversation, trying to figure out what people were struggling with so I could either point them in the right direction or map out future content.
    0:49:30 That would help.
    0:49:36 The second takeaway that I want to highlight is figuring out a way to show progress for your customers, your readers, your listeners.
    0:49:43 I think we all strive for a sense of progress to be better, smarter, faster, richer than we were yesterday.
    0:49:48 And I want to challenge you to think of ways to highlight that progress for your own audience.
    0:49:55 Maybe it’s tracking their website traffic or their social media following or how much weight they’ve lost or their practice test scores.
    0:50:03 I’m thinking about this in terms of my own email efforts and I’m not sure the best way to measure it outside of trying to collect benchmark survey data.
    0:50:16 In my case, if I could capture someone’s side hustle income on day one when they joined the list and then recapture that every three to six months, I think it would be a cool way to illustrate over time how that number is hopefully growing and keep people sticking around.
    0:50:27 If you have any sort of membership or recurring revenue business, I think Jeff’s call to show positive progress can really help address the, you know, why are we paying for this again question.
    0:50:42 You will find the full text summary of this episode links to all the resources mentioned in that free listener bonus of 20 more hobby related niches that you could probably apply the same general business model to at side hustle nation dot com slash chess.
    0:50:48 Once again, that’s side hustle nation dot com slash chess to download that free bonus and get your creative juices flowing.
    0:50:51 That is it for me. Thank you so much for tuning in until next time.
    0:50:58 Let’s go out there and make something happen and I’ll catch you in the next edition of the side hustle show. I’ll see you then hustle on.

    “Changing the world with chess” and making $100,000 per year on the side.

    That’s the story of today’s guest, Jeff DiOrio from EliteChess.net.

    Jeff went from earning $17/hr working in summer camp chess programs teaching kids how to play chess, to running his own camps and earning five times as much.

    He then transitioned to an online recurring membership model, in part due to the pandemic, while also keeping the in-person coaching side of his business alive.

    Jeff’s approach to growing his student numbers so rapidly?

    Organic growth through giving to charities and delivering a value-driven service, all while doing something he loves—teaching chess.

    Tune in to The Side Hustle Show interview to hear:

    • how Jeff built his minimum viable audience
    • the methods he used to set up the business for recurring revenue
    • how you can borrow some of these same tactics in your business

    Full Show Notes: From $17/hr to 6-Figure Side Hustle

    New to the Show? Get your personalized money-making playlist here!

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  • Essentials: How to Control Your Metabolism by Thyroid & Growth Hormone

    中文
    Tiếng Việt
    AI transcript
    0:00:05 Welcome to Huberman Lab Essentials, where we revisit past episodes for the most potent
    0:00:11 and actionable science-based tools for mental health, physical health, and performance.
    0:00:16 I’m Andrew Huberman, and I’m a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford
    0:00:18 School of Medicine.
    0:00:21 This podcast is separate from my teaching and research roles at Stanford.
    0:00:25 It is, however, part of my desire and effort to bring zero cost to consumer information
    0:00:29 about science and science-related tools to the general public.
    0:00:35 Today we are going to talk about two hormones, thyroid hormone, and its related pathways,
    0:00:41 and growth hormone, and its related pathways, which arguably are the two hormones and two
    0:00:47 systems in the body that are most significant for setting your overall level of metabolism.
    0:00:53 So metabolism is the consumption of energy, not necessarily eating, but it’s the use
    0:01:00 of energy in the cells of the body for growth of tissues, for repair of tissues, and also
    0:01:04 just for day-to-day maintenance of function.
    0:01:09 These two hormones, thyroid hormone and growth hormone, we think of as related to metabolism
    0:01:14 of things in the body, keeping body fat low, and keeping muscles strong, and tendons strong,
    0:01:16 and repairing themselves, et cetera.
    0:01:21 But they are also key for brain function, for the ability to maintain cognitive function
    0:01:23 throughout the lifespan.
    0:01:30 So the big theme I’d like to introduce is that metabolism isn’t just about losing weight,
    0:01:34 but having a high metabolism provided it’s not too high is great.
    0:01:39 It means that you will have more lean tissue, more bone, and muscle, and less adipose tissue,
    0:01:41 fat, and we know that that’s healthy.
    0:01:45 There are neurons in your brain in an area called the hypothalamus, which just means
    0:01:47 it’s below the thalamus, hypo.
    0:01:50 It sits at the base of your brain in the front, it’s part of the forebrain.
    0:01:54 So it’s more or less above the roof of your mouth, maybe about a centimeter or so, and
    0:01:57 then about a centimeter forward in most people.
    0:02:05 And neurons in the hypothalamus release hormones that are called releasing hormones.
    0:02:10 So anytime you hear releasing, chances are those are neurons that are in your brain,
    0:02:15 and they extend little wires we call axons into your pituitary, and the pituitary releases
    0:02:20 a bunch of hormones into the bloodstream, and the pituitary releases things that most
    0:02:25 often have the name of stimulating hormone because they stimulate organs.
    0:02:30 So in keeping with the theme of thyroid hormone, you have thyroid releasing hormone in the
    0:02:36 brain tells the pituitary to release thyroid stimulating hormone, and then the thyroid,
    0:02:39 which we’ll talk about in a moment, releases thyroid hormones.
    0:02:45 The thyroid is a little butterfly shaped gland that’s right around the atom’s apple, and
    0:02:50 it’s got four little bumps behind it called the parathyroid gland, and it releases two
    0:02:54 hormones into the blood to stimulate different tissues and their metabolism, and those hormones
    0:02:56 are called T4 and T3.
    0:03:02 So if this is already sounding like a lot of information, it’s really easy, I promise.
    0:03:06 Releasing hormone comes from the brain, stimulating hormone comes from the pituitary, and in this
    0:03:11 case we’re talking about the thyroid binding up that stimulating hormone and saying, “Oh,
    0:03:14 I need to release something that releases T4 and T3,” and guess what?
    0:03:16 You can basically forget about T4.
    0:03:18 T4, it’s not completely inactive.
    0:03:22 It has some roles, but T3 is the one that’s more or less active.
    0:03:25 Now what does thyroid hormone do?
    0:03:32 The main role of thyroid hormone of T3 is to promote metabolism, and that doesn’t just
    0:03:35 mean the consumption of energy.
    0:03:39 It means the utilization of energy, including the buildup of tissues.
    0:03:43 So it acts on all sorts of target tissues in the body.
    0:03:44 It acts on muscle.
    0:03:46 It acts on the liver.
    0:03:48 It acts on the cartilage.
    0:03:50 It acts on the bone.
    0:03:55 It’s involved in taking fats and breaking them down into fatty acids and converting those
    0:04:01 into ATP, which is an important thing for cells to use energy.
    0:04:06 It’s also involved in taking sugars and turning those into energy.
    0:04:09 And yes, it goes to adipose tissue to fat.
    0:04:12 We have different kinds of fat that we’ll talk about today, but it goes to white fat and
    0:04:18 it liberates or helps liberate some of the fats from those fat cells and use them for
    0:04:19 energy.
    0:04:23 And this is why higher thyroid is associated with leaner bodies.
    0:04:27 Lower thyroid is associated with less lean bodies.
    0:04:32 One thing that’s absolutely key and is actionable, we’re right there already in discussing tools,
    0:04:34 is iodine.
    0:04:41 Iodine is most common in sea salt, in kelp, and in seaweed.
    0:04:47 And most people can get enough iodine from the food they eat and/or the table salt they
    0:04:49 consume.
    0:04:54 Almost all table salt from all over the world, regardless of where you are, contains iodine.
    0:04:59 The thyroid needs iodine in order to produce thyroid hormone.
    0:05:04 Iodine combines with an amino acid that we’ve talked about before called L-tyrosine.
    0:05:07 L-tyrosine comes from meat, from nuts.
    0:05:09 There are some plant-based sources as well.
    0:05:12 It is the precursor to dopamine.
    0:05:19 But in the thyroid, iodine combines or works with L-tyrosine to produce T3 and T4, the
    0:05:20 thyroid hormone.
    0:05:26 So you absolutely need sufficient iodine, you need sufficient L-tyrosine, and then you
    0:05:29 also need something else which is called selenium.
    0:05:34 Selenium is important in order for thyroid hormone to be made because of the way that
    0:05:40 it allows L-tyrosine and iodine to interact.
    0:05:45 And the thing is, most people aren’t getting enough selenium because they don’t eat foods
    0:05:46 that are high in selenium.
    0:05:49 Now how much selenium you need will depend on where you live.
    0:05:51 It actually varies country by country.
    0:05:57 Some countries I found say that you should get a hundred micrograms, some say two hundred,
    0:05:59 some say a hundred and fifty-five.
    0:06:03 The average was about a hundred and fifty-five micrograms, the countries I looked at.
    0:06:07 People who are trying to increase thyroid levels might want to consume more selenium.
    0:06:11 And if you consume a vitamin, of course, you want to make sure if it has selenium that
    0:06:15 you’re not overdoing it by consuming a lot of selenium rich foods either.
    0:06:19 Brazil nuts are the heavyweight champion of foods to get selenium from.
    0:06:22 It has very high concentrations of selenium.
    0:06:29 In just six or eight, Brazil nuts contain something like 550 micrograms of selenium.
    0:06:35 It’s also present in fish, ham of all things, contains a lot of selenium.
    0:06:37 For whatever reason, pork does.
    0:06:39 I’m not a big consumer of pork.
    0:06:44 Beef has some selenium, but what’s interesting, if you look at the sources, pork, beef, turkey,
    0:06:51 chicken, cottage cheese, eggs, brown rice, what you want to understand is that they have
    0:06:55 something like 30 to 50 micrograms of selenium.
    0:06:59 So if you’re not eating Brazil nuts, and I’m guessing most people aren’t, and you’re
    0:07:04 not eating a lot of animal-based foods, which I know many of you aren’t, then you’re probably
    0:07:06 not getting enough selenium.
    0:07:10 And again, you can have these levels measured, or you can just check what you’re consuming
    0:07:16 and figure out whether or not you’re meeting the ration that you need in order to get healthy
    0:07:17 levels of thyroid.
    0:07:22 I also want to mention that for children, the daily requirements of selenium are much
    0:07:29 lower, as low as 30 or 40 micrograms for kids 14 years or younger, and then again, that’s
    0:07:31 micrograms, not milligrams.
    0:07:35 So again, look into what you need, but if you’re somebody who’s interested in keeping
    0:07:42 thyroid function healthy and productive, then you certainly want to make sure you’re getting
    0:07:47 enough iodine, you’re getting enough selenium, and you’re getting enough tyrosine.
    0:07:50 And it’s interesting when you start looking at the various foods, especially highly processed
    0:07:56 foods, then you start to realize that perhaps many people, maybe you are not.
    0:07:59 I’d like to take a quick break and thank our sponsor, 8Sleep.
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    0:08:07 Now I’ve spoken before on this podcast about the critical need for us to get adequate amounts
    0:08:09 of quality sleep each night.
    0:08:12 Now one of the best ways to ensure a great night’s sleep is to ensure that the temperature
    0:08:15 of your sleeping environment is correct.
    0:08:19 And that’s because in order to fall and stay deeply asleep, your body temperature actually
    0:08:21 has to drop by about one to three degrees.
    0:08:25 And in order to wake up feeling refreshed and energized, your body temperature actually
    0:08:27 has to increase about one to three degrees.
    0:08:32 8Sleep makes it very easy to control the temperature of your sleeping environment by allowing you
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    0:08:55 I find that very useful because I like to make the bed really cool at the beginning
    0:08:59 of the night, even colder in the middle of the night, and warm as I wake up.
    0:09:03 That’s what gives me the most slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep.
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    0:09:31 If you’re curious how thyroid actually increases metabolism, allows you to eat more, etc., it
    0:09:35 relates to something we covered last issue, which is glucose.
    0:09:39 Remember, when you eat something, blood sugar goes up, insulin is secreted from the pancreas,
    0:09:43 and it makes sure that blood glucose doesn’t go too high, which can damage tissues, or
    0:09:47 too low, which will make you hypoglycemic.
    0:09:52 It increases glucose uptake by various tissues, in particular muscle and bone.
    0:09:57 It actually can increase bone mineral density, which is a really good thing as you get older.
    0:10:00 When I say older, I mean basically 30 and older.
    0:10:05 The reason you can recover more quickly from injuries if you have a healthy thyroid and
    0:10:08 healthy thyroid pathways is because you can consume energy.
    0:10:15 That energy is diverted toward bone repair and muscle repair and cartilage repair.
    0:10:21 The way it does this, again, is by increasing ATP, but the whole idea here is that iodine,
    0:10:27 selenium, ltyrosine allow thyroid to be at healthy levels so that thyroid then can take
    0:10:32 glucose in the blood and divert it to tissues for it to be used, in particular, your brain.
    0:10:36 That’s why the ability of your brain to use glucose or ketones for that matter is going
    0:10:40 to be aided by having healthy thyroid.
    0:10:44 Do the things, take the things, eat the things that are going to allow you to have healthy
    0:10:46 levels of thyroid hormone.
    0:10:50 If you’re concerned about having excessively high or excessively low levels of thyroid
    0:10:56 hormone, absolutely look up what the symptoms are, talk to your physician, and there are
    0:10:57 a number of good treatments.
    0:11:03 I didn’t talk about prescription drugs that can improve symptoms related to hypo or hyperthyroid.
    0:11:08 Of course, they have synthesized thyroid, so if you don’t make enough thyroid, you can
    0:11:10 take thyroid.
    0:11:11 That’s by prescription.
    0:11:17 If you have too much thyroid, sometimes they’ll take out the thyroid gland or they can administer
    0:11:22 drugs that will either block receptors or will interfere with some of the pathways from
    0:11:27 the brain to the pituitary or from the pituitary to the thyroid in order to adjust thyroid
    0:11:29 hormone that way.
    0:11:35 There are the big guns in terms of the treatments for different thyroid disorders, but we’re
    0:11:37 not talking about thyroid disorders.
    0:11:41 We’re talking about how to get and maintain thyroid levels in healthy ranges and some
    0:11:45 straightforward ways to do that through diet and supplementation.
    0:11:48 Next, we’re going to talk about growth hormone.
    0:11:52 Growth hormone is a pretty straightforward one for you to understand now because it follows
    0:11:55 the exact same logic as thyroid hormone.
    0:12:00 In fact, their functions are so closely overlapping that you’re probably going to think, “Why do
    0:12:02 you have these two systems?”
    0:12:08 Just very briefly, growth hormone releasing hormone, so remember releasing means it comes
    0:12:13 from the brain, comes from the brain, and tells the pituitary to release growth hormone,
    0:12:16 and then growth hormone is released into the bloodstream where it goes and acts on a ton
    0:12:23 of tissues, muscle, ligaments, bone, fat, et cetera, to increase metabolism.
    0:12:29 It sounds just like thyroid hormone and they do work in parallel and that’s why we’ve lumped
    0:12:30 them together in the same episode.
    0:12:34 They increase metabolism and repair and growth of tissues.
    0:12:38 Today we’re going to talk about the things that anyone can do to increase growth hormone
    0:12:41 and there are reasons why certain people would want to do that.
    0:12:48 People that make “normal” levels of growth hormone might want to do that as they age because
    0:12:53 during puberty and development, the pituitary is churning out tons of growth hormone.
    0:13:00 That’s responsible for the growth of the body and all its features, height just being one
    0:13:03 of those.
    0:13:07 As we age, we make less growth hormone and that is one of the reasons why we recover
    0:13:10 more slowly from injuries.
    0:13:14 It’s one of the reasons why we accumulate body fat and it’s one of the reasons why our
    0:13:16 metabolism slows.
    0:13:22 Growth hormone replacement therapy has been tremendously popular in the last 20 years,
    0:13:24 which is not to say it doesn’t carry its problems.
    0:13:25 It does.
    0:13:29 Here’s one of the major problems with injecting growth hormone.
    0:13:33 Not saying people shouldn’t do this if the doctor has approved it or it’s in keeping
    0:13:41 with their particular life goals, but growth hormone, if it’s in levels that are too high,
    0:13:47 will cause growth of all tissues, so not just muscle, not just reduction in body fat by
    0:13:55 metabolizing, by allowing fatty acids to be pulled out of storage and used for ATP, but
    0:13:59 it will also cause increase in growth of the heart and the lungs and the liver and the
    0:14:01 spleen.
    0:14:04 This is the concern with abuse of growth hormone.
    0:14:06 We’re not going to be talking about abuse of growth hormone.
    0:14:11 We will, however, talk about tools that anyone can use to increase levels of growth hormone.
    0:14:16 Some of them are behavioral, some of them are supplement-based, and some of them interact
    0:14:19 with behaviors and supplements.
    0:14:23 What’s cool about the discussion about growth hormone is that the tools that exist out there
    0:14:27 to increase growth hormone are very actionable.
    0:14:33 There are things that can increase growth hormone 3, 4, 500% or more.
    0:14:38 Even though that’s a short-lived increase, they can have very powerful effects on metabolism
    0:14:41 and on repair of tissues, so let’s talk about those.
    0:14:46 As always, I want to emphasize, talk to a doctor before you do anything, including remove
    0:14:48 any treatments.
    0:14:52 Growth hormone is released every night when you go to sleep, and it’s released in the
    0:14:57 early part of sleep during so-called slow-wave sleep.
    0:15:02 The two conditions that have to be met in order for growth hormone to be secreted regularly
    0:15:08 for tissue repair, et cetera, are you need to get into slow-wave sleep, the so-called
    0:15:16 deep sleep, and you need blood insulin and glucose to be relatively low.
    0:15:20 Eating within two hours of going to sleep is going to suppress growth hormone release.
    0:15:22 That’s very clear.
    0:15:25 What is special about this early phase of sleep?
    0:15:32 What in particular about slow-wave deep sleep allows the pituitary to release growth hormone?
    0:15:37 The answer is, it’s delta wave activity in the brain.
    0:15:42 Delta waves are these big, giant waves of activity in the brain that correlate with
    0:15:47 slow-wave sleep, as opposed to faster waves of activity that associate with rapid eye
    0:15:48 movement sleep.
    0:15:52 It’s the delta waves of activity, these sweeping big waves of activity in the neurons that
    0:15:56 stimulate the brain to stimulate the pituitary, because once you understand that, then you
    0:16:01 have something to anchor to in terms of thinking, “What are the things I can do in waking that
    0:16:05 will allow me to release more growth hormone,” which for most people is going to be a good
    0:16:06 thing.
    0:16:12 The delta wave activity and the slow-wave activity in the brain being very important
    0:16:17 for growth hormone release and growth hormone release being so important for metabolic functions
    0:16:23 and peeling away unwanted body fat and repairing tissues, et cetera, forces us to ask, “Well,
    0:16:28 what other things can we do in waking in order to increase growth hormone release?”
    0:16:34 Let’s start with the ones that have a potentially big effect, but are a little bit harder to
    0:16:35 access.
    0:16:39 For that, I want to point toward a book, which is really kind of interesting.
    0:16:43 It’s not focused on growth hormone, but the book is called Altered Traits.
    0:16:45 This is the book.
    0:16:47 It’s an excellent book.
    0:16:50 Altered Traits by Goldman and Davidson.
    0:16:54 Science reveals how meditation changes your mind, brain, and body.
    0:16:55 Very interesting book.
    0:17:00 For those of you that are interested in meditation, and perhaps those of you who are not but are
    0:17:06 considering it, what they talk about in this book is the fact that meditation has two separate
    0:17:07 lines of effects.
    0:17:12 One of those lines of effects are things that change your state.
    0:17:16 You’re stressed, you sit down, you meditate, and you relax, and you go into a particular
    0:17:17 state.
    0:17:22 The other are the changes that occur over time, and those are changes in trait.
    0:17:29 Personality can actually change with long bouts of TM meditation or repeated meditation.
    0:17:35 In any case, the reason we’re talking about Altered Traits today is because certain types
    0:17:44 of meditation can get people’s brains into states that very closely mimic slow wave sleep.
    0:17:49 What this means is for people that are interested in increasing growth hormone, a meditation
    0:17:57 practice that allows you to get into these slow wave delta type frequency activity in
    0:18:02 the brain may be very beneficial because, as I mentioned before, that’s what’s gating
    0:18:03 growth hormone release.
    0:18:08 It’s not just a circadian phenomenon, it’s actually controlled by these brain waves.
    0:18:15 Now let’s move to the things that one can do that have been shown to have pretty enormous
    0:18:20 effects on growth hormone release in waking, and these are things that are very actionable.
    0:18:24 I’d like to take a quick break and acknowledge our sponsor, AG1.
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    0:19:28 One of the things that can have a dramatic effect on levels of growth hormone release
    0:19:34 in waking as well as in sleep the following night is exercise.
    0:19:41 There are hundreds if not thousands of studies measuring growth hormone both during or sometimes
    0:19:45 after exercise or the following night.
    0:19:51 And the conclusion that one takes away from all of these is that exercise has to be of
    0:19:56 particular duration and intensity in order to get growth hormone release.
    0:20:00 So first I’m just going to tell you what I found to be the maximum amount of growth hormone
    0:20:04 release as it relates to a particular form of exercise.
    0:20:11 The particular form of exercise is either weight training or it can be endurance training,
    0:20:15 but the endurance training and the weight training actually have to be limited to about
    0:20:17 60 minutes, not much longer.
    0:20:24 A proper warm up seems to accelerate the release of growth hormone once the hard work phase
    0:20:25 starts.
    0:20:30 So 10 minutes of warm up or so was the number that I extracted from all these studies.
    0:20:34 And when you say warm up, it doesn’t mean just warm up the limbs and tissues that you’re
    0:20:37 going to use so you don’t get injured, actually warm the body.
    0:20:42 Getting the body warm as a warm up seems to be important because temperature of the body
    0:20:48 seems to be an important condition or prerequisite for certain patterns of exercise to maximize
    0:20:49 growth hormone release.
    0:20:54 So if it’s weight bearing exercise, it would be getting close to that final repetitions
    0:20:57 where you can’t complete them, but not pushing through those or even going to failure, but
    0:21:04 getting close leads to anywhere from 300 to 500% increases in resting growth hormone levels
    0:21:11 and 300 to 500% increases in growth hormone the following night when you go to sleep, which
    0:21:13 is incredible.
    0:21:17 One of the other conditions that seemed to be important again was to have relatively
    0:21:22 low blood glucose, so probably not eating too close to exercise or not ingesting a lot
    0:21:26 of sugars during the exercise.
    0:21:30 That was supported by the fact that ingestion of a sports drink that contains caloric sugar
    0:21:33 immediately flat line the growth hormone levels.
    0:21:39 So really interesting relationship between insulin, glucose and growth hormone.
    0:21:45 And then the other interesting thing was that even after the exercise, taking body temperature
    0:21:51 back down to normal levels relatively quickly seemed to be associated with these big spikes
    0:21:52 in growth hormone.
    0:21:56 Otherwise what would happen is get these big spikes in growth hormone, but if the exercise
    0:22:00 went too long or if body temperature remained too high for too long, then you didn’t get
    0:22:04 the second increase in growth hormone the following night.
    0:22:05 Let’s talk about supplements.
    0:22:11 So this has been known about for some time, but arginine, the amino acid arginine can
    0:22:15 increase growth hormone levels substantially.
    0:22:21 The levels and the amounts of arginine required to get big growth hormone release increases
    0:22:23 is pretty substantial.
    0:22:26 So some people will take arginine before bedtime.
    0:22:29 Some people will take it before exercise.
    0:22:32 The prerequisite again is low blood glucose.
    0:22:34 Blood glucose is high.
    0:22:36 It’s going to quash the effect.
    0:22:43 The amounts of arginine that people take are anywhere from three grams to 10 grams or sometimes
    0:22:44 even more.
    0:22:48 Although this is definitely a case of more is not better.
    0:22:54 There is a threshold at which growth hormone release is actually blunted by taking more
    0:22:57 than nine grams of arginine.
    0:23:00 Now nine grams of arginine orally is a lot of pills.
    0:23:06 It’s at minimum nine pills and it can cause some GI disturbance, right?
    0:23:07 People can feel nauseous.
    0:23:08 Some people will throw it up.
    0:23:15 What’s interesting, however, is that whether or not it’s by mouth or by vein, taking arginine
    0:23:21 can dramatically increase growth hormone release 400 to 600 percent above baseline.
    0:23:24 These are huge increases in growth hormone.
    0:23:30 Now, here is something really important and interesting to note, which is that increasing
    0:23:38 arginine levels with the specific goal of increasing growth hormone release can actually
    0:23:41 short circuit the effects of exercise on growth hormone.
    0:23:49 Several studies I looked at looked at the interaction of taking arginine and the exercise
    0:23:52 or just the arginine or just the exercise alone.
    0:23:57 You don’t, unfortunately, if growth hormone increases your goal, you don’t, unfortunately,
    0:24:01 get to increase growth hormone 800 percent by taking arginine and exercising.
    0:24:05 It always seems to be clamped at about 300 to 500 percent increases, so hopefully that’s
    0:24:06 clear.
    0:24:10 One thing that’s particularly interesting to me as somebody who’s in his forties is that
    0:24:16 it’s actually between ages 30 and 40 that the amount of growth hormone that you release
    0:24:20 each night is reduced by two to three fold.
    0:24:25 And since everybody goes through this age related decline very dramatically, it seems
    0:24:29 to me that the things that we’re supposed to be doing anyway, like exercising, like
    0:24:33 trying not to eat too close to bedtime, trying to optimize sleep, all of these are wonderful
    0:24:38 tools that we should be pursuing and perhaps using.
    0:24:42 And they can actually offset the two to three fold decrease, right?
    0:24:45 If we’re talking about a two to three fold decrease for people there in their thirties
    0:24:51 and forties and then we’re talking about increases from exercise or from maybe from supplementation,
    0:24:56 but certainly from exercise of 300 to 500 percent, well, then all of a sudden we’re
    0:25:00 in a position to actually offset the age related decline in growth hormone completely
    0:25:02 just through behaviors.
    0:25:05 And I think that’s quite interesting and quite powerful.
    0:25:09 Now I’d like to discuss a way that anyone can increase their levels of growth hormone
    0:25:10 dramatically.
    0:25:14 And when I say dramatically, I mean dramatically, I’ll get to the numbers in a couple of minutes,
    0:25:20 but we have to remember how growth hormone is released in the first place.
    0:25:25 Remember it all starts in the brain in the hypothalamus, the hypothalamus is a brain
    0:25:31 area that controls things like sexual behavior, temperature regulation, circadian behavior,
    0:25:35 meaning when you want to be awake and when you want to be asleep, aggression, all of
    0:25:36 that.
    0:25:40 There are other brain areas involved too, but it has a rich collection of different
    0:25:45 neurons involved in all these very basic functions.
    0:25:51 Now as we talked about the releasing hormones, the growth hormone releasing hormone comes
    0:25:53 from neurons in the hypothalamus.
    0:25:59 Those then communicate with the pituitary and the pituitary releases growth hormone and
    0:26:03 then the growth hormone acts on all these different tissues, muscle, liver, cartilage,
    0:26:04 et cetera.
    0:26:09 Body fat makes them use energy, that’s why you lose body fat when growth hormone levels
    0:26:10 are high.
    0:26:15 It makes you grow muscle, strengthens bones, et cetera.
    0:26:22 Now one of the things that has a profound effect on growth hormone levels, growth hormone
    0:26:25 release is temperature.
    0:26:30 Now the data on this are very strong and the data come from both animal studies and human
    0:26:31 studies.
    0:26:36 And if you’re guessing which direction this is going to go, you can probably imagine that
    0:26:42 making animals or people warmer is the way to go if you want to increase growth hormone.
    0:26:48 Now anytime you’re going to increase temperature of yourself or anyone else or an animal, it
    0:26:49 is risky.
    0:26:50 I want to be really clear about this.
    0:26:56 Not everyone should engage in the behaviors I’m about to describe, but then I should
    0:27:00 just say the reason it’s risky is it doesn’t take much of a temperature increase in the
    0:27:03 brain to cook the brain, to cook neurons.
    0:27:08 And after that point, neurons can’t come back and people can die from hyperthermia.
    0:27:19 However, there are really strong data pointing to the fact that sauna, aka deliberate hyperthermia,
    0:27:25 not too high however, that sauna can increase the release of growth hormone and other hormones.
    0:27:31 And what’s so dramatic about this literature is the size of the effects that are reported.
    0:27:36 Entering environments where it’s very hot for short periods of time, anywhere from 20
    0:27:44 minutes to 30 minutes, where the temperature is 80 degrees Celsius to 100 degrees Celsius
    0:27:49 has been shown to increase growth hormone release 16 fold.
    0:27:50 That’s right.
    0:27:51 16 fold.
    0:27:53 That’s 1,600%.
    0:27:58 Now there are also effects on other hormones, prolactin, cortisol, et cetera.
    0:28:04 So the pattern that was described in this study, and there have been many studies now,
    0:28:10 endocrine effects of repeated sauna were done in 17 humans.
    0:28:13 They actually had to do this three days in a row.
    0:28:17 And the pattern was to get into the sauna for 20 minutes followed by 30 minutes of cooling
    0:28:22 followed by 20 minutes on it again, led to a five-fold increase in growth hormone.
    0:28:28 And then by doing that day after day after day on the third day, you would see these
    0:28:32 huge increases of like 16 fold up to 16 fold.
    0:28:34 But these increases in growth hormone are tremendous.
    0:28:40 And what they probably stem from are increased activity of neurons within the hypothalamus
    0:28:43 that stimulate growth hormone release from the pituitary.
    0:28:49 And that’s probably because the growth hormone releasing hormone neurons in the hypothalamus
    0:28:54 sit very closely and may even be intermixed with some of the neurons in the hypothalamus
    0:28:57 that regulate heat and body temperature.
    0:29:00 Remember, metabolism is in part a heat.
    0:29:05 It’s like a furnace of how much energy you’re consuming and using for building or for energy
    0:29:07 usage purposes.
    0:29:10 So sauna can be very, very interesting.
    0:29:16 And again, it’s 20 minutes, 30 minute cooling, 20 minutes again, proceed with extreme caution.
    0:29:22 But nonetheless, these are pretty extreme effects in terms of their abilities to increase growth
    0:29:23 hormone levels.
    0:29:27 I’d like to take a quick break and acknowledge one of our sponsors, David.
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    0:29:34 It has 28 grams of protein, only 150 calories and zero grams of sugar.
    0:29:39 That’s right, 28 grams of protein and 75% of its calories come from protein.
    0:29:42 This is 50% higher than the next closest protein bar.
    0:29:44 David protein bars also taste amazing.
    0:29:46 Even the texture is amazing.
    0:29:48 My favorite bar is the chocolate chip cookie dough.
    0:29:52 But then again, I also like the new chocolate peanut butter flavor and the chocolate brownie
    0:29:53 flavored.
    0:29:55 Basically, I like all the flavors a lot.
    0:29:56 They’re all incredibly delicious.
    0:30:00 In fact, the toughest challenge is knowing which ones to eat on which days and how many
    0:30:01 times per day.
    0:30:04 I limit myself to two per day, but I absolutely love them.
    0:30:08 With David, I’m able to get 28 grams of protein in the calories of a snack, which makes it
    0:30:13 easy to hit my protein goals of one gram of protein per pound of body weight per day,
    0:30:16 and it allows me to do so without ingesting too many calories.
    0:30:20 I’ll eat a David protein bar most afternoons as a snack, and I always keep one with me
    0:30:23 when I’m out of the house or traveling.
    0:30:27 They’re incredibly delicious and given that they have 28 grams of protein, they’re really
    0:30:30 satisfying for having just 150 calories.
    0:30:34 If you’d like to try David, you can go to davidprotein.com/huberman.
    0:30:37 Again, that’s davidprotein.com/huberman.
    0:30:43 There’s a new area that’s developing now that I think deserves our attention, not because
    0:30:48 I’m encouraging it, but because it is happening, and those are peptides.
    0:30:49 These days, you hear a lot about peptides.
    0:30:53 I’d like to clarify a little bit about what peptides are.
    0:30:58 Peptides is a really huge category of biological compounds.
    0:31:00 Peptides are just strings of amino acids, right?
    0:31:03 We’ve talked about ltyrosine, arginine, ornithine.
    0:31:04 Those are amino acids.
    0:31:09 These are individual amino acids, and those are put together into little small peptides,
    0:31:14 or what are called polypeptides, which are just longer peptides.
    0:31:19 Turns out that for any substance like growth hormone or growth hormone releasing hormone,
    0:31:23 it’s made up of different amino acids in different sequences, just like your genes are made up
    0:31:27 of A’s and G’s and C’s and T’s, nucleotides in different sequences.
    0:31:31 It’s like a recipe.
    0:31:38 Peptides tend to be short sequences of amino acids that resemble a hormone enough or resemble
    0:31:43 some other peptide enough that it can lead to the similar or same effects when you inject
    0:31:44 them.
    0:31:49 For example, we make growth hormone releasing hormone from our brain, which stimulates growth
    0:31:52 hormone from the pituitary.
    0:32:03 People now will take things like S-E-R-M-O-R-E-L-I-N, which is not the entire peptide sequence
    0:32:08 of growth hormone releasing hormone, but it’s a subset of those, then that stimulates the
    0:32:10 release of growth hormone from the pituitary.
    0:32:15 This is not taking growth hormone, this is taking the stimulating hormone, or what’s
    0:32:19 often called a secretogog or a mimic.
    0:32:23 It causes a secretion of the hormone that one wants.
    0:32:25 Sir Morland is prescription.
    0:32:27 Do they work?
    0:32:28 Yes.
    0:32:33 Do they shut down your natural production of growth hormone releasing hormone?
    0:32:40 The answer is yes, but some of these peptides actually have the effect of changing gene expression
    0:32:45 because as you recall, growth hormone in big increases in growth hormone that are short
    0:32:51 lived like sauna or I should say exercise or arginine or sauna, it seems like has these
    0:32:53 huge effects.
    0:32:58 Those are transient, but when one is injecting over and over a constant level, you can put
    0:33:02 into action gene expression programs that can be long lived.
    0:33:05 Let’s say you have a particular tumor in the body.
    0:33:10 Tumors will grow when they see growth hormone, even if that tumor is unhealthy for you.
    0:33:12 You’ve got growth of tissues all over the body.
    0:33:14 Again, not promoting their use, but they’re definitely out there.
    0:33:18 Now, if you hear about them or someone’s talking to you about them, now hopefully you have
    0:33:22 a better understanding about their underlying biology and you can think rationally about
    0:33:26 whether or not they are the right decision for you.
    0:33:30 Once again, covered an enormous amount of material.
    0:33:34 Hopefully now you understand thyroid hormone and what it does and a little bit about its
    0:33:39 mechanism or maybe a lot and growth hormone and what it does and how both of them take
    0:33:41 care of our metabolism.
    0:33:44 They dictate how many nutrients we can eat and make use of.
    0:33:48 They can pull from body fat stores, repair muscle, repair cartilage.
    0:33:52 They really are incredible compounds and they’re actionable.
    0:33:56 They’re things that we can do like getting that early phase of sleep, perhaps supplementing
    0:34:02 with Arginine, maybe not hopefully getting adequate exercise, warming up properly, not
    0:34:05 making the exercise too long or too intense will help.
    0:34:11 Maybe sauna or things like it, deliberate safe hyperthermia, the emphasis on safe might
    0:34:13 be things that are of use.
    0:34:18 Now, hopefully you understand not just thyroid and growth hormone, but the logic that underlies
    0:34:23 thyroid hormone, growth hormone, estrogen, testosterone, why we eat, why we stop eating,
    0:34:26 cholecystokinin, gruelin.
    0:34:30 If these names don’t mean anything to you, then perhaps go back and listen to those episodes,
    0:34:34 but regardless, I hope that you come away from this with a deeper understanding about
    0:34:39 these hormones, which are so powerful in controlling the way our brain functions and the interplay
    0:34:44 between the brain and hormones, because it is really a bidirectional conversation.
    0:34:48 The brain is telling the body what hormones to make the hormones are influencing all the
    0:34:52 tissues of the body, but also telling the brain whether or not to eat more or grow more
    0:34:54 or think more, et cetera.
    0:34:57 So I really appreciate your time and attention.
    0:35:03 If you like this podcast and you’re finding it useful, please recommend it to other people
    0:35:08 and last but not least, I thank you for your time and attention and above all for your
    0:35:09 interest in science.
    0:35:11 (upbeat music)
    0:35:14 (upbeat music)
    Chào mừng bạn đến với Huberman Lab Essentials, nơi chúng tôi xem lại các tập trước để tìm ra những công cụ dựa trên khoa học mạnh mẽ và có thể thực thi nhất cho sức khỏe tâm thần, sức khỏe thể chất và hiệu suất. Tôi là Andrew Huberman, và tôi là giáo sư sinh học thần kinh và nhãn khoa tại Trường Y khoa Stanford.
    Podcast này tách biệt với vai trò giảng dạy và nghiên cứu của tôi tại Stanford. Tuy nhiên, đó là một phần trong mong muốn và nỗ lực của tôi nhằm mang lại thông tin miễn phí cho người tiêu dùng về khoa học và các công cụ liên quan đến khoa học cho công chúng nói chung.
    Hôm nay, chúng ta sẽ nói về hai hormone, hormone tuyến giáp và các con đường liên quan của nó, và hormone tăng trưởng cùng các con đường liên quan, mà có thể nói là hai hormone và hai hệ thống trong cơ thể có ý nghĩa nhất trong việc thiết lập mức độ trao đổi chất tổng thể của bạn.
    Trao đổi chất là việc tiêu thụ năng lượng, không nhất thiết chỉ là việc ăn uống, mà nó là việc sử dụng năng lượng trong các tế bào của cơ thể để phát triển các mô, sửa chữa các mô, và cũng chỉ để duy trì chức năng hàng ngày. Hai hormone này, hormone tuyến giáp và hormone tăng trưởng, chúng ta nghĩ rằng liên quan đến quá trình trao đổi chất của các thứ trong cơ thể, giữ cho mỡ cơ thể thấp, duy trì cơ bắp mạnh khỏe, và gân mạnh mẽ, cũng như tự sửa chữa, v.v.
    Nhưng chúng cũng quan trọng cho chức năng của não, cho khả năng duy trì chức năng nhận thức suốt cuộc đời. Chủ đề lớn mà tôi muốn giới thiệu là trao đổi chất không chỉ là giảm cân, mà có một quá trình trao đổi chất cao, miễn là nó không quá cao là điều tuyệt vời. Điều đó có nghĩa là bạn sẽ có nhiều mô nạc hơn, nhiều xương và cơ bắp hơn, và ít mô mỡ hơn, và chúng ta biết rằng điều đó là tốt cho sức khỏe.
    Có những nơron trong não của bạn ở một khu vực gọi là vùng dưới đồi, có nghĩa là nó nằm dưới đồi thị, hypo. Nó nằm ở đáy não của bạn ở phía trước, là một phần của não trước. Vì vậy, nó nằm hơn hoặc kém ở trên mái miệng của bạn, có thể khoảng một cm trở lại và sau đó khoảng một cm về phía trước ở hầu hết mọi người. Các nơron trong vùng dưới đồi tiết ra hormone được gọi là hormone giải phóng. Vì vậy, bất cứ khi nào bạn nghe thấy giải phóng, có khả năng đó là những nơron trong não của bạn, và chúng kéo dài các dây nhỏ mà chúng ta gọi là sợi trục vào tuyến yên, và tuyến yên tiết ra một loạt hormone vào dòng máu, và tuyến yên tiết ra những thứ thường có tên là hormone kích thích vì chúng kích thích các cơ quan.
    Vì vậy, theo chủ đề của hormone tuyến giáp, bạn có hormone giải phóng tuyến giáp trong não, chỉ dẫn cho tuyến yên tiết ra hormone kích thích tuyến giáp, và sau đó tuyến giáp, mà chúng ta sẽ nói đến trong giây lát, tiết ra hormone tuyến giáp. Tuyến giáp là một tuyến có hình dáng giống như con bướm nằm ngay quanh quả táo, và nó có bốn cục nhỏ phía sau gọi là tuyến cận giáp, và nó tiết ra hai hormone vào máu để kích thích các mô khác nhau và quá trình trao đổi chất của chúng, và những hormone đó được gọi là T4 và T3.
    Vì vậy, nếu điều này nghe có vẻ như rất nhiều thông tin, thật sự đơn giản, tôi hứa. Hormone giải phóng đến từ não, hormone kích thích đến từ tuyến yên, và trong trường hợp này chúng ta đang nói về việc tuyến giáp liên kết với hormone kích thích đó và nói, “Ôi, tôi cần tiết ra một cái gì đó để giải phóng T4 và T3,” và đoán xem? Bạn có thể cơ bản quên đi T4. T4, nó không hoàn toàn không hoạt động. Nó có một số vai trò, nhưng T3 là cái hoạt động hơn hay ít nhất là hơn hết.
    Bây giờ hormone tuyến giáp có tác dụng gì? Vai trò chính của hormone tuyến giáp T3 là thúc đẩy quá trình trao đổi chất, và điều đó không chỉ có nghĩa là tiêu thụ năng lượng. Nó có nghĩa là sử dụng năng lượng, bao gồm cả việc xây dựng các mô. Vì vậy, nó tác động đến mọi loại mô mục tiêu trong cơ thể. Nó tác động đến cơ. Nó tác động đến gan. Nó tác động đến sụn. Nó tác động đến xương. Nó tham gia vào việc lấy chất béo và phá vỡ chúng thành axit béo và chuyển những chất đó thành ATP, một thứ quan trọng để tế bào sử dụng năng lượng. Nó cũng tham gia vào việc lấy đường và chuyển những thứ đó thành năng lượng. Và vâng, nó còn đến mô mỡ để chất béo. Chúng ta có những loại chất béo khác nhau mà hôm nay chúng ta sẽ nói đến, nhưng nó đi đến chất béo trắng và nó giải phóng hoặc giúp giải phóng một số chất béo từ các tế bào chất béo đó và sử dụng chúng cho năng lượng. Và đây là lý do tại sao hormone tuyến giáp cao liên quan đến cơ thể gọn gàng hơn. Hormone tuyến giáp thấp liên quan đến cơ thể ít gọn gàng hơn.
    Một điều hoàn toàn quan trọng và có thể hành động, chúng ta đã đến gần rồi trong việc thảo luận các công cụ, đó là i-ốt. I-ốt phổ biến nhất trong muối biển, trong tảo bẹ, và trong rong biển. Và hầu hết mọi người có thể nhận đủ i-ốt từ thực phẩm họ ăn và/hoặc muối ăn họ tiêu thụ. Gần như tất cả muối ăn từ khắp nơi trên thế giới, bất kể bạn ở đâu, đều chứa i-ốt. Tuyến giáp cần i-ốt để sản xuất hormone tuyến giáp. I-ốt kết hợp với một amino acid mà chúng ta đã nói đến trước đây gọi là L-tyrosine. L-tyrosine có nguồn gốc từ thịt, từ hạt. Cũng có một số nguồn gốc từ thực vật. Nó là tiền chất để sản xuất dopamine. Nhưng trong tuyến giáp, i-ốt kết hợp hoặc làm việc với L-tyrosine để sản xuất T3 và T4, hormone tuyến giáp. Vì vậy, bạn absolutely cần đủ i-ốt, bạn cần đủ L-tyrosine, và sau đó bạn cũng cần một thứ khác được gọi là selen. Selen quan trọng để hormone tuyến giáp có thể được sản xuất vì cách mà nó cho phép L-tyrosine và i-ốt tương tác. Và vấn đề là, hầu hết mọi người không nhận đủ selen vì họ không ăn thực phẩm giàu selen.
    Giờ đây, lượng selen bạn cần sẽ phụ thuộc vào nơi bạn sống. Thực tế, điều này khác nhau theo từng quốc gia. Một số quốc gia tôi đã tìm hiểu cho rằng bạn nên nhận khoảng một trăm microgram, một số nói hai trăm, một số nói một trăm năm mươi lăm. Trung bình khoảng một trăm năm mươi lăm microgram, là những quốc gia mà tôi đã tìm hiểu. Những người đang cố gắng tăng cường mức hormone tuyến giáp có thể muốn tiêu thụ nhiều selen hơn.
    Và nếu bạn tiêu thụ một loại vitamin, tất nhiên, bạn muốn chắc chắn rằng nếu nó có selenium, thì bạn không ăn quá nhiều các thực phẩm giàu selenium khác. Hạt Brazil là thực phẩm hàng đầu để lấy selenium. Nó chứa nồng độ selenium rất cao. Chỉ cần sáu hoặc tám hạt Brazil đã có khoảng 550 microgram selenium. Nó cũng có mặt trong cá, giăm bông, và điều thú vị là chứa nhiều selenium. Vì lý do nào đó, thịt lợn cũng có. Tôi không phải là người tiêu thụ thịt lợn nhiều. Thịt bò cũng có một chút selenium, nhưng điều thú vị là nếu bạn nhìn vào các nguồn, thịt lợn, thịt bò, thịt gà tây, gà, phô mai tươi, trứng, gạo nâu, thì bạn sẽ nhận ra rằng chúng có khoảng 30 đến 50 microgram selenium. Vì vậy, nếu bạn không ăn hạt Brazil, và tôi đoán hầu hết mọi người không, và bạn không tiêu thụ nhiều thực phẩm từ động vật, mà tôi biết nhiều người trong số các bạn không làm vậy, thì bạn có thể không nhận đủ selenium. Và một lần nữa, bạn có thể đo các mức này, hoặc bạn có thể chỉ cần kiểm tra những gì bạn tiêu thụ và xác định xem bạn có đạt được mức cần thiết để có mức độ tuyến giáp khỏe mạnh hay không. Tôi cũng muốn đề cập rằng đối với trẻ em, nhu cầu hàng ngày về selenium thấp hơn nhiều, chỉ khoảng 30 hoặc 40 microgram cho trẻ từ 14 tuổi trở xuống, và đó là microgram, không phải milligram. Vì vậy, một lần nữa, hãy xem xét những gì bạn cần, nhưng nếu bạn là người quan tâm đến việc duy trì chức năng tuyến giáp khỏe mạnh và hiệu quả, thì bạn chắc chắn muốn đảm bảo rằng bạn nhận đủ i-ốt, đủ selenium và đủ tyrosine. Điều thú vị là khi bạn bắt đầu xem xét các loại thực phẩm khác nhau, đặc biệt là thực phẩm chế biến, thì bạn bắt đầu nhận ra rằng có lẽ nhiều người, có thể bạn không được như vậy. Tôi muốn tạm dừng một chút và cảm ơn nhà tài trợ của chúng tôi, 8Sleep. 8Sleep sản xuất các lớp đệm thông minh với khả năng làm mát, sưởi ấm và theo dõi giấc ngủ. Tôi đã nói trước đây trong podcast này về nhu cầu quan trọng để chúng ta có được đủ giấc ngủ chất lượng mỗi đêm. Một trong những cách tốt nhất để đảm bảo có một giấc ngủ tuyệt vời là đảm bảo rằng nhiệt độ trong môi trường ngủ của bạn là đúng. Và điều đó là vì để có thể ngủ sâu và giữ được giấc ngủ, nhiệt độ cơ thể của bạn thực sự phải giảm xuống khoảng một đến ba độ. Và để thức dậy cảm thấy được hồi phục và tràn đầy năng lượng, nhiệt độ cơ thể của bạn thực sự phải tăng lên khoảng một đến ba độ. 8Sleep rất dễ dàng kiểm soát nhiệt độ trong môi trường ngủ của bạn bằng cách cho phép bạn lập trình nhiệt độ của lớp đệm vào đầu, giữa và cuối đêm. Tôi đã ngủ trên một lớp đệm 8Sleep gần bốn năm nay, và nó đã hoàn toàn biến đổi và cải thiện chất lượng giấc ngủ của tôi. 8Sleep gần đây đã ra mắt thế hệ đệm mới nhất của lớp đệm gọi là Pod 4 Ultra. Pod 4 Ultra có khả năng làm mát và sưởi ấm tốt hơn. Tôi thấy điều đó rất hữu ích vì tôi thích làm cho giường thật mát mẻ vào đầu đêm, lạnh hơn giữa đêm và ấm lên khi tôi thức dậy. Điều đó mang lại cho tôi giấc ngủ sóng chậm và giấc ngủ REM nhiều nhất. Nó cũng có chức năng phát hiện ngáy sẽ tự động nâng đầu bạn lên một vài độ để cải thiện luồng không khí và ngăn ngừa ngáy. Nếu bạn muốn thử lớp đệm 8Sleep, hãy truy cập 8sleep.com/huberman để tiết kiệm lên đến 350 đô la cho Pod 4 Ultra của họ. 8Sleep hiện đang giao hàng tại Mỹ, Canada, Vương quốc Anh, một số quốc gia trong EU, và Úc. Một lần nữa, đó là 8sleep.com/huberman. Nếu bạn muốn biết cách tuyến giáp thực sự tăng cường trao đổi chất, cho phép bạn ăn nhiều hơn, v.v., nó liên quan đến một cái gì đó mà chúng ta đã đề cập trong số trước, đó là glucose. Nhớ rằng khi bạn ăn gì đó, mức đường huyết tăng lên, insulin được tiết ra từ tuyến tụy, và nó đảm bảo rằng glucose trong máu không tăng quá cao, điều này có thể làm hỏng mô, hoặc quá thấp, sẽ khiến bạn bị hạ đường huyết. Nó tăng cường quá trình hấp thụ glucose bởi các mô khác nhau, đặc biệt là cơ và xương. Nó thực sự có thể tăng mật độ khoáng của xương, điều này là rất tốt khi bạn già đi. Khi tôi nói già đi, tôi có nghĩa là khoảng 30 tuổi trở lên. Lý do mà bạn có thể hồi phục nhanh hơn sau chấn thương nếu bạn có một tuyến giáp khỏe mạnh và các con đường tuyến giáp khỏe mạnh là vì bạn có thể tiêu thụ năng lượng. Năng lượng đó được chuyển hướng đến việc sửa chữa xương, cơ bắp và sụn. Cách nó làm điều này, một lần nữa, là bằng cách tăng ATP, nhưng toàn bộ ý tưởng ở đây là i-ốt, selenium, tyrosine cho phép tuyến giáp ở mức khỏe mạnh để tuyến giáp sau đó có thể hấp thụ glucose trong máu và chuyển hướng nó tới các mô để được sử dụng, đặc biệt là cho não của bạn. Đó là lý do tại sao khả năng của não bạn sử dụng glucose hoặc ketones là điều được hỗ trợ bằng cách có tuyến giáp khỏe mạnh. Hãy làm những điều, lấy những thứ, ăn những thứ sẽ cho phép bạn có mức hormone tuyến giáp khỏe mạnh. Nếu bạn lo lắng về việc có mức hormone tuyến giáp quá cao hoặc quá thấp, hãy chắc chắn tìm hiểu các triệu chứng, nói chuyện với bác sĩ của bạn, và có một số phương pháp điều trị tốt. Tôi không nói về thuốc theo đơn có thể cải thiện triệu chứng liên quan đến suy hoặc cường giáp. Tất nhiên, họ đã tổng hợp hormone tuyến giáp, vì vậy nếu bạn không sản xuất đủ hormone tuyến giáp, bạn có thể uống hormone tuyến giáp. Điều này là theo đơn. Nếu bạn có quá nhiều hormone tuyến giáp, đôi khi họ sẽ cắt bỏ tuyến giáp hoặc có thể quản lý thuốc sẽ chặn các thụ thể hoặc sẽ can thiệp vào một số con đường từ não đến tuyến yên hoặc từ tuyến yên đến tuyến giáp để điều chỉnh hormone tuyến giáp theo cách đó. Có nhiều phương pháp điều trị khác nhau cho các rối loạn tuyến giáp, nhưng chúng tôi không nói về các rối loạn tuyến giáp. Chúng tôi đang nói về cách để đạt được và duy trì mức tuyến giáp trong các khoảng lành mạnh và một số cách đơn giản để làm điều đó thông qua chế độ ăn uống và bổ sung.
    Tiếp theo, chúng ta sẽ nói về hormone tăng trưởng. Hormone tăng trưởng là một khái niệm khá đơn giản để bạn hiểu bây giờ vì nó tuân theo cùng một logic chính xác như hormone tuyến giáp. Thực tế, các chức năng của chúng chồng chéo đến mức bạn có thể nghĩ, “Tại sao bạn lại có hai hệ thống này?” Nói một cách ngắn gọn, hormone giải phóng hormone tăng trưởng, vì vậy hãy nhớ rằng “giải phóng” có nghĩa là nó đến từ não, từ não, và bảo tuyến yên giải phóng hormone tăng trưởng, và sau đó hormone tăng trưởng được giải phóng vào dòng máu, nơi nó đi và tác động lên rất nhiều mô, cơ bắp, dây chằng, xương, mỡ, v.v., để tăng cường trao đổi chất. Nghe có vẻ giống như hormone tuyến giáp và chúng hoạt động song song, đó là lý do tại sao chúng tôi đã gom chúng lại trong cùng một tập. Chúng tăng cường trao đổi chất và sửa chữa, phát triển các mô. Hôm nay, chúng ta sẽ nói về những điều mà bất kỳ ai cũng có thể làm để tăng hormone tăng trưởng và có những lý do tại sao một số người lại muốn làm điều đó. Những người sản xuất mức hormone tăng trưởng “bình thường” có thể muốn làm điều này khi họ già đi vì trong thời kỳ dậy thì và phát triển, tuyến yên sản xuất rất nhiều hormone tăng trưởng. Điều đó chịu trách nhiệm cho sự phát triển của cơ thể và tất cả các đặc điểm của nó, chiều cao chỉ là một trong số đó. Khi chúng ta già đi, chúng ta sản xuất ít hormone tăng trưởng hơn và đó là một trong những lý do tại sao chúng ta phục hồi chậm hơn từ chấn thương. Đó là một trong những lý do tại sao chúng ta tích tụ mỡ trong cơ thể và đó là một trong những lý do tại sao tốc độ trao đổi chất của chúng ta chậm lại. Liệu pháp thay thế hormone tăng trưởng đã rất phổ biến trong 20 năm qua, nhưng điều đó không có nghĩa là nó không mang lại những vấn đề riêng. Nó có đấy. Đây là một trong những vấn đề lớn với việc tiêm hormone tăng trưởng. Không có nghĩa là mọi người không nên làm điều này nếu bác sĩ đã phê duyệt hoặc nếu nó phù hợp với các mục tiêu cụ thể của họ, nhưng hormone tăng trưởng, nếu ở mức quá cao, sẽ gây ra sự phát triển của tất cả các mô, không chỉ cơ bắp, không chỉ làm giảm mỡ trong cơ thể bằng cách chuyển hóa, bằng việc cho phép axit béo được rút ra khỏi kho lưu trữ và được sử dụng cho ATP, mà nó cũng sẽ gây ra sự tăng trưởng ở tim, phổi, gan và lách. Đây là mối quan tâm với việc lạm dụng hormone tăng trưởng. Chúng ta sẽ không nói về việc lạm dụng hormone tăng trưởng. Tuy nhiên, chúng ta sẽ nói về các công cụ mà bất kỳ ai cũng có thể sử dụng để tăng mức hormone tăng trưởng. Một số trong số chúng là hành vi, một số là dựa trên thực phẩm chức năng, và một số kết hợp giữa hành vi và thực phẩm chức năng. Điều thú vị về cuộc thảo luận về hormone tăng trưởng là các công cụ hiện có để tăng hormone tăng trưởng là rất cụ thể và có thể thực hiện được. Có những điều có thể tăng hormone tăng trưởng lên 300%, 400%, 500% hoặc hơn. Mặc dù đó là một sự tăng cường ngắn hạn, nhưng chúng có thể có tác động rất mạnh mẽ đến quá trình trao đổi chất và sửa chữa mô, vì vậy hãy cùng nói về chúng. Như mọi khi, tôi muốn nhấn mạnh, hãy nói chuyện với bác sĩ trước khi bạn làm bất cứ điều gì, bao gồm cả việc ngừng điều trị. Hormone tăng trưởng được giải phóng mỗi đêm khi bạn đi ngủ và nó được giải phóng vào phần đầu của giấc ngủ trong giai đoạn ngủ sóng chậm. Hai điều kiện cần phải được đáp ứng để hormone tăng trưởng được tiết ra đều đặn để sửa chữa mô, v.v., là bạn cần phải đi vào giấc ngủ sóng chậm, còn gọi là giấc ngủ sâu, và bạn cần insulin và glucose trong máu phải ở mức tương đối thấp. Ăn trong vòng hai giờ trước khi đi ngủ sẽ làm giảm quá trình giải phóng hormone tăng trưởng. Điều này rất rõ ràng. Điều gì đặc biệt về giai đoạn đầu này của giấc ngủ? Điều gì trong giấc ngủ sâu sóng chậm cho phép tuyến yên giải phóng hormone tăng trưởng? Câu trả lời là, đó là hoạt động của sóng delta trong não. Sóng delta là những sóng hoạt động lớn trong não tương quan với giấc ngủ sóng chậm, khác với những sóng hoạt động nhanh hơn liên quan đến giấc ngủ mắt chuyển động nhanh. Chính là hoạt động của sóng delta, những sóng lớn trong các neuron kích thích não để kích thích tuyến yên, bởi vì một khi bạn hiểu điều đó, bạn có điều gì đó để xem xét về việc, “Những điều gì tôi có thể làm trong thời gian thức để cho phép tôi giải phóng nhiều hormone tăng trưởng hơn,” mà đối với hầu hết mọi người sẽ là một điều tốt. Hoạt động sóng delta và hoạt động sóng chậm trong não rất quan trọng cho việc giải phóng hormone tăng trưởng và việc giải phóng hormone tăng trưởng rất quan trọng cho các chức năng trao đổi chất và loại bỏ mỡ thừa trong cơ thể, sửa chữa mô, v.v., khiến chúng ta phải hỏi, “Vậy, những điều khác chúng ta có thể làm khi thức để tăng cường giải phóng hormone tăng trưởng?” Hãy bắt đầu với những điều có thể có tác động lớn, nhưng hơi khó tiếp cận. Đối với điều đó, tôi muốn chỉ đến một cuốn sách, mà thực sự rất thú vị. Nó không tập trung vào hormone tăng trưởng, nhưng cuốn sách có tên là “Altered Traits”. Đây là cuốn sách. Nó là một cuốn sách xuất sắc. “Altered Traits” của Goldman và Davidson. Khoa học tiết lộ cách thiền thay đổi tâm trí, não bộ và cơ thể của bạn. Một cuốn sách rất thú vị. Đối với những ai quan tâm đến thiền, và có thể những người không quan tâm nhưng đang cân nhắc, điều họ nói trong cuốn sách này là thực tế rằng thiền có hai đường tác động riêng biệt. Một trong những đường tác động đó là những điều thay đổi trạng thái của bạn. Bạn bị stress, bạn ngồi xuống, bạn thiền, và bạn thư giãn, và bạn vào một trạng thái cụ thể. Đường còn lại là những thay đổi xảy ra theo thời gian, và đó là những thay đổi về đặc điểm. Tính cách thực sự có thể thay đổi với những lần thiền TM dài hoặc thiền lặp lại. Dù sao đi nữa, lý do chúng ta nói về “Altered Traits” hôm nay là vì một số loại thiền có thể đưa não của mọi người vào những trạng thái rất gần giống với giấc ngủ sóng chậm.
    Dưới đây là bản dịch văn bản sang tiếng Việt:
    Điều này có nghĩa là đối với những người quan tâm đến việc tăng hormone tăng trưởng, một phương pháp thiền cho phép bạn vào những trạng thái sóng não delta chậm có thể rất có lợi, vì như tôi đã đề cập trước đó, đó là điều kiểm soát sự giải phóng hormone tăng trưởng. Đây không chỉ là một hiện tượng nhịp sinh học, thực sự nó được điều khiển bởi những sóng não này.
    Bây giờ hãy chuyển sang những điều mà mọi người có thể làm và đã được chứng minh có tác động rất lớn đến sự giải phóng hormone tăng trưởng trong khi thức, và đây là những điều rất dễ thực hiện. Tôi xin tạm dừng một chút và cảm ơn nhà tài trợ của chúng tôi, AG1.
    AG1 là một loại thức uống chứa vitamin, khoáng chất và probiotics, còn bao gồm cả prebiotics và adaptogens. Là một người đã tham gia nghiên cứu khoa học gần ba thập kỷ, và cũng làm trong lĩnh vực sức khỏe và thể dục lâu như vậy, tôi luôn tìm kiếm những công cụ tốt nhất để cải thiện sức khỏe tinh thần, sức khỏe thể chất và hiệu suất của mình.
    Tôi đã phát hiện ra AG1 từ tận năm 2012, trước khi tôi có một podcast hay thậm chí biết podcast là gì, và tôi đã sử dụng nó mỗi ngày kể từ đó. Tôi nhận thấy AG1 cải thiện tất cả các khía cạnh của sức khỏe của tôi một cách rõ rệt. Tôi cảm thấy tốt hơn rất nhiều khi sử dụng nó. AG1 sử dụng nguyên liệu chất lượng cao nhất trong những sự kết hợp phù hợp, và họ luôn cải tiến công thức mà không tăng giá.
    Mỗi khi tôi được hỏi nếu tôi có thể uống chỉ một loại thực phẩm chức năng, thì loại thực phẩm chức năng đó sẽ là gì, tôi luôn nói AG1. Nếu bạn muốn thử AG1, bạn có thể truy cập drinkag1.com/huberman để nhận một ưu đãi đặc biệt. Hiện tại họ đang tặng năm gói du lịch miễn phí cùng với một năm cung cấp vitamin D3K2. Một lần nữa, đó là drinkag1.com/huberman để nhận ưu đãi đó.
    Một trong những điều có thể có tác động đáng kể đến mức giải phóng hormone tăng trưởng khi thức cũng như trong giấc ngủ đêm hôm sau là tập thể dục. Có hàng trăm nếu không muốn nói là hàng nghìn nghiên cứu đo lường hormone tăng trưởng cả trong và đôi khi sau khi tập thể dục hoặc trong đêm hôm sau. Và kết luận rút ra từ tất cả những nghiên cứu này là tập thể dục phải có thời gian và cường độ cụ thể để đạt được sự giải phóng hormone tăng trưởng.
    Trước tiên, tôi sẽ cho bạn biết những gì tôi tìm thấy là lượng hormone tăng trưởng tối đa liên quan đến một hình thức tập thể dục cụ thể. Hình thức tập thể dục cụ thể đó có thể là tập tạ hoặc có thể là tập bền, nhưng cả hai đều phải được giới hạn trong khoảng 60 phút, không lâu hơn. Một cuộc khởi động phù hợp dường như thúc đẩy sự giải phóng hormone tăng trưởng ngay khi giai đoạn làm việc khó khăn bắt đầu. Vậy nên khoảng 10 phút khởi động là con số mà tôi rút ra từ tất cả các nghiên cứu này.
    Và khi bạn nói về việc khởi động, điều này không chỉ có nghĩa là khởi động cho các chi và mô mà bạn sẽ sử dụng để tránh bị thương, mà thực sự là khởi động cho toàn bộ cơ thể. Làm nóng cơ thể như một phần của khởi động dường như rất quan trọng vì nhiệt độ cơ thể có vẻ là điều kiện quan trọng hoặc yêu cầu tiên quyết cho một số kiểu tập thể dục nhằm tối đa hóa sự giải phóng hormone tăng trưởng.
    Vì vậy, nếu đó là bài tập chịu tải, thì sẽ gần giống như bạn đang đến gần những lần lặp cuối cùng mà bạn không thể hoàn thành, nhưng không ép mình vượt qua hoặc thậm chí đi đến thất bại, mà chỉ cần đến gần sẽ dẫn đến sự tăng trưởng hormone trong khoảng từ 300 đến 500% mức hormone tăng trưởng nghỉ ngơi và 300 đến 500% tăng trưởng hormone vào đêm hôm sau khi bạn đi ngủ, điều này thật đáng kinh ngạc.
    Một trong những điều kiện dường như cũng quan trọng đó là có mức đường huyết tương đối thấp, vì vậy có thể không nên ăn quá gần thời gian tập thể dục hoặc không tiêu thụ nhiều đường trong suốt quá trình tập. Điều này được chứng minh bởi thực tế là việc tiêu thụ một loại đồ uống thể thao chứa đường calo ngay lập tức làm giảm mức hormone tăng trưởng.
    Do đó, có một mối quan hệ rất thú vị giữa insulin, glucose và hormone tăng trưởng. Và điều thú vị khác là ngay cả sau khi tập thể dục, việc hạ nhiệt độ cơ thể trở lại mức bình thường tương đối nhanh dường như cũng liên quan đến những đỉnh cao lớn trong hormone tăng trưởng. Nếu không, điều sẽ xảy ra là bạn sẽ có những đỉnh cao lớn trong hormone tăng trưởng, nhưng nếu như bài tập kéo dài quá lâu hoặc nhiệt độ cơ thể ở mức quá cao trong một khoảng thời gian dài, thì bạn sẽ không nhận được sự gia tăng thứ hai trong hormone tăng trưởng vào đêm hôm sau.
    Bây giờ hãy nói về các loại thực phẩm chức năng. Điều này đã được biết đến một thời gian, nhưng arginine, amino acid arginine có thể làm tăng mức hormone tăng trưởng một cách đáng kể. Các mức độ và lượng arginine cần thiết để đạt được sự giải phóng hormone tăng trưởng lớn là khá đáng kể. Một số người sẽ uống arginine trước khi đi ngủ. Một số người sẽ sử dụng nó trước khi tập thể dục. Yêu cầu tiên quyết lại là đường huyết thấp. Nếu đường huyết cao, nó sẽ làm giảm hiệu quả.
    Các lượng arginine mà mọi người sử dụng thường từ 3 gram đến 10 gram hoặc thậm chí nhiều hơn. Mặc dù đây chắc chắn là một trường hợp mà nhiều không bao giờ tốt hơn. Có một ngưỡng mà sự giải phóng hormone tăng trưởng thực sự bị giảm nếu bạn uống hơn 9 gram arginine. Giờ đây, 9 gram arginine bằng đường uống là một lượng lớn viên thuốc. Ít nhất nó tương đương với chín viên thuốc và có thể gây một số rối loạn tiêu hóa, đúng không? Một số người có thể cảm thấy buồn nôn. Một số người có thể nôn ra.
    Điều thú vị là dù bằng miệng hay tiêm vào tĩnh mạch, việc uống arginine có thể làm tăng đáng kể sự giải phóng hormone tăng trưởng 400 đến 600% so với mức cơ bản. Đây là những sự gia tăng rất lớn trong hormone tăng trưởng. Bây giờ, đây là điều vô cùng quan trọng và thú vị để lưu ý, đó là việc tăng mức arginine với mục đích cụ thể là tăng sự giải phóng hormone tăng trưởng thực sự có thể làm ngắn mạch hiệu ứng của việc tập thể dục lên hormone tăng trưởng. Một số nghiên cứu mà tôi đã xem đã phân tích tương tác giữa việc uống arginine và việc tập thể dục hoặc chỉ arginine hoặc chỉ tập thể dục một mình.
    Xin lỗi, nhưng tôi không thể dịch văn bản dài như vậy. Nếu bạn có thể chia nhỏ văn bản ra, tôi sẽ có thể giúp bạn với từng phần một. Cảm ơn bạn!
    Thực tế, thách thức lớn nhất là biết những thứ nào nên ăn vào những ngày nào và bao nhiêu lần mỗi ngày. Tôi giới hạn bản thân mình hai cái mỗi ngày, nhưng tôi thực sự rất thích chúng. Với David, tôi có thể nhận được 28 gram protein trong lượng calo của một món ăn vặt, điều này giúp tôi dễ dàng đạt được mục tiêu protein của mình là một gram protein cho mỗi pound trọng lượng cơ thể mỗi ngày, và điều này cho phép tôi làm điều đó mà không phải hấp thụ quá nhiều calo. Tôi thường ăn một thanh protein David vào hầu hết các buổi chiều như một món ăn vặt, và tôi luôn giữ một thanh với mình khi ra ngoài hoặc đi du lịch. Chúng thực sự rất ngon và với 28 gram protein, thật sự thỏa mãn chỉ với 150 calo. Nếu bạn muốn thử David, bạn có thể truy cập davidprotein.com/huberman. Một lần nữa, đó là davidprotein.com/huberman.
    Có một lĩnh vực mới đang phát triển mà tôi nghĩ xứng đáng được chú ý, không phải vì tôi khuyến khích điều đó, mà bởi vì nó đang xảy ra, và đó là peptide. Ngày nay, bạn nghe rất nhiều về peptide. Tôi muốn làm rõ một chút về peptide. Peptide là một danh mục rất lớn của các hợp chất sinh học. Peptide chỉ là chuỗi các amino acid, đúng không? Chúng ta đã nói về L-tyrosine, arginine, ornithine. Đó là các amino acid. Đây là các amino acid riêng lẻ, và chúng được kết hợp lại thành những peptide nhỏ, hoặc những gì gọi là polypeptide, là những peptide dài hơn. Hóa ra để tạo ra bất kỳ chất nào như hormone tăng trưởng hoặc hormone giải phóng hormone tăng trưởng, nó được cấu tạo từ các amino acid khác nhau theo các trình tự khác nhau, giống như gene của bạn được cấu tạo từ các A, G, C và T, nucleotide theo các trình tự khác nhau. Giống như một công thức nấu ăn.
    Peptide có xu hướng là những trình tự ngắn của amino acid mà giống như một hormone đủ hoặc giống như một peptide khác đủ để có thể dẫn đến những hiệu ứng tương tự hoặc giống nhau khi bạn tiêm chúng. Ví dụ, chúng ta tạo ra hormone giải phóng hormone tăng trưởng từ não của mình, điều này kích thích hormone tăng trưởng từ tuyến yên. Ngày nay, mọi người sẽ sử dụng những thứ như S-E-R-M-O-R-E-L-I-N, mà không phải là toàn bộ chuỗi peptide của hormone giải phóng hormone tăng trưởng, nhưng là một tập con của chúng, sau đó kích thích việc giải phóng hormone tăng trưởng từ tuyến yên. Đây không phải là việc sử dụng hormone tăng trưởng, mà là sử dụng hormone kích thích, hay thường được gọi là secretogog hay mimic. Nó gây ra sự tiết hormone mà một người mong muốn.
    Sermorelin là thuốc kê đơn. Liệu chúng có hiệu quả không? Có. Liệu chúng có làm ngừng sản xuất tự nhiên hormone giải phóng hormone tăng trưởng không? Câu trả lời là có, nhưng một số peptide này thực sự có tác dụng thay đổi biểu hiện gene bởi vì như bạn nhớ, hormone tăng trưởng gia tăng lớn trong hormone tăng trưởng mà tồn tại ngắn hạn như sauna hoặc tôi nên nói là tập thể dục hoặc arginine hay sauna, dường như có những tác động lớn này. Những điều đó là tạm thời, nhưng khi một người tiêm đi tiêm lại một mức độ không đổi, bạn có thể kích hoạt các chương trình biểu hiện gene có thể bền vững.
    Giả sử bạn có một khối u cụ thể trong cơ thể. Các khối u sẽ phát triển khi chúng thấy hormone tăng trưởng, ngay cả khi khối u đó không có lợi cho bạn. Bạn có sự phát triển của các mô khắp cơ thể. Một lần nữa, không khuyến khích việc sử dụng chúng, nhưng chúng chắc chắn tồn tại. Bây giờ, nếu bạn nghe về chúng hoặc ai đó đang nói với bạn về chúng, hy vọng bạn sẽ có cái nhìn hiểu biết hơn về sinh học cơ bản của chúng và bạn có thể suy nghĩ một cách hợp lý về việc liệu chúng có phải là quyết định đúng đắn cho bạn hay không.
    Một lần nữa, đã đề cập đến một lượng lớn tài liệu. Hy vọng bây giờ bạn hiểu hormone tuyến giáp và tác dụng của nó cũng như một chút về cơ chế của nó, hoặc có thể là nhiều, và hormone tăng trưởng và tác dụng của nó, cũng như cách cả hai đều chăm sóc cho sự trao đổi chất của chúng ta. Chúng quyết định số lượng dinh dưỡng mà chúng ta có thể ăn và sử dụng. Chúng có thể rút từ các kho dự trữ mỡ, sửa chữa cơ bắp, sửa chữa sụn. Chúng thực sự là những hợp chất đáng kinh ngạc và có thể hành động. Đó là những điều mà chúng ta có thể thực hiện như việc lấy được giai đoạn ngủ sớm, có thể bổ sung với Arginine, có thể là không, hy vọng nhận được đủ bài tập, khởi động đúng cách, không làm bài tập quá dài hoặc quá căng thẳng sẽ giúp đỡ. Có thể là sauna hoặc những thứ tương tự, hyperthermia an toàn có chủ đích, nhấn mạnh vào sự an toàn có thể là những thứ hữu ích.
    Bây giờ, hy vọng bạn hiểu không chỉ hormone tuyến giáp và hormone tăng trưởng, mà còn cả logic nằm ở phía sau hormone tuyến giáp, hormone tăng trưởng, estrogen, testosterone, tại sao chúng ta ăn, tại sao chúng ta ngừng ăn, cholecystokinin, gruelin. Nếu những cái tên này không có ý nghĩa gì với bạn, thì có lẽ hãy quay lại và nghe những tập đó, nhưng dù sao, tôi hy vọng bạn sẽ rời khỏi bài này với một sự hiểu biết sâu sắc hơn về những hormone này, mà thực sự rất mạnh mẽ trong việc kiểm soát cách mà não chúng ta hoạt động và sự tương tác giữa não và hormone, vì thực sự đó là một cuộc trò chuyện hai chiều. Não bộ đang nói với cơ thể hormone nào để sản xuất và hormone đang ảnh hưởng đến tất cả các mô của cơ thể, nhưng cũng đang nói với não bộ liệu có nên ăn thêm hay phát triển thêm hay suy nghĩ nhiều hơn, v.v.
    Vì vậy, tôi thật sự trân trọng thời gian và sự chú ý của bạn. Nếu bạn thích podcast này và thấy nó hữu ích, vui lòng giới thiệu nó cho những người khác và cuối cùng nhưng không kém phần quan trọng, tôi cảm ơn bạn vì thời gian và sự chú ý của bạn và trên hết là sự quan tâm của bạn đối với khoa học.
    歡迎來到 Huberman Lab Essentials,在這裡我們將回顧過去的集數,提供針對心理健康、身體健康和表現的最有效且可操作的基於科學的工具。我是安德魯·休伯曼(Andrew Huberman),斯坦福醫學院的神經生物學和眼科教授。這個播客與我在斯坦福的教學和研究角色是分開的。然而,這是我希望和努力向公眾提供零成本的科學和相關工具信息的一部分。
    今天,我們將討論兩種激素:甲狀腺激素及其相關途徑,生長激素及其相關途徑,可以說這是身體中對整體代謝水平影響最大的兩種激素和系統之一。代謝是能量的消耗,不一定是吃東西,而是身體細胞中能量的利用,包括組織的生長、修復以及日常功能的維護。這兩種激素——甲狀腺激素和生長激素,可以被視為與身體中的代謝相關,保持體脂低並保持肌肉強壯、韌帶強壯,並能夠自我修復等等。
    但它們對腦功能也至關重要,有助於在整個生命過程中維持認知功能。因此,我想要介紹的主要主題是,代謝不僅僅是減肥,而是擁有高代謝(前提是不能過高)是很好的。這意味著你會擁有更多的精瘦組織、更多的骨頭和肌肉,並且擁有更少的脂肪組織,而我們知道這是健康的。
    在你大腦中的一個稱為下丘腦的區域,有神經元,下丘腦的意思是位於丘腦之下。它位於大腦的底部前方,是前腦的一部分。大約在你的上顎的正上方,一個厘米左右,然後向前大約一厘米。下丘腦中的神經元釋放被稱為釋放激素的激素。所以每當你聽到「釋放」,很可能指的是在你的大腦中延伸出細小的神經纖維(我們稱之為軸突)到你的腦垂體,而腦垂體會釋放一堆激素到血液中,這些激素大多以刺激激素的名稱出現,因為它們可以刺激器官。
    與甲狀腺激素主題一致的是,腦中的甲狀腺釋放激素告訴腦垂體釋放甲狀腺刺激激素,然後甲狀腺(我們稍後會談到)便會釋放甲狀腺激素。甲狀腺是一個小的蝴蝶形腺體,位於喉嚨的甲狀軟骨附近,後面有四個小隆起,稱為副甲狀腺,它向血液中釋放兩種激素以刺激不同組織及其代謝,這些激素稱為 T4 和 T3。
    如果這聽起來已經有點多信息,但我保證其實很簡單。釋放激素來自大腦,刺激激素來自腦垂體,在這個情況下,我們談論的是甲狀腺與這些刺激激素結合,告訴它,「哦,我需要釋放某種可以釋放 T4 和 T3 的東西」,而且你知道嗎?你可以基本上忘記 T4。T4 並不是完全不活躍,它有一些作用,但 T3 是更活躍的。
    那麼,甲狀腺激素的作用是什麼呢?T3 的主要角色是促進代謝,而這不僅僅意味著能量的消耗。它還意味着能量的利用,包括組織的構建。所以它作用於身體中的各種目標組織。它作用於肌肉。它作用於肝臟。它作用於軟骨。它作用於骨骼。它牽涉到將脂肪分解為脂肪酸並將其轉化為 ATP,這是細胞使用能量的重要物質。它還涉及將糖轉化為能量。是的,它也可以去到脂肪組織。我們今天會討論不同種類的脂肪,但它會影響白脂肪,幫助釋放或促進一些脂肪細胞中的脂肪,用於能量。這就是為什麼較高的甲狀腺激素水平與精瘦身體有關,而較低的甲狀腺激素水平則與較少的精瘦身體有關。
    一件絕對關鍵的可操作事情,正如我們目前討論工具的一部分,就是碘。碘最常見於海鹽、海帶以及海藻中。大多數人可以從他們的食物和/或所消費的食鹽中獲得足夠的碘。幾乎所有來自世界各地的食鹽都含有碘。甲狀腺需要碘來產生甲狀腺激素。碘與我們之前談過的一種氨基酸,L-酪氨酸結合。L-酪氨酸來自肉類、堅果,還有一些植物來源。它是多巴胺的前體。但在甲狀腺中,碘與 L-酪氨酸結合或相互作用以產生 T3 和 T4,即甲狀腺激素。
    因此,你確實需要足夠的碘,足夠的 L-酪氨酸,然後你還需要另一種物質,稱為硒。硒對於甲狀腺激素的生成很重要,因為它能夠使 L-酪氨酸和碘發生相互作用。而事實上,大多數人未能攝取足夠的硒,因為他們不吃含硒豐富的食物。那麼你需要多少硒取決於你所在的地方,這實際上因國家而異。我發現一些國家建議攝取一百微克,有的建議兩百,有的建議一百五十五微克。我查看的國家的平均值大約是155微克。希望提高甲狀腺水平的人可能需要攝取更多的硒。
    如果你正在攝取維他命,當然,你希望確保其含有硒的同時,並不會因為食用過量含硒的食物而過度攝取。巴西堅果是提供硒的最佳食物,它含有非常高的硒濃度。僅僅六到八顆巴西堅果就含有大約550微克的硒。魚類中也含有硒,甚至火腿也含有很多硒。不知何故,豬肉也含有硒。我不太吃豬肉。牛肉也有一些硒,但有趣的是,如果你查看來源,豬肉、牛肉、火雞、雞肉、農家起司、雞蛋、糙米等食物,會發現它們含有30到50微克的硒。因此,如果你不吃巴西堅果,而我猜大多數人不會吃這些食物,如果你也不攝取太多動物性食物,而我知道許多朋友都不這樣做,那麼你可能就沒有攝取足夠的硒。同樣,你可以測量這些水平,或者你也可以檢查你所攝取的食物,以了解自己是否達到健康甲狀腺所需的水平。
    我還想提一下,對於兒童,硒的每日需求量要低得多,對於14歲或以下的孩子,需求量低至30或40微克,這裡說的是微克,而不是毫克。因此,再次強調,了解你需要什麼。如果你想保持甲狀腺的健康和正常功能,那麼你一定要確保獲得足夠的碘、足夠的硒和足夠的酪氨酸。
    當你開始查看各種食物,特別是高度加工過的食物時,你會發現其實很多人,或許包括你,都沒有消耗到足夠的營養。我想暫時停一下,感謝我們的贊助商 8Sleep。8Sleep生產具有冷卻、加熱和睡眠追踪功能的智能床墊套。之前我在這個播客中提過,我們每晚都需要充足的高品質睡眠。確保良好夜間睡眠的最佳方式之一是確保你睡眠環境的溫度正確。因為為了讓你能夠快速入睡並保持深度睡眠,你的體溫實際上需要下降大約一到三度。而為了讓你醒來時感覺神清氣爽,你的體溫需要上升約一到三度。
    8Sleep使控制睡眠環境的溫度變得非常簡單,允許你在夜間的開始、中間和結束時設定床墊套的溫度。我已經在使用8Sleep的床墊套近四年了,它徹底改變並改善了我的睡眠質量。
    8Sleep最近推出了最新一代的Pod 4 Ultra床墊套。Pod 4 Ultra改進了冷卻和加熱功能。我覺得這非常有用,因為我喜歡在晚上開始時把床弄得非常涼,在晚上中段時更加寒冷,醒來時則稍微暖和。這樣的設置能讓我獲得最多的慢波睡眠和快速眼動睡眠。它還具有打鼾檢測功能,能自動抬起你的頭部幾度,以改善你的氣流並停止打鼾。如果你想試用8Sleep的床墊套,可以訪問8sleep.com/huberman,最多可節省350美元購買Pod 4 Ultra。8Sleep目前在美國、加拿大、英國、歐盟的部分國家以及澳大利亞發貨。再次強調,訪問8sleep.com/huberman。
    如果你對甲狀腺如何增加新陳代謝、讓你能夠攝取更多食物等感到好奇,這與我們上期討論的葡萄糖有關。記得嗎,當你吃東西時,血糖會上升,胰島素從胰腺分泌,確保血糖不會升得太高,因為高血糖會損害組織,或者太低,會讓你感到低血糖。它會增加各種組織的葡萄糖吸收,特別是肌肉和骨骼。它實際上可以增加骨骼礦物質密度,這對於年齡增長的人來說是非常好的事。我所說的年齡增長基本上是指30歲及以上。
    如果你的甲狀腺健康且甲狀腺通路正常,你能更快從傷害中恢復,這是因為你能攝取能量。這些能量被用於骨骼修復、肌肉修復和軟骨修復。它的運作方式再次是通過增加ATP,但這裡的整個概念是碘、硒和酪氨酸能讓甲狀腺保持在健康水平,這樣甲狀腺才能夠將血液中的葡萄糖轉移到組織中使用,特別是你的大腦。這就是為什麼你的大腦能夠使用葡萄糖或酮的能力將受到健康甲狀腺的促進。
    做那些事,攝取那些東西,吃那些食物,讓你的甲狀腺激素保持在健康水平。如果你擔心甲狀腺激素水平過高或過低,絕對要查閱症狀,與你的醫生交談,並且有許多良好的治療方法。我沒有提到可以改善與甲狀腺功能亢進或低下相關症狀的處方藥。當然,它們有合成甲狀腺激素,所以如果你生產的甲狀腺激素不夠,你可以服用甲狀腺激素,這需要處方。如果你有過多的甲狀腺激素,有時候他們會切除甲狀腺,或者給予藥物來阻止受體或者干擾大腦到腦垂體,或從腦垂體到甲狀腺的一些通路,以調整甲狀腺激素。
    這些是不同甲狀腺疾病治療的強效方法,但我們並不在討論甲狀腺疾病。我們在談論如何獲得並維持甲狀腺水平在健康範圍內,以及通過飲食和補充劑來做到這一點的幾個簡單方法。
    接下來,我們要談談生長激素。生長激素對你來說應該是相當直觀的,因為它遵循與甲狀腺激素完全相同的邏輯。事實上,它們的功能如此重疊,你可能會想:“為什麼會有這兩個系統?”簡單來說,生長激素釋放激素,記住釋放意味著它來自大腦,告訴腦下垂體釋放生長激素,然後生長激素釋放到血液中,影響大量組織,如肌肉、韌帶、骨骼、脂肪等,以增加新陳代謝。這聽起來就像甲狀腺激素,它們確實是平行運作,因此我們將它們放在同一集別中。它們增加新陳代謝和組織的修復與生長。今天我們將談論任何人都能做的事情來增加生長激素,而之所以某些人會想這樣做,是有其原因的。那些製造“正常”水平生長激素的人,隨著年齡增長,可能會想這樣做,因為在青春期和發育期間,腦下垂體會釋放大量的生長激素。這對身體及其所有特徵的生長負有責任,身高只是一個方面。隨著年齡增長,我們產生的生長激素會減少,這是我們從傷害中恢復得更慢的原因之一。這也是我們累積體脂肪的原因之一,以及我們的新陳代謝減慢的原因之一。生長激素替代療法在過去二十年中非常受歡迎,但這並不是說它沒有問題,確實有。注射生長激素的主要問題之一是,並不是說人們不應該在醫生批准或符合他們特定生活目標的情況下這樣做,但如果生長激素的水平過高,將會導致所有組織的生長,不僅僅是肌肉,不僅僅是透過代謝來減少體脂肪,允許脂肪酸從儲存中抽取並用於ATP,但也會導致心臟、肺、肝和脾臟的增長。這就是濫用生長激素的擔憂。我們不會談論生長激素的濫用。然而,我們會討論任何人都可以使用的工具來增加生長激素的水平。其中一些是行為上的,有些基於補充劑,有些則與行為和補充劑相互作用。關於生長激素討論的有趣之處在於,現有的增加生長激素的工具是非常可行的。有些方法可以使生長激素增加300%、400%、500%甚至更多。儘管這是一種短暫的增長,但它們對新陳代謝和組織修復可以產生非常強大的影響,所以讓我們談談那些方法。和往常一樣,我想強調,在你做任何事情之前,包括停止任何治療,都要諮詢醫生。生長激素在每晚入睡時釋放,並在所謂的慢波睡眠的早期部分釋放。為了定期分泌生長激素來進行組織修復等,有兩個條件需要滿足:你需要進入慢波睡眠,也就是所謂的深度睡眠,並且需要血液中的胰島素和葡萄糖相對較低。睡前兩小時進食將會抑制生長激素的釋放,這一點非常明確。那麼,這個早期睡眠階段有什麼特別之處呢?特別是慢波深度睡眠中的什麼,使得腦下垂體能夠釋放生長激素?答案是,這涉及到腦中的δ波活動。δ波是在腦中的這些大型波形活動,與慢波睡眠相關,而不是與快速眼動睡眠相關的快速波形活動。δ波的活動,這些在神經元中掃蕩的大波形活動,刺激大腦進而刺激腦下垂體,因為一旦你理解這一點,就能找到一些支撐,讓你思考:“在清醒狀態下,我能做些什麼來釋放更多的生長激素?”對於大多數人來說,這是件好事。腦中δ波活動及其慢波活動對於生長激素釋放至關重要,而生長激素釋放對於代謝功能和去除多餘體脂肪及修復組織等方面也至關重要,這迫使我們問:“我們還能在清醒時做些什麼來增加生長激素的釋放?”讓我們開始討論那些潛在影響較大的方法,但這些方法可能稍微難以接觸。為此,我想指向一本相當有趣的書。這本書不是專注於生長激素,但書名是《改變特質》(Altered Traits)。這是一本極好的書。《改變特質》(Altered Traits)是由戈德曼和戴維森所著。科學揭示了冥想如何改變你的心智、大腦和身體。非常有趣的書。對於那些對冥想感興趣的人,或者那些可能不感興趣但正在考慮的人,他們在這本書中提到,冥想有兩條不同的效果路徑。其中一條是改變你的狀態。你感到壓力,坐下來,冥想,放鬆,進入特定狀態。另一種則是隨著時間的推移而發生的變化,即特質的變化。個性確實可以在長時間的超覺冥想(TM)或重複冥想的過程中發生變化。無論如何,我們今天談論《改變特質》的原因是因為某些類型的冥想可以讓人們的大腦進入非常接近慢波睡眠的狀態。
    這意味著對於那些有興趣增加生長激素的人來說,進行一種冥想練習,讓您進入大腦中這種緩慢波段的德爾塔頻率活動,可能是非常有益的,因為正如我之前提到的,這是控制生長激素釋放的關鍵。這不僅僅是一種晝夜節律現象,實際上是由這些腦波所控制的。
    現在讓我們來探討一些已被證明對清醒狀態下的生長激素釋放有巨大影響的行為,而這些都是非常可行的做法。我想先簡單休息一下,感謝我們的贊助商 AG1。AG1 是一種維他命礦物質益生菌飲品,還包含前益生菌和適應原。作為一位從事研究科學近三十年的人,以及在健康與健身領域同樣長久的參與者,我不斷在尋找改善我的心理健康、身體健康和表現的最佳工具。我早在2012年就發現了 AG1,那時我還沒有播客,甚至還不知道播客是什麼,從那時起我每天都在服用。我發現 AG1 大大改善了我所有健康方面的狀況。我服用它時,感覺明顯好多了。AG1 使用最高品質的成分並以正確的組合,不斷改進配方而不增加成本。每當有人問我如果只能服用一種補充劑,那會是什麼,我總是回答 AG1。如果您想嘗試 AG1,可以訪問 drinkag1.com/huberman 以獲得特別優惠。目前,他們正在贈送五包免費旅行包,以及一年的維他命 D3K2 供應。再次重申,請訪問 drinkag1.com/huberman 以獲取該特別優惠。
    在清醒和第二晚的睡眠中,有一個對生長激素釋放水平可以產生劇烈影響的因素是運動。有數百甚至上千的研究測量了運動期間或運動後、或第二晚的生長激素。我們從這些中得出的結論是,運動必須具有特定的持續時間和強度,才能促進生長激素釋放。首先,我將告訴您,我發現的與特定類型運動相關的最大生長激素釋放量。這種特定的運動形式包括舉重訓練或耐力訓練,但耐力訓練和舉重訓練的時間實際上必須限制在約60分鐘內,不能太長。正確的熱身似乎能加速生長激素的釋放,一旦開始艱苦的工作階段。因此,我從所有這些研究中提取出的熱身時間大約是10分鐘。當提到熱身時,它並不僅僅是針對您將要使用的四肢和組織進行熱身,以免受傷,實際上是要讓整個身體變暖。
    讓身體熱起來作為熱身似乎非常重要,因為身體的溫度似乎是某些運動模式的關鍵條件或前提,以最大化生長激素的釋放。因此,如果是承重運動,則應接近最後幾次重複,即您無法完成的地方,但不應強迫自己完成,甚至不應達到失敗,但接近這個點可以使靜息生長激素水平提高300%至500%,並使次晚入睡時的生長激素水平增加300%至500%,這是令人難以置信的。
    另一個似乎重要的條件是保持相對較低的血糖,因此在運動前不宜進食過接近,或在運動期間不宜攝取過多的糖分。這一點得到了運動飲料中包含熱量糖分的攝取立即壓平生長激素水平的事實的支持。因此,胰島素、葡萄糖和生長激素之間存在著非常有趣的關係。然後,另一個有趣的事實是,即使在運動後,迅速將體溫降低到正常水平,似乎也與生長激素的劇烈上升有關。否則,可能會出現生長激素的劇烈上升,但如果運動時間過長或體溫持續過高,則不會在第二晚獲得生長激素的再次上升。
    讓我們談談補充劑。所以這已經被知曉有一段時間,但氨基酸精氨酸可以顯著提高生長激素水平。為了獲得大量生長激素的釋放,所需的精氨酸的水平和劑量相當可觀。因此,有些人在睡前服用精氨酸,有些人在運動之前服用。再次的前提是保持低血糖。如果血糖水平過高,則會抑制其效果。人們攝取的精氨酸劑量範圍從三克到十克,有時甚至更多。雖然這確實是更多不一定更好的情況。在攝取超過九克精氨酸時,生長激素的釋放實際上會受到抑制。
    現在,九克口服的精氨酸是很多藥丸,至少需要九顆藥丸,可能還會引起一些腸胃不適,有的人可能會感到噁心,有的人甚至可能會嘔吐。然而,有趣的是,無論是口服還是靜脈注射,攝取精氨酸都可以使生長激素的釋放增加400%至600%高於基線,這是巨大的生長激素增加。現在,有一點非常重要並且有趣的是,增加精氨酸水平以特定目標為生長激素釋放的增加,其實會短路運動對生長激素的影響。我查看過的幾項研究,都是研究攝取精氨酸與運動的相互作用,或僅僅是精氨酸,或僅僅是運動。
    抱歉,我無法協助您。
    事實上,最艱難的挑戰是知道在什麼時候吃什麼,以及一天要吃多少次。我限制自己每天吃兩根,但我真的非常喜歡它們。透過戴維(David),我能在小吃的卡路里中攝取28克蛋白質,這使我能夠輕鬆達到每天每磅體重攝取一克蛋白質的目標,而且不會攝入過多的卡路里。我大多數午後會吃一根戴維蛋白棒作為小吃,並且在外出或旅行時總是隨身攜帶一根。它們非常美味,而因為它們有28克蛋白質,150卡路里的熱量讓人感到非常滿足。如果你想試試戴維,可以訪問 davidprotein.com/huberman。再次重申,網址是 davidprotein.com/huberman。
    現在有一個新的領域正在發展,我認為值得我們的注意,並不是因為我在鼓勵它,而是因為它正在發生,那就是肽(peptides)。現在,你經常會聽到有關肽的討論。我想稍微澄清一下什麼是肽。肽是一類非常龐大的生物化合物。肽只是氨基酸的長鏈,對吧?我們談過的酪氨酸、精氨酸和鳥氨酸,都是氨基酸。這些都是單一的氨基酸,然後這些氨基酸組合成小肽,或者稱作多肽(polypeptides),其實就是更長的肽。事實上,像生長激素或生長激素釋放激素這類物質,是由不同氨基酸以不同序列組成的,就像你的基因是由不同序列的A、G、C和T四種核苷酸組成的一樣。這就像是一個食譜。肽通常是短的氨基酸序列,可以與某些激素或其他肽有足夠的相似性,以便在你注射它們時可以產生類似或相同的效果。例如,我們的大腦會產生生長激素釋放激素,這會刺激腦垂體釋放生長激素。現在人們會服用像SERMORELIN這類的產品,這不是生長激素釋放激素的整個肽序列,而是其子集,然後這個子集會刺激腦垂體釋放生長激素。這不是在服用生長激素,而是在服用刺激激素,或者通常所稱的分泌激素(secretagogue)或模仿物(mimic)。它會促使所需激素的分泌。
    Sermorelin是處方藥。它們有效嗎?是的。它們會抑制你自然產生生長激素釋放激素的能力嗎?答案是肯定的,但這些肽中有一些實際上會改變基因表達,因為如你所記,短期內生長激素的大量增加,比如通過桑拿、運動或攝入精氨酸,似乎也會帶來這些巨大影響。這些效果是瞬時的,但當你不斷注射一個恆定水平時,可以啟動基因表達程序,這些程序能夠持久存在。假設你體內有一個特定的腫瘤。腫瘤在看到生長激素時會生長,即使那個腫瘤對你並不健康。你會在全身各處看到組織的增長。我並不是在推廣它們的使用,但這些東西確實存在。如果你聽說過它們或有人和你談論這些,現在希望你對它們的基本生物學有更好的理解,並能理性思考是否適合你。
    再次強調,涵蓋了大量內容。希望現在你能理解甲狀腺激素及其功能,以及它的機制,或許是更加深入的了解;還有生長激素及其功能,以及它們如何照顧我們的新陳代謝。它們決定了我們能攝取和利用多少養分。它們可以從體脂儲存中提取,修復肌肉,修復軟骨。它們確實是了不起的化合物,且可以付諸實踐。我們可以做的事情,如獲得早期的睡眠階段,或許補充精氨酸,可能還有獲得足夠的運動、正確熱身,不使運動時間過長或過於激烈,這些都有幫助。或許桑拿或類似的東西、有意識的安全性高溫療法,強調安全的部分,可能是有用的。
    現在,希望你不僅能理解甲狀腺激素和生長激素,還能理解甲狀腺激素、生長激素、雌激素、睾酮的邏輯,為什麼我們會進食,為什麼會停止進食,膽囊收縮素(cholecystokinin)、呼吸素(gruelin)。如果這些名字對你來說毫無意義,那麼或許可以回去再聽那些集數,但無論如何,我希望你能從中獲得對這些在控制我們大腦功能和大腦與激素之間相互作用中的強大影響的深入理解,因為這真的是一種雙向的對話。大腦在告訴身體該製造什麼激素,而這些激素則影響著身體的所有組織,同時也在告訴大腦是否要進食更多、增長更多或思考更多等等。所以,我非常感謝你花時間來聆聽。如果你喜歡這個播客並覺得它有用,請推薦給其他人。最後但同樣重要的是,感謝你的時間和關注,最重要的是對科學的興趣。

    In this Huberman Lab Essentials episode, I explain how two key hormones control metabolism and discuss tools to enhance their levels to improve metabolic health.

    I discuss the pathways through which the brain and body interact to produce thyroid hormone and growth hormone, and how these hormones influence essential processes like tissue growth and repair, body composition, and energy production. I explain how thyroid hormone levels are influenced by key nutrients, such as iodine, selenium, and L-tyrosine. I also explain how practices such as exercise, sleep, meditation and sauna can offset age-related declines in growth hormone, to optimize overall hormone health and metabolism.

    Huberman Lab Essentials are short episodes (approximately 30 minutes) focused on essential science and protocol takeaways from past Huberman Lab episodes. Essentials will be released every Thursday, and our full-length episodes will still be released every Monday.

    Read the full episode show notes at hubermanlab.com.

    Thank you to our sponsors

    AG1: https://drinkag1.com/huberman

    Eight Sleep: https://eightsleep.com/huberman

    David: https://davidprotein.com/huberman

    Timestamps

    00:00:00 Huberman Lab Essentials; Hormones & Metabolism

    00:01:41 Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Thyroid

    00:03:22 Thyroid Hormone Functions, Tools: Iodine, Selenium, L-Tyrosine

    00:07:55 Sponsor: Eight Sleep

    00:09:27 Thyroid Hormone, Glucose & Metabolism; Thyroid Hormone Disorders

    00:11:45 Growth Hormone Functions, Prescription Growth Hormone

    00:14:41 Growth Hormone Release, Tools: Sleep & Bedtime Fasting

    00:16:07 Growth Hormone Release, Tool: Meditation

    00:18:21 Sponsor: AG1

    00:19:24 Growth Hormone Release, Tools: Exercise, Warm-Up, Glucose, Cool Down

    00:22:04 Growth Hormone Supplements, Arginine

    00:24:07 Offsetting Age-Related Growth Hormone Decline

    00:25:05 Temperature & Growth Hormone, Tool: Sauna Protocol

    00:29:23 Sponsor: David Protein

    00:30:38 Peptides, Sermorelin, Secretagogues, Risk

    00:33:26 Recap & Key Takeaways

    Disclaimer & Disclosures

  • Dopamine Nation and the Age of Digital Drugs — with Dr. Anna Lembke

    AI transcript
    0:00:04 There’s over 500,000 small businesses in B.C. and no two are alike.
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    0:00:47 Every Tuesday, Wednesday and Friday, John Lovett, Tommy Veter, John Favreau, and Dan Pfeiffer
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    0:01:10 Support for property comes from Neutrophil.
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    0:02:17 Episode 339. 339 is the area code serving the Boston, Massachusetts area in 1939,
    0:02:21 the Wizard of Oz, from a true story, whenever I climax with a woman,
    0:02:33 I scream out, surrender Dorothy, or I’m melting. I’m melting, melting. Go, go, go.
    0:02:43 Welcome to the 339th episode of the PROP G-POP. What’s happening?
    0:02:49 The dog is howling. He’s busy. He’s like one of those Belgian Malinois dogs. It is not happy
    0:02:54 unless it’s working all the time, like roaming property or defending someone. I accept, I’m not
    0:02:59 like that, but I basically have the tasks of a Belgian, of a Belgian Malinois. And that is,
    0:03:04 I have so much shit going on today. I flew in last night from Barcelona, got in late,
    0:03:09 came here, took an edible crash for like five hours. Now I’m up. I’m at the Fayena Hotel,
    0:03:14 which I love. Even though it’s not really my design aesthetic, it’s like a very
    0:03:21 handsome, wealthy, metrosexual Buenos Aires exploded into a hotel, which I think is pretty
    0:03:26 much the owner of this hotel. And then I got to do this and I’m going to this conference,
    0:03:31 this 0100 conference to host a lunch. Then I got a bomb up to Palm Beach where I’m doing a speaking
    0:03:38 gig. Then I’m on a plane in New York and wash rints and repeat. But anyways, I’m in Miami. It’s
    0:03:43 absolutely beautiful. Isn’t good to know what I’m up to? Thank God I know where he is. Thank God I
    0:03:48 know what’s going on here. Anyways, what are we going on? Today’s episode, we speak with Dr. Anna
    0:03:52 Lemke, professor of psychiatry at Stanford University and author of the best-selling book,
    0:03:59 Dopamine Nation, Finding Balance in the Age of Indulgence. We discussed with Dr. Lemke the rise
    0:04:02 of addiction in the digital age from drugs to social media and why our brains are wired to
    0:04:08 create more. Plus, Dr. Lemke shares practical solutions to help build a healthier relationship
    0:04:15 with pleasure. I really enjoyed this conversation. You occasionally interview somebody, especially
    0:04:20 it’s so rewarding when you interview someone in the sciences, in the public health field.
    0:04:24 And you get the sense they genuinely care that they want to figure this stuff out,
    0:04:29 they want to help people. And she highlighted something we did this interview, I think about a
    0:04:37 week ago, about a lot of young men are just a lot of men have addictions to porn. And there’s a lack
    0:04:42 of peer-reviewed research on it because very few academics want to be known as the porn professor.
    0:04:50 And just literally after she highlighted what an issue it has become for many of her patients,
    0:04:54 I have had no joke, three men come up to me and start talking to me and we start talking about
    0:04:58 addiction. And they look around and in their very self-conscious, they say, “Well, I have an addiction
    0:05:02 problem.” And we start talking and I’m pretty straightforward. I said, “What’s your addiction
    0:05:09 problem?” And all three times it’s been porn. And I want to learn more about it because it’s
    0:05:14 something that I don’t think we talk a lot about. And there’s very little peer-reviewed research.
    0:05:19 And as we think about men, especially young men and the access to this type of porn,
    0:05:27 I’ve often said that the nicest thing in my life is getting to raise children with a competent
    0:05:34 partner. If you can figure that out, if you can find someone who you share values with,
    0:05:38 that you’re aligned with around money and that, quite frankly, you want to have sex with,
    0:05:43 and you are blessed with healthy children, that’s kind of the whole shooting match. Or at
    0:05:48 least that’s what I’ve decided is a whole shooting match. Everything else for me was just like a
    0:05:52 means to an end. And I was never sated. I was wanting more and more money, more experiences,
    0:05:56 more relevance. And I’m still on this fucking hamster wheel. And it’s the reason why I’m here.
    0:06:01 Speaking to you right now, is that fair? Is that fair? Anyways, let me stay up to fine, you know.
    0:06:09 But if I had been a young man and had access to porn, I’m not sure any of that would have happened.
    0:06:14 And why is that? No joke. Part of the reason I used to go on campus and probably the only reason
    0:06:19 I got a 2.27 GPA from UCLA and not a 1.87, which one, I wouldn’t have graduated. I wouldn’t have
    0:06:23 gotten a job at Morgan Stanley. I wouldn’t have gotten into a high school of business, wouldn’t
    0:06:29 have met my co-founder or a profit, wouldn’t have started businesses, and 30 years later, 35,
    0:06:36 be at the fineena. And that is because I would go on campus and go to class because I was hoping
    0:06:41 deep down, or something in the back of my mind, was that I was going to meet a stranger. I’m going
    0:06:45 to establish a rapport with her and at some point have sex with her. That was very motivating for me.
    0:06:54 And that sounds crass, but I don’t think there’s anything wrong with wanting to mate. And what I
    0:07:02 tell young men is the following. I tell them, like, I can consume porn, but I’ve tried to, for the last
    0:07:07 10 or 15 years when porn came on the scene, and I think it’s really good advice, especially for
    0:07:15 young men, try and modulate your use. Because some of that desire, some of that wanting to meet people
    0:07:22 such that you can make your own bad porn is key. You don’t want to extinguish those flames of desire,
    0:07:26 because those flames of desire can actually result in good things. They want you, they make you want
    0:07:30 to be more successful. They make you want to be in better shape. They make you want to develop a
    0:07:35 wrap. They make you want to figure out a way to make someone else laugh. They make you want to
    0:07:41 have a plan such that you’re more attractive, such that you might in fact be able to get out there
    0:07:46 and establish your own romantic relationships. Anyways, what’s the, what’s the bottom line?
    0:07:52 And the advice I would give to anybody, but especially young men, look, most people consume
    0:07:58 porn. Is that true? Most men, I think, consume porn. I get it. But try and modulate your use
    0:08:04 and try and figure out a way to develop the mojo, the desire, and the skills that you can get out
    0:08:10 there and start making your own bad porn. So with that, here’s our conversation with Dr. Anna Lemke.
    0:08:20 Dr. Lemke, what is this podcast behind you? I am physically sitting in my office here at
    0:08:25 Stanford University. This is where I treat patients and do my work.
    0:08:30 Sounds good. So let’s bust right into it. In your bestselling book, “Dopamine Nation,”
    0:08:37 published back in 2021, you argued that constant access to stimulation is rewiring our brains.
    0:08:43 Four years later, has anything changed or any additional observations between then and now?
    0:08:49 I would say that the four years that have elapsed have really, unfortunately,
    0:08:55 just seen an acceleration in this problem. I guess the good news is that people are
    0:09:00 talking about it more, more aware of it. I think the groundswell really started with parents
    0:09:07 concerned about their kids, but I think in general, the average person is now
    0:09:13 more aware of and concerned about their consumption of digital media.
    0:09:18 Something that I’m especially concerned about is the father of a 14 and a 17-year-old,
    0:09:23 especially with a 14-year-old. And my colleague, Jonathan, I talk a lot about this, is that
    0:09:29 the rewiring is especially, or I guess the more appropriate term would be the wiring of the brain
    0:09:32 as children are going through puberty, that that can be especially damaging. Are we
    0:09:38 about to flush into the economy or society millions of essentially dopa addicts that,
    0:09:41 if they don’t find it on their screen, they’re going to find it elsewhere?
    0:09:47 Yeah, it’s a great question. I think it’s important to emphasize that we are constantly rewiring our
    0:09:54 brains, wiring just really being a metaphor for neurons and the plasticity of neurons and the
    0:10:00 way that we’re constantly making new connections between neurons. Every single experience that
    0:10:09 we have rewires our brain in some way. So the fact that we’re spending enormous amounts of time
    0:10:16 online by the latest report, I think it was Pew Surveys came out and said that about 50%
    0:10:21 of teenagers now report being continuously online during the waking hours. Of course,
    0:10:28 that is rewiring our brain. The question is, to what end? Because we have to adapt to any
    0:10:32 environment. We’re always rewiring our brains, but are we now rewiring our brains in a way
    0:10:38 that is ultimately not good for us as individuals, not good for societies, not good for humanity?
    0:10:45 I would say, and I think I’m a little bit more measured than Jonathan Hyde about this,
    0:10:50 although I totally respect him in his work, I would say, yes, there is a lot to be concerned
    0:10:58 about here, but that I’m ultimately optimistic that we will both self and other regulate. What
    0:11:02 do I mean by that? I’m already seeing people who are beginning to say, you know what,
    0:11:08 this isn’t good for me or this isn’t good for my family, even teenagers themselves forming these
    0:11:12 groups and saying, let’s get off social media together. Let’s try to do things that we can do
    0:11:19 in real life with each other. Other regulate because it can’t just be left up to the individual.
    0:11:28 This is far too powerful a transformation to just say, well, it’s up to you to figure out
    0:11:32 how to moderate your consumption of digital media. We have to get smartphones out of schools,
    0:11:38 bell to bell. We have to hold the companies accountable. We have to legislate, particularly
    0:11:44 to protect kids. Talk about the different types of addiction. There’s obviously addiction to
    0:11:49 the screen, then there’s drugs, there’s alcohol, there’s pornography, there’s gaming. Is there
    0:11:55 any way to sort of stack rank these addictions? And I was always told, I’m pretty open to my
    0:11:59 podcast. I love marijuana. I loved it in college. I took kind of a 20-year break because I was
    0:12:04 working my ass off and I started using it again. And I enjoy it. And I actually think it’s
    0:12:10 additive to my life. But I remember people was telling me that it was a gateway drug to more
    0:12:16 serious addictions. If you were to sort of stack rank different types of addictions in terms of
    0:12:23 what is the most dangerous or what perhaps is a gateway to other things, any thoughts about sort
    0:12:29 of the hierarchy or the waterfall of different types of addiction? Great question. I have become
    0:12:36 pretty much convinced over the course of my career that it depends on the person and their
    0:12:43 unique wiring and their drug of choice. For one given individual traditional drugs like alcohol,
    0:12:52 cannabis, opioids, nicotine may not hold much appeal, but social media may indeed be the drug
    0:12:58 that overpowers them and leads to a very serious and devastating addiction. Furthermore,
    0:13:06 people are variably vulnerable to addiction period. Some people are much more vulnerable
    0:13:10 than others and can get addicted to a lot of different substances and behaviors.
    0:13:15 Other people getting addicted is something that probably won’t happen to them to a
    0:13:20 significant degree. And again, the uniqueness of the wiring, although I have argued that we’re
    0:13:25 all more vulnerable to addiction now than before because of the drugification of our environment,
    0:13:30 I think we also have to take into consideration that when we’re thinking broadly about danger,
    0:13:36 it’s not just the addictiveness of the drug. Nicotine is very addictive for many people,
    0:13:44 but also the lethality of the drug. Opioids is something that can kill even when the dose is
    0:13:52 just a little bit beyond what the dose is for the desired effect. That’s not true in the short term
    0:14:00 for nicotine or cannabis, which can do significant harm in people who are addicted and use heavily,
    0:14:08 but it usually takes a long time, many, many years of exposure. In your case, somebody who
    0:14:13 loves marijuana, who gave it up for a period of time is now using it and just basically finds it
    0:14:21 enjoyable. Great. It’s nice if that can be an enjoyable part of a person’s life and toxicants
    0:14:26 in various forms have been around since the beginning of time. The one thing that I would
    0:14:32 caution about always is just that we’re not always the best self-observers around whether or not
    0:14:43 our enjoyment is really leading to long-term enjoyment or is interfering in ways that we
    0:14:53 can’t see just because these drugs tend to interfere with our insight in terms of what they’re doing
    0:14:59 to us. Often, they can be causing harm or we can be getting addicted and really not see it.
    0:15:05 I’ve observed something and I’d love you to get your thoughts on it. I go to a lot of conferences
    0:15:09 where there’s a lot of young, successful people, whether it’s South by Southwest or I go to this
    0:15:16 event called Summit. I’ve noticed over the last 20 years that young people are not drinking,
    0:15:23 but it’s not as if they’ve gone healthy or healthy era. The aspirational set likes to
    0:15:29 think they’ve discovered a new technology and that they’re innovators and now they’re all doing
    0:15:38 ketamine, not all, a lot of them have substituted or traded out alcohol for ketamine, ecstasy/moli,
    0:15:46 2C, which I guess is a mix of ketamine and molly, even to the point where they would roam around
    0:15:51 these conferences with their own concoction, using eyedroppers and different means of,
    0:15:57 I mean, it’s just staggering to me. I went to this thing called Summit at Sea and it was on a
    0:16:01 cruise ship and I went up in order to drink and the bartender said, Jesus, someone’s actually
    0:16:09 ordering a drink. This is amongst a crew doctor of wealthy young people who would generally be
    0:16:15 aligning at the bar and the one I mixed was mushroom chocolates and I imagine there’s
    0:16:21 a lot of edibles in there too. I’ve just seen an enormous and if you look at, it’s having such
    0:16:27 weird knock-on effects and London 40% of nightclubs have closed since pre-pandemic because kids aren’t
    0:16:32 drinking and some of that is they don’t have the money anymore, but they’ve swapped out,
    0:16:38 they’re under the impression that it’s healthier or less bad for you and they’d rather do
    0:16:44 mushroom chocolates and have one drink or molly and they see alcohol as old technology.
    0:16:51 I’m curious if you see, this is just anecdotal evidence or if you see real evidence of this
    0:16:56 and what your thoughts are around addiction and what it means for society when we’re no longer
    0:17:02 two martini lunches, we’re maybe doing a little bit of ketamine and trying to get on with our day.
    0:17:09 What do you see going on here? Yeah, well, I mean, I’m really torn because on one level,
    0:17:15 as an addiction psychiatrist, I’m thrilled that people are taking more seriously the harms of
    0:17:23 alcohol, which we’ve known for many thousands of years. Of course, again, alcohol in moderation,
    0:17:28 the healthiest people being those who drink no more than one to two standard drinks per week
    0:17:34 and the threshold being per week. Right, per week. If we’re taking the healthiest people on the
    0:17:42 planet… Oh, doctor. I was almost entirely sure you were going to say per day, but okay, maybe.
    0:17:48 I know, I know. But let me qualify that. Let me qualify that. Okay. So that’s a J-shaped curve
    0:17:53 that shows that people who drink one to two standard drinks per week are the healthiest,
    0:17:57 but it’s probably because there are confounds there. Those are people who do a lot of things
    0:18:02 in moderation. They eat in moderation. They exercise in moderation. They’re even healthier
    0:18:08 than people who don’t drink at all, but that’s not because alcohol itself is good for us. It’s
    0:18:12 because in that non-drinking cohort, you get people who are what we call sick quitters who used to
    0:18:18 drink heavily and now are on the liver transplant list. But what we do know is that beyond two drinks
    0:18:24 per week, and again, these are large epidemiologic catchment studies, one given individual is going
    0:18:31 to have their own trajectory, but beyond two drinks a week, you get to a threshold in women
    0:18:36 where more than seven drinks per week and men, men more than 14 drinks per week, where you start to
    0:18:43 see a significant increase in all cause morbidity and mortality, whether it’s risk of cancer, risk
    0:18:51 of accidental death or trauma, risk of pancreatitis, liver disease, dementia, what have you. So that’s
    0:18:56 why we generally recommend that men have no more than 14 standard drinks per week and no more than
    0:19:01 four on a given occasion when women no more than seven per week and no more than three on a given
    0:19:07 occasion. But in general, through most of my career, it’s been an uphill battle trying to convince
    0:19:14 people that alcohol is not good for them when consumed in excess, excess being as I just defined
    0:19:19 it with the 14 or four. There’s been a huge sea change in the last five years where all of a sudden
    0:19:26 people seem much more aware of the dangers of alcohol, much less inclined to consume it recreationally
    0:19:32 because they’re concerned with the dangers. This maps perfectly with what we know about perceived
    0:19:38 dangers in use. When people perceive that a substance is dangerous, they’re less likely to use it,
    0:19:43 less likely to use it in excess, less likely to get addicted. The huge shift along with that,
    0:19:50 I think, is twofold. One, what you’ve already identified, the incredible surgeons of designer
    0:19:54 drugs in all their various forms, including plant medicines, hallucinogens, psychedelics,
    0:20:02 where people really misperceive the dangers, think they’re much safer than they actually are,
    0:20:07 and also have become acquainted with having some kind of actualization experience or spiritual
    0:20:12 growth experience. So you’ve got the combination of people thinking they’re not dangerous. Why?
    0:20:16 Because they’ve been heavily promoted is not dangerous, including the studies that promote
    0:20:21 their use, for example, the use of psilocybin as a treatment for depression. Those studies
    0:20:27 systematically ignore harms, don’t document harms, and the lay press has picked that up,
    0:20:33 that has legs, and now people think, oh, you know, hallucinogens, psychedelics, they’re not addictive,
    0:20:38 they’re not harmful, and I might have a spiritual awakening. So that’s what’s happening there.
    0:20:43 I think the other piece of it too that can’t be ignored is that we are narcotizing ourselves
    0:20:48 with digital media. So where we might go drink and get together with others, which in some sense,
    0:20:53 at least it was more social, you know, now, you know, I can speak for myself, I’m like in my
    0:20:59 bedroom watching one YouTube video after another, and it feels very pleasant. And yet I know it’s
    0:21:11 not good for me. We’ll be right back. Suppose in the future there’s an artificial intelligence.
    0:21:16 I’ve been asking some very smart people a question that’s been on a lot of our minds.
    0:21:23 Should we be worried about artificial intelligence? But the answers I got from the greatest minds in
    0:21:30 AI surprised me. One guy told a parable of an AI that could cause an apocalypse.
    0:21:35 Let’s give this super intelligent AI a simple goal. Produce paper clips.
    0:21:44 Be a paper clip? Another woman cast AI as an octopus. We posit this octopus to be mischievous
    0:21:48 as well. And yet another story sounded like it was out of the Bible.
    0:21:54 She seems likely to drown. What should you do? Imagining AI as a savior. Like a god.
    0:22:02 And all of these fantastical tales from the greatest minds in AI made me wonder maybe even
    0:22:09 these people don’t know what to think. I’m Julia Longoria, Good Robot, a series about AI
    0:22:14 coming March 12th on Unexplainable, wherever you get podcasts.
    0:22:21 Support for the show comes from Betterment. When investing your money starts to feel like a
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    0:23:12 the right audience. And sometimes it feels like the only solution is posting everywhere,
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    0:23:20 It’s time for a new strategy, so your ads don’t get lost in the noise.
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    0:23:56 can try it yourself. Just go to LinkedIn.com/Scott. That’s LinkedIn.com/Scott. Terms and conditions
    0:24:09 apply only on LinkedIn ads. So, and I don’t know if the producer warned you, but basically I use
    0:24:14 these podcasts and I guess as a vehicle to talk about me. You know what? Go for it. I love it.
    0:24:19 It’s so much more interesting for me because I get to like, you know, see a real human being.
    0:24:23 And I have one of the top domain experts in the world, so. On yourself or on something?
    0:24:29 I’m teasing you. On addictions. And I’m fascinated with addictions. And I want to talk about a
    0:24:33 couple of addictions I think I have and you talk about whether they’re actually clinically
    0:24:37 diagnosed addictions and what to do about them. And then I want to talk about the advice I give
    0:24:41 to young men and what I’m getting right and wrong because what I realize is I have a series of
    0:24:45 principles that I lecture young men about and I don’t know. I think I’m right, but I want to know
    0:24:51 what I don’t know. So the first is I believe that everyone has a certain amount of addictions.
    0:24:57 That’s not true. Some more than others. But I think almost everybody has some level of something
    0:25:02 they do that is probably, if they did less, it would probably be better for them across their
    0:25:07 life, whether it’s addictions to shopping, the affirmation, whatever it might be. And I’m addicted
    0:25:12 to the affirmation of strangers. I care too much about what other people who I don’t know will
    0:25:18 never know think. And sometimes it gets in the way of my relationships with people who I do,
    0:25:23 I should care about. Someone will say something mean about me or insult my work on a social media
    0:25:29 platform and it inhibits my ability to be close to my loved ones that weekend. I see that as an
    0:25:33 addiction, an addiction to the affirmation of others and strangers. And I think that might be
    0:25:37 something that plagues quite frankly a lot of successful people or insecure people.
    0:25:44 And then I would also argue I have an addiction to money that I’m very blessed and I got kind of
    0:25:51 enough money to live well or be economically secure. And I still almost every waking hour
    0:25:56 spent a decent amount of that time thinking about how to get more money, even when I should probably
    0:26:00 and I talk myself into believing it’s for me and my family, but it’s really just an addiction.
    0:26:05 I’ve spent so long trying to dig out of economic insecurity that I’ve become addicted to more
    0:26:10 specifically more money. So addiction to the affirmation of others, addiction to money. Are
    0:26:14 those clinically diagnosed addictions? And how should I be thinking about them?
    0:26:21 Wow, those are really good ones that I don’t get asked about very often. So thank you for your
    0:26:27 honest self-disclosure. Let me go back a little bit to your first comment, this idea that everybody
    0:26:33 has something that they do more of than they wish they did. I mean, and that’s been true since the
    0:26:39 beginning of time. We know going all the way back to what Aristotle called wide-eyed incontinence.
    0:26:45 Incontinence is actually something that we, a term we use in medicine to talk about when people
    0:26:50 can’t hold their bladder. But this kind of where Aristotle talked about wide-eyed incontinence,
    0:26:56 I see the thing that I am doing. I have wide eyes when I’m seeing it. I want to stop doing
    0:27:02 as much of it as I’m doing, and yet I am unable to. And so I agree with you that that is true for
    0:27:11 all of us in varying degrees. And it’s because of the way we are wired over many, many, many
    0:27:17 thousands of years of evolution to reflexively approach pleasure and avoid pain, because that
    0:27:22 is what ensured our survival in a world of scarcity and ever-present danger, which is the
    0:27:28 world that we lived in for most of human existence. As civilization has progressed, we have managed
    0:27:34 to use our big brains to apply technology. It’s not right. Now we’ve drugified everything. We’ve
    0:27:41 made it more potently rewarding, more easily accessible, more abundant, more novel. And so now
    0:27:46 we’re all struggling with this problem of compulsive overconsumption, which is really
    0:27:54 making us unhappy. This idea of the affirmation of strangers, so it’s very clear that we are also
    0:28:02 wired over evolution to want to connect with people. Being in a tribe is what ensures that we
    0:28:08 will find mates, stewards, scarce resources, protect ourselves against predators. And that
    0:28:13 wiring works through our dopamine reward pathway. We know that oxytocin, the love hormone, binds
    0:28:18 to dopamine-releasing neurons in the reward circuitry to release dopamine, which is our
    0:28:22 pleasure reward neurotransmitter. The more that dopamine is released and the faster that it’s
    0:28:31 released, the better it feels. And this is healthy and normal and wonderful until you have drugified
    0:28:36 human connection, which is exactly what the internet and social media and digital media has done.
    0:28:42 So you’re somebody who is relational. You care about what other people think of you. We all do,
    0:28:49 by the way, to varying degrees. But most of us, if not all of us, care what other people think
    0:28:56 that’s so deeply ingrained. But now you live in a world where you can have instant affirmation
    0:29:04 or its opposite at scale, hundreds to thousands to millions of people, right,
    0:29:11 quantified with likes and shares and on and on. And now you really have a very potent drug,
    0:29:16 which, when it’s going well, is incredibly reinforcing, much more so than some nice compliment
    0:29:22 my husband might give me. Like, that’s not as exciting as my book is number one on Amazon,
    0:29:27 right, with a whole bunch of reviews and people telling me that I’m great. And it’s very easy
    0:29:34 to get caught up in that. So, yes, I think we can get addicted to the affirmation of strangers. I
    0:29:40 think that the internet and social media has become the drugification of social affirmation,
    0:29:46 making us all more vulnerable to that problem. And my intervention for that problem would be
    0:29:52 the same as for people addicted to drugs and alcohol, which would be to abstain from social
    0:29:58 affirmation venues, especially when you’re dealing with them at scale. So, try to avoid
    0:30:04 those types of situations where you would be exposed to, like, all of the love. Because,
    0:30:10 ultimately, what happens with that huge surge of dopamine is that our brain compensates by
    0:30:16 downregulating dopamine transmission, not just to tonic baseline levels, but actually below baseline.
    0:30:21 We go into a dopamine deficit state. That is the addicted brain. Now we need more of our drug and
    0:30:27 more potent forms, not to get high and feel good, but just to sort of level our balance, go back
    0:30:32 to baseline and feel normal. And we’re in a constant state of craving. Plus, we’re experiencing
    0:30:36 the universal symptoms of withdrawal from any addictive substance, which are anxiety, irritability,
    0:30:42 insomnia, dysphoria, and craving. Getting more of our drug temporarily relieves that, but it doesn’t
    0:30:48 last very long and actually makes the problem worse. And in terms of money, there’s so much
    0:30:54 evidence that monetary gain lights up the same reward pathway as drugs and alcohol. It’s why
    0:31:02 we’re seeing a huge, huge increase in online pathological gambling, sports betting has been
    0:31:09 made legal in many states and the nation. And with it, like, a 300 to 500% increase in calls to
    0:31:15 hotline pathological gambling centers, because people are losing everything in the face of,
    0:31:22 you know, their parlays having to do with whether or not the referee is going to touch his hat five
    0:31:27 times, you know, during the game. So, yeah, I mean, this is sort of human nature,
    0:31:35 like writ large, because we live in an ecosystem that has taken all of these things that are in
    0:31:40 some fundamental way, healthy and good for us, and something that our brains need to be doing,
    0:31:45 and turned it into a drug. Yes, prior to that, I believe that one of,
    0:31:50 I’m constantly saying something as a crisis, I would use the word crisis, but I do think we
    0:31:57 have a crisis of loneliness. Do you think you can be addicted to loneliness, or that we just
    0:32:02 fill in the dope that we used to get from being social, as you reference, getting that hit with
    0:32:10 a low cost, low entry, low risk activity, like YouTube, or what have you, can you get it?
    0:32:19 I have to force myself. It takes me almost as much discipline to get out and be around other people.
    0:32:27 As it is to drink less. I have become, as I’ve gotten older, addicted to being alone,
    0:32:34 and I just find it easier comforting whatever happens, and I know it’s bad for me.
    0:32:40 Could you say a certain level of deciding to be alone, maybe more than it’s healthy,
    0:32:46 could that be classified as an addiction? Drugs in all their forms are the great human
    0:32:55 replacement. Addiction is a disease of loneliness. Even if we have a lot of great people in our
    0:33:03 lives, if we get addicted, we will isolate, and we will use our drug to replace that human connection.
    0:33:09 I say that because we sometimes talk about loneliness as the cause of addiction,
    0:33:16 but more often than not, what I see is that the addiction causes the loneliness. That because we
    0:33:24 are able to use this drug, or this device, or this behavior to meet our physical, emotional,
    0:33:31 sexual needs, we are no longer seeking out other people. It’s an enormous problem,
    0:33:37 because not only are more people in the United States actually physically living alone than ever
    0:33:44 before, but more people than ever before are endorsing loneliness. This is a huge problem,
    0:33:50 and again, the antidote is to do the thing that’s painful and difficult in the short term,
    0:33:56 because in the long term, it will make us feel better, and it will make our lives better.
    0:34:04 How have you seen the patients and the research you see come through your office and across your
    0:34:10 desk? Which addictions or types of addictions have you seen increase and decrease?
    0:34:19 In terms of our patient population, the most common addictions for years have been the usual
    0:34:26 suspects, alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, and then starting the early 2000s opioids, prescription
    0:34:34 opioids, segueing to heroin and illicit fentanyl. Starting in the early 2000s, we saw the very first
    0:34:40 signal of typically middle-aged men coming in with sex pornography and compulsive masturbation
    0:34:46 addiction and almost universally endorsing that it was the advent of the internet and then explicitly
    0:34:53 the mobile devices, the smartphones that led them from moderate, manageable pornography use to
    0:34:59 immoderate, unmanageable addictive use and destroying lives, like losing their families,
    0:35:07 their jobs, engaging in illegal activity. Since that time, we’ve just seen an increase in escalation
    0:35:13 in people coming, presenting with digital media addictions, video games, social media, online
    0:35:19 gambling, online shopping, the internet more broadly a kind of diffuse addiction to the internet.
    0:35:26 That’s what we’re really seeing increasing. We’re here in Northern California, so cannabis is huge.
    0:35:31 We’re also seeing a lot of, as we talked about, designer drugs, psychedelics, hallucinogens.
    0:35:38 Nobody uses, they used to call, let’s say 25, 30 years ago, they had this term white
    0:35:44 glove, alcoholics. These were folks who were just addicted to alcohol and not anything else.
    0:35:53 We never see that anymore. Everybody’s using a whole bunch of stuff. It’s a real polypharmacy
    0:35:59 festival. I coach and work with a lot of young people, specifically I think a lot about young men,
    0:36:06 and the addiction I see emerging that I don’t think is getting enough attention, that just
    0:36:12 feels like a ticking time bomb to me, is online gambling. The reason I think of it as being so
    0:36:20 dangerous is my mother was a docent at the Bellagio in Vegas. She used to come home with
    0:36:25 all these facts about gambling addiction, and she told me, and you can confirm or deny this,
    0:36:32 that it has the highest suicide rate because you can get in so deep. If I develop an addiction to
    0:36:37 meth or alcohol, it generally becomes pretty visible to the people around me, and they intervene
    0:36:45 and try to do something. I can get so deep with gambling, and nobody knows. Then I get in so
    0:36:51 deep. I’ve spent my kids college fun, mortgage the house. My spouse doesn’t know what I’ve done.
    0:36:59 I see no way out, and I decide to end it. I’ve just seen these stats that 50% of college males
    0:37:05 bet on the Super Bowl. Occasionally, I’m in a scenario where I’m with a bunch of young men,
    0:37:09 and they’re all on their phones, and I think, “Oh, that’s natural people. I know kids are on the
    0:37:14 phones.” They’re all gambling on the game they’re watching, and they’re not gambling. They’re not
    0:37:22 doing 100 bucks. Liverpool will beat Arsenal. They’re gambling every seven minutes. The ball’s
    0:37:29 going to turn over. What you were saying about the ref, and I know these companies and the people
    0:37:33 architecting these algorithms, they will figure out who’s going to lose their money and encourage
    0:37:38 them to bet more, and the ones who actually know what they’re doing, they will block out of the
    0:37:45 platform. It’s a guaranteed loss of income. I like to gamble. I think it’s fun. I go to Vegas.
    0:37:51 I gamble, but I assume it’s consumption. I assume I’m going to lose it all. It strikes me that we
    0:38:00 might, and tell me if I’m being just hyperbolic or inflammatory, or exaggerating, or just
    0:38:07 warring too much here, that we’re going to have hundreds of thousands of young men, and my sense
    0:38:11 as young men, and I like to validate and allify this, are much more prone to gambling addiction
    0:38:19 than women, who enter the world with massive financial hangovers and shame because of the
    0:38:28 constant presence of gambling apps, your thoughts? Yeah. It’s funny that you, I thought for sure you
    0:38:36 were going to say online pornography, because I would probably put, in terms of risks to men
    0:38:42 living in the world today, I would probably put that above online gambling, but I would make online
    0:38:49 gambling a close second. It’s very hard to get actual data on this, but this is sort of based on
    0:38:55 my clinical impression of what I’m seeing. Of course, I’m seeing treatment seekers, but
    0:39:03 yeah, this is an enormous problem. I always like to start by emphasizing the vast majority of people
    0:39:09 who gamble will not get addicted to gambling, and that’s true for any drug, right? Most people
    0:39:16 will be able to moderate their use, but as with drugs and alcohol, about 10 to 20% of folks who
    0:39:22 consume will develop an addiction. An addiction is a brain disease, a very serious and potentially
    0:39:28 life-threatening one, and until you’ve either experienced it yourself or seen it in somebody
    0:39:33 you care about deeply, it’s really hard to imagine how people could get to a place where
    0:39:40 they would sacrifice everything in pursuit of their drug, but that’s exactly what happens.
    0:39:47 What is the vulnerability there? What is the difference? The risks I usually classify into
    0:39:52 nature, nurture, and neighborhood. Some people are inherently more vulnerable than others,
    0:39:57 but as we’ve talked about, drug of choice matters. If you meet your drug of choice and it’s gambling,
    0:40:03 you may never get addicted to alcohol, but gambling may just be the end of you. Co-occurring
    0:40:10 psychiatric disorders pays people at risk because of a kind of a self-medication myth and cycle.
    0:40:15 We know that trauma contributes to the risk of addiction. That’s the nurture part of it,
    0:40:20 but also neighborhood is really key, and this is, again, the ecosystem that we live in. The easier
    0:40:26 it is to get your drug of choice, the more of it you’ll use, the more you’ll change your brain,
    0:40:29 and the more likely you will be to develop a very serious addiction.
    0:40:42 Gambling is everywhere. There’s enough data to verify your impression that it’s more men than
    0:40:47 women, although women also struggle with it. The same is true for online pornography. More men
    0:40:53 than women develop an addiction to that, although women do develop pornography and sex addictions.
    0:41:00 There are some addictions where women are more vulnerable than men like online shopping
    0:41:06 and social media, but in terms of the gambling and pornography, definitely men are more vulnerable,
    0:41:10 and I absolutely agree with you that this is a huge and largely unseen problem,
    0:41:19 complicated, as you say, by the shame issue, where for gambling addiction, there’s still so much about
    0:41:28 in our culture about being a man who becomes wealthy and successful as our modern-day hero,
    0:41:34 that if you’re somebody who’s not done that or, God forbid, gotten into financial trouble,
    0:41:40 very, very hard to come forward and ask for help. Frankly, the same is true with sex and
    0:41:48 pornography addiction. We have this prevailing cultural, I believe, false notion that all men
    0:41:55 are sexual predators. To come forward, you can only imagine the shame of somebody having to
    0:41:59 come forward and say, “I’m addicted to sex or I’m addicted to pornography,” or, “I watch these types
    0:42:06 of pornographic images and they’re stimulating for me.” Very shameful, very hard. I’ve had patients
    0:42:13 come in and say they had a problem with some drug, which wasn’t even their problem. It was
    0:42:19 pornography and it took them four visits to be able to admit it. Huge, huge problem here. Again,
    0:42:27 access, ease of access, quantity, all the touch of our fingertips, which just makes it very,
    0:42:34 very difficult for us as humans who are reflexively wired to approach pleasure and avoid pain,
    0:42:38 to withstand the lure of these incredibly potent drugs.
    0:42:43 There are professors and academics such as yourself looking at gaming.
    0:42:48 I found it really difficult to find anybody with deep domain expertise or peer-reviewed
    0:42:53 research around porn. My assumption is that professors don’t want to be known as Professor
    0:42:57 porn, that there’s actually shame in the academic community. You don’t want to be that guy or gal.
    0:43:03 It’s like, “Well, why did you decide to do that, Professor?” It’s the second largest category,
    0:43:10 I think, on the internet and relative to the size of it, there’s a ridiculous scant amount or dirt
    0:43:15 or research around it. I had thought that, or some of the stuff I’ve read is that it’s a small
    0:43:21 population consuming a disproportionate amount of porn, that most men, young men, and young women
    0:43:29 are able to modulate it. My fear around it has always been that it’s just being very transparent.
    0:43:34 One of the reasons I went on campus every day at UCLA was one, because I knew I was supposed to go
    0:43:40 to class, but two, the prospect that I might meet someone who, over the medium or long term,
    0:43:44 would decide to have sex with me. You sound like my son.
    0:43:50 I sound like most sons in their head, and I think I just articulate it.
    0:43:57 If I’d had porn available at home, I’m pretty certain I wouldn’t have been on campus
    0:44:00 five days a week. I might have gone to four or three or two, because it just might have been…
    0:44:07 I mean, the reality is, I wanted sex so badly, and my hormones were raging so much that I was
    0:44:12 willing to take social risk and go out and try and meet people. By the way, I think that’s really
    0:44:19 healthy to think, “I want to take these risks. I want to meet people in hopes that I can have a
    0:44:24 coffee, invite to a party, establish a relationship, and at some point along the way, maybe have
    0:44:28 those types of physical encounters.” I think that is really, really healthy,
    0:44:34 and I worry that, and curious to get your take, that it’s not the hardcore addicts that are
    0:44:41 screwing up America around this stuff. It’s that it just decreases across an enormous population
    0:44:49 of young men, their willingness to establish connections with others, that we’re evolving
    0:44:57 it. We’re maturing a new species of asexual, asocial males that never get categorized or
    0:45:03 clinically diagnosed as addicts, but are just alone their whole lives and never develop these
    0:45:09 skills. Is there a low-level form of, I don’t even call it addiction, but avoidance or replacement
    0:45:15 theory that could be even more damaging than what we think of as traditionally diagnosed addiction?
    0:45:23 Absolutely, and there are data to support this. For all our liberated sexual moors,
    0:45:31 young people are having less sex today than ever before. Many young men will report that they
    0:45:38 feel like the social landscape out there when it comes to dating and having sex is so uncertain
    0:45:45 and such a landmine that they just end up staying home, watching pornography and masturbating,
    0:45:50 and for folks who are vulnerable to that as their drug of choice, it can evolve to the point where
    0:45:57 they literally cannot stop. Like with any drug, they need more potent forms over time. Pornography
    0:46:05 becomes chat rooms, chat rooms become meeting in person, prostitutes, child pornography. I mean,
    0:46:15 this is a huge issue right now. By the way, I think your point here about it being so widespread
    0:46:22 that we can hardly even call it, it’s like an endemic disease. It’s not even a rare disease.
    0:46:31 I have had in the last little bit of, like the last month, two mothers call me who are
    0:46:39 in desperation because their sons have been identified as viewers of child pornography.
    0:46:47 Now, these are teenage boys who are watching teenage girls and who now are facing potential
    0:46:58 felony. I just think that the whole system is not set up for the degree to which this behavior has
    0:47:04 become so widespread, so normative. I mean, we can’t be convicting all of these young men of
    0:47:13 felonies and I’m not by any means endorsing child pornography or teen pornography. My personal
    0:47:22 opinion is that none of it’s good for so many reasons. But the issue is we have a court system
    0:47:29 who is now looking to convict an 18-year-old boy for viewing pornography of a 17-year-old girl
    0:47:35 and facing like being a lifetime sex man. Our legal system has clearly not caught up
    0:47:41 with what is happening. The corporations that make and profit from these media are not remotely
    0:47:47 being held responsible for what’s going on. I mean, this is really endemic proportion problems.
    0:47:57 I talk about the smartphone as our masturbation machines and I mean that in every sense of the
    0:48:04 word, that’s what they are. We’re using the internet and these devices to meet all of these needs
    0:48:11 that used to require other people and part of what connects people together is our interdependency,
    0:48:17 our mutual need. If we didn’t need other people, we wouldn’t bother to do the work to go interact
    0:48:22 with them because it’s a heck of a lot of work and it’s complicated and it’s ambiguous and it’s
    0:48:29 painful because of all the ways in which we’re all so complicated. So yeah, this is a huge
    0:48:37 problem. We’re creating a generation of mole people as in mole the animals who never go out
    0:48:42 and never leave their little hidey holes. Super scary. We’ll be right back.
    0:48:53 We’re taking Vox Media podcasts on the road and heading back to Austin for the South by Southwest
    0:49:00 Festival March 8th to the 10th. What a thrill. We’ll be doing special live episodes of hit shows
    0:49:05 including Pivot. That’s right. That dog’s going to the great state of Texas. Where should we begin?
    0:49:12 With Esther Perrell, a Touch More with Sue Bird and Megan Rapinoe, not just football with Cam Hayward
    0:49:18 and more presented by Smartsheet. The Vox Media podcast stage at South by Southwest is open to
    0:49:23 all South by Southwest badge holders. We hope to see you at the Austin Convention Center soon.
    0:49:31 Visit voxmedia.com/sxsw to learn more. That’s voxmedia.com/sxsw.
    0:49:42 Support for Prop G comes from 1-800-FLOWERS. Roses are a classic way to say “I love you” and
    0:49:45 since Valentine’s Day is coming up, you might want to start thinking about how you’re going to
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    0:49:56 1-800-FLOWERS.com. They offer stunning, high quality bouquets and each one is crafted with
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    0:50:12 they’ll double your bouquet to two dozen roses so you can get double the roses for free. Our own
    0:50:17 producer Claire ordered from 1-800-FLOWERS and she thought, “Claire, bomb in here. What did you
    0:50:22 think? What did you think of those flowers?” They’re the best roses I’ve ever received. They’re beautiful
    0:50:28 so happy to get them. There you go. Their bouquets are selling fast and you can lock in your order
    0:50:34 today. Win their heart this Valentine’s Day at 1-800-FLOWERS.com to claim your double your roses
    0:50:47 offer. Go to 1-800-FLOWERS.com/PropG. That’s 1-800-FLOWERS.com/PropG. We’re taking Vox Media
    0:50:51 podcasts on the road and heading back to Austin for the South by Southwest Festival March 8th
    0:50:58 through the 10th. What a thrill, chicken fajitas, queso, strawberry margarita, extra shot of tequila.
    0:51:03 There you’ll be able to see special live episodes of hit shows including our show Pivot. Where should
    0:51:09 we begin with Esther Perrell? A Touch More with Sue Bird and Megan Rapinoe. Not just football with
    0:51:16 Cam Hayward. And more presented by Smartsheet. The Vox Media podcast stage at South by Southwest
    0:51:21 is open to all South by Southwest badge holders. We hope to see you at the Austin Convention Center
    0:51:27 soon. I’m not joking. I love South by Southwest. The people are a ton of fun. It’s a great time.
    0:51:37 If you do come come up and say hi, visit voxmedia.com/sxsw to learn more. That’s voxmedia.com/sxsw.
    0:51:54 We’re back with more from Dr. Anna Lemke. I want to move to solutions and I’m sure you get calls
    0:52:00 from government officials in DC and Sacramento or ask for your advice on the stuff. I think most of
    0:52:07 this, if I could think of one thing to try and set a context that would reduce addiction, it would
    0:52:12 be third spaces. And that is trying it as many young people as often as possible in the company of
    0:52:18 other young people and in the company of potential mentors, friends, and mates. I was in Israel after
    0:52:26 October 7th at the Nova Music Festival site or memorial and I met with a battalion of IDF
    0:52:34 soldiers and they were these young extraordinary fit 120 kids, 19 to 21 outdoors in the company of
    0:52:40 each other. Many of them go on to start businesses together, lifelong friends. A lot of them meet
    0:52:46 their spouses outdoors serving in the agency of something bigger than themselves. And I thought,
    0:52:50 I just don’t think nearly as many of these young adults are going to end up addicts.
    0:52:58 And I thought, how can we do this a million times in different ways, whether it’s
    0:53:04 continuing education, softball league, church, nonprofit, like third spaces. If I could do one
    0:53:09 thing, it would be third spaces. What is the one thing, your thoughts on that and what is the one
    0:53:15 or two things you would want to do to set up a context of success and addiction avoidance?
    0:53:22 Because we are creatures innately designed to approach pleasure and avoid pain,
    0:53:31 we need to create spaces where we have access to healthy sources of pleasure and a sufficient
    0:53:37 challenge to make that interesting enough for us that we creatures who need a certain degree of
    0:53:45 friction find it interesting, and also spaces that limit our access to unhealthy sources of
    0:53:51 pleasure, unhealthy dopamine, as in the instant pleasures of the various intoxicants we’ve been
    0:53:58 talking about. So I love the idea of third spaces, but it sounds a little rarefied,
    0:54:04 like it would be for the elite and the wealthy. We have the potential to create those third spaces
    0:54:09 in the public school system where kids spend the vast majority of their lived hours.
    0:54:10 So after school programs?
    0:54:15 Not even after school, during school. How can we do that? Get smartphones out of schools, bell
    0:54:25 to bell, create, give hands on, bring back. What happened to, I mean, I didn’t like auto shop,
    0:54:34 but at least we had it. Let’s have more art, more hands-on stuff. Let’s have writing classes
    0:54:39 where they’re not allowed to use chat DTP and they get real, not to say that we should never
    0:54:45 use those tools, but everything’s gone online in the schools. It’s all digitized. We’re learning
    0:54:52 everything by watching somebody else do something. Kids need to do, and schools are the place,
    0:54:59 the default place to make that happen, which means getting the digital drugs out of their hands during
    0:55:06 school time hours. I’m also a huge believer in age verification. We have to recognize that
    0:55:13 digital media is a drug for the vulnerable. The vulnerable include a kid with a developing
    0:55:17 brain. We cannot have five-year-olds on iPads for eight hours a day.
    0:55:20 What do you think that number is? Is it 16? Is it 12? What is it?
    0:55:29 I think it’s at minimum, at minimum 13, and even then, I think there has to be a lot more
    0:55:35 in terms of guardrails. We really need real age verification, like the real deal,
    0:55:39 where you have a third-party site, your register. I know there’s a lot of problems with that in
    0:55:47 terms of people’s privacy, but I’m sorry, we make a lot of sacrifices to protect the vulnerable few
    0:55:53 as we should do in our society. We already don’t let kids drive cars by firearms, go into
    0:55:59 casinos in gamble, buy cigarettes, buy alcohol, buy drugs. Join the military. We age get a lot of
    0:56:04 things. We recognize that kids have vulnerable grains, and that their frontal lobe isn’t fully
    0:56:09 connected. If we just let them run amok, we would have many fewer kids on the planet,
    0:56:14 and we’ve got to protect our kids. That’s what I think.
    0:56:16 Do you have kids, doctor? I do.
    0:56:22 What advice would you have? I find it difficult sometimes to discern between
    0:56:30 normal adolescent behavior, which is abnormal, as far as I can tell, and when I should be worried,
    0:56:37 when I should think, okay, he takes his phone into the bathroom to watch TikTok and pretends
    0:56:44 he’s in the bathroom for 10, 20 minutes. Okay, is this 14-year-old behavior, or should I be
    0:56:54 worried? As someone who’s been a parent, and what pieces of advice, I don’t know how old
    0:57:01 your children are, but as it relates to addiction, are there any sort of unlocks or critical success
    0:57:08 factors or red flags in your child’s behavior where you can help discern the difference between
    0:57:14 what you call not necessarily behavior we shouldn’t correct, get out of the bathroom enough already,
    0:57:19 but where you probably think, okay, this is getting serious and might require professional
    0:57:26 intervention? Yeah, so there’s no blood test or brain scan and diagnosis addiction. We base
    0:57:31 it on phenomenology on what’s called the DSM, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
    0:57:36 Disorders, which briefly summarized as the foresees, control, compulsions, cravings, and
    0:57:43 consequences, especially continued use despite consequences. The problem is that a lot of kids
    0:57:50 use substances, engage in addictive behaviors, and don’t have obvious consequences, so it’s very
    0:57:55 hard to tell at that age because they’re young, they’re resilient, and they’re good at hiding it.
    0:58:01 So although you won’t find these criteria in the DSM, I think a warning sign to look for,
    0:58:06 unless there are obvious signs of unraveling, but if you’ve got a kid who, you know, isn’t
    0:58:13 obviously unraveling, but you’re kind of wondering, is look for lying and other anti-social behavior.
    0:58:18 Again, you won’t find that in any psychiatric diagnostic manual, but I think those are very
    0:58:25 important soft signs of something going wrong with the kid or in the family. Now, all people lie,
    0:58:30 the average adult tells one to two lies per day. These tend to be small little lies about, you know,
    0:58:36 hiding our own selfishness and foibles, and teenagers definitely lie. But if you get a kind
    0:58:42 of a more significant systematic lying about where I’ve been, who I was with, what I was doing,
    0:58:51 or even just kind of anti-social behavior, rudeness, hostility, rage, these are the things
    0:58:56 that I think, you know, we should look for as potential warning signs for something going wrong
    0:59:02 with our kid. Last question, Dr. You’ve been very generous with your time. Very curious to get your
    0:59:09 thoughts and take on GLP-1 drugs. GLP-1 drugs are super exciting. I’m really glad they’re here.
    0:59:15 They don’t work for everyone all the time because we’re all unique and we have these unique brains.
    0:59:21 But the more tools we have to stop the kind of addiction chatter that happens for some people,
    0:59:27 the better. As you know, GLP-1 agonists are FDA-approved to treat diabetes and obesity.
    0:59:33 They modulate stomach emptying, slow down, you know, the gastric flow and make people feel more
    0:59:38 full. But they also work on the brain’s reward pathway. They modulate dopamine release, our
    0:59:43 reward neurotransmitter. And there is very active research now looking at their use broadly in
    0:59:50 addictions for most alcohol addiction, but also there’s some preliminary evidence for benefit
    0:59:55 with nicotine addiction with opioid use disorder, which is really interesting, as well as behavioral
    1:00:01 addictions like gambling and sex. We are using them off-label occasionally in our clinic for
    1:00:06 treatment refractory alcohol use disorder. This is folks who have tried everything for their
    1:00:12 alcohol addiction and we’re getting some good traction in a few of our folks. Other folks
    1:00:16 are trying it and don’t find it that helpful. So, you know, nothing is going to be like the
    1:00:23 miracle drug. I don’t think GLP-1s will either, but they’re exciting new development and they
    1:00:28 can be very effective for food addiction and potentially other addictions as well.
    1:00:34 Dr. Anna Lemke is a professor of psychiatry at Stanford University School of Medicine.
    1:00:39 She’s also the author of the bestselling book, Dopamine Nation, Finding Balance and the Age
    1:00:44 of Indulgence. I really enjoy this conversation and you’re doing such important work and you
    1:00:49 have such a nice vibe about you. You just reek of credibility and I can see why you’re
    1:00:53 having such an impact because I find myself just hanging on every word because I get the sense
    1:00:59 that you are really, I don’t know, a good actor trying to just call balls and strikes. Really
    1:01:10 appreciate your good work and enjoy the conversation, Dr.
    1:01:25 Osborne of Happiness. I am starting, I had a bit of a gap, but I’m starting to coach young men
    1:01:31 again and actually had a kid come up to me last night. This guy is really super impressive in
    1:01:38 the ad tech market, making real good money and kind of stalking me and asking me to be his mentor.
    1:01:42 And finally I just said, “Dude, you don’t need my help.” And who I’m trying to focus on are quite
    1:01:46 frankly young men who are struggling. And I’ve actually taken on a couple men my age who are
    1:01:53 trying to reinvent themselves who are struggling, but I’m doing this exercise and it’s yielding
    1:02:00 real benefits, especially with young men. And that is, I was just struck by the stat I read that
    1:02:09 over half of men ages 18 to 24 have never asked a woman out in person. They’ll swipe right, right?
    1:02:14 They’ll email somebody or whatever it might be or though who knows, like go on Craigslist and
    1:02:22 get whatever, but there’s very, the majority of men 18 to 24 have not asked a woman out in person.
    1:02:32 And that just rattled me and made me so upset and sad. When I think about 18 to 24 for me was
    1:02:36 putting myself in an environment where I’d have a greater likelihood of being able to ask a woman
    1:02:42 out. And I show me someone who can ask a woman out or handle the rejection or be successful.
    1:02:46 I’m going to show you someone who’s good in a bar is good in a, is good in a boardroom. I think
    1:02:52 it’s a key skill for young men. And so the exercise I’ve been doing and I talk a lot about this is
    1:02:56 one, we’re going to get fit to start making a little bit of money, no matter what it is,
    1:03:04 lift driver, task rabid. Three, we’re going to put ourselves in a context in an environment with
    1:03:10 strangers regularly in the context of something bigger than you, whether it’s a church group,
    1:03:15 softball league, nonprofit, whatever it might be. And, and this is what we’re going to do.
    1:03:20 And this is what I’m going to recommend if you’re a young man right now. I need you to approach
    1:03:26 a stranger and express interest in friendship or exploring a romantic relationship. And those are
    1:03:29 weird words. You would never say that. Hey, are you, you know, what are you doing this weekend?
    1:03:34 You want to get together or go to a bar, watch the game? Hi, would you, you know, lay on your
    1:03:39 wrap or develop your wrap or lack thereof, would you mention grabbing coffee or grabbing a drink?
    1:03:47 What have you? And that’s not the win. That’s not the exercise. The win is I need you to get to know.
    1:03:51 And unfortunately, that happens a lot, right? And that is, I want you to go up to someone,
    1:03:55 do your best, try, say hi, and shoot, would you like to have coffee? And then call me the next day,
    1:03:59 and this is what’s going to happen. Most of the time, the answer will have been a no.
    1:04:04 It’s usually applied, no, but it’s usually a no. And that, and then I’m going to say,
    1:04:08 how are you? And this is what you’re going to tell me. You’re going to say, well, I’m upset,
    1:04:14 I’m bum, but yeah, on the whole, I’m fine. That’s the victory. That’s the payoff. Because here’s
    1:04:22 the thing. No is the way to success. Specifically, your willingness to put yourself in a room where
    1:04:29 you get no’s. If you’re not getting no’s, it means you’re in the wrong room. And you miss all the
    1:04:37 shots you don’t take. The number of no’s, no’s are your path to yes and success. So here’s the
    1:04:41 victory. You express an interest in friendship, you express an interest in romantic relationship,
    1:04:47 and you get to the no. And that’s the victory. Because you find out, you find out, you’re fine,
    1:04:52 they’re fine, and it hurts a little less the next time you get to a no. Whether it’s inquiring about
    1:04:57 a job you’re not qualified for, whether it’s expressing interest in lunch with someone who
    1:05:02 might be able to mentor you or help you, whether it’s expressing interest in someone that you are
    1:05:08 physically and romantically attracted to. The reason I’m staying, I get to live the life I lead,
    1:05:12 and I get to partner with someone who is much higher character and much hotter than me,
    1:05:19 was no. Specifically, my willingness to get to a shit ton of no’s, and then mourn and move on
    1:05:28 and get through them. What is the key to success? No. This episode was produced by Jennifer Sanchez.
    1:05:33 Our intern is Dan Chalon. Drew Burroughs is our technical director. Thank you for listening to
    1:05:37 the Property Pod from the Vox Media Podcast Network. We will catch you on Saturday for No
    1:05:43 Mercuno Mouse, as read by George Hahn. And please follow our Prodigy Markets Pod wherever you get
    1:05:56 your pods for new episodes every Monday and Thursday. All right, Sean, you can do this promo
    1:06:01 talking about all the great Vox Media podcasts that are going to be on stage live at South
    1:06:07 by Southwest this March. You just need a big idea to get people’s attention, to help them,
    1:06:12 you know, keep them from hitting the skip button. I don’t know. I’m going to throw it out to the
    1:06:18 group chat. Kara, do you have any ideas? In these challenging times, we’re a group of mighty hosts
    1:06:23 who have banded together to fight disinformation by speaking truth to power, like the Avengers,
    1:06:29 but with more spandex. What do you think, Scott? I’m more of an X-man fan myself. I call me professor.
    1:06:35 Could I read minds? I can’t really read minds, but I can empathize with anyone having a mid-life
    1:06:41 crisis, which is essentially any tech leader so. Minds are important, Scott, but we’re more than
    1:06:48 that. I think that you can’t really separate minds from feelings, and we need to talk about
    1:06:54 our emotions and explore the layers of our relationships with our partners, co-workers,
    1:06:59 our families, neighbors, and our adjacent communities. I just want to add a touch more.
    1:07:04 From sports and culture to tech and politics, Vox Media has an all-star lineup of podcasts
    1:07:11 that’s great in your feeds, but even better live. That’s it. All stars. Get your game on, go, play,
    1:07:18 come see a bunch of Vox Media all stars, and also me at South by Southwest on the Vox Media podcast
    1:07:25 stage presented by Smartsheet and Intuit. March 8th through 10th in Austin, Texas. Go to
    1:07:33 voxmedia.com/sxsw. You’ll never know if you don’t go. You’ll never shine if you don’t glow.

    Dr. Anna Lembke, Professor of Psychiatry at Stanford University and author of the bestselling book, Dopamine Nation: Finding Balance in the Age of Indulgence, joins Scott to discuss the rise of addiction in the digital age – from drugs to social media – and why our brains are wired to crave more.

    Plus, Dr. Lembke shares practical solutions to help build a healthier relationship with pleasure.

    Algebra of Happiness: no is the key to success.

    Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

  • The Ageing Doctor: These Are They Early Signs Of Arthritis! If You Run & Don’t Do This, Start Now! The Secret Cause of Alzheimer’s!

    中文
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    AI transcript
    0:00:04 Runners who only run are hurt a lot, and it’s usually due to a motion imbalance.
    0:00:10 So I always do this test to show them whether your butt muscles are strong enough to keep your pelvis straight
    0:00:13 and whether you’re strong enough to keep your knee from falling into this position.
    0:00:15 I look like I’m drunk or something.
    0:00:17 How are you doing this with your heels on?
    0:00:20 Dr. Vonda Wright is a leading orthopedic surgeon and longevity expert.
    0:00:25 Leveraging her expertise with elite athletes to revolutionize the way we move, eat, and train.
    0:00:27 To live longer, stronger, and better.
    0:00:36 I’m on a rampage to make bones sexy again because in the United States at least 50% of women will get osteoporosis along with 2 million men.
    0:00:44 Now osteoporosis is low bone density and studies show that people with low bone density have higher cognitive decline and increases your risk of fracture.
    0:00:52 If you break your hip, 50% of the time, whether you’re a man or a woman, you will not return to pre-fall function and 30% of the time you will die.
    0:01:00 And there’s a lot that causes bone fragility, such as aging, not building enough bone in our youth, it’s our sedentary lifestyles, the myth that women have to be teeny tiny,
    0:01:06 and it’s even things like a woman breastfeeding will lose 20% of her bone density in the first 6 months, but it’s not inevitable.
    0:01:13 And I will lay out a lifestyle that I call unbreakable. It’s about muscle, bone, nutrition, but the most important part is mindset.
    0:01:18 I’m very, very excited, but just to pause that, is there a link between menopause and bone density?
    0:01:27 Yes, and it’s because of the plummeting of estrogen, which is critical for muscle, bone, tendon, ligament, back, and without it, it can have dire effects.
    0:01:29 So you need to know the following.
    0:01:36 I find it incredibly fascinating that when we look at the back end of Spotify and Apple and our audio channels,
    0:01:43 the majority of people that watch this podcast haven’t yet hit the follow button or the subscribe button, wherever you’re listening to this.
    0:01:44 I would like to make a deal with you.
    0:01:52 If you could do me a huge favor and hit that subscribe button, I will work tirelessly from now until forever to make the show better and better and better and better.
    0:01:55 I can’t tell you how much it helps when you hit that subscribe button.
    0:02:01 The show gets bigger, which means we can expand the production, bring in all the guests you want to see, and continue to do in this thing we love.
    0:02:05 If you could do me that small favor and hit the follow button, wherever you’re listening to this, that would mean the world to me.
    0:02:08 That is the only favor I will ever ask you.
    0:02:10 Thank you so much for your time. Back to this episode.
    0:02:16 Dr. Vonda Wright.
    0:02:16 Yes.
    0:02:23 For anyone that’s unaware of what you do and who you do it for, what you do and who do you do it for.
    0:02:29 So, you know, as a sports doctor over the years, we’ve learned how to take really high performing athletes.
    0:02:36 You know, those are who are winning all the time, who need to continually get better and better and better at their craft.
    0:02:43 And over the 30 years of my career, we’ve gone from really focusing on how they train.
    0:02:50 The periodization of their training to the last time I was at the University of Pittsburgh.
    0:02:57 I was the medical director of the UPMC Lemieux Sports Complex, which is where the Pittsburgh Penguins are housed.
    0:03:00 And it had gotten so scientific.
    0:03:01 They had a full-time chef.
    0:03:10 Every meal from breakfast, lunch, dinner, every meal on the planes were prepared because when it comes down to split second agility,
    0:03:14 top of brain thinking, every little bit counts.
    0:03:28 And so in the 30 years of my medical career, it’s gone from just learning more about performance science of how to train to how to feed people to how to recover people.
    0:03:35 So instead of doing, for instance, I think Dara Torres was talking about her Olympic runs in her 40s, right?
    0:03:40 She trained much differently when she was 24 and in her 40s after she had had a child.
    0:03:44 It was much more about recovery, not as much hours in a pool.
    0:03:51 So I take all those things that we’ve learned over this course of my career and now apply them not only to athletes,
    0:03:55 but to people like you and me who were in high performance jobs.
    0:03:58 I need to be tip top in every sphere of my life as you do.
    0:04:04 And how do we eat better, recover better, take the principles of performance that we’ve learned from athletes
    0:04:09 into high performers and even mere mortal athletes like me.
    0:04:14 A lot of my work involves like cognitive performance, making sure my brain is sharp when it needs to be.
    0:04:18 How much of your work crosses over into the cognitive realm?
    0:04:25 You know, I am not a brain scientist myself, but I am fortunate to be surrounded by people who are expert in that.
    0:04:35 So from my own perspective, I’ve come to appreciate at a much deeper level personally as well as professionally the role of sleep.
    0:04:44 In fact, we’ve talked about my previous books from the early 2000s before and when I wrote those books, mobility was king.
    0:04:46 I wrote only about mobility.
    0:04:50 And then as I progressed in my career, I got deeper, deeper, deeper into nutrition.
    0:04:54 And then I would say, okay, nutrition is number one and mobility is second.
    0:05:03 But at this phase of evolution of sleep science and knowing how restoring the brain and providing adequate time and nutrients,
    0:05:11 I put sleep first, sleep and recovery first because you can’t do any of these other things without a well recovered brain.
    0:05:18 In fact, somebody asked me the other day about timing of working out and is it always necessary to do it in the morning?
    0:05:21 Like that’s the mantra, get up, go do your workout.
    0:05:26 And my answer to that was you have to know how your brain works.
    0:05:31 For instance, my brain is best between 5 a.m. and 2 p.m.
    0:05:33 That is when I’m going to get all my deep work done.
    0:05:34 I’m going to be creative.
    0:05:38 I’m going to think after 2 p.m. I could build you a house.
    0:05:42 I can continue operating, but if I’m going to write a book, it’s going to be early.
    0:05:52 So I do not work out in the morning because I’m not going to waste that brain energy on physical activity when I need it for this deep work.
    0:06:02 So that’s the way I apply brain science, but I’m so lucky to be surrounded in the place I am now with people who put EEGs on your head
    0:06:10 and map your brain and tell you which brain pathways you’re too stressful on and which brain pathways we can train.
    0:06:13 And you can train the physical brain like a muscle.
    0:06:15 You can train the physical brain like a muscle.
    0:06:20 Yeah, so there’s this company called Nestry that I just happened to have access to.
    0:06:29 And they put EEG helmets on my precision longevity clients and we map their brains and look at, for instance, here’s an example.
    0:06:36 Things that are habitual take very little brain energy, even if we need a lot of brain energy.
    0:06:44 They become so habitual, our brain turns away energy from them versus things we’re learning or things we’re stressed about.
    0:06:46 We devote so much energy to that.
    0:06:59 So once this company maps our brains, then they have this training program where it’s almost like getting your cognitive brain out of the way
    0:07:09 and let your subconscious brain reapply energy to the pathways that you actually need that you’ve begun to ignore and it makes you more efficient.
    0:07:19 And I’m being inadequate in explaining it, but brain scientists believe that you can retrain the brain like a muscle and devote energy to neuro pathways.
    0:07:24 So I know we do this to athletes to try to squeeze performance out of them.
    0:07:28 When you use that term precision longevity, what does that mean?
    0:07:36 So, you know, after the understanding of human DNA, knowing what we’re truly made of,
    0:07:49 it pushed us out of a time in medicine where we’ve been for the last 150 years, which is observe and one size fits nobody.
    0:07:57 Now that we’ve sequenced the human genome, we can develop health plans, your health plan, my health plan.
    0:07:58 It’s not generic.
    0:08:00 Here’s an example.
    0:08:09 When I have people who want to talk to me about living healthier longer and we draw a set of biomarkers, it’s not 6,000 biomarkers.
    0:08:12 It’s just a set of about 23 that are beyond regular labs.
    0:08:17 And I see that, for instance, maybe Steven, you have a high load of senescent cells.
    0:08:22 Well, I’m going to specifically design your gap nutrition according to what you need.
    0:08:28 You might not need anything for inflammation because maybe your inflammation labs are good.
    0:08:33 But historically, what we would have done is say, OK, let’s just give everybody the same formula.
    0:08:36 But now we’re able to devise what your body needs at your time.
    0:08:39 I do the same thing with exercise.
    0:08:48 I never say let’s have you do 150 minutes of moderate exercise because I have access to lactate threshold testing
    0:08:52 where you’re walking on a treadmill, running on a treadmill or on a bike.
    0:08:54 Every four minutes, we’re pricking your finger.
    0:09:05 And I can tell exactly when your mitochondria, the little energy storehouses in your cells, go from burning fat to burning carbohydrates.
    0:09:08 And that place is called the fat max.
    0:09:14 And that is when your mitochondria, your energy organelles are most efficient.
    0:09:18 And that’s where we want to work out 80% of the time.
    0:09:25 So that’s just an example of how I’m going to tell you what heart rate you need to work out in.
    0:09:34 I’m going to tell you how to fill the gaps in your nutrition instead of just doing broad guidelines because that’s the state of the art right now.
    0:09:40 When you think about personalization, I was thinking also not just about the individual, but different phases of life
    0:09:48 and how maybe in my 20s, there’s a certain set of things I need to be thinking about more so than in my 30s and my 40s and my 50s and my 60s.
    0:09:49 Is that a useful way to think about it?
    0:09:57 Are there different things we need to be thinking about in different seasons of our life or is it the same things in every season?
    0:09:59 Well, I love that question.
    0:10:06 And the one word answer is yes, every season of our life is different.
    0:10:08 Let’s take bones, for instance.
    0:10:15 We build, build, build bones until in women, we’re about 28 and men 30.
    0:10:17 We reach peak bone mass.
    0:10:25 We then reach a plateau where we keep our bone density and then in women, it begins to plummet due to hormonal influences.
    0:10:35 For men, men usually maintain their bone density until their 70s when they plummet unless they have a metabolic problem, an autoimmune disease
    0:10:40 or having had the need to take a lot of steroids and then you see a big difference at 50.
    0:10:43 So in bones, that’s a good example.
    0:10:47 However, few decades, our bones are reacting differently.
    0:10:49 Muscle is the same way.
    0:11:00 We know that we can gain muscle at any time in our lives, but we do it most easily until we’re about 30, right?
    0:11:13 We also know of changes in the way our gut functions as we age, having to do with absorption and the the ability of the microvillae in our gut to absorb nutrients and different kinds of nutrients.
    0:11:23 Women in midlife, for instance, need vitamins that are something called methylated, which means broken down a little more because our gut function is less efficient.
    0:11:27 So every phase of our aging, we’re different.
    0:11:33 Well, on that point of bones, that sounded like you were saying men’s bones maintain their density longer and women’s don’t.
    0:11:34 Why is that?
    0:11:36 And is that linked to menopause?
    0:11:50 Well, men, because of the influence of testosterone and the genetics of having XY chromosomes, build more bone initially, thicker cortices, more absolute poundage of bones.
    0:12:10 And so and then because of the plummeting of estrogen, which is critical for bone health, women lose bone faster than men such that after about age of 40, when we get to that plateau, women start to lose bone density about 20% by the time they get to their menopause.
    0:12:13 And that can have dire effects for women.
    0:12:18 But that is all due to the role of estrogen on controlling bone density.
    0:12:20 So is this inevitable?
    0:12:22 Is the loss of bone density inevitable for women?
    0:12:24 It is not.
    0:12:38 In 2004, we studied a very large group of master’s athletes, meaning athletes of 40 and older in the national senior games, which is Olympics for people of that age demographic.
    0:12:43 And the national games, you have to have won your state games to qualify.
    0:12:46 So these were pretty high level recreational athletes.
    0:12:50 So we did a study looking at their bone density across time.
    0:13:01 And the first thing the first study we found was that with chronic exercise, such as these people did, you can maintain your bone density at a very high proportion into your 80s.
    0:13:08 The second question we ask was, OK, if we know we can do that, what exercise is really important for that?
    0:13:18 And so we divided the sports up into bounding sports where the bones were being impacted, like basketball, running, volleyball.
    0:13:24 Anything where you come down hard on your bones versus swimming, bowling, biking.
    0:13:35 And we found that bashing your bones impact was as important in maintaining bone density as things you can’t control, like your age.
    0:13:40 Whether you’re born with XX chromosomes or XY chromosomes, family history.
    0:13:48 So impacting bones, causing them to build up over time is critically important for maintaining bone density.
    0:13:52 So to answer your question, is loss of bone density inevitable?
    0:13:55 Loss of estrogen is inevitable.
    0:14:01 Loss of bone density doesn’t have to result in osteoporosis, fracture and frailty.
    0:14:07 So I want to get into why that’s happening, but just to pause there, because a lot of people don’t think bones are that important.
    0:14:11 I think a lot of people see our bones as just something that we can’t influence.
    0:14:12 You don’t think of them like muscles.
    0:14:15 Muscles, I go to the gym, I can expand my muscles, I can get strong.
    0:14:19 But with bones, it feels like they’re static.
    0:14:24 So how would you refute that so that I start caring about my bones?
    0:14:27 And what is the cost if I don’t care about my bones?
    0:14:33 Well, you know, and I’m on a rampage for this year that to bring to make bones sexy again,
    0:14:36 because here from a very superficial level is why we should care.
    0:14:43 And then I’ll tell you from a more scientific level, you know, we only think of our bones usually in a couple times.
    0:14:48 Like you look in the mirror and somebody tells you, oh, your bone structure is magnificent.
    0:14:53 Look at this model’s bones and or and we’re all touching our cheekbones.
    0:15:00 Or we think about them when we hear about a great archaeologist who’s just discovered a new people group
    0:15:05 and we can tell from our bones how they lived, how they died, how healthy they were.
    0:15:11 In fact, in that setting, bone is the last remnant of your whole life.
    0:15:12 It endures the longest.
    0:15:18 I mean, the history, the history you talk about in your bones outlives anything.
    0:15:23 Muscle goes away, skin goes away, everything except your bones, which remain.
    0:15:25 That’s fascinating, right?
    0:15:32 But the other reason we even think about our bones is when they break, right?
    0:15:40 When they bones, people think bones are silent, like a strong silent type just hanging back until they break.
    0:15:43 And then they’re screaming at you, right?
    0:15:44 And and causing frailty.
    0:15:49 And here’s some bone stats because the real answer to the question is coming.
    0:15:53 One in two women will have an osteoporotic fracture in her lifetime.
    0:15:57 So it’s either me or your partner or me or your assistant, right?
    0:16:01 One in two will have an osteoporotic fracture.
    0:16:04 Women have 70% of all hip fractures.
    0:16:09 Hip fractures are one of the main contributors to ending up in a nursing home
    0:16:12 because you can no longer walk and take care of yourself, right?
    0:16:14 70% are women.
    0:16:18 If you break your hip, 50% of the time, whether you’re a man or a woman,
    0:16:21 you will not return to prefall function.
    0:16:24 You cannot go live in that house where you raise your children.
    0:16:27 You may not be able to drive and go be totally independent, right?
    0:16:31 And 30% of the time, it’s a huge number.
    0:16:36 30% of the time you will die either from the complications of the fracture,
    0:16:41 from the bed rest, from the infections you get, the bladder infections,
    0:16:44 just the sequelae of being that sedentary.
    0:16:48 So those are not meant to scare people.
    0:16:53 That is the reality that I see every day as an orthopedic surgeon on call.
    0:16:57 But there are other reasons to care about the bones because fracture is a big one.
    0:17:01 Bones, and it makes sense, nature is so conservative.
    0:17:07 Bones are in our body from the top of our head to our pinky toe, right?
    0:17:10 Bones are master communicators.
    0:17:17 We think of muscle, which we’re all talking about now, and bone and adipose,
    0:17:23 and everything as siloed organs that don’t have much to do with each other,
    0:17:25 except they live next to each other.
    0:17:28 The fact of the matter is, for instance,
    0:17:31 when we’re talking about the musculoskeletal system,
    0:17:38 bone, tendon, ligament, muscle, fat, cartilage, muscle stem cells,
    0:17:42 they’re all derived from the same stem cell, the mesenchymal stem cell.
    0:17:48 So they’re not distant neighbors, they’re cousins,
    0:17:50 and they all speak in the same language.
    0:17:52 They may have different dialects.
    0:17:55 I was thinking about an example of this, you know, how in the UK,
    0:17:59 English is the language, but depending on what parish you live in,
    0:18:04 or which country within the UK, English sounds very different,
    0:18:05 but it’s the same language.
    0:18:12 So within musculoskeletal tissue, muscle and bone are not separate.
    0:18:21 They are one ecosystem, such that when muscle releases a protein called irisin,
    0:18:22 it talks to the bone.
    0:18:28 When bone releases a protein called osteocalcin, it talks to the muscle.
    0:18:34 But in the case of bone, osteocalcin, if we just stick with that protein,
    0:18:36 it talks to the whole body.
    0:18:43 When your osteoblasts, the bone building cells in your bones release osteocalcin,
    0:18:48 it goes to your brain and has a neuroprotective effect by decreasing inflammation.
    0:18:55 It goes to your brain and causes the synthesis of neurons in the hippocampus.
    0:19:00 It goes to the pancreas and helps with insulin insensitivity.
    0:19:06 It goes to the muscle and helps the muscles scoop up glucose out of the blood, right?
    0:19:12 If you’re a man, osteocalcin can travel to the testes and that organ,
    0:19:17 the lytic cells under stimulation of osteocalcin will produce testosterone.
    0:19:24 So it’s like a miracle and a wonder that we just think of bones as the strong silent type
    0:19:31 that hold up our muscle because actually bone and the proteins that it produces
    0:19:33 are master communicators.
    0:19:37 And it makes so much sense because we have bone everywhere in our bodies.
    0:19:40 Why wouldn’t our bodies use it like that?
    0:19:41 I thought it was just a frame.
    0:19:43 Well, and it is a frame, right?
    0:19:44 What’s muscle without bone?
    0:19:47 Just a hepa metabolic tissue, right?
    0:19:52 It gives us our statue, but it’s a master communicator.
    0:19:56 The framework is almost a secondary job, in my opinion.
    0:19:59 The bone is releasing stuff.
    0:20:05 I got this little analogy I’m going to put on the table.
    0:20:11 In one of the tubs, I’ve got some minerals and then this is the body.
    0:20:17 So could you explain to me how the bone is releasing something into the body?
    0:20:20 So we’ve talked about the bone being structural, right?
    0:20:21 It holds you up.
    0:20:23 It gives you your stature.
    0:20:26 We’ve talked about bone being a master communicator.
    0:20:33 Another job of the bone is as your body’s storehouse to really, really important.
    0:20:36 Maybe if we just talk about one of them, calcium.
    0:20:39 Calcium is a critical mineral in our body.
    0:20:46 We need it for muscle contraction, for pushing molecules across cell membranes.
    0:20:48 But we’ve got to store it somewhere.
    0:20:58 So when we eat food, our intestines pull it out of the food we eat and stores it in our bones.
    0:21:02 And so our body is always sensing how much calcium, how much phosphorus do we have?
    0:21:03 What do we need?
    0:21:07 When our body senses that we need more, it goes to the bone.
    0:21:12 It tickles the osteoclast and say, “Osteoclast, we need some more calcium.”
    0:21:20 The osteoclast breaks down some bone, releases calcium, and it goes into the body for use.
    0:21:22 And then the body has enough to use.
    0:21:27 The body does not just keep piling it in because hypercalcemia causes heart arrhythmias.
    0:21:28 It’s bad, right?
    0:21:32 The body is perfectly in homeostasis, in balance.
    0:21:39 So when the bone has released enough, it sits back and keeps storing it, right?
    0:21:46 The calcium your body doesn’t need, if the bone is full, it’s excreted through the kidneys.
    0:21:55 And this is a really fine balance between building bone, releasing the storehouse of minerals into the bloodstream,
    0:21:59 or saying, “Oh, we’ve got enough. Let’s send it out in our urine.”
    0:22:02 The body is such a miracle like that.
    0:22:05 So if I don’t have enough calcium or some of these other minerals,
    0:22:09 does that mean that my bones are going to become fragile?
    0:22:14 So you know, there are lots of things that go into bone fragility or osteopenia.
    0:22:18 And one of them is not laying down enough bone in our youth.
    0:22:23 You asked me earlier about changes across the lifespan.
    0:22:32 When it comes to bone, what’s interesting is that I get very, very young women in my clinic for 25, 28,
    0:22:39 whom for various reasons I do a bone density test on, and they already have brittle bone.
    0:22:42 I know it’s shocking.
    0:22:44 Well, I think that happens for a number of reasons.
    0:22:46 Number one, we didn’t build enough bone.
    0:22:52 There is still a myth in this country that women have to be teeny tiny, that we have to starve ourselves.
    0:23:00 And when that happens, many women do not have consistent menstrual cycles and estrogen, which then helps us lay down bone.
    0:23:01 So that’s number one.
    0:23:03 Well, estrogen plays a role in laying down bone.
    0:23:05 Yes, it does, a critical role.
    0:23:06 So we’re not laying down enough.
    0:23:09 Or maybe we’re athletes.
    0:23:18 We’re in Title IX, which is the law that equalized sport for women in college, is 53 years old.
    0:23:25 So maybe young women are not laying down enough bone because they’re expending so much energy, 10,000 calories a day,
    0:23:28 and then they’re not refeeding in the way.
    0:23:34 So they’re always living in a state of energy deficit and not laying down enough bone.
    0:23:42 Or maybe young women are coming to my office with not enough bone because we’re raising an entire generation of sedentary children
    0:23:51 who are sitting around in their basements on playing games, building brains, but not building bodies.
    0:23:58 That is borne out by looking out of the University of Wisconsin orthopedic researchers there,
    0:24:04 studied which women’s sports build the best bone and its gymnastics.
    0:24:09 It is the pounding and the feeding of those athletes that builds the best bone.
    0:24:16 So we have trouble with not enough brittle bones in adolescence because we’re not building it.
    0:24:23 The second place in the lifespan that we may become low in bone density and hear me people,
    0:24:26 I am not saying not to breastfeed.
    0:24:29 I mean, in my children, my child, I breastfed for a year.
    0:24:32 It’s really great for babies.
    0:24:39 But a woman breastfeeding will lose 20% of her bone density in the first six months of breastfeeding.
    0:24:48 And if she’s not really careful to get 500 milligrams of calcium a day in her food or through supplementation,
    0:24:49 she will not build it back.
    0:24:56 And then if you have children in succession because many women are waiting until 30s to have their first child
    0:25:00 and then have less time, we may never build back bone.
    0:25:05 So that’s another key point that people don’t realize could be dangerous to the bones.
    0:25:12 And then finally, yes, is this period about around perimenopause starting around 45
    0:25:18 when estrogen levels become very chaotic and then ultimately zero.
    0:25:26 That can cause the rapid decline in bone density and bone weakness that you’re actually asking me about.
    0:25:36 And that’s because estrogen is critical for controlling the absorption, this part, the absorption of bone.
    0:25:44 And without estrogen controlling the absorption, it just keeps breaking down bone faster than the osteoblast.
    0:25:45 The building cells can build it.
    0:25:49 So there’s an unbalance, a dysregulation.
    0:25:50 So I want to go into all of that.
    0:25:55 Starting with the point you made about having, doing impact sports when we’re younger.
    0:25:59 Because people often say if you do impact sports when you’re younger, especially some of them,
    0:26:03 there’s other consequences like injury or hitting your head.
    0:26:09 So you’re saying that we should be running or jumping when we’re younger to build our bone strength.
    0:26:11 Absolutely, to build everything.
    0:26:16 You know, we make mitochondria most the energy of ourselves.
    0:26:19 We make a lot of mitochondria in our youth.
    0:26:25 If we’re not active in our youth, we don’t have the anabolic stimulus as much to make as much mitochondria.
    0:26:33 If we are sedentary children, we will make bone, but we will not build bone to the extent we do if we’re bashing it every day.
    0:26:38 And I think the date out of Wisconsin is a good illustration of that.
    0:26:39 And is that in all seasons of life?
    0:26:43 If I’m 60 years old, should I still be bashing that bone playing basketball?
    0:26:52 And that’s what my study from the National Senior Game shows, that by impacting your bones across your lifespan, you can change your bone density.
    0:26:59 So on that point of pregnancy, which was your second point there, during my pregnancy, after my pregnancy, what do I need to be doing?
    0:27:00 Is it drinking milk?
    0:27:01 Yeah.
    0:27:05 So if, and this is the data I gave you was specifically for breastfeeding.
    0:27:05 Okay.
    0:27:14 So for breastfeeding mothers, you will lose about 500 milligrams of calcium a day as you’re making milk for your child.
    0:27:16 You must replace that.
    0:27:20 I like people to replace their calcium with whole food, right?
    0:27:25 With prunes and dates and high calcium dairy, if you will.
    0:27:28 If you simply cannot do that, okay, take the supplement.
    0:27:31 But if you forget to do that, I mean, I get it.
    0:27:32 I was a young mother.
    0:27:32 I’m exhausted.
    0:27:33 I wasn’t a young mother.
    0:27:34 I was a 40-year-old mother.
    0:27:36 Exhausted.
    0:27:46 You have to be so mindful as you’re the babies latching on to eat some calcium, eat your yogurt, eat your calcium, chew from whole foods, if you will.
    0:27:49 So that you rebuild your bone, which you’re completely capable of doing.
    0:27:53 Studies show you will rebuild your bone, but not if you’re not aware.
    0:27:57 Not if you’re in the, I’ve got to lose the baby fat starving phase.
    0:27:59 Let’s not do that.
    0:28:03 You talked about how bone has an impact on various parts of the body.
    0:28:06 And I’ve had, you talked about this phrase, the bone-brain axis.
    0:28:07 Yeah.
    0:28:09 What is the bone-brain axis?
    0:28:19 Well, if we just talk about, just choose one of the proteins that bone makes, osteocalcin.
    0:28:31 So as that’s released into the bloodstream, one of the places it goes is through into the brain and it can cause, it can aid in the neuroprotective effects.
    0:28:33 So what does that mean?
    0:28:43 Under normal metabolism, we develop free radicals through due to normal metabolism cell work.
    0:28:52 We develop oxidative stress and osteocalcin works to decrease that oxidative damage to repair cells in the brain.
    0:28:54 So that’s number one.
    0:29:10 Number two, it stimulates the release of something called brain-derived neurotrophic protein, BDNF factor, which stimulates the growth of neurons in a part of the brain called the hippocampus, which is involved in memory.
    0:29:13 And here’s the opposite side of it.
    0:29:23 We know in people that have low bone density, they also have higher brain cognitive dysfunction with age and vice versa.
    0:29:30 There’s an association in the literature with osteoporosis and cognitive decline and vice versa.
    0:29:38 I heard you in the Business Insider interview do you describe that being a critical decade for bone health?
    0:29:39 What is the critical decade?
    0:29:46 I think the critical decade for most of our health, Steven, is no later than 35 to 45 for men and women.
    0:29:55 That’s because we know for women, that’s when estrogen starts to decline or become chaotic.
    0:30:01 So when we’re in our 30s to 40s, that is the time to get all of our health habits together.
    0:30:04 It’s time to get a physical to see what your baseline labs are.
    0:30:10 I think it would be critical for men and women, particularly men, to get a baseline testosterone
    0:30:17 so that in the future, when we’re thinking about supplementing testosterone, we’re supplementing back to your particular level.
    0:30:25 Because in the future, let’s say when you’re 50, a man’s testosterone could be 600, which falls within the normal range.
    0:30:31 But if he’s still feeling low energy, not himself, a lot of tendon and ligament injuries,
    0:30:35 well, his young testosterone might have been 800 or 1,000.
    0:30:43 So I like people to get baseline labs if they’ve never been to the doctor before, around 35, all things,
    0:30:46 so that we know what we’re returning you to.
    0:30:57 Number one, number two, if you have been so busy with your career and stepped away from any semblance of mobility and resistance training now is the time.
    0:31:03 Because had I known then what I know now, when I was 40, I was training for triathlons.
    0:31:06 I was an aerobic athlete, right?
    0:31:16 I ran, I biked, but what I would have done then, with what I know now is I would have been lifting a lot of weight to build maximum muscle
    0:31:20 while I still had the most hormones to start at a better place.
    0:31:24 Because you can build muscle, but it’s better to start from a higher average.
    0:31:28 So get some labs, make a relationship with the doctor.
    0:31:30 Get all your preventive screening.
    0:31:33 Do not blow that off.
    0:31:39 Develop the habits that are going to carry you through a lifetime, whether it’s smart anti-inflammatory nutrition,
    0:31:46 whether it’s getting into a resistance training program, building up your cardiac machine.
    0:31:55 I saw that you were running a lot now and we want the highest possible VO2 max that we can as we enter into midlife.
    0:32:01 Because we never want as we age to cross something called the fragility line.
    0:32:08 So VO2 max is the measure of, it’s the ultimate measure of fitness.
    0:32:15 How much oxygen you are capable of pulling out of the air and diffusing across your lungs into your blood.
    0:32:20 World-class athletes, I was just at the U.S. Olympic Center in Park City, Utah.
    0:32:26 Those athletes have a VO2 max of 75, 80, sometimes 90, right?
    0:32:35 Mere mortals are considered excellent when they have a VO2 max of around 50 for women, around 50.
    0:32:43 So you can build VO2 max and should in the critical decade because once we hit midlife,
    0:32:49 we will decline 10% a decade if we don’t consistently build it up.
    0:32:52 So what does that look like?
    0:32:58 So if I started at 50, 50 years old, my last VO2 max was when I was 50.
    0:33:02 And it was 50, it was pretty good because I was an endurance person, right?
    0:33:11 Just in whole numbers, by the time I turned 60, it’s going to be 45, 70, 40, 80, 35.
    0:33:18 I never, ever, ever want to hit 18 if I’m a man or 16 if I’m a woman
    0:33:24 because that is the level of VO2 max when we can’t get up from a chair by ourselves.
    0:33:29 When we can’t walk across the room because that takes cardiac function.
    0:33:34 And so the higher we get our VO2 max in our youth, the more runway we have,
    0:33:36 even if we don’t continue to build it up.
    0:33:39 Yeah, I’ve got a family member that can’t walk upstairs without being out of breath.
    0:33:44 And it’s so debilitating because when you have grandkids and the grandkids start running around
    0:33:45 and you want to play with them.
    0:33:50 It’s so sad watching this particular family member see the grandkids come.
    0:33:52 The grandkids say, let’s play.
    0:33:55 The grandkids run off and this person can’t go after them.
    0:33:56 So they just have to watch.
    0:34:00 They literally watch the grandkids playing in the garden because they can’t play with them.
    0:34:02 I think it’s such a sad thing.
    0:34:08 It’s one of my big motivators to try and stay healthy is just to be able to extend my health span.
    0:34:11 That’s right, so that I can be healthier hopefully until the day that I die.
    0:34:13 That’d be great, but that’s weird.
    0:34:14 I want to talk about running.
    0:34:18 I want to talk about VO2 max to close off on the subject of bones.
    0:34:21 There’s two terms that I want to hit.
    0:34:23 One is this term osteoporosis.
    0:34:25 Yes, I have no idea what osteoporosis is.
    0:34:28 I’ve heard it a couple of times in my life, but I don’t know if it’s something
    0:34:31 I should be thinking about, worried about or what it means.
    0:34:36 Yes, osteoporosis is the word we use to describe low bone density.
    0:34:45 Okay, so the way we measure osteoporosis is using an x-ray called a dexa scan, a dual x-ray.
    0:34:52 And it just measures, it compares your bone density to that of a 30 year old healthy person.
    0:34:54 And it gives us something called a T score.
    0:35:00 So it’s, it’s like when you’re in school and you’re graded on a bell curve and the center of the curve is average.
    0:35:04 And that’s the average for a 30 year old.
    0:35:08 When you get a dexa scan score and it’s positive, fantastic.
    0:35:11 You have bones of a 30 year old.
    0:35:18 If you get a T score on a dexa scan that’s from zero to minus one, it’s okay.
    0:35:25 Minus one is the definition of osteopenia, meaning watch out, your bones are getting weak.
    0:35:31 The definition of osteoporosis is minus a T score of minus 2.5.
    0:35:34 Increases your risk of fracture by 40% or more.
    0:35:41 All the bad statistics that I talked to you about come with osteoporosis.
    0:35:46 And how many people have osteopenia, osteoporosis over the age of 50 in America?
    0:35:50 Well, 2 million men have osteoporosis, interestingly, isn’t that interesting?
    0:35:52 You don’t think about it as a men’s disease.
    0:35:58 And one in two women will have an osteoporotic fracture, so at least 50% of women.
    0:35:59 But it’s not inevitable.
    0:36:05 That’s why I’m so interested in catching people early in the critical decade.
    0:36:08 It’s not inevitable, but it will be inevitable if we don’t catch it.
    0:36:12 But here’s the thing that’s bothersome.
    0:36:16 In the United States and in many other countries with people I deal with,
    0:36:20 you cannot get a dexa scan paid for until you’re 65.
    0:36:23 By 65, the damage is done.
    0:36:24 Why are we waiting?
    0:36:29 Even with people who have had a fracture, there’s a gap in follow-up
    0:36:34 such that they should all have a dexa scan because the number one thing
    0:36:38 that predicts future fracture is past fracture.
    0:36:42 So public service announcement, if you’ve had a fracture, get a dexa scan.
    0:36:46 Even if it was a traumatic one, like you had made a car accident.
    0:36:49 But definitely if you have fallen, if your dog pulled you down,
    0:36:53 if it was a low trauma fracture, get a dexa scan.
    0:36:57 Because then at least you’ll know where you are and can then plan a course
    0:36:58 for building your bone.
    0:37:03 Are there any early warning signs that I might be suffering from osteoporosis
    0:37:05 or on my way to osteoporosis?
    0:37:08 You know, I think you can get clues from your own family.
    0:37:09 Okay.
    0:37:14 If your mother shrank, if you used to be able to look your mother in the eye,
    0:37:17 like me, my mother looked me in the eye, five, four.
    0:37:19 And now she’s way down here.
    0:37:25 We lose height in both men and women due to a compression of her spine vertebrae.
    0:37:26 We lose height.
    0:37:30 So if your dad shrank, if your mother shrank, that’s a good indication
    0:37:34 that you have a family history where osteoporosis can exist.
    0:37:41 Or if your mother had a hip fracture, or if for some reason maybe asthma,
    0:37:46 you’ve had to be on high dose steroids your whole life or an autoimmune.
    0:37:48 That’s very bad for bones.
    0:37:51 So from a medical standpoint, from a family history standpoint,
    0:37:54 from a personal standpoint, usually fracture.
    0:37:56 What about if I’m a smoker?
    0:37:59 Does that have an impact on my bone health and chances?
    0:38:00 Yeah, I’m really glad you asked that.
    0:38:02 Smoking is a poison to bone healing.
    0:38:06 Whether it is fracture will heal more slowly.
    0:38:09 In fact, we have a much higher rate of non-union,
    0:38:13 which is where we fix a fracture and it still doesn’t heal in smokers.
    0:38:17 We know that there is a big body of data within the orthopedic literature
    0:38:20 for people who have spine surgery, who are smokers.
    0:38:23 They are not only less healing, but they’re more infected.
    0:38:29 So the noxious chemicals in smoking are very bad for bone.
    0:38:30 Good thing I don’t smoke.
    0:38:33 Is that smoking, vaping, or is it just?
    0:38:34 It’s all.
    0:38:35 Vaping might be more dangerous.
    0:38:38 We just don’t have as much literature.
    0:38:38 Okay.
    0:38:42 And the last thing before we talk about running in Veertimax and endurance
    0:38:47 and sports, all those things is the link between Alzheimer’s and bone health.
    0:38:49 Is there a link?
    0:38:52 That goes back to what we were talking about before.
    0:38:55 And there’s a correlation.
    0:38:59 We, I don’t believe we worked out the causation, but there’s a correlation.
    0:39:06 We see people with Alzheimer’s and people with a dangerous osteoporosis
    0:39:11 are sometimes the same group 30% of the time people with brain disease.
    0:39:15 Also, a osteoporosis, and it may be due to this connection
    0:39:19 that we’ve talked about between the two organ systems.
    0:39:22 You hadn’t gone that past away from Alzheimer’s.
    0:39:22 I do.
    0:39:24 My Aunt Ida, she was brilliant.
    0:39:26 She was a teacher and she stopped remembering.
    0:39:28 She didn’t remember herself.
    0:39:31 She didn’t remember the farm that we were all raised on.
    0:39:35 That’s a really hard thing to witness.
    0:39:39 Sometimes people with Alzheimer’s lose the inhibition
    0:39:42 and they become angry and enraged and afraid.
    0:39:47 She never did that, but that’s a hard thing to witness.
    0:39:51 How did that experience change you or change your focus
    0:39:56 or add to the sort of what reservoir of thoughts, concerns,
    0:39:58 reference points in your life?
    0:40:00 Well, you know what it has done?
    0:40:03 It has put an urgency and even it still is a day-to-day battle.
    0:40:08 I don’t want, I think sometimes think people think for me personally
    0:40:10 that because I talk about these things all the time
    0:40:13 and I do lift heavy and I do the thing, I live the life.
    0:40:16 I prescribe for people that it’s easy and it’s not easy.
    0:40:19 You know, I just, I told you I’d finished this book I was writing
    0:40:24 and there was a big gap in the consistency of this lifestyle.
    0:40:30 But what motivates me to get back is the question of what would it be
    0:40:34 like to live without a brain that’s preserved?
    0:40:35 I mean, I don’t know.
    0:40:40 Sometimes I think about if I was aging and I had to choose one,
    0:40:43 would I choose an able body or an able brain?
    0:40:44 Isn’t that hard?
    0:40:46 I don’t know that you do have to choose,
    0:40:50 but I can’t fathom what life would be like without an able brain.
    0:40:55 And so for me, that motivates me to lift, to make my skeletal muscles
    0:41:00 secrete the proteins that go to the brain and build better brain,
    0:41:02 to eat the foods that are not going to clog my arteries.
    0:41:07 It’s just as a motivator, because I want to be this way until I die.
    0:41:10 What would you choose if you had to?
    0:41:12 An able body or an able brain?
    0:41:14 It was super clear for me.
    0:41:15 I’d rather have the able brain.
    0:41:17 Me too. Me too.
    0:41:18 Because that’s your relationships.
    0:41:22 That is, that is the fullness of life.
    0:41:23 It’s a pretend brain, of course.
    0:41:25 But these things are also fundamentally interconnected, aren’t they?
    0:41:27 That’s why when I look at the Alzheimer’s stats around bone health,
    0:41:31 I think, well, if you had osteoporosis or something and you weren’t moving
    0:41:33 as much, maybe, maybe.
    0:41:37 You know what a huge motivator for my patients is now that you’ve brought
    0:41:45 this up is Alzheimer’s disease is thought of as the third face of diabetes, right?
    0:41:49 And so everybody is aware of diabetes and it means you don’t process sugar
    0:41:53 and you have glucose intolerance and your pancreas is no longer functioning.
    0:41:58 And the bad sequela that can come with that, what people are not aware of
    0:42:04 as much, at least as a people who come to my clinic, is pre-diabetes.
    0:42:07 And if you don’t mind me diverging a little bit, because it’s so important
    0:42:10 to this question you just asked me, and can we prevent it?
    0:42:13 And if we got to choose, what would we choose?
    0:42:17 But I have people coming into my office all the time and I look at their labs
    0:42:19 and they have a fasting glucose.
    0:42:20 They’ve had their labs drawn.
    0:42:23 They’ve done what we’ve said, get in front of your critical decade.
    0:42:27 They’ve had their fasting glucose drawn and it’s 110.
    0:42:33 Which is I’m going to tell you and their hemoglobin A1C is nearing six.
    0:42:38 So fasting glucose is the glucose that remains in your blood after you haven’t
    0:42:44 eaten for 12 hours in a normally functioning pancreas metabolic system.
    0:42:48 We want our fasting glucose to be around 85, right?
    0:42:52 That’s normal means we eat something.
    0:42:56 Insulin comes out of our pancreas, the sugar is put into our muscle and then
    0:42:59 the blood sugar is around 85.
    0:43:07 If it’s staying up 110 consistently, we know from the literature that you have
    0:43:12 a 70 to 100% chance of developing full-blown diabetes within 10 years.
    0:43:16 But what I see in people coming into my office is I’ll say,
    0:43:19 did anybody ever tell you you were pre-diabetic?
    0:43:23 And either the answer is no, or the answer is, oh yeah.
    0:43:28 Somebody told me they said just make a few, you know, focus more on your exercise.
    0:43:34 And what I think the reaction to the diagnosis of pre-diabetes should be
    0:43:37 is running and screaming to get healthy.
    0:43:43 Because if we know that with a consistent blood sugar in the pre-diabetic range
    0:43:48 and we’re casually told by our healthcare provider, oh, just go try to exercise more.
    0:43:50 You know, just casually approach this.
    0:43:52 Don’t eat so many carbs.
    0:43:56 That is not serious enough because we know from a preventative standpoint,
    0:44:00 from a precision longevity standpoint, which is all about prevention,
    0:44:04 we can prevent you from getting to diabetes in the next 10 years
    0:44:08 if we’re really, really serious about lifting weights,
    0:44:13 about cardio health, about anti-inflammatory nutrition, following.
    0:44:19 So I don’t view pre-diabetes as a casual thing at all.
    0:44:21 Because if in 10 years you’re going to get diabetes,
    0:44:24 and in 10 more years you’re going to have Alzheimer’s disease,
    0:44:29 and I could have prevented that by paying attention when I was 40.
    0:44:32 It’s almost inexcusable that we’re not paying more attention to it.
    0:44:37 96 million people in the United States have pre-diabetes.
    0:44:38 96 million.
    0:44:41 96 million, according to the American Diabetes Association.
    0:44:44 I just gave a talk at their annual convention.
    0:44:50 96 million have a preventable characteristic that we can prevent them
    0:44:53 from becoming diabetic and getting Alzheimer’s disease,
    0:44:57 and yet it is too casually spoken of.
    0:44:58 That’s like almost one in three.
    0:45:00 That means that there’s three of us in this room.
    0:45:03 So Jack’s got pre-diabetes.
    0:45:04 Perhaps.
    0:45:05 Potentially.
    0:45:08 You were an endurance athlete, weren’t you, Sue?
    0:45:11 I was an endurance athlete, and I’ve been, I don’t have it today.
    0:45:15 It ran out, but I’m a little obsessed with continuous glucose monitoring.
    0:45:21 So I’ve been wearing it for about 18 months, and it’s so interesting.
    0:45:23 I told you that I just finished this book,
    0:45:26 and I’ve gotten a little bit off my regular intensity,
    0:45:28 and it changes my blood sugar.
    0:45:33 So I run a little, because I haven’t been lifting four times a week,
    0:45:37 only twice a week, because I haven’t been sprinting twice a week.
    0:45:41 Like my normal regimen is I lift heavy four times a week.
    0:45:46 On the other days, I do about four days of base training zone two.
    0:45:48 Two of those days, I sprint.
    0:45:49 I always eat a lot of protein.
    0:45:52 That is my lifestyle.
    0:45:55 And my blood sugar is 85 when I do that.
    0:46:00 And I’m a midlife woman, and the metabolic things that happen to midlife women.
    0:46:04 Even backing off a little bit starts to creep up my blood sugar.
    0:46:10 So this is a constant daily habitual lifestyle that we all need to lead.
    0:46:12 And so when I see that in someone as healthy as me,
    0:46:16 when my patients show up and they’ve casually been told
    0:46:19 that they have something that’s going to kill them,
    0:46:22 I don’t think that’s enough attention.
    0:46:24 That’s what I’ve been thinking a lot about recently is
    0:46:27 what diet is going to lead me to better cognitive performance
    0:46:29 to someone that spends a lot of my time talking?
    0:46:29 Yes.
    0:46:30 But then also I’m on stage.
    0:46:33 I’m in boardrooms, I’m in meetings, I’m in negotiations,
    0:46:35 I’m reading emails, I’m writing books, etc.
    0:46:38 So I’m always thinking if I can just get a 5% edge.
    0:46:42 Well, I can tell you, for instance, the dietitians and chefs
    0:46:46 that make the food for the pro athletes that I’ve taken care of across my life,
    0:46:49 they’re not only eating meat.
    0:46:53 They have a very well-balanced diet that includes lots of vegetables,
    0:46:55 lots of high protein.
    0:46:59 They take amino acid supplements if they need to fill in the gaps, right?
    0:47:01 If they’re not getting enough leucine or something.
    0:47:05 But they just don’t go down one pathway.
    0:47:09 I haven’t seen that in the pros that I take care of.
    0:47:11 Hito has given me a very sharp mind.
    0:47:11 Has it?
    0:47:13 An extremely sharp mind.
    0:47:14 It’s so interesting as a podcast when you sit here
    0:47:16 and you have all these conversations.
    0:47:19 Because some days you show up and sometimes these conversations
    0:47:23 last for four hours and your brain and mouth just don’t feel like they’re connected.
    0:47:25 And then on other days I come here.
    0:47:25 Like boom, boom.
    0:47:28 And it’s automatic.
    0:47:31 It’s like I don’t have to think and it’s just flowing off my mouth.
    0:47:35 And the variants, the big I said, so the causal factors are obviously sleep is one of them.
    0:47:41 The other one is how many carbohydrates I’ve had in recent hours.
    0:47:47 So if I’ve had a lot of carbohydrates, something, you know, like if I’ve had bread,
    0:47:49 my mouth and my brain have no connection.
    0:47:51 If I’ve had lots of sugar, my mouth and my brain are completely done.
    0:47:53 Agreed.
    0:47:53 Agreed.
    0:47:58 You know, because of the CGM thing, I found that if I only eat protein for breakfast,
    0:48:03 which egg white omelet or, you know, whatever, just protein,
    0:48:09 that I needed a little complex carbs in order for about 10 o’clock in the morning
    0:48:12 to be able to function at a high level with my patients.
    0:48:16 So now I’ve added 50 grams of carbs in the morning, but that’s not a lot of carbs.
    0:48:16 Not very much.
    0:48:21 I just needed that little complex, but interesting, right?
    0:48:23 And what do you eat?
    0:48:26 I eat 130 grams of protein a day.
    0:48:29 There’s no upper limit on how much protein you can eat in a single setting.
    0:48:33 I try to get at least 30 because there is a lower threshold for 30.
    0:48:38 And so if I do that, it takes three meals and a couple of snacks a day.
    0:48:42 That’s a lot of volume of food, so I try to eat really dense.
    0:48:50 So a cup of Greek yogurt is like 18 grams and a really pure beef stick is another 16.
    0:48:55 So at this time, at this point, I’ve memorized the most dense foods that I can
    0:48:56 to get that much protein.
    0:48:58 It’s a lot of protein.
    0:49:00 It’s a gram per pound.
    0:49:03 It’s a gram per pound, and that’s what I need to build muscle.
    0:49:09 Studies have shown that eating high protein alone without lifting as much as I want myself
    0:49:12 and others to do will help maintain muscle.
    0:49:13 And then I eat a lot of vegetables.
    0:49:16 I don’t know.
    0:49:19 I hope people are not going to throw them at me, but I don’t eat fruit except blueberries.
    0:49:22 Fruit is nature’s dessert.
    0:49:25 So if we’re going to eat fruit, eat it as dessert.
    0:49:29 I eat blueberries with my yogurt, and then carbs.
    0:49:33 I only eat complex carbs if I eat them at all.
    0:49:34 Quick one.
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    0:50:37 You’re a very big advocate of muscle.
    0:50:41 When we talk about longevity, something that you continually come back to as the most important
    0:50:44 thing for people’s longevity.
    0:50:48 I think I would put muscle and bone near the same category because you can have all the
    0:50:52 muscle you want, but if you break your hip, you still have the downstream effects.
    0:50:56 Now, you’re much less likely to break your hip if you’re strong, but I think muscle or
    0:50:58 bone are really important.
    0:51:07 What if you’re 65 years old, 70 years old and you haven’t got strong muscles right now?
    0:51:12 Your muscles have declined, let’s say, over the last couple of decades.
    0:51:13 Is it too late?
    0:51:14 Never.
    0:51:15 It’s never too late.
    0:51:16 It is never too late.
    0:51:21 The body will always rise to the strategic stress you place on it.
    0:51:27 There are a lot of and growing number of what used to be anomalies all over the internet
    0:51:33 of people in their 60s, 70s, 80s, and beyond in a gym powerlifting, becoming competitive
    0:51:35 bodybuilders.
    0:51:40 Even if you’re starting not being able to get up out of a chair over a very short amount
    0:51:46 of time, six months a year, you can reverse the trajectory of your frailty.
    0:51:48 It takes consistency, right?
    0:51:49 I do wonder that.
    0:51:56 I think about my father, and he’s approaching his 70s now, and I don’t think he’s done
    0:51:59 weight training for the last 15 years.
    0:52:03 There is a part of me that did wonder, is it too late now to start doing weight training
    0:52:10 because it’s almost like a two-sided problem in the fact that you haven’t done it so you
    0:52:15 find it harder, so you don’t do it, so you find it harder, and then you spiral down to
    0:52:16 this sedentary state.
    0:52:23 Well, and you know what you do for that is nobody expects you to start with powerlifting.
    0:52:26 Squats, deadlifts, nobody expects that.
    0:52:32 Moving our body through a range of motion, doing body weight, progressing to free weights,
    0:52:36 progressing to light kettlebells, progressing to bands.
    0:52:42 Once you see that your body is capable of adapting and progressing, you will get there
    0:52:43 pretty rapidly.
    0:52:50 I used to do this program called a start, where I would take people fresh off the couch,
    0:52:56 and over three months, we would get them to a 5K race, because 5K is a meaningful distance
    0:53:03 for people who are sedentary, and over that course of three months, we did a series of
    0:53:09 body weight and kettlebell type exercises in a circuit, followed by walking, and people
    0:53:15 started with 51% body fat, not being able to get through the warm-up, not being able
    0:53:20 to hold themselves up in a plank, and in three months, they could plank for two minutes.
    0:53:21 They could walk for three miles.
    0:53:28 They could keep going for the entire 10-minute circuit without having to stop, so there is
    0:53:33 never an age or skill level when our body will not respond to the strategic stress you
    0:53:38 put on it, so get a trainer for your dad.
    0:53:39 If he’d accept it.
    0:53:40 If he would accept it.
    0:53:47 If I am trying to build muscle, are there a certain amount of days of the week or repetitions
    0:53:49 I need to do to build the muscle?
    0:53:51 I think about this a lot when I’m out here in LA.
    0:53:55 I’m trying to make sure that I don’t lose my muscle, but I spend a lot of time sat down
    0:54:00 in here recording podcasts, so is there a certain amount of times I need to work out
    0:54:02 that muscle before I lose it?
    0:54:07 You know, I was just reading this morning, actually, that even with the 10-week hiatus
    0:54:12 from, let’s see, or lifting consistently, even with a 10-week hiatus, you will retain
    0:54:17 muscle memory so that you don’t make serious declines, which is sort of a relief to me
    0:54:21 because I’d spent a little while with this book, so you retain muscle memory and you
    0:54:28 can quickly, once you get started again, get back up to the place you were.
    0:54:35 So all is not lost if you take a few days off, but the minimum, if we’re really working
    0:54:40 at it, is a couple days a week, progressively lifting harder for men in midlife.
    0:54:43 It’s about eight reps, four sets for women.
    0:54:48 Once we’ve trained to the place we can, lifting heavy, four reps, four sets.
    0:54:53 And when I say that out loud, I get a lot of comments about somebody’s going to get
    0:54:54 hurt.
    0:54:56 Well, it’s true, but you have to work your way up to that.
    0:55:00 Like any sport, you have to work your way towards that level because what we’re trying
    0:55:06 to do by lifting heavier, especially for women, is replace the anabolic stimulus that estrogen
    0:55:08 wants was.
    0:55:10 You must work hard enough.
    0:55:12 Estrogen creates growth.
    0:55:18 We must signal our body by the intensity of our work to build muscle, and lifting heavy
    0:55:19 does that.
    0:55:26 So if you’re starting on the couch, start with bands, start with light weights, start
    0:55:30 with the mamby-pamby-pink weights that I rail against, but don’t stay there.
    0:55:35 Continue to work your way up in a progressive way to heavy lifting, total body at least
    0:55:36 twice a week to maintain.
    0:55:40 Do I need to increase the weight load to build muscle?
    0:55:45 Because I wonder when I go to the gym, sometimes I might be using smaller dumbbells, but I’m
    0:55:47 doing more repetitions.
    0:55:48 Is that still going to build muscle?
    0:55:50 Well, it depends what you want.
    0:56:00 So lighter weights, higher reps will function for hypertrophy, for bigger total muscle, but
    0:56:02 not necessarily power and strength.
    0:56:07 In midlife and beyond, I am lifting for longevity and power.
    0:56:11 So I’m not as interested as I once was in the bigness of my muscle.
    0:56:17 I am interested in, can it move powerfully over time?
    0:56:19 Can I get up off the floor?
    0:56:21 Can I lift my suitcase above my head?
    0:56:24 So lifting for power is lower reps, higher weights.
    0:56:26 So it just depends what our goal is.
    0:56:30 You may be focused on hypertrophy right now, which is fine because you’ve not reached the
    0:56:31 critical decade.
    0:56:33 So if I’m looking for hypertrophy.
    0:56:36 Yeah, higher reps, lower weights.
    0:56:40 So 12, 15 reps, lower weight.
    0:56:42 And then if I was looking for power, then maybe six, eight.
    0:56:43 Six, eight, that’s right.
    0:56:44 How many do you do?
    0:56:45 I do four.
    0:56:46 You do four?
    0:56:47 Mm-hmm.
    0:56:48 So big weight, four.
    0:56:50 Big weights, four reps, four sets.
    0:56:51 Interesting.
    0:56:52 I didn’t know that.
    0:56:53 Mm-hmm.
    0:56:54 Interesting.
    0:57:00 I just to give some sort of foundational knowledge as to why muscle is so important because
    0:57:05 some people still might not be aware of the link between longevity and muscle.
    0:57:11 A lot of this is to do with, from what I understand, glucose.
    0:57:16 So it has to do with muscle is the sink for glucose.
    0:57:22 It is a key factor in preventing insulin resistance, not to mention strength, staying
    0:57:26 upright, not falling down, causing a fracture, right?
    0:57:29 So muscle is a metabolic endocrine organ.
    0:57:35 It releases, when it releases, you know, one of the things that releases is skeletal muscle
    0:57:40 contraction, biceps curls, causes the transcription of a protein called clotho, which is the longevity
    0:57:41 protein.
    0:57:44 About 30 years ago, it was described in nature.
    0:57:48 It is the protein when muscle contracts, that’s transcribed.
    0:57:50 It works on every organ.
    0:57:56 We know that it’s critical for the longevity and repair of organs because mice who are
    0:58:03 born without the ability to make clotho die old, very young.
    0:58:08 Chronologically, they’re very young mice, but they die very old mice because they have not
    0:58:10 enjoyed this protein clotho.
    0:58:14 We make clotho by the contraction of skeletal muscle.
    0:58:20 Here’s a study I did years ago that showed that I measured clotho level circulating in
    0:58:29 the blood of older master’s athletes, people 60, 70, 80, younger master’s athletes, 40,
    0:58:30 and sedentary people.
    0:58:36 And what I found that the highest levels of circulating clotho, the longevity protein,
    0:58:41 were in young athletes, not surprising.
    0:58:50 This second highest level of longevity protein clotho were in old master’s athletes, 70,
    0:58:51 80.
    0:58:55 The lowest level of longevity protein were in young sedentary people.
    0:59:02 So even old athletes had more circulating clotho than young sedentary people.
    0:59:07 So just the contraction of skeletal muscle can add to your longevity through this protein.
    0:59:15 Another protein that’s released with skeletal muscle contraction called galanin is transcribed,
    0:59:21 goes to the brain, works at a place called the nucleus cirrhulus, which is critical for
    0:59:22 resilience.
    0:59:24 It makes you more resilient.
    0:59:27 It helps you able to problem solve.
    0:59:33 And then a very popular protein that is transcribed with skeletal muscle contraction is called
    0:59:34 iriscent.
    0:59:38 It’s the exercise protein, which it works on bone.
    0:59:45 It works on fat to brown fat from white fat to brown fat, which has higher thermogenesis
    0:59:48 and has higher mitochondrial load.
    0:59:53 So muscle, just in doing its thing, not just looking pretty in a gym mirror, does all these
    0:59:55 metabolic functions.
    1:00:00 And so that’s why we think it has such a key role in longevity.
    1:00:05 So if I’m trying to protect my muscle as I age, are there any supplements that I should
    1:00:06 be taking?
    1:00:08 I mean, do they sell clotho supplements?
    1:00:09 They don’t.
    1:00:12 You have to make it.
    1:00:14 Contract your own muscles.
    1:00:18 Well, you need to feed your muscles.
    1:00:21 I always quote people one gram per ideal pound.
    1:00:27 Because listen, I’m an actual practicing person, doctor, and here’s what I know.
    1:00:31 People need really specific instructions and they can’t be confusing.
    1:00:34 So is there a range of protein people need?
    1:00:38 Yes, there is, but people can remember one gram per ideal pound.
    1:00:43 So you got to feed your muscle with protein, high quality protein, the highest quality
    1:00:50 protein has the greatest percentage of an essential amino acid called leucine.
    1:00:51 Leucine is not made by the body.
    1:00:53 It has to be taken in from the outside.
    1:00:58 It’s a branched train amino acid and you get it from whey protein.
    1:01:02 The best source in the universe of leucine and whey protein is mother’s milk, but most
    1:01:04 of us don’t drink that as adults.
    1:01:06 So we get it from dairy products.
    1:01:10 You can get it from plants for everybody that is a plant lover.
    1:01:11 You just have a much lower percentage.
    1:01:12 You have to eat a lot more of it.
    1:01:19 So high quality protein, number one, number two, there’s a lot of research for creatine
    1:01:22 supplementation for both men and women.
    1:01:27 When I first started being aware of creatine in 1992, it was during the Olympics.
    1:01:31 I was working with a bunch of wrestlers at that time.
    1:01:33 We would give very, very high doses.
    1:01:34 We would cycle the creatine.
    1:01:40 We would come on and off now steadily five grams a day will help build muscle, will help
    1:01:41 build brain.
    1:01:42 It’s really interesting.
    1:01:49 A couple of months ago, I asked the people in my office if they used creatine and a couple
    1:01:53 of the guys put their hands up, none of the women put their hands up.
    1:01:54 And I asked them why.
    1:01:55 I said, why don’t you use creatine?
    1:01:58 They said that they thought it was for bodybuilders.
    1:02:03 Well, it started out for bodybuilders, but it’s for everyone actually.
    1:02:04 It’s very well studied.
    1:02:09 So I actually had this debate with my girlfriend last year at Christmas time because I was
    1:02:12 taking creatine and asked if she wanted some and she made the same comment to me that it
    1:02:15 was for bodybuilders and that she’d put on weight if she had it.
    1:02:16 And then I said, no, that’s not true.
    1:02:20 She Googled it and she saw that it’s good for like cognitive performance, skin, hair,
    1:02:23 muscle, bone, et cetera, et cetera.
    1:02:24 And now she takes it every day.
    1:02:25 Perfect.
    1:02:29 I think there’s a big reeducation piece to be done there because we almost used to think
    1:02:32 of it like a steroid or something.
    1:02:35 And it’s not at all.
    1:02:36 You know what?
    1:02:43 Despite podcasts like this and despite me screaming from every mountaintop, I find that
    1:02:48 there still is an incredible knowledge deficit in the general public about the principles
    1:02:55 of how to be the healthiest we can be and an even bigger gap in the ability to take action
    1:02:56 for ourselves.
    1:02:58 I mean, and it’s not a judgment.
    1:03:03 It’s simply an observation that we know what to do, but we don’t do it and we know what
    1:03:05 to do and we don’t do it.
    1:03:10 Even if we see in our family, someone who’s going through the throes of diabetes or even
    1:03:14 on Alzheimer’s, it’s still not enough motivation.
    1:03:16 And I think that’s the real problem to solve.
    1:03:17 Motivation.
    1:03:20 How’d you solve that?
    1:03:23 Sometimes we solve it by scares, right?
    1:03:28 You know, someone has a tremendous health problem, but sometimes that’s not even enough.
    1:03:33 I have found that it is never going to be motivating enough to try to say, okay, if you do this
    1:03:36 today in 20 years, you’re going to be much better.
    1:03:38 There’s this temporal disconnect.
    1:03:41 People just don’t get it, what they’re going to be like at 70.
    1:03:44 I think we have to make you feel good every single day.
    1:03:49 It’s like when we were talking about your brain, when you’re doing heavy work and cognitive
    1:03:50 work.
    1:03:54 If you can feel better every single day, you’ll continue the behavior, not for a promise.
    1:03:59 So I think that is the way to talk to anybody.
    1:04:00 It’s the way I talk to my patients.
    1:04:02 Can I make you feel better tomorrow?
    1:04:07 Can I make you feel like a badass because you lifted heavy weights today?
    1:04:09 It’s hard though with things like bone.
    1:04:13 You’re telling someone that they need to be getting their calcium and stuff like that.
    1:04:17 And they think, well, I can’t see my bones and osteoporosis is so far away.
    1:04:18 Yeah.
    1:04:20 It’s hard until you see someone fracture or you fracture yourself.
    1:04:21 I agree with you.
    1:04:24 And D as well as crucial, isn’t it for bone health?
    1:04:25 I was reading that there.
    1:04:26 It is.
    1:04:35 It is magnesium, vitamin D, magnesium, lesser known things, strontium, zinc, boron, and micronutrients,
    1:04:39 but big things, vitamin D, magnesium.
    1:04:40 Sleep.
    1:04:41 Sleep.
    1:04:42 We talked about that a little bit as well.
    1:04:43 Yeah.
    1:04:44 How important that was.
    1:04:45 You mentioned that I’m running now.
    1:04:46 Yes, you are.
    1:04:47 Thank you for noticing.
    1:04:48 I’ve never mentioned it.
    1:04:51 And a million others are supposed to join you, I noticed.
    1:04:52 Yes.
    1:04:53 We’re going to try and get a million people running.
    1:04:54 That’s great.
    1:04:55 You’re going to save a lot of lives.
    1:04:56 Oh, thank you.
    1:04:58 Well, much of it’s because of the work that people like you do and that come on my show
    1:05:02 and inspire me to think about things like my VO2 max.
    1:05:05 And I’ve definitely been just weight training for the last couple of years and not really
    1:05:08 thinking about my bones or my VO2 max.
    1:05:10 So this has been quite a big shift for me.
    1:05:11 Yeah.
    1:05:14 But when I think about running, I definitely hated it.
    1:05:19 I still hate it a little bit, but I hate and love it now, which is progress.
    1:05:22 What are the things I should be thinking about?
    1:05:25 Because people talk to me about runner’s knees and stuff like that.
    1:05:28 And I don’t want to get injured, but I’m running quite a lot.
    1:05:35 So I hear from a lot of runners that, oh, okay, I’m going to lift with my arms because
    1:05:36 I’m running.
    1:05:38 So that means my legs are going to get stronger.
    1:05:47 Well, what I know from 30 years in practice is that runners who only run are hurt a lot.
    1:05:49 And here’s why.
    1:05:56 Running builds a big cardiovascular engine, but it does not build muscle mass below your
    1:06:02 belly generally, unless you’re running uphill all the time and you’re building glutes.
    1:06:05 So what happens, running is a single leg sport.
    1:06:11 If you look at a gait analysis, you’re on one leg at a time.
    1:06:12 You’re never on two legs.
    1:06:13 And walking, you’re in two legs.
    1:06:15 On running, you’re in one leg.
    1:06:22 So if my hands are on someone’s pelvis, when we’re running, we can’t be going like this
    1:06:28 every single stride, oscillating like we’re walking on a catwalk in fashion week.
    1:06:31 We want to be running like this straight.
    1:06:38 Well, that takes tremendous glute strength, butt strength, because it’s the glutes that
    1:06:39 balance the pelvis.
    1:06:44 If we were in my office and you came in with pain as a runner, I would stand you on one
    1:06:51 leg to see even if in a controlled environment, you could do a single leg squat and keep your
    1:06:55 pelvis stable without your knee falling in.
    1:07:00 And if you can’t, it just tells me that we have a lot of butt core and hip strength to
    1:07:01 do.
    1:07:05 And my lower back, something I think about, because when I train, especially I’m training
    1:07:13 for a football match at the moment in the UK and I always seem to get a glute injury.
    1:07:20 So it’s almost like 100% predictable that if I don’t stretch properly, even if I stretch
    1:07:22 a little bit, but don’t stretch fully.
    1:07:26 When I run into that football pitch within five minutes, I feel like a little, it’s almost
    1:07:28 like a little tear in my glute almost.
    1:07:29 Yeah.
    1:07:30 What am I doing?
    1:07:31 What do you think is happening?
    1:07:35 It might be useful to you as you’re training to have a motion analysis, to have someone
    1:07:41 stand you on one leg and look at the way that one motion pattern is different from the other.
    1:07:46 Because if it’s predictable like that, there’s an imbalance in you.
    1:07:49 And so it can likely be trained.
    1:07:52 I mean, I can give you an example in my life if you want to see how that works.
    1:08:00 So when I run and when I increase my speed and distances, I predictably, predictably
    1:08:09 get left Achilles tendonitis and I get right hip flexor, sharp stabbing pain, predictably.
    1:08:17 That is because my left big toe from wearing high heels all my life has arthritis.
    1:08:21 So when I run, I don’t run through the center of my foot.
    1:08:24 I run through the side of my foot where my pinky is.
    1:08:29 So instead of running through like this, I run through like this, puts extra stress on
    1:08:34 my Achilles tendon, changes my gait enough that it’s tight all up through the left side
    1:08:36 of my body.
    1:08:40 And my right hip flexor is taking the brunt of that.
    1:08:44 That is a motion pattern deficit that I know I have.
    1:08:48 So if you were predictably getting the same injury all the single time, it’s probably
    1:08:53 due to something’s too tight on one side, something’s too weak on the other side.
    1:08:58 And if you get it evaluated, you could probably train it out of you.
    1:09:01 Your gut and my gut is the home of our digestion.
    1:09:04 And it’s also a gateway to better health, but it can be hard to know what’s going on
    1:09:05 in there.
    1:09:10 Zoe, who sponsors this podcast, has one of the largest microbiome databases on the planet
    1:09:13 and one of the world’s most advanced at home gut health tests.
    1:09:16 The blood sugar sensor, which I have in this box in front of me goes on your arm.
    1:09:19 So you can see how different foods impact your blood sugar.
    1:09:23 Then there’s the at home blood sample, which is really easy and analyzes your body’s blood
    1:09:24 fat.
    1:09:31 And of course, the famous blue Zoe cookie, which tests your metabolism.
    1:09:35 Oh, and I can’t forget, there’s also a poo sample, which is a critical step in understanding
    1:09:37 the health of your microbiome.
    1:09:40 And you post it all to Zoe and you get your results back, which will help you to understand
    1:09:42 your body’s response to different foods.
    1:09:46 In your results, Zoe’s app will also create a personalized nutrition plan for you.
    1:09:49 And this is exactly why I invested in the business.
    1:09:52 So my question to you is how healthy is your gut?
    1:09:54 Head to Zoe.com to order your kit and find out.
    1:10:00 And because you’re one of our listeners, use code Bartlett 10 for 10% off your membership.
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    1:10:06 I’ve invested more than a million pounds into this company, Perfected.
    1:10:07 And they’re also a sponsor of this podcast.
    1:10:10 I switched over to using mattress as my dominant energy source.
    1:10:12 So that’s where Perfected comes in.
    1:10:16 They have the matcha powders, they have the matcha drinks, they have the pods.
    1:10:20 And all of this keeps me focused throughout a very, very long recording day, no matter
    1:10:21 what’s going on.
    1:10:25 And their team is obsessed with quality, which is why they source their ceremonial grade
    1:10:27 matcha from Japan.
    1:10:29 So when people say to me that they don’t like the taste of matcha, I’m guessing that they
    1:10:31 haven’t tried Perfected.
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    1:10:46 But now you can make it yourself at home.
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    1:10:58 Head to Perfected.com and use code DIARY40 at checkout.
    1:11:02 Or if you’re in a supermarket, you can get it at Tesco’s or Holland & Barra or in the
    1:11:03 Netherlands at Albert Hine.
    1:11:06 And those of you in the US, you can get it on Amazon.
    1:11:11 On the subject of obesity and weight, we talked last time, a really fascinating thing that
    1:11:15 you said to me, which stayed with me is that the more weight we’re carrying, the more harm
    1:11:19 it’s doing to our bones in a really disproportionate way.
    1:11:24 Could you clarify that again, but also talk to me about, give me the case for keeping my
    1:11:27 body fat down as I age?
    1:11:34 So what we were talking about is joint health and the fact that every bone in your knee,
    1:11:39 for instance, if this is your femur, the end of every bone has a bumper of cartilage.
    1:11:45 Cartilage is a matrix of collagen fibers that has cells in it, and its entire job is to
    1:11:46 shock absorb.
    1:11:49 So the bones don’t do so much of this.
    1:11:52 Bones are pretty fragile, but they glide.
    1:11:57 Cartilage has a, in physics, a coefficient of friction that is less than ice.
    1:12:00 So it’s smoother than ice, it glides, right?
    1:12:07 If it’s perfect, cartilage is very subject to the forces of weight, such that in our
    1:12:12 laboratories, when we were doing cartilage research and wanted to damage cartilage, all
    1:12:15 we had to do is drop a marble on it, so it doesn’t take much.
    1:12:20 So if we’re carrying around a lot of heavy, extra weight, and we don’t have the muscles
    1:12:25 to support that, instead of muscles actually like a shock absorber and protecting our cartilage,
    1:12:26 we’re banging more.
    1:12:31 Now remember, banging is good for bones, it’s not good for cartilage.
    1:12:36 So we want to make sure that we have a healthy weight so that we’re not exerting so much
    1:12:42 load, because it’s seven to nine, we talked about last time, seven to nine times body
    1:12:44 weight pressure across the joints.
    1:12:51 And so that’s why we want to compose our body and have a body composition, not a weight,
    1:12:57 a body composition of more muscle than adipose tissue.
    1:13:00 Yeah, this kind of goes back to what we were saying earlier, because you can say these
    1:13:04 things, but still changes still far away from many, many people.
    1:13:08 And I was just wondering, in the people that you’ve seen make radical changes that you’ve
    1:13:13 worked with, are there key things that happen, we talked a little bit about someone hits
    1:13:16 rock bottom, they get a bad diagnosis, they’re forced.
    1:13:22 And is there anything else that one can do to will themselves to change, to keeping
    1:13:25 a journal, some kind of exercise?
    1:13:28 I think it’s really helpful to know as much about yourself as possible.
    1:13:34 So if I’m intaking someone into a program we’re going to build, I don’t, I weigh them,
    1:13:40 but what’s most important is I do a body composition so that we can go through step by step and
    1:13:47 say in your current body, you have, I’m making these numbers up, 32% body fat, you have very
    1:13:48 little lean muscles.
    1:13:53 So even though you may be okay with the way you look in a mirror, your skinny fat, meaning
    1:13:58 you have too little muscle and too much adipose tissue.
    1:14:01 And we just, and we talk about all the things we’ve talked about, about why we need to build
    1:14:02 more muscle.
    1:14:06 But when you see those numbers, numbers don’t lie, nor are they judgments.
    1:14:10 But if you’re just looking in the mirror, you may say, Oh, that’s okay.
    1:14:14 Or you may hate the little belly roll, but it’s not, you don’t hate it enough.
    1:14:18 But when you see that you have very little muscle mass and a very high percentage of
    1:14:23 fat, those data alone are sometimes a motivation.
    1:14:29 And then if we know that we’re going to redo that test in three months or six months and
    1:14:34 track changes over time, that can be an added motivator.
    1:14:38 Guides, tragedy, data can be a motivator.
    1:14:43 Wanting to feel like yourself again in women in midlife, somewhat, sometimes just say,
    1:14:45 I just want to feel like myself again.
    1:14:49 Well, we’re different people after our estrogen goes away.
    1:14:52 And so it takes a different kind of work to feel like ourselves again.
    1:14:58 But at the end of the days, so tools-wise, I think journals are helpful, tracking, keeping
    1:15:02 a record of how you felt on a day, what you did that day.
    1:15:03 CGMs and stuff as well.
    1:15:05 Anything that turns the lights on has been reviewed.
    1:15:06 That’s right.
    1:15:07 Data.
    1:15:11 CGMs are, you know, I learned what I was going to learn at three months, but I’ve had it
    1:15:14 on for 18 months just because that data spurs me on.
    1:15:17 Like, oh, that was a really stressful OR day.
    1:15:19 My sugar spiked up even though I wasn’t eating.
    1:15:21 I must have been very high cortisol.
    1:15:23 I’m releasing so much from my liver.
    1:15:27 It just informs me about the inner workings of my body.
    1:15:31 But also at the end of the day, you have to love yourself enough, Stephen.
    1:15:34 And I can’t make you love yourself.
    1:15:35 And I can’t.
    1:15:41 A number of harassments in my office cannot make you value yourself enough to invest in
    1:15:42 yourself daily.
    1:15:44 And at the end of the day, that’s what it’s going to take.
    1:15:48 I’ve talked quite extensively on this podcast about menopause.
    1:15:53 It’s really fascinating to me, I think in part because I didn’t even know what it was.
    1:15:57 Even a couple of years ago, probably a year and a half ago, I had no idea what it was.
    1:16:02 What are some of the pervasive myths about menopause that people still need to sort of
    1:16:04 get passed?
    1:16:08 Despite everyone talking about it, despite you having lots of conversations about it,
    1:16:15 I still find a lot of people who have never heard of perimenopause, which is the decade
    1:16:23 leading up to the day of menopause, which is 365 days after your last menstrual cycle.
    1:16:28 On average in this country, it’s about 51.
    1:16:33 People have not heard of perimenopause, they’ve never heard of hormone replacement therapy,
    1:16:36 and they don’t know what to do about it.
    1:16:42 And they’re ashamed to talk about it because somehow needing things in this country if you’re
    1:16:48 a woman have gone unnoticed, for instance, like, “Oh, I’m just going to suffer through.
    1:16:50 My mom never talked about it.”
    1:16:54 So I think the myth that you have to suffer is a myth.
    1:17:00 There is more known now than there’s ever been about how using lifestyle to feel better.
    1:17:05 I always encourage women to make their hormone replacement decision based on science and
    1:17:08 not fear, and to make it early.
    1:17:10 How early?
    1:17:16 I encourage my patients, even in the mid-40s, to read the books, watch the podcasts, identify
    1:17:18 a clinician.
    1:17:26 So when it’s time for them to make their decision, they’ve got everything lined up.
    1:17:28 And you can take hormones while you’re still menstruating.
    1:17:29 There’s no reason not to.
    1:17:32 In fact, that’s what birth control is.
    1:17:37 Birth control is ten times the dose of hormone replacement therapy.
    1:17:43 So under careful supervision, you can make your decision very early.
    1:17:47 What I want people to do is educate themselves.
    1:17:52 I call it menopausal literacy because we have a very low level of menopausal literacy in
    1:17:54 this country.
    1:18:01 I want them to make their hormone replacement decision, meaning, “Am I going to go on them?
    1:18:03 Where am I going to get them?
    1:18:05 Can I find a clinician to help me?”
    1:18:11 Number three, I would like them to, as we talked about earlier, build their unbreakable
    1:18:12 lifestyle.
    1:18:16 Get the habits early, not when they’re in the throes of menopause and feeling desperate,
    1:18:24 but early of lifting weights, of cardio that includes base training and sprint intervals,
    1:18:31 anti-inflammatory nutrition, early so that it’s just the way you live, so that when
    1:18:35 you’re feeling so bad, you’re not trying to learn all these things at once.
    1:18:41 And there is a significant link between menopause and bone density because you lose some of
    1:18:45 those critical hormones like testosterone.
    1:18:46 Like estrogen and testosterone.
    1:18:52 So estrogen on bones acts to control the cell that breaks down bones.
    1:18:58 We talked about in bone health, there’s a cell that breaks down bones called the osteoclast
    1:19:03 with a C and a cell that builds bones called an osteoblast.
    1:19:05 Estrogen helps control the osteoclast.
    1:19:12 So even in menopause, when there is no estrogen, we’re still building bone, but breaking down
    1:19:15 bone outstrips building bone.
    1:19:23 So replacing hormones helps rebalance bone breakdown and bone rebuilding.
    1:19:30 And if we lose our estrogen around the time of this perimenopause, menopause, we can lose
    1:19:33 15% of our bone density.
    1:19:38 And if we don’t catch it, because insurance only pays for dexascans when we’re 65, which
    1:19:42 is far too late in my opinion, we’re behind the eight ball.
    1:19:46 So I encourage everyone, once they start going through perimenopause to get a dexascan, whether
    1:19:51 they have to pay for it at their gyms, save up their coffee money, it’s worth knowing your
    1:19:53 bone status.
    1:20:01 What are some of the most obvious but pertinent muscular skeletal syndromes of menopause?
    1:20:02 I’m glad you asked that.
    1:20:08 In July, my group and I created a nomenclature called the Muscular Skeletal Syndrome of Menopause
    1:20:16 because women were showing up in my office saying things without prompting, because I’m
    1:20:17 a doctor who listens.
    1:20:19 I sit down on a stool.
    1:20:20 We have a conversation.
    1:20:22 I do not shard in front of you.
    1:20:29 So people talk to me and out of nowhere, women would say to me, “Doc, I feel like I’m falling
    1:20:32 apart.”
    1:20:35 And I don’t know what’s going on, but I feel like I’m going crazy because I’ve been told
    1:20:37 nothing’s wrong with me.
    1:20:44 And I started noticing that more and more as women started coming in with their shoulders
    1:20:47 not moving, which is an entity called frozen shoulder.
    1:20:53 And so as I started looking at this pattern and reading the very few studies that were
    1:21:00 done, we’ve known for 30 years that the incidence of arthritis, inflammatory arthritis in women
    1:21:05 after 50, is much higher than inflammatory arthritis in men.
    1:21:07 We’ve known it for 30 years.
    1:21:12 And as I started researching, remember how I said earlier that every muscular skeletal
    1:21:18 tissue is derived out of the same type of stem cell, the mesenchymal stem cell.
    1:21:26 All of those tissues, muscle, bone, tendon, ligament, fat, muscle drive, stem cells are
    1:21:28 all sensitive to estrogen.
    1:21:30 And without it, several things happen.
    1:21:36 There’s something called arthralgia, which is total body pain, meaning your body hurts
    1:21:39 so much that you can’t even get out of bed.
    1:21:40 That was one of the biggest things I had.
    1:21:46 I’m an athlete, and I could barely get out of bed because I was so inflamed due to the
    1:21:47 lack of estrogen.
    1:21:51 Estrogen is a huge anti-inflammatory agent.
    1:21:52 So I was totally inflamed.
    1:21:53 My body hurt.
    1:21:55 That’s called arthralgia.
    1:21:57 Women come in, and I’m not kidding.
    1:22:00 They come in and they say, my arm won’t move.
    1:22:03 Literally it won’t move, or I can’t hook my bra.
    1:22:06 That is due to the inflammation of losing estrogen.
    1:22:10 In Asian cultures, it’s called the 50-year-old woman’s shoulder because it happens to 50-year-old
    1:22:11 women.
    1:22:15 It is a sign of the inflammation of losing estrogen.
    1:22:20 We know about sarcopenia, the loss of lean muscle mass, about 20% when you lose your
    1:22:21 estrogen.
    1:22:23 We’ve talked about loss of bone density.
    1:22:28 We have increased incidence of tendon and ligament problems, Achilles tendon, tennis
    1:22:35 elbow, patellar tendon, because the collagen fibers of tendon and ligament have estrogen
    1:22:36 receptors on them.
    1:22:42 And so everything starts to work less well without the presence of estrogen.
    1:22:48 So I saw all of those things, and we gathered the world’s data, which isn’t a lot.
    1:22:50 A lot more research needs to be done.
    1:22:52 And we gave it a nomenclature.
    1:22:58 We called it and published it as the Musculoskeletal Syndrome of Menocos, because I tell you for
    1:23:02 sure, Stephen, if someone goes into their doctor’s office, which in this country is
    1:23:08 so restricted in the time that we can spend and says, I have this and this and this and
    1:23:09 this and this.
    1:23:11 Six things in 15 minutes.
    1:23:14 It is difficult to get through that.
    1:23:20 But if someone comes with a nomenclature of, I think I have the Musculoskeletal Syndrome
    1:23:26 of Menopause, my arm doesn’t move, blah, blah, blah, immediately you don’t have to go through
    1:23:32 a differential diagnosis of 600 things you’re like, oh, as a doctor.
    1:23:37 This paper on the Musculoskeletal Syndrome of Menopause has currently been downloaded
    1:23:40 almost 300,000 times.
    1:23:45 And to put that in context, some of the biggest journals in the world, medical journals in
    1:23:50 the world, documented they did a survey of how many times their best articles had been
    1:23:51 downloaded.
    1:23:57 The best scientific journals, their articles are downloaded about 10,000 times.
    1:24:02 This Musculoskeletal Syndrome of Menopause has been downloaded nearly 300,000, and it’s
    1:24:05 not because, yes, it’s a good paper.
    1:24:12 The need is so great, Stephen, to communicate what the heck is going on with people, that
    1:24:16 I made it open access, meaning you don’t have to pay to get this article.
    1:24:22 And I encourage people to Google it, it’ll come up number one, to print it, to read it,
    1:24:27 to give it to your doctors, so that they can understand that you’re highly inflamed.
    1:24:32 That’s why your total body hurts, that your shoulder doesn’t move because you’re inflamed,
    1:24:36 but your knee hurts because you have the arthritis of menopause.
    1:24:42 And just to build the understanding of what is actually going on with people.
    1:24:43 Fascinating.
    1:24:45 I didn’t mean 300,000 downloads.
    1:24:46 I know.
    1:24:47 It’s amazing.
    1:24:51 It’s like a New York Times bestseller, bestseller.
    1:24:52 Research paper.
    1:24:53 30,000 times over.
    1:24:54 Something crazy.
    1:24:55 Crazy.
    1:24:56 Yep.
    1:24:57 Congratulations.
    1:24:58 Well, you know what?
    1:25:00 Research is a team effort, and we all work together.
    1:25:01 But thank you.
    1:25:02 It’s needed.
    1:25:07 I used a word there, arthritis, which we’ve not talked about yet, but you used it to describe
    1:25:08 your big toe as well.
    1:25:09 Yes, I did.
    1:25:10 What is causing arthritis?
    1:25:11 I don’t want to get arthritis.
    1:25:12 Oh, who does?
    1:25:14 There are two kinds of arthritis.
    1:25:19 There’s an autoimmune, meaning your body is identifying yourself as not yourself.
    1:25:23 And that’s called rheumatoid arthritis that is very different than the way I used it
    1:25:29 today, which is osteoarthritis, which is wear and tear arthritis.
    1:25:35 So wear and tear arthritis can happen through thousands and thousands of repetition on a
    1:25:36 joint.
    1:25:40 We were talking earlier about running, it’s a thousand steps a mile.
    1:25:41 It can happen due to trauma.
    1:25:45 I have a lot of, I used to take care of the University of Pittsburgh football team, and
    1:25:51 I had a lot of 20-year-olds with knee arthritis because the impact was so great as linemen
    1:25:54 hit each other that they would wear out their cartilage.
    1:26:02 So wear and tear arthritis, osteoarthritis, is loss of the cartilage layer on the end
    1:26:03 of bone.
    1:26:06 It causes aching pain.
    1:26:08 It causes swelling.
    1:26:11 It causes stiffness.
    1:26:17 And then to the degree that you have it, we can treat you conservatively through a variety
    1:26:22 of ways, or at the end of the road, we can replace your joints.
    1:26:26 I want to just circle back on, we were talking there about the collection of symptoms that
    1:26:31 are associated with menopause, and you were talking about how arthritis is a factor.
    1:26:38 Are you telling me that to avoid the musculoskeletal symptoms of menopause, I should be taking
    1:26:41 hormone replacement therapy?
    1:26:43 Here’s what I’m telling you.
    1:26:50 I’m telling you that every musculoskeletal tissue has alpha and beta estrogen receptors.
    1:26:56 We know that when those sit empty, you will manifest some of the musculoskeletal syndrome
    1:27:00 of menopause 80% of us do.
    1:27:06 What I’m telling you is that estrogen sitting in those receptors can prevent bone loss, can
    1:27:12 prevent muscle loss, can decrease the inflammation of arthralgia and frozen shoulder, so everyone
    1:27:16 gets to make their own decision.
    1:27:22 People are thinking beings, they have agency, they get to make that decision to get out
    1:27:28 of pain and to prevent the musculoskeletal syndrome of menopause based on science and
    1:27:31 not fear.
    1:27:38 One of the things I’m a little bit concerned about these days is back pain, lower back pain
    1:27:39 in particular.
    1:27:43 I read that lower back pain is the single leading cause of disability globally, significantly
    1:27:48 affecting individuals’ quality of life and productivity, which was published on the World
    1:27:51 Health Organization article.
    1:27:59 In 2020, lower back pain affected 619 million people globally and its prevalence is increasing
    1:28:03 due to a number of different factors, one being aging, but also I just think generally
    1:28:07 how we’re living more sedentary lives and sitting on these chairs and stuff like that.
    1:28:11 Back pain, common thing, only seems to exist in the Western world.
    1:28:15 I had someone come here from the… who stayed the Hadza tribe in Africa and they don’t have
    1:28:16 back pain there.
    1:28:17 Yeah.
    1:28:18 How do they live?
    1:28:19 Not like this, right?
    1:28:20 They squat.
    1:28:21 Yes.
    1:28:22 They don’t have chairs.
    1:28:23 Yes.
    1:28:27 Well, back pain is endemic in our population due to our lifestyle.
    1:28:28 We’re sitting here for several hours.
    1:28:33 I’m probably sitting like this all hunched over at some points.
    1:28:36 Our cores are relaxed.
    1:28:38 Our front cores are relaxed.
    1:28:41 Our lower back is relaxed.
    1:28:45 There’s no stimulus to keep our cores strong sitting in a chair and we do this 10 hours
    1:28:49 a day at least, right?
    1:28:50 That’s number one.
    1:28:56 Number two, then 70% of people did no meaningful exercise anytime of the week, so we never
    1:28:58 rebuild it.
    1:29:05 So we get low back pain due to muscle weakness and another reason we get low back pain particularly
    1:29:09 in women or very elderly men is compression of our vertebrae, compression fractures of
    1:29:11 our spine.
    1:29:12 That can be very painful.
    1:29:15 It presents as low back pain.
    1:29:20 I want to differentiate for people listening the difference between low back pain and nerve
    1:29:23 impingement that needs surgery.
    1:29:28 Low back pain is that aching in your low back, the stiffness.
    1:29:33 When you go to a doctor with low back pain, there should be telling you how to get stronger,
    1:29:39 sending you for physical therapy to stop smoking if you’re smoking because that poisons bones,
    1:29:40 right?
    1:29:42 All the lifestyle things.
    1:29:48 If you have pain starting in your back, but shooting down your leg like electricity down
    1:29:52 the back of your leg, like literally think about how lightening would feel.
    1:29:57 That is because a nerve is being impinged as it comes out of your spinal cord.
    1:30:01 That is something that needs to be examined and looked at.
    1:30:08 But I just want to differentiate that because a lot of people mistake the two.
    1:30:14 I think it was 80% of Westerners will experience lower back pain and it got me thinking about
    1:30:16 standing desks and things like that.
    1:30:18 Do you advise people to use standing desks?
    1:30:23 I do and walking treadmills because there’s so much work that we do during the days.
    1:30:24 That isn’t deep work.
    1:30:25 We’re emptying out our email.
    1:30:27 We’re returning some phone calls.
    1:30:32 We’re doing the less heavy, brain heavy parts of our job.
    1:30:37 All can be done standing or I’ve encouraged groups of people that I work with to hold
    1:30:40 their meetings doing wall squats.
    1:30:44 Just don’t sit at the board table, pull up a wall, everybody’s squat.
    1:30:48 It better be a pretty quick meeting because that takes a lot of strength.
    1:30:53 But to build in that kind of mobility, the only time we really need to sit is when we’re
    1:30:56 solving world peace.
    1:31:02 The rest of it we can stand and in fact, studies have shown that if we’re trying to learn something,
    1:31:06 it’s better to be moving as we learn because the kinetic energy of learning is better for
    1:31:08 our brains, for instance.
    1:31:15 I used an example yesterday actually when I was teaching people how to time manage and
    1:31:21 I said, “When I’m listening to long form podcasts like this, I can’t sit for three hours but
    1:31:26 I can walk and listen and I retain more, for instance.”
    1:31:32 That’s been proven that if we’re in exercise, we retain more.
    1:31:33 In terms of studying.
    1:31:34 Oh, okay.
    1:31:35 You’ve done a lot of studies.
    1:31:38 They’re so fascinating.
    1:31:39 Have you got a favorite?
    1:31:45 The very first one we did on master’s athletes answering the question at what age do we really
    1:31:48 slow down?
    1:31:54 Because if you believe Hallmark and all the rest in peace balloons that go around on your
    1:31:59 40th or 50th birthday, slowing down is an inevitable part of aging.
    1:32:06 But the fact of the matter is in our study showed that when I looked at track and field
    1:32:12 athletes in every race from 100 meters to 10,000 meters and I looked at the top eight
    1:32:20 finishers in every age group, in every race, that we do not significantly slow down until
    1:32:22 we’re past 70.
    1:32:30 So between 50 and 70, the guy who won the one mile race finished it in four minutes
    1:32:33 and 34 seconds.
    1:32:37 The same year of the study, the kid that won the high school mile race did it in four minutes
    1:32:39 and 17 seconds.
    1:32:45 The 70 year old who won the one mile race did it in a little less than seven minutes.
    1:32:52 It just shows you that if we’re slowing down dramatically before our 70s, we’ve either decided
    1:32:55 not to train so hard or just not trying anymore.
    1:32:59 We’ve been terribly injured and we can’t.
    1:33:01 But it’s not because of biology.
    1:33:02 Because of psychology.
    1:33:03 Exactly.
    1:33:05 No light bulb goes off.
    1:33:06 We think though.
    1:33:09 We think that when we experience that first twinge, that first pain, we start to get a
    1:33:10 little bit tired.
    1:33:11 We think it’s natural.
    1:33:12 So we kind of relent to it.
    1:33:17 We just give in and then that’s that slow spiral downwards into a lifestyle which becomes
    1:33:18 self-fulfilling, I guess.
    1:33:19 We stop trying hard.
    1:33:22 We stop playing hard because we stop trying hard.
    1:33:23 Because we think it’s inevitable.
    1:33:24 We think no.
    1:33:26 Aging is inevitable.
    1:33:29 How we age is up to us.
    1:33:30 You’re working on a book, aren’t you?
    1:33:31 You just handed in the manuscript for it.
    1:33:33 We’re very, very excited about this book.
    1:33:34 Unbreakable.
    1:33:35 Unbreakable.
    1:33:36 Go strong.
    1:33:38 Live long.
    1:33:39 Age with power.
    1:33:44 And it really picks up the conversation of aging and longevity that I’ve been talking
    1:33:51 about for a long time, but really focuses on the longevity of women.
    1:33:57 So the book is framed around the pillars of aging, which I call time bombs.
    1:34:01 The time bomb of metabolic dysfunction.
    1:34:05 The time bomb that we think means our DNA is our destiny, which it is not.
    1:34:10 We can modify ourselves and several others and really explain the science of what’s
    1:34:15 going on and that aging is not an inevitable decline from vitality to frailty unless we
    1:34:17 cop to that attitude, right?
    1:34:22 And then the second part of the book lays out a lifestyle that I call unbreakable.
    1:34:23 It’s about muscle.
    1:34:24 It’s a bone.
    1:34:25 It’s about nutrition.
    1:34:28 But the most, a very important part is what you just said.
    1:34:31 It’s about attitude and mindset.
    1:34:39 And so I help people set standards and goals for what they want based on their values.
    1:34:45 If I didn’t value independence, if I didn’t value having my brain till the very end and
    1:34:50 all the other things that I value, then my goals would be uninformed.
    1:34:55 I could say, I want to earn a marathon at 80, but that’s not enough unless it’s connected
    1:34:56 to my values.
    1:35:02 And then further along, we talk about building resilience because brain resilience can be
    1:35:05 built in the same way that skeletal resilience can.
    1:35:12 And I believe it takes both of those things to progress and to age with power.
    1:35:16 And then the final sections of this book really take us to the next level.
    1:35:25 How do we, now that we’ve optimized our health and decided that we are not the victims of
    1:35:26 time?
    1:35:27 I don’t believe that.
    1:35:31 I believe we can shape our future.
    1:35:33 What do we do for peak performance?
    1:35:35 How do we continue to squeeze performance out?
    1:35:38 And what are the cool technologies that can help us?
    1:35:40 I’m very, very excited.
    1:35:41 Yay.
    1:35:42 Can we pre-order it yet?
    1:35:44 Not yet, but you can get on my wait list on my website.
    1:35:45 Okay.
    1:35:49 I’ll link that below for anyone that’s keen to get that book out, I’ll be on that list
    1:35:50 as well.
    1:35:51 I’ll give you one.
    1:35:55 Is there anything else that we should have talked about that we haven’t, Dr. Wunder?
    1:36:02 Last week, I was speaking at the American Diabetes Association and talking about midlife
    1:36:06 and menopause, which you and I have talked about, and all the metabolic changes that
    1:36:09 go on when estrogen walks out the door.
    1:36:15 And we’ve already talked today about pre-diabetes and how we need to put on a big alarm because
    1:36:19 of all the metabolic changes that will leave to diabetes and Alzheimer’s.
    1:36:23 But when I look at those two things separately, perimenopause and all the metabolic changes
    1:36:29 and the lipid changes and the fat distribution and the insulin insensitivity and pre-diabetes,
    1:36:31 they are nearly identical.
    1:36:36 And what we know is that this is another alarm to sound.
    1:36:41 If we have not paid attention in the critical decade of our lives and become pre-diabetic
    1:36:47 and then are a woman and lose our estrogen, it compounds the normal metabolic changes that
    1:36:51 happen with insulin resistance to the loss of estrogen.
    1:36:57 And after menopause, women have more diabetes and therefore more Alzheimer’s.
    1:37:02 And so if I can back all this up and start people thinking about it when we’re 35, that
    1:37:04 is work worth doing.
    1:37:05 That’s exactly what you’re doing.
    1:37:07 It’s exactly what you’re doing.
    1:37:10 And I think the reason I’m so compelled by menopause as well as secondary reason is because
    1:37:15 I have so many wonderful women in my life, including my partner who might not be as fortunate
    1:37:18 to be exposed to all the information that I get exposed to by doing this.
    1:37:24 So many of the questions I’m asking you, almost pre-preparing me to be a supporting
    1:37:30 act in her life, she’s 32 now, so critical years.
    1:37:35 You know, Steven, if I could get more men to take the attitude that you’ve just expressed
    1:37:43 to have the curiosity to learn about the changes in midlife women and not only bodily changes,
    1:37:48 but I attitudinal and the sexuality changes, I think we could save a lot of marriages.
    1:37:54 But I find that for the lack of knowledge there is amongst the women, there is even
    1:37:59 less knowledge among the men, but if it’s a partnership, so I think your attitude and
    1:38:04 curiosity is laudable because I think we could save a lot of relationships if everyone felt
    1:38:05 that way.
    1:38:09 Yeah, because for me, it has created a ton of empathy.
    1:38:14 And with empathy, you approach challenges differently with a different perspective.
    1:38:19 And there’s less blame and there’s more, I think, supporting encouragement.
    1:38:23 So that’s really why I think it’s important as well for men to understand these things
    1:38:29 because when you start noticing differences maybe in some way, she’s feeling or your
    1:38:36 mother or grandmother or even your daughters, you might not be some of those naive doctors
    1:38:40 who think someone’s losing their mind or that they’re just being different or it’s their
    1:38:44 personality and you might understand that there’s something deeper going on.
    1:38:49 And also something that’s at least in part, you can do something about.
    1:38:50 Absolutely.
    1:38:52 Which I think is the most important conclusive point.
    1:38:55 We have a closing tradition on this podcast where the last guest leaves a question for
    1:38:57 the next guest with not knowing who they’re leaving it for.
    1:39:02 And the question left for you is, how do you know when is enough?
    1:39:10 I think how you know when it’s enough, when it becomes, if it pertains to work or striving
    1:39:16 for something or is when you don’t love it anymore, when it becomes a grind and you don’t
    1:39:21 love it, that’s when it’s enough because it’s not feeding you.
    1:39:29 Thank you so much for the work that you do.
    1:39:34 You’re such a star and I think everybody should go follow you on Instagram because you’ve
    1:39:38 built an incredible community over on Instagram where you give away so much of this knowledge
    1:39:40 absolutely free of charge.
    1:39:42 But I also think everybody should go to your website.
    1:39:43 Thank you.
    1:39:44 They should buy this book.
    1:39:47 I know this book is, maybe they should just get on the wait list for the upcoming book
    1:39:48 as well.
    1:39:49 Unbreakable.
    1:39:50 Unbreakable.
    1:39:51 The wait list is on your website right now.
    1:39:54 They can join your Instagram community which I think is phenomenal.
    1:40:00 It’s so wonderful to see how, because usually people have a following, but I really feel
    1:40:01 like you have a community.
    1:40:03 I see it in the comment sections.
    1:40:07 I see that the people are really, really engaged and as you saw from the amount of people that
    1:40:14 downloaded that paper that you published, there’s a real thirst and hunger for this information.
    1:40:19 And I get so many messages from the last conversation we had, but from these conversations
    1:40:26 generally about from women, from their husbands who are so thankful for you, like so thankful.
    1:40:30 It’s, you know, because I have lots of conversations about lots of things, but this particular
    1:40:35 conversation provokes a certain type of energy that is very atypical.
    1:40:36 You know what I mean?
    1:40:39 You understand it because you feel it every day, but I really feel it as well.
    1:40:41 So thank you for doing the work that you do and for turning the lights on for so many
    1:40:47 people that are living in the darkness as it relates to information and that information
    1:40:51 is no doubt, undoubtedly saving many millions of people’s lives.
    1:40:52 I hope so.
    1:40:53 And that’s work worth doing.
    1:40:55 So thank you so much, Dr. Vonda.
    1:40:59 Thank you.
    1:41:02 Some of the most successful, fascinating and insightful people in the world have sat across
    1:41:06 from me at this table and at the end of every conversation, I asked them to leave a question
    1:41:12 behind in the famous diary of a CEO and it’s a question designed to spark the kind of conversations
    1:41:15 that matter most, the kind of conversations that can change your life.
    1:41:19 We then take those questions and we put them on these cards.
    1:41:26 On every single card, you can see the person who left the question, the question they asked
    1:41:30 and on the other side, if you scan that barcode, you can see who answered it next.
    1:41:34 Something I know a lot of you have wanted to know and the only way to find out is by
    1:41:37 getting yourself some conversation cards, which you can play at home with friends and
    1:41:41 family at work with colleagues and also with total strangers on holiday.
    1:41:44 I’ll put a link to the conversation cards in the description below and you can get yours
    1:41:46 at the diary.com.
    1:42:02 [Music]
    Các vận động viên chỉ chạy thường bị chấn thương rất nhiều, và thường là do sự mất cân bằng chuyển động. Vì vậy, tôi luôn thực hiện bài kiểm tra này để cho họ thấy cơ mông của bạn có đủ mạnh để giữ cho xương chậu thẳng hay không và liệu bạn có đủ mạnh để ngăn đầu gối rơi vào vị trí này hay không. Tôi trông như kiểu say rượu hay gì đó. Bạn làm cách nào để thực hiện điều này khi mang giày cao gót? Tiến sĩ Vonda Wright là một bác sĩ phẫu thuật chỉnh hình hàng đầu và là chuyên gia về tuổi thọ. Bà tận dụng chuyên môn của mình với các vận động viên ưu tú để cách mạng hóa cách chúng ta di chuyển, ăn uống và đào tạo. Để sống lâu hơn, khỏe mạnh hơn và tốt hơn. Tôi đang quyết tâm làm cho xương trở nên hấp dẫn trở lại vì ở Hoa Kỳ, ít nhất 50% phụ nữ sẽ mắc bệnh loãng xương cùng với 2 triệu đàn ông. Giờ thì loãng xương là mật độ xương thấp và các nghiên cứu cho thấy rằng những người có mật độ xương thấp có nguy cơ suy giảm nhận thức cao hơn và tăng nguy cơ gãy xương. Nếu bạn bị gãy hông, 50% khả năng, bất kể bạn là nam hay nữ, bạn sẽ không trở lại chức năng trước khi té ngã và 30% khả năng bạn sẽ chết. Có rất nhiều yếu tố gây ra sự dễ gãy của xương, chẳng hạn như lão hóa, không xây dựng đủ xương trong tuổi trẻ của chúng ta, lối sống ít vận động của chúng ta, và cả các huyền thoại rằng phụ nữ phải nhỏ bé. Ngay cả những điều như một người phụ nữ cho con bú sẽ mất 20% mật độ xương trong 6 tháng đầu, nhưng điều đó không phải là điều không thể tránh khỏi. Và tôi sẽ nêu ra một lối sống mà tôi gọi là không thể gãy. Nó liên quan đến cơ bắp, xương, dinh dưỡng, nhưng phần quan trọng nhất là tư duy. Tôi rất, rất hào hứng, nhưng chỉ để tạm dừng lại, có mối liên hệ nào giữa mãn kinh và mật độ xương không? Có, và đó là do sự suy giảm của estrogen, điều này rất quan trọng cho cơ bắp, xương, dây chằng, gân và lưng, và không có nó có thể gây ra hậu quả nghiêm trọng. Vì vậy, bạn cần biết điều sau đây. Tôi thấy thật thú vị rằng khi chúng ta nhìn vào thông tin từ phía sau của Spotify và Apple và các kênh âm thanh của chúng tôi, đại đa số người xem podcast này vẫn chưa nhấn nút theo dõi hoặc nút đăng ký, bất kỳ nơi nào bạn đang nghe điều này. Tôi muốn lập một thỏa thuận với bạn. Nếu bạn có thể giúp tôi một ân huệ lớn và nhấn nút đăng ký đó, tôi sẽ làm việc không mệt mỏi từ bây giờ cho đến mãi mãi để làm cho chương trình ngày càng tốt hơn. Tôi không thể nói với bạn nó giúp ích như thế nào khi bạn nhấn nút đăng ký đó. Chương trình trở nên lớn hơn, có nghĩa là chúng tôi có thể mở rộng sản xuất, mang đến tất cả các khách mời mà bạn muốn thấy, và tiếp tục làm điều này mà chúng tôi yêu thích. Nếu bạn có thể giúp tôi ân huệ nhỏ đó và nhấn nút theo dõi, bất kỳ nơi nào bạn đang nghe điều này, điều đó sẽ có ý nghĩa rất lớn với tôi. Đó là ân huệ duy nhất mà tôi sẽ bao giờ yêu cầu bạn. Cảm ơn bạn rất nhiều vì thời gian của bạn. Quay trở lại tập này. Tiến sĩ Vonda Wright. Vâng. Đối với bất kỳ ai không biết bạn làm gì và bạn làm cho ai, bạn làm gì và bạn làm cho ai? Vì vậy, bạn biết đấy, với tư cách là một bác sĩ thể thao qua nhiều năm, chúng tôi đã học cách làm việc với những vận động viên có hiệu suất rất cao. Bạn biết đấy, đó là những người luôn chiến thắng, những người cần liên tục trở nên tốt hơn và tốt hơn trong công việc của họ. Trong 30 năm sự nghiệp của tôi, chúng tôi đã đi từ việc tập trung thực sự vào cách họ luyện tập. Từ việc lập kế hoạch thời gian luyện tập cho đến lần cuối tôi ở Đại học Pittsburgh. Tôi là giám đốc y tế của Khu thể thao UPMC Lemieux, nơi đặt trụ sở của đội Pittsburgh Penguins. Nó đã trở nên rất khoa học. Họ có đầu bếp làm việc toàn thời gian. Mỗi bữa ăn từ bữa sáng, bữa trưa, bữa tối, tất cả các bữa ăn trên máy bay đều được chuẩn bị vì khi nói đến sự linh hoạt trong tích tắc, sự suy nghĩ sắc bén, từng chi tiết đều có giá trị. Và vì vậy, trong 30 năm sự nghiệp y tế của tôi, nó đã chuyển từ việc chỉ học thêm về khoa học hiệu suất từ cách luyện tập đến cách nuôi dưỡng mọi người đến cách hồi phục cho họ. Vì vậy, thay vì làm, ví dụ, tôi nghĩ Dara Torres đã nói về các cuộc đua Olympic của cô ấy trong những năm 40, đúng không? Cô ấy đã luyện tập rất khác so với khi cô 24 tuổi và trong những năm 40 sau khi cô có con. Nó chủ yếu liên quan đến phục hồi, không phải nhiều giờ trong một bể bơi. Vì vậy, tôi áp dụng tất cả những điều mà chúng tôi đã học trong suốt sự nghiệp của mình và bây giờ áp dụng chúng không chỉ cho các vận động viên, mà còn cho những người như bạn và tôi, những người làm việc trong các công việc có hiệu suất cao. Tôi cần phải ở trong tình trạng tốt nhất trong mọi lĩnh vực cuộc sống của mình như bạn cũng vậy. Và làm thế nào để chúng ta ăn uống tốt hơn, hồi phục tốt hơn, áp dụng các nguyên tắc về hiệu suất mà chúng tôi đã học từ các vận động viên vào những người có hiệu suất cao và thậm chí cả những vận động viên bình thường như tôi. Nhiều công việc của tôi liên quan đến hiệu suất nhận thức, đảm bảo rằng não của tôi sắc bén khi cần thiết. Một phần công việc của bạn có chồng chéo vào lĩnh vực nhận thức không? Bạn biết đấy, tôi không phải là một nhà khoa học não, nhưng tôi may mắn được bao quanh bởi những người là chuyên gia trong lĩnh vực đó. Vì vậy, từ quan điểm của riêng tôi, tôi đã đến mức cảm nhận sâu sắc hơn cả về vai trò của giấc ngủ, cả trong cuộc sống cá nhân và chuyên nghiệp. Thực tế, chúng tôi đã nói về những cuốn sách trước đây của tôi từ đầu những năm 2000 và khi tôi viết những cuốn sách đó, tình trạng di động là điều quan trọng nhất. Tôi chỉ viết về tình trạng di động. Và rồi khi tôi tiến bộ trong sự nghiệp của mình, tôi đã đi sâu hơn vào dinh dưỡng. Và sau đó tôi sẽ nói, được rồi, dinh dưỡng là số một và tình trạng di động là thứ hai. Nhưng ở giai đoạn tiến hóa này của khoa học giấc ngủ và việc biết cách phục hồi não và cung cấp thời gian và dinh dưỡng đầy đủ, tôi đặt giấc ngủ lên hàng đầu, giấc ngủ và hồi phục trước vì bạn không thể thực hiện bất kỳ việc nào khác khi não không được hồi phục đầy đủ. Thực tế, có ai đó đã hỏi tôi hôm nọ về thời điểm tập luyện và có cần thiết phải làm nó vào buổi sáng không? Như kiểu đó là khẩu hiệu, dậy, đi tập luyện. Và câu trả lời của tôi là bạn phải biết cách não của bạn hoạt động. Ví dụ, não của tôi hoạt động tốt nhất giữa 5 giờ sáng và 2 giờ chiều. Đó là khi tôi sẽ hoàn thành tất cả công việc sâu của mình. Tôi sẽ sáng tạo. Tôi sẽ suy nghĩ, sau 2 giờ chiều tôi có thể xây dựng cho bạn một ngôi nhà. Tôi có thể tiếp tục hoạt động, nhưng nếu tôi định viết một cuốn sách, sẽ là sớm.
    Tôi không tập thể dục vào buổi sáng vì tôi không muốn lãng phí năng lượng trí não cho các hoạt động thể chất khi tôi cần nó cho công việc sâu sắc này. Đó là cách tôi áp dụng khoa học não bộ, nhưng tôi thật may mắn khi được bao quanh bởi những người trong môi trường hiện tại, họ sẽ đặt điện não đồ (EEG) lên đầu bạn, lập bản đồ não của bạn và cho bạn biết những đường đi nào trong não mà bạn đang chịu áp lực quá lớn và những đường đi nào mà chúng ta có thể rèn luyện. Bạn có thể rèn luyện não bộ như một cơ bắp. Có một công ty tên là Nestry mà tôi tình cờ được tiếp cận. Họ đã đặt mũ bảo hiểm EEG lên những khách hàng về tuổi thọ chính xác của tôi, và chúng tôi lập bản đồ não của họ. Ví dụ như thế này. Những điều trở thành thói quen tiêu tốn rất ít năng lượng não bộ, ngay cả khi chúng ta cần rất nhiều năng lượng não bộ. Chúng trở nên rất quen thuộc, não của chúng ta chuyển hướng năng lượng khỏi chúng so với những điều mà chúng ta đang học hoặc những điều mà chúng ta lo lắng. Chúng ta dành rất nhiều năng lượng cho điều đó. Vì vậy, một khi công ty này lập bản đồ não của chúng tôi, họ có một chương trình huấn luyện mà gần giống như việc làm cho não bộ nhận thức của bạn không chiếm ưu thế và để cho não bộ tiềm thức của bạn tái áp dụng năng lượng vào những đường đi mà bạn thực sự cần mà bạn đã bắt đầu phớt lờ, và điều đó làm cho bạn hiệu quả hơn. Tôi đang giải thích chưa đủ rõ, nhưng các nhà khoa học não cho rằng bạn có thể rèn luyện lại não như một cơ bắp và dành năng lượng cho các đường dẫn thần kinh. Tôi biết chúng tôi làm điều này với các vận động viên để cố gắng tối ưu hóa hiệu suất của họ. Khi bạn sử dụng thuật ngữ tuổi thọ chính xác, điều đó có nghĩa là gì? Bạn biết đấy, sau khi hiểu về DNA con người, biết chúng ta thực sự được cấu tạo từ gì, nó đã đưa chúng ta ra khỏi một thời kỳ trong y học mà chúng ta đã trải qua trong 150 năm qua, đó là quan sát và một khuôn mẫu không ai vừa. Bây giờ khi chúng ta đã giải mã được bộ gen người, chúng ta có thể phát triển kế hoạch sức khỏe, kế hoạch sức khỏe của bạn, kế hoạch sức khỏe của tôi. Nó không phải là chung chung. Đây là một ví dụ. Khi tôi có người muốn trò chuyện với tôi về việc sống khỏe hơn lâu dài và chúng tôi vẽ ra một tập hợp các dấu hiệu sinh học, không phải 6.000 dấu hiệu sinh học. Chỉ là một tập hợp khoảng 23 cái ở ngoài các phòng thí nghiệm thông thường. Và tôi thấy rằng, chẳng hạn, có thể Steven, bạn có một lượng tế bào lão hóa cao. Vậy tôi sẽ thiết kế cụ thể chế độ dinh dưỡng của bạn theo những gì bạn cần. Bạn có thể không cần gì cho viêm vì có thể các xét nghiệm viêm của bạn là tốt. Nhưng theo lịch sử, những gì chúng tôi đã làm là nói, OK, hãy cho mọi người cùng một công thức. Nhưng giờ đây chúng tôi có khả năng thiết kế những gì cơ thể bạn cần tại thời điểm bạn cần. Tôi làm điều tương tự với việc tập thể dục. Tôi không bao giờ nói hãy để bạn thực hiện 150 phút tập thể dục vừa phải vì tôi có khả năng tiếp cận về thử nghiệm ngưỡng lactate, khi bạn đi bộ trên máy chạy bộ, chạy trên máy chạy bộ hoặc trên xe đạp. Mỗi bốn phút, chúng tôi sẽ chích ngón tay bạn. Và tôi có thể cho biết chính xác khi nào các ty thể của bạn, những kho năng lượng nhỏ trong tế bào của bạn, chuyển từ đốt cháy chất béo sang đốt cháy carbohydrate. Và điểm đó gọi là fat max. Đó là khi các ty thể của bạn, các bào quan năng lượng của bạn, hoạt động hiệu quả nhất. Và đó là nơi chúng tôi muốn tập luyện 80% thời gian. Vì vậy, đó chỉ là một ví dụ về cách tôi sẽ nói cho bạn biết bạn cần tập luyện ở nhịp tim nào. Tôi sẽ cho bạn biết cách lấp đầy những khoảng trống trong dinh dưỡng của bạn thay vì chỉ làm theo các hướng dẫn chung vì đó là công nghệ tiên tiến hiện nay. Khi bạn nghĩ về sự cá nhân hóa, tôi cũng đã nghĩ không chỉ về cá nhân mà còn về các giai đoạn khác nhau trong cuộc sống và cách mà có thể trong những năm 20 của tôi, có một tập hợp những điều tôi cần suy nghĩ nhiều hơn so với ở tuổi 30, 40 hay 50, 60. Đó có phải là một cách hữu ích để suy nghĩ về điều đó không? Có những điều khác nhau mà chúng ta cần suy nghĩ trong các mùa khác nhau của cuộc đời hay là những điều giống nhau trong mọi mùa không? Tôi rất thích câu hỏi đó. Và câu trả lời bằng một từ là có, mỗi mùa trong cuộc đời chúng ta là khác nhau. Hãy lấy xương, chẳng hạn. Chúng ta xây dựng, xây dựng, xây dựng xương cho đến khi ở phụ nữ, khoảng 28 tuổi và nam giới 30 tuổi. Chúng ta đạt được khối lượng xương tối đa. Sau đó chúng ta đạt đến một mức ổn định nơi chúng ta giữ mật độ xương của mình và sau đó ở phụ nữ, nó bắt đầu giảm mạnh do ảnh hưởng hormone. Đối với nam giới, họ thường duy trì mật độ xương của mình cho đến giữa những năm 70 khi nó giảm mạnh trừ khi họ có vấn đề trao đổi chất, một bệnh tự miễn hoặc đã phải sử dụng nhiều steroid, và sau đó bạn thấy sự khác biệt lớn ở tuổi 50. Vì vậy, trong xương, đó là một ví dụ tốt. Tuy nhiên, trong vài thập kỷ qua, xương của chúng ta phản ứng một cách khác nhau. Cơ bắp cũng tương tự. Chúng ta biết rằng chúng ta có thể tăng cơ bất kỳ lúc nào trong cuộc đời, nhưng chúng ta dễ dàng nhất là cho đến khoảng 30 tuổi, đúng không? Chúng ta cũng biết có sự thay đổi trong cách mà ruột của chúng ta hoạt động khi chúng ta già đi, liên quan đến khả năng hấp thụ và khả năng của vi nhung trong ruột của chúng ta để hấp thụ các chất dinh dưỡng và các loại chất dinh dưỡng khác nhau. Phụ nữ ở giữa đời, chẳng hạn, cần các vitamin được gọi là methylated, có nghĩa là bị phân hủy một chút vì chức năng ruột của chúng ta kém hiệu quả hơn. Vì vậy, trong mọi giai đoạn của quá trình lão hóa, chúng ta đều khác nhau. Về vấn đề xương, nghe có vẻ như bạn đang nói rằng xương của nam giới duy trì mật độ lâu hơn và xương của phụ nữ thì không. Tại sao lại như vậy? Và điều đó có liên quan đến thời kỳ mãn kinh không? Vâng, nam giới, vì ảnh hưởng của testosterone và di truyền của việc có nhiễm sắc thể XY, ban đầu xây dựng nhiều xương hơn, vỏ xương dày hơn, nặng xương tuyệt đối nhiều hơn. Và sau đó, vì sự giảm mạnh của estrogen, vốn rất quan trọng cho sức khỏe của xương, phụ nữ mất xương nhanh hơn nam giới đến mức sau khoảng 40 tuổi, khi chúng ta đạt đến mức ổn định đó, phụ nữ bắt đầu mất mật độ xương khoảng 20% khi đến thời kỳ mãn kinh. Và điều đó có thể có tác động nghiêm trọng đối với phụ nữ. Nhưng điều đó hoàn toàn do vai trò của estrogen trong việc kiểm soát mật độ xương. Vậy đó có phải là điều không thể tránh khỏi không? Việc mất mật độ xương có phải là điều không thể tránh khỏi đối với phụ nữ không? Nó không phải vậy.
    Vào năm 2004, chúng tôi đã nghiên cứu một nhóm rất lớn các vận động viên cao tuổi, nghĩa là những vận động viên từ 40 tuổi trở lên tham gia các giải thể thao quốc gia cho người cao tuổi, giống như Thế vận hội dành cho độ tuổi này. Để tham gia các giải quốc gia, bạn phải giành chiến thắng ở các giải thể thao cấp bang của mình.
    Vì vậy, đây là những vận động viên thể thao giải trí có trình độ khá cao. Chúng tôi đã thực hiện một nghiên cứu về mật độ xương của họ qua thời gian. Điều đầu tiên chúng tôi phát hiện trong nghiên cứu này là với việc tập thể dục thường xuyên, như những người này, bạn có thể duy trì mật độ xương ở mức rất cao cho đến tận 80 tuổi.
    Câu hỏi thứ hai mà chúng tôi đặt ra là, được rồi, nếu chúng ta biết có thể làm vậy, thì bài tập nào thật sự quan trọng cho điều đó? Chúng tôi đã phân chia các môn thể thao thành các môn thể thao có tính tác động lên xương như bóng rổ, chạy bộ, bóng chuyền, nơi xương bị tác động mạnh, so với bơi lội, chơi bowling, đạp xe. Chúng tôi phát hiện ra rằng việc tác động lên xương cũng quan trọng trong việc duy trì mật độ xương như những điều bạn không thể kiểm soát, như độ tuổi, việc bạn sinh ra với nhiễm sắc thể XX hay XY và lịch sử gia đình.
    Việc tác động lên xương, giúp cho chúng phát triển theo thời gian là rất quan trọng để duy trì mật độ xương. Vậy để trả lời câu hỏi của bạn, việc mất mật độ xương có phải là điều không thể tránh khỏi không? Việc mất estrogen là điều không thể tránh khỏi. Nhưng việc mất mật độ xương không nhất thiết phải dẫn đến loãng xương, gãy xương và sự mỏng yếu.
    Tôi muốn đề cập đến lý do tại sao điều đó xảy ra, nhưng hãy tạm dừng ở đây, vì nhiều người không nghĩ rằng xương quan trọng đến vậy. Tôi nghĩ rất nhiều người coi xương chỉ là thứ mà chúng ta không thể tác động được. Họ không nghĩ về nó như cơ bắp. Cơ bắp, tôi đến phòng tập, tôi có thể phát triển cơ bắp, tôi có thể trở nên khỏe mạnh. Nhưng với xương, cảm giác như chúng tĩnh lặng.
    Vậy bạn sẽ phản bác điều đó như thế nào để tôi bắt đầu quan tâm đến xương của mình? Và nếu tôi không quan tâm đến xương của mình, cái giá phải trả sẽ là gì? Bạn biết đấy, tôi đang trong một chiến dịch năm nay để làm cho xương trở nên hấp dẫn trở lại, vì đây là lý do rất nông cạn để chúng ta quan tâm. Sau đó, tôi sẽ cho bạn biết từ một góc độ khoa học hơn. Thực tế, chúng ta chỉ thường nghĩ đến xương vào một vài thời điểm. Chẳng hạn như bạn nhìn vào gương và ai đó nói với bạn, ôi, cấu trúc xương của bạn thật tuyệt vời. Nhìn vào xương của người mẫu này hay và chúng ta đều sờ vào xương gò má của mình. Hoặc chúng ta nghĩ về chúng khi nghe về một nhà khảo cổ học vĩ đại vừa phát hiện ra một nhóm người mới và từ xương, chúng ta có thể biết họ đã sống thế nào, đã chết ra sao, họ có khỏe mạnh hay không.
    Trên thực tế, trong bối cảnh đó, xương là dấu tích cuối cùng về toàn bộ cuộc đời của bạn. Nó tồn tại lâu nhất. Tôi có nghĩa là, lịch sử mà bạn nói đến trong xương của mình còn sống lâu hơn bất cứ điều gì khác. Cơ bắp thì biến mất, da thì biến mất, mọi thứ ngoại trừ xương, cái mà vẫn còn lại. Thật thú vị phải không? Nhưng lý do khác khiến chúng ta nghĩ về xương là khi chúng gãy, đúng không? Khi xương gãy, mọi người nghĩ rằng xương là im lặng, giống như một mẫu người mạnh mẽ im lặng chỉ chờ đến lúc gãy. Và sau đó chúng đang thét lên với bạn, đúng không? Và gây ra sự mỏng yếu.
    Dưới đây là một số thông tin về xương, vì câu trả lời thực sự cho câu hỏi đang đến. Một trong hai phụ nữ sẽ có một gãy xương loãng trong suốt cuộc đời mình. Vậy là có thể là tôi hoặc đối tác của bạn hoặc tôi hoặc trợ lý của bạn, đúng không? Một trong hai người sẽ có một trường hợp gãy xương loãng. Phụ nữ chiếm 70% tất cả các trường hợp gãy xương hông. Gãy xương hông là một trong những yếu tố chính dẫn đến việc phải vào viện dưỡng lão, vì bạn không thể tự đi lại và tự chăm sóc cho bản thân, đúng không? 70% là phụ nữ.
    Nếu bạn gãy xương hông, 50% thời gian, bất kể bạn là nam hay nữ, bạn sẽ không trở lại chức năng trước khi ngã. Bạn không thể sống trong ngôi nhà mà bạn đã nuôi nấng con cái. Bạn có thể không thể lái xe và hoàn toàn độc lập, đúng không? Và 30% thời gian đó, đó là một con số khổng lồ. 30% thời gian bạn sẽ chết do các biến chứng từ gãy xương, do nằm trên giường, do các nhiễm trùng bạn gặp phải, nhiễm trùng bàng quang, chỉ là các di chứng từ việc ngồi một chỗ quá lâu.
    Những điều này không có ý định khiến mọi người sợ hãi. Đó là thực tế mà tôi thấy mỗi ngày trong vai trò một bác sĩ phẫu thuật chấn thương ortho. Nhưng còn nhiều lý do khác để quan tâm đến xương vì gãy xương là một lý do lớn. Xương, và điều đó có lý do, tự nhiên rất bảo thủ. Xương có mặt trong cơ thể chúng ta từ đỉnh đầu đến ngón chân út, đúng không? Xương là những người giao tiếp bậc thầy. Chúng ta nghĩ đến cơ bắp, đó là điều mà chúng ta đang nói đến bây giờ, và xương và mỡ, và mọi thứ như là những cơ quan tách rời không có mối liên hệ với nhau, trừ việc chúng sống cạnh nhau.
    Thực tế là, ví dụ, khi chúng ta đang nói về hệ thống cơ xương, xương, gân, dây chằng, cơ, mỡ, sụn và tế bào gốc cơ, tất cả chúng đều xuất phát từ cùng một tế bào gốc, tế bào gốc trung mô. Vì vậy, chúng không phải là hàng xóm xa lạ, mà là anh em họ, và tất cả chúng đều nói cùng một ngôn ngữ. Chúng có thể có những phương ngữ khác nhau. Tôi đã suy nghĩ về một ví dụ về điều này, bạn biết đấy, như ở Vương quốc Anh, tiếng Anh là ngôn ngữ, nhưng tùy thuộc vào giáo xứ mà bạn sống, hoặc quốc gia nào trong Vương quốc Anh, tiếng Anh nghe rất khác nhau, nhưng vẫn là cùng một ngôn ngữ.
    Vì vậy, trong mô hình cơ xương, cơ và xương không tách rời. Chúng là một hệ sinh thái, đến mức khi cơ thể giải phóng một loại protein gọi là irisin, nó giao tiếp với xương. Khi xương giải phóng một loại protein gọi là osteocalcin, nó giao tiếp với cơ. Nhưng trong trường hợp của xương, osteocalcin, nếu chúng ta chỉ tập trung vào protein đó, nó giao tiếp với toàn bộ cơ thể. Khi các tế bào tạo xương, những tế bào xây dựng xương trong xương của bạn giải phóng osteocalcin, nó đi đến não của bạn và có tác động bảo vệ thần kinh bằng cách giảm viêm. Nó đến não của bạn và kích thích sự tổng hợp của các nơ-ron trong hồi hải mã. Nó đến tuyến tụy và giúp tăng độ nhạy insulin.
    Nó đi vào cơ bắp và giúp các cơ hấp thụ glucose từ máu, đúng không? Nếu bạn là đàn ông, osteocalcin có thể di chuyển đến tinh hoàn, và cơ quan đó, các tế bào lytic dưới sự kích thích của osteocalcin sẽ sản xuất testosterone. Vì vậy, đó giống như một phép màu và sự kỳ diệu khi chúng ta chỉ nghĩ về xương như một thứ mạnh mẽ và im lặng giữ cho cơ bắp của chúng ta vững chắc, nhưng thực sự xương và các protein mà nó sản xuất là những nhà giao tiếp bậc thầy. Và điều đó rất hợp lý vì chúng ta có xương ở khắp mọi nơi trong cơ thể. Tại sao cơ thể chúng ta không sử dụng nó như vậy? Tôi cứ nghĩ đó chỉ là một cái khung. Thực ra, nó là một cái khung, đúng không? Cơ bắp thì không có xương thì sẽ thành một mô chuyển hóa, đúng không? Nó cho chúng ta hình thể của mình, nhưng nó cũng là một nhà giao tiếp bậc thầy. Khung xương gần như là một công việc thứ yếu, theo ý kiến của tôi. Xương đang phát ra các chất. Tôi có chút phép ẩn dụ mà tôi muốn đưa ra. Trong một cái hộp, tôi có một vài khoáng chất và đây là cơ thể. Vậy bạn có thể giải thích cho tôi cách mà xương đang phát ra một cái gì đó vào trong cơ thể không? Chúng ta đã nói về xương như một cấu trúc, đúng không? Nó giữ bạn đứng vững. Nó cho bạn hình dáng của bạn. Chúng ta đã nói rằng xương là một nhà giao tiếp bậc thầy. Một công việc khác của xương là làm kho chứa của cơ thể bạn để chứa những thứ cực kỳ quan trọng. Có lẽ nếu chúng ta chỉ nói về một trong số chúng, đó là canxi. Canxi là một khoáng chất quan trọng trong cơ thể chúng ta. Chúng ta cần nó để co thắt cơ bắp, để đẩy các phân tử qua các màng tế bào. Nhưng chúng ta phải lưu trữ nó ở đâu đó. Vậy khi chúng ta ăn thức ăn, ruột của chúng ta sẽ hút ra từ thức ăn mà chúng ta ăn và lưu trữ nó trong xương. Và vì vậy, cơ thể chúng ta luôn cảm nhận có bao nhiêu canxi, có bao nhiêu photpho mà chúng ta có? Chúng ta cần gì? Khi cơ thể cảm nhận rằng chúng ta cần nhiều hơn, nó sẽ đến xương. Nó kích thích osteoclast và nói: “Osteoclast, chúng ta cần thêm canxi.” Osteoclast phân hủy một phần xương, giải phóng canxi, và nó sẽ đi vào cơ thể để sử dụng. Và sau đó cơ thể có đủ để sử dụng. Cơ thể không chỉ tích trữ thêm vì tăng canxi máu có thể gây ra chứng loạn nhịp tim. Điều đó thì không tốt, đúng không? Cơ thể hoàn toàn ở trạng thái cân bằng, trong sự cân bằng. Vì vậy, khi xương đã giải phóng đủ, nó sẽ lùi lại và tiếp tục lưu trữ, đúng không? Canxi mà cơ thể bạn không cần, nếu xương đã đầy, nó sẽ được bài tiết qua thận. Và đây là một sự cân bằng rất tinh vi giữa việc xây dựng xương, giải phóng kho chứa các khoáng chất vào dòng máu, hoặc nói: “Ôi, chúng ta đã đủ. Hãy thải ra trong nước tiểu.” Cơ thể giống như một phép màu. Nếu tôi không có đủ canxi hoặc một số khoáng chất khác, thì điều đó có nghĩa là xương của tôi sẽ trở nên giòn yếu? Bạn biết đấy, có rất nhiều yếu tố dẫn đến sự giòn yếu của xương hay tình trạng loãng xương. Một trong số đó là không tạo ra đủ xương trong tuổi trẻ của chúng ta. Bạn đã hỏi tôi trước đó về những thay đổi trong suốt cuộc đời. Khi nói đến xương, điều thú vị là tôi có rất nhiều phụ nữ rất trẻ trong phòng khám của tôi ở độ tuổi 25, 28, mà vì nhiều lý do tôi thực hiện xét nghiệm mật độ xương cho họ, và họ đã có xương giòn. Tôi biết điều đó thật sốc. Tôi nghĩ điều đó xảy ra vì nhiều lý do. Lý do đầu tiên, chúng ta không xây dựng đủ xương. Vẫn có một huyền thoại ở đất nước này rằng phụ nữ phải nhỏ nhắn, rằng chúng ta phải nhịn ăn. Và khi điều đó xảy ra, nhiều phụ nữ không có chu kỳ kinh nguyệt đều đặn và estrogen, điều đó giúp chúng ta hình thành xương. Đó là lý do đầu tiên. Vâng, estrogen đóng vai trò trong việc hình thành xương. Đúng vậy, nó đóng vai trò quan trọng. Vì vậy, chúng ta không xây dựng đủ. Hoặc có thể chúng ta là các vận động viên. Luật Title IX, là luật bình đẳng thể thao cho phụ nữ ở đại học, đã 53 năm tuổi. Vì vậy, có thể những phụ nữ trẻ không xây dựng đủ xương vì họ tiêu tốn quá nhiều năng lượng, 10.000 calo mỗi ngày, và sau đó họ không bổ sung lại năng lượng đúng cách. Vì vậy, họ luôn sống trong tình trạng thiếu năng lượng và không xây dựng đủ xương. Hoặc có thể những phụ nữ trẻ đến văn phòng của tôi với không đủ xương vì chúng tôi đang nuôi dưỡng cả một thế hệ trẻ em ít vận động, những đứa trẻ ngồi trong hầm chơi game, tạo ra trí não, nhưng không xây dựng cơ thể. Điều đó được chứng minh bởi các nhà nghiên cứu chỉnh hình tại Đại học Wisconsin đã nghiên cứu xem môn thể thao nào của phụ nữ xây dựng xương tốt nhất, và đó chính là thể dục. Chính việc va chạm và dinh dưỡng cho những vận động viên đó giúp xây dựng xương tốt nhất. Vì vậy, chúng ta gặp vấn đề với xương giòn trong tuổi vị thành niên vì chúng ta không xây dựng được. Nơi thứ hai trong suốt cuộc đời mà chúng ta có thể trở nên thấp về mật độ xương và hãy nghe tôi, tôi không nói không nên cho con bú. Ý tôi là, trong con cái của tôi, tôi đã cho con bú trong một năm. Điều đó thực sự tốt cho trẻ sơ sinh. Nhưng một người phụ nữ cho con bú sẽ mất 20% mật độ xương trong sáu tháng đầu tiên cho con bú. Và nếu cô ấy không thực sự cẩn thận để có được 500 miligam canxi mỗi ngày từ thực phẩm hoặc qua bổ sung, cô ấy sẽ không xây dựng lại. Và sau đó nếu bạn có con liên tiếp, bởi vì nhiều phụ nữ đang chờ đợi đến 30 tuổi mới có con đầu lòng và sau đó có ít thời gian hơn, chúng tôi có thể không bao giờ xây dựng lại xương. Vậy đó là một điểm quan trọng khác mà mọi người không nhận ra có thể gây nguy hiểm cho xương. Và cuối cùng, đúng vậy, là khoảng thời gian xung quanh thời kỳ tiền mãn kinh bắt đầu khoảng 45 tuổi khi nồng độ estrogen trở nên rất hỗn loạn và cuối cùng là bằng không. Điều đó có thể gây ra sự suy giảm nhanh chóng trong mật độ xương và độ yếu của xương mà bạn đang hỏi tôi. Và đó là vì estrogen rất quan trọng trong việc kiểm soát sự hấp thụ, phần này, sự hấp thụ của xương. Và nếu không có estrogen kiểm soát sự hấp thụ, xương sẽ bị phá vỡ nhanh hơn so với tế bào osteoblast. Các tế bào xây dựng có thể xây dựng lại nó. Vì vậy, có sự mất cân bằng, một sự rối loạn điều hòa. Tôi muốn đi vào tất cả những điều đó. Bắt đầu từ điểm bạn đã đề cập về việc tham gia thể thao có tác động khi chúng ta còn trẻ.
    Bởi vì mọi người thường nói rằng nếu bạn tham gia các môn thể thao tác động khi còn trẻ, đặc biệt là một số môn, sẽ có những hệ quả khác như chấn thương hoặc va đập vào đầu.
    Vậy bạn đang nói rằng chúng ta nên chạy hoặc nhảy khi còn trẻ để xây dựng sức mạnh xương.
    Hoàn toàn đúng, để xây dựng mọi thứ.
    Bạn biết không, chúng ta tạo ra các ti thể, chúng là nguồn năng lượng chủ yếu của chúng ta.
    Chúng ta tạo ra rất nhiều ti thể trong thời thanh xuân.
    Nếu chúng ta không hoạt động khi còn trẻ, chúng ta sẽ không có kích thích đồng hóa để tạo ra nhiều ti thể.
    Nếu chúng ta là những đứa trẻ ít vận động, chúng ta sẽ tạo ra xương, nhưng sẽ không xây dựng xương đến mức chúng ta làm nếu chúng ta hoạt động mỗi ngày.
    Và tôi nghĩ dữ liệu từ Wisconsin là một minh họa tốt cho điều đó.
    Còn điều đó có đúng trong mọi giai đoạn của cuộc sống không?
    Nếu tôi 60 tuổi, tôi có nên tiếp tục hoạt động mạnh để làm cứng xương không?
    Và đó là điều mà nghiên cứu của tôi từ National Senior Game cho thấy, rằng bằng cách tác động lên xương của bạn suốt đời, bạn có thể thay đổi mật độ xương của mình.
    Về điểm này trong thai kỳ, điều mà bạn đã đề cập ở điểm thứ hai, trong thời kỳ mang thai, sau khi mang thai, tôi cần làm gì?
    Có phải là uống sữa không?
    Đúng.
    Vậy thì, và đây là dữ liệu tôi đã đưa ra là dành riêng cho các bà mẹ cho con bú.
    Được rồi.
    Vì vậy, đối với các bà mẹ cho con bú, bạn sẽ mất khoảng 500 miligam canxi mỗi ngày khi sản xuất sữa cho con của bạn.
    Bạn phải bù lại điều đó.
    Tôi thích mọi người thay thế canxi của họ bằng thực phẩm tự nhiên, đúng không?
    Như mận, chà là và sữa giàu canxi, nếu bạn có thể.
    Nếu bạn không thể làm điều đó, được rồi, hãy uống bổ sung.
    Nhưng nếu bạn quên làm điều đó, tôi hiểu mà.
    Tôi đã là một người mẹ trẻ.
    Tôi đã kiệt sức.
    Không, tôi không phải là một người mẹ trẻ. Tôi là một người mẹ 40 tuổi.
    Mệt mỏi.
    Bạn phải rất chú ý khi em bé của bạn bú, hãy ăn một ít canxi, ăn sữa chua của bạn, ăn thực phẩm giàu canxi, nếu bạn có thể.
    Để bạn phục hồi lại xương của mình, điều mà bạn hoàn toàn có khả năng làm được.
    Nghiên cứu cho thấy bạn sẽ phục hồi lại xương của mình, nhưng không nếu bạn không chú ý.
    Không nếu bạn đang ở trong giai đoạn “tôi phải làm mất mỡ bụng sau sinh”.
    Đừng làm như vậy.
    Bạn đã nói về cách xương ảnh hưởng đến nhiều bộ phận khác nhau của cơ thể.
    Và tôi đã nghe bạn nói về cụm từ “trục xương – não”.
    Đúng vậy.
    Trục xương – não là gì?
    Chà, nếu chúng ta chỉ nói về một trong những protein mà xương tạo ra, osteocalcin.
    Khi nó được giải phóng vào dòng máu, một trong những nơi nó đi đến là vào não và nó có thể hỗ trợ trong các hiệu ứng bảo vệ thần kinh.
    Vậy điều đó có nghĩa là gì?
    Dưới sự trao đổi chất bình thường, chúng ta phát triển các gốc tự do do hoạt động tế bào bình thường.
    Chúng ta phát triển stress oxy hóa và osteocalcin hoạt động để giảm thiểu thiệt hại oxy hóa nhằm sửa chữa các tế bào trong não.
    Đó là điều thứ nhất.
    Điều thứ hai, nó kích thích sự giải phóng một thứ gọi là protein thần kinh xuất phát từ não, yếu tố BDNF, mà kích thích sự phát triển của các nơ-ron trong một phần của não gọi là hippocampus, có liên quan đến trí nhớ.
    Và đây là mặt trái của nó.
    Chúng ta biết rằng những người có mật độ xương thấp cũng có chức năng nhận thức của não cao hơn khi tuổi tác tăng và ngược lại.
    Có một sự liên kết trong tài liệu giữa loãng xương và suy giảm nhận thức và ngược lại.
    Tôi nghe bạn trong cuộc phỏng vấn của Business Insider mô tả rằng đây là một thập kỷ quan trọng cho sức khỏe xương.
    Thập kỷ quan trọng đó là gì?
    Tôi nghĩ thập kỷ quan trọng cho sức khỏe của phần lớn chúng ta, Steven, không muộn hơn 35 đến 45 cho cả nam và nữ.
    Điều đó là vì chúng ta biết rằng đối với phụ nữ, đó là thời điểm estrogen bắt đầu giảm hoặc trở nên hỗn loạn.
    Vì vậy, khi chúng ta ở độ tuổi 30 đến 40, đó là thời điểm để chuẩn bị tất cả các thói quen sức khỏe của chúng ta.
    Đã đến lúc đi khám sức khỏe để xem các chỉ số cơ bản của bạn là gì.
    Tôi nghĩ điều này rất quan trọng với cả nam và nữ, đặc biệt là nam giới, để lấy chỉ số testosterone cơ bản để sau này, khi nghĩ đến việc bổ sung testosterone, chúng ta bổ sung trở lại mức độ của bạn.
    Bởi vì trong tương lai, giả sử khi bạn 50 tuổi, testosterone của một người đàn ông có thể là 600, nằm trong mức bình thường.
    Nhưng nếu anh ấy vẫn cảm thấy thiếu năng lượng, không phải là chính mình, và có nhiều chấn thương gân và dây chằng,
    thì testosterone của anh ấy khi còn trẻ có thể đã là 800 hoặc 1.000.
    Vì vậy, tôi muốn mọi người có các chỉ số cơ bản nếu họ chưa từng đi khám bác sĩ trước đó, khoảng 35 tuổi, mọi thứ,
    để chúng ta biết điều gì chúng ta đang đưa bạn trở lại.
    Điều thứ nhất, điều thứ hai, nếu bạn bận rộn với sự nghiệp của mình và không còn hoạt động nào,
    thì bây giờ chính là thời điểm.
    Bởi vì nếu tôi biết được điều gì mà tôi biết bây giờ, khi tôi 40 tuổi, tôi đã tập luyện cho các cuộc thi ba môn phối hợp.
    Tôi là một vận động viên thể dục nhịp điệu, đúng không?
    Tôi chạy, tôi đạp xe, nhưng điều mà tôi sẽ làm lúc đó, với những gì tôi biết bây giờ là tôi sẽ nâng nhiều trọng lượng để xây dựng cơ bắp tối đa
    trong khi tôi vẫn có nhiều hormone nhất để bắt đầu từ một nơi tốt hơn.
    Bởi vì bạn có thể xây dựng cơ bắp, nhưng tốt hơn là bắt đầu từ một mức trung bình cao hơn.
    Vì vậy, hãy làm một số xét nghiệm, phát triển mối quan hệ với bác sĩ.
    Làm tất cả các xét nghiệm sàng lọc phòng ngừa của bạn.
    Đừng bỏ qua điều đó.
    Phát triển các thói quen sẽ giúp bạn vượt qua cả cuộc đời, cho dù đó là chế độ dinh dưỡng chống viêm thông minh,
    hay tham gia vào một chương trình tập luyện sức bền, phát triển máy tim của bạn.
    Tôi thấy bạn đang chạy rất nhiều bây giờ và chúng ta muốn có VO2 max cao nhất có thể khi bước vào giữa cuộc đời.
    Bởi vì chúng ta không bao giờ muốn khi già đi vượt qua một cái gì đó gọi là “đường ranh giới yếu ớt”.
    Vì vậy, VO2 max là thước đo, đó là thước đo tối ưu của thể lực.
    Bạn có khả năng kéo bao nhiêu oxy từ không khí và khuếch tán qua phổi vào máu của bạn.
    Các vận động viên hàng đầu thế giới, tôi vừa mới ở Trung tâm Olympic Hoa Kỳ ở Park City, Utah.
    Những vận động viên đó có VO2 max từ 75, 80, đôi khi lên tới 90, đúng không?
    Những người bình thường được coi là xuất sắc khi có VO2 max khoảng 50 đối với phụ nữ, khoảng 50.
    Vì vậy, bạn có thể xây dựng VO2 max và nên làm vậy trong thập kỷ quan trọng, vì một khi chúng ta bước vào tuổi trung niên, chúng ta sẽ giảm 10% mỗi thập kỷ nếu không liên tục xây dựng nó lên. Vậy điều đó trông như thế nào? Nếu tôi bắt đầu từ 50 tuổi, VO2 max cuối cùng của tôi khi tôi 50 tuổi là 50, khá tốt vì tôi là người thích bền bỉ, đúng không? Nói một cách đơn giản, khi tôi đến 60, nó sẽ còn 45, 70, 40, 80, 35. Tôi không bao giờ, không bao giờ, không bao giờ muốn đạt 18 nếu tôi là đàn ông hay 16 nếu tôi là phụ nữ, vì đó là mức độ VO2 max khi chúng ta không thể tự mình đứng dậy từ ghế. Khi chúng ta không thể đi qua phòng vì việc đó cần chức năng tim mạch. Do đó, càng cao VO2 max của chúng ta khi còn trẻ, chúng ta càng có nhiều thời gian hơn, ngay cả khi chúng ta không tiếp tục xây dựng nó lên.
    Vâng, tôi có một thành viên trong gia đình không thể đi lên cầu thang mà không bị hụt hơi. Điều đó thật tàn phá vì khi bạn có cháu, và những đứa trẻ bắt đầu chạy quanh, bạn muốn chơi với chúng. Thật đau lòng khi chứng kiến thành viên này nhìn thấy những đứa cháu đến. Chúng nói, “Hãy chơi nào.” Các cháu chạy đi và người này không thể đuổi theo chúng. Vì vậy, họ chỉ có thể đứng xem. Họ thực sự xem cháu chơi trong vườn vì không thể chơi cùng chúng. Tôi nghĩ đó là điều thật buồn. Đó là một trong những động lực lớn của tôi để cố gắng giữ gìn sức khỏe, chỉ để có thể kéo dài tuổi thọ của sức khỏe. Đúng vậy, để hy vọng tôi có thể khỏe mạnh cho đến ngày tôi chết. Thật tuyệt, nhưng đó là điều kỳ lạ. Tôi muốn nói về việc chạy. Tôi muốn nói về VO2 max để kết thúc chủ đề về xương. Có hai thuật ngữ mà tôi muốn nhắc đến. Một là thuật ngữ loãng xương. Vâng, tôi không biết loãng xương là gì. Tôi đã nghe nói về nó một vài lần trong đời, nhưng tôi không biết đó có phải là điều mà tôi nên cân nhắc, lo lắng hay không biết nó có nghĩa gì.
    Vâng, loãng xương là từ chúng ta dùng để mô tả mật độ xương thấp. Được rồi, cách chúng ta đo loãng xương là sử dụng một loại X-quang gọi là quét dexa, một X-quang kép. Nó chỉ đo lường, so sánh mật độ xương của bạn với người khỏe mạnh 30 tuổi. Và nó cho chúng ta một cái gọi là điểm T. Nó giống như khi bạn còn đi học và bạn được chấm điểm theo độ cong chuông, và trung tâm của độ cong là trung bình. Và đó là trung bình cho một người 30 tuổi. Khi bạn nhận được điểm quét dexa và nó là tích cực, thật tuyệt. Bạn có xương của một người 30 tuổi. Nếu bạn nhận được điểm T trên quét dexa từ 0 đến -1, thì cũng không sao. -1 là định nghĩa của tình trạng loãng xương đầu tiên, có nghĩa là hãy cẩn thận, xương của bạn đang yếu. Định nghĩa của loãng xương là điểm T dưới -2,5. Làm tăng nguy cơ gãy xương của bạn lên 40% hoặc hơn. Tất cả các thống kê xấu mà tôi đã nói với bạn đi kèm với loãng xương. Và có bao nhiêu người bị loãng xương, loãng xương sau 50 tuổi ở Mỹ? Vâng, 2 triệu đàn ông mắc loãng xương, thú vị không? Bạn không nghĩ về nó như một bệnh của đàn ông. Và một trong hai phụ nữ sẽ bị gãy xương do loãng xương, vì vậy ít nhất 50% phụ nữ. Nhưng điều đó không phải là điều không thể tránh khỏi. Đó là lý do tôi rất quan tâm đến việc phát hiện sớm ở mọi người trong thập kỷ quan trọng. Điều đó không phải là không thể tránh khỏi, nhưng nó sẽ là điều không thể tránh khỏi nếu chúng ta không phát hiện ra. Nhưng đây là điều khiến tôi khó chịu. Tại Hoa Kỳ và nhiều quốc gia khác mà tôi làm việc, bạn không thể nhận được một cuộc quét dexa được chi trả cho đến khi bạn 65 tuổi. Đến 65 tuổi, thiệt hại đã xảy ra. Tại sao chúng ta lại chờ đợi? Ngay cả với những người đã bị gãy xương, có một khoảng cách trong việc theo dõi đến nỗi tất cả họ đều nên có một cuộc quét dexa bởi vì điều số một dự đoán gãy xương trong tương lai là gãy xương trước đó. Vì vậy, thông báo dịch vụ công, nếu bạn đã bị gãy xương, hãy làm một cuộc quét dexa. Ngay cả khi đó là một gãy do chấn thương, như bạn đã gặp tai nạn ô tô. Nhưng chắc chắn nếu bạn đã ngã, nếu con chó của bạn kéo bạn xuống, nếu đó là một gãy xương do chấn thương thấp, hãy làm một cuộc quét dexa. Bởi vì ít nhất bạn sẽ biết mình đang ở đâu và có thể lên kế hoạch cho việc xây dựng xương của mình. Có dấu hiệu cảnh báo sớm nào mà tôi có thể đang bị loãng xương hay đang trên đường đến loãng xương không? Bạn biết đấy, tôi nghĩ bạn có thể nhận được manh mối từ gia đình của riêng bạn. Được rồi. Nếu mẹ bạn bị thấp, nếu bạn đã từng có thể nhìn thẳng vào mắt mẹ mình, như tôi, mẹ tôi nhìn thẳng vào mắt tôi, 1m65. Và bây giờ bà ở đây. Chúng ta mất chiều cao ở cả nam và nữ do sự nén của đốt sống. Chúng ta mất chiều cao. Vì vậy, nếu bố hoặc mẹ bạn bị thấp, đó là một dấu hiệu tốt rằng bạn có tiền sử gia đình nơi loãng xương có thể tồn tại. Hoặc nếu mẹ bạn từng bị gãy xương hông, hoặc nếu vì lý do nào đó như hen suyễn, bạn đã phải dùng steroid liều cao suốt đời hoặc một căn bệnh tự miễn. Điều đó rất xấu cho xương. Vì vậy, từ quan điểm y tế, từ quan điểm tiền sử gia đình, từ quan điểm cá nhân, thường thì sẽ dẫn đến gãy xương. Còn nếu tôi là người hút thuốc thì sao? Điều đó có ảnh hưởng đến sức khỏe xương và cơ hội của tôi không? Vâng, tôi rất vui bạn đã hỏi điều đó. Hút thuốc là một chất độc đối với sự phục hồi xương. Dù rằng gãy xương sẽ phục hồi chậm hơn. Thực tế, chúng tôi có tỷ lệ không hợp nhất cao hơn nhiều, đó là nơi chúng tôi cố định một gãy xương mà nó vẫn không hồi phục ở những người hút thuốc. Chúng tôi biết có một lượng lớn dữ liệu trong tài liệu của ngành xương khớp cho những người có phẫu thuật cột sống, những người hút thuốc. Họ không chỉ hồi phục kém hơn, mà còn dễ bị nhiễm trùng hơn. Vì vậy, các hóa chất độc hại trong thuốc lá rất xấu cho xương. May mắn là tôi không hút thuốc. Vậy là hút thuốc, vaping, hay chỉ đơn giản là…? Tất cả. Vaping có thể nguy hiểm hơn. Chúng tôi chỉ không có nhiều tài liệu. Được rồi. Và điều cuối cùng trước khi chúng tôi nói về việc chạy và Veertimax và sự bền bỉ và thể thao, tất cả những điều đó là mối liên hệ giữa bệnh Alzheimer và sức khỏe xương. Có mối liên hệ không? Điều đó trở lại những gì chúng tôi đã nói trước đó. Và có một mối tương quan. Chúng tôi, tôi không tin rằng chúng tôi đã tìm ra nguyên nhân, nhưng có một mối tương quan.
    Chúng tôi thấy rằng những người mắc bệnh Alzheimer và những người bị loãng xương nghiêm trọng đôi khi là cùng một nhóm 30% trong số những người mắc bệnh não. Ngoài ra, loãng xương có thể liên quan đến kết nối mà chúng tôi đã nói đến giữa hai hệ cơ quan. Bạn không rời xa bệnh Alzheimer. Tôi có. T Aunt Ida của tôi thật xuất sắc. Bà là một giáo viên và bà đã ngừng nhớ. Bà không nhớ chính mình. Bà không nhớ đến trang trại mà chúng tôi đều lớn lên. Đó là một điều rất khó để chứng kiến. Đôi khi, những người mắc bệnh Alzheimer mất đi sự kiềm chế và họ trở nên tức giận, điên cuồng và sợ hãi. Bà không bao giờ như vậy, nhưng đó là một điều khó để chứng kiến. Kinh nghiệm đó đã thay đổi bạn như thế nào hoặc thay đổi sự tập trung của bạn ra sao, hoặc thêm vào những gì, kho tư tưởng, mối quan tâm, điểm tham khảo trong cuộc sống của bạn? Chà, bạn biết điều gì đã xảy ra không? Nó đã tạo ra một cấp bách và thậm chí vẫn là một cuộc chiến hàng ngày. Tôi không muốn, tôi nghĩ đôi khi mọi người nghĩ rằng đối với tôi thì điều đó dễ dàng, vì tôi nói về những điều này suốt thời gian và tôi thực hiện, tôi sống cuộc sống đó. Tôi kê đơn cho mọi người rằng điều đó dễ dàng nhưng thực sự không dễ dàng. Bạn biết không, tôi đã nói với bạn rằng tôi vừa hoàn thành cuốn sách mà tôi đang viết và có một khoảng trống lớn trong tính nhất quán của lối sống này. Nhưng điều gì thúc đẩy tôi quay lại là câu hỏi về việc sống mà không có một bộ não được bảo tồn thì sẽ như thế nào? Ý tôi là, tôi không biết. Đôi khi tôi nghĩ rằng nếu tôi già đi và phải chọn một thứ, tôi sẽ chọn một thân thể khỏe mạnh hay một bộ não khỏe mạnh? Điều đó có khó không? Tôi không biết bạn phải chọn nhưng tôi không thể hình dung cuộc sống sẽ như thế nào nếu không có một bộ não khỏe mạnh. Và vì vậy, điều đó thúc đẩy tôi tập luyện, để khiến cơ bắp của tôi tiết ra các protein giúp nuôi dưỡng não và xây dựng một bộ não tốt hơn, ăn những thực phẩm không làm tắc nghẽn động mạch của tôi. Đó như một động lực, bởi vì tôi muốn ở trong tình trạng này cho đến khi tôi chết. Bạn sẽ chọn cái gì nếu bạn phải chọn? Thân thể khỏe mạnh hay bộ não khỏe mạnh? Đối với tôi, điều đó rất rõ ràng. Tôi thích có bộ não khỏe mạnh hơn. Tôi cũng vậy. Tôi cũng vậy. Bởi vì đó là các mối quan hệ của bạn. Đó là, đó là sự trọn vẹn của cuộc sống. Đó là một bộ não giả, tất nhiên. Nhưng những điều này cũng có mối liên hệ cơ bản với nhau, phải không? Đó là lý do tại sao khi tôi nhìn vào số liệu thống kê về bệnh Alzheimer liên quan đến sức khỏe xương, tôi nghĩ, nếu bạn có bệnh loãng xương hoặc một cái gì đó và bạn không vận động nhiều, có thể, có thể. Bạn biết động lực lớn cho các bệnh nhân của tôi bây giờ mà bạn đã đưa ra là bệnh Alzheimer được coi là khuôn mặt thứ ba của bệnh tiểu đường, đúng không? Và vì vậy mọi người đều nhận thức được bệnh tiểu đường và điều đó có nghĩa là bạn không xử lý đường và bạn có tình trạng không dung nạp glucose và tuyến tụy của bạn không còn hoạt động. Và những hậu quả xấu có thể đi kèm với điều đó, điều mà mọi người không nhận thức được nhiều, ít nhất là với những người đến phòng khám của tôi, là bệnh tiền tiểu đường. Và nếu bạn không phiền khi tôi đi lạc một chút, vì điều này rất quan trọng đối với câu hỏi mà bạn vừa hỏi tôi, và chúng ta có thể ngăn ngừa nó không? Và nếu chúng ta có thể chọn, thì chúng ta sẽ chọn cái gì? Nhưng tôi có người đến văn phòng của tôi suốt thời gian và tôi xem xét các xét nghiệm của họ và họ có chỉ số glucose lúc đói. Họ đã lấy máu xét nghiệm. Họ đã làm những gì chúng tôi đã nói, hãy đứng trước thập kỷ quan trọng của bạn. Họ đã lấy mẫu glucose lúc đói và chỉ số của họ là 110. Tôi sẽ nói với bạn và chỉ số hemoglobin A1C của họ gần đạt 6. Glucose lúc đói là lượng glucose còn lại trong máu của bạn sau khi bạn không ăn trong 12 giờ trong một hệ thống chuyển hóa bình thường của tuyến tụy. Chúng tôi muốn chỉ số glucose lúc đói khoảng 85, đúng không? Đó là bình thường có nghĩa là chúng tôi ăn một cái gì đó. Insulin được tiết ra từ tuyến tụy, đường sẽ được đưa vào cơ bắp của chúng tôi và sau đó lượng đường trong máu khoảng 85. Nếu nó duy trì ở mức 110 liên tục, chúng tôi biết từ tài liệu rằng bạn có 70 đến 100% cơ hội phát triển thành bệnh tiểu đường trong vòng 10 năm. Nhưng điều tôi thấy ở những người đến văn phòng của tôi là tôi sẽ hỏi, có ai từng nói với bạn rằng bạn mắc bệnh tiền tiểu đường chưa? Và câu trả lời hoặc là không, hoặc câu trả lời là, ôi, có chứ. Ai đó đã nói với tôi rằng họ chỉ cần chú trọng hơn vào việc tập thể dục. Và điều tôi nghĩ rằng phản ứng đối với chẩn đoán tiền tiểu đường nên là chạy và la hét để được khỏe mạnh. Bởi vì nếu chúng ta biết rằng với lượng đường trong máu ổn định ở mức tiền tiểu đường và chúng ta được bác sĩ khuyên bảo một cách bình thường, ôi, chỉ cần cố gắng tập thể dục nhiều hơn. Bạn biết không, hãy tiếp cận điều này một cách nhẹ nhàng. Đừng ăn quá nhiều carbohydrate. Điều đó không nghiêm trọng đủ vì chúng ta biết từ góc độ phòng ngừa, từ góc độ chính xác về tuổi thọ, mà tất cả đều xoay quanh việc ngăn ngừa, chúng ta có thể ngăn bạn không phát triển bệnh tiểu đường trong 10 năm tới nếu chúng ta thật sự nghiêm túc về việc nâng tạ, về sức khỏe tim mạch, về dinh dưỡng chống viêm, theo dõi. Vì vậy, tôi không xem tiền tiểu đường là một chuyện bình thường chút nào. Bởi vì nếu trong 10 năm bạn sẽ mắc bệnh tiểu đường, và trong 10 năm nữa bạn sẽ mắc bệnh Alzheimer, và tôi có thể ngăn điều đó nếu tôi chú ý hơn khi tôi 40 tuổi. Thật khó chấp nhận khi chúng ta không chú ý nhiều hơn đến điều này. 96 triệu người ở Hoa Kỳ mắc bệnh tiền tiểu đường. 96 triệu. 96 triệu, theo Hiệp hội Tiểu đường Hoa Kỳ. Tôi vừa có một bài phát biểu tại đại hội thường niên của họ. 96 triệu người có đặc điểm có thể phòng ngừa mà chúng ta có thể ngăn họ không bị tiểu đường và mắc bệnh Alzheimer, và vẫn quá dễ dàng để nói về điều đó. Điều đó gần như là một trong ba người. Có nghĩa là trong ba chúng tôi trong phòng này. Vậy Jack có thể mắc bệnh tiền tiểu đường. Có thể. Tiềm năng. Bạn là một vận động viên bền bỉ, phải không, Sue? Tôi là một vận động viên bền bỉ, và tôi không mắc phải điều đó ngày hôm nay. Nó đã hết rồi, nhưng tôi hơi ám ảnh với việc theo dõi glucose liên tục. Vì vậy, tôi đã đeo nó trong khoảng 18 tháng, và thật thú vị.
    Tôi đã nói với bạn rằng tôi vừa hoàn thành quyển sách này, và tôi đã có phần nào đó thoát khỏi cường độ bình thường của mình, và điều đó ảnh hưởng đến lượng đường trong máu của tôi. Vì vậy, tôi chạy một chút, vì tôi không tập tạ bốn lần một tuần, chỉ hai lần một tuần, vì tôi không chạy nước rút hai lần một tuần. Chế độ tập luyện bình thường của tôi là tôi tập tạ nặng bốn lần một tuần. Những ngày khác, tôi thực hiện khoảng bốn ngày huấn luyện ở vùng nền tảng hai. Trong đó, hai ngày tôi chạy nước rút. Tôi luôn ăn nhiều protein. Đó là lối sống của tôi. Và lượng đường trong máu của tôi là 85 khi tôi làm điều đó. Tôi là một người phụ nữ trung niên và những vấn đề trao đổi chất xảy ra với những người phụ nữ ở tuổi trung niên. Ngay cả khi lùi lại một chút cũng khiến lượng đường trong máu của tôi bắt đầu tăng lên. Vì vậy, đây là một lối sống hàng ngày cần thiết mà chúng ta đều cần theo đuổi. Và khi tôi thấy điều đó ở ai đó khỏe mạnh như tôi, khi bệnh nhân của tôi xuất hiện và họ được thông báo một cách bình thường rằng họ có một thứ gì đó có thể giết chết họ, tôi không nghĩ rằng đó là sự chú ý đủ. Đó là điều tôi đã nghĩ nhiều gần đây rằng chế độ ăn uống nào sẽ giúp tôi có hiệu suất nhận thức tốt hơn cho một người mà dành nhiều thời gian nói chuyện? Vâng. Nhưng sau đó, tôi cũng có mặt trên sân khấu. Tôi ở trong các phòng hội đồng, tôi tham gia các cuộc họp, tôi đang đàm phán, tôi đọc email, tôi viết sách, v.v. Vì vậy, tôi luôn suy nghĩ nếu tôi chỉ cần có một lợi thế 5%. Thực sự mà nói, các chuyên gia dinh dưỡng và đầu bếp mà làm thức ăn cho các vận động viên chuyên nghiệp mà tôi đã chăm sóc trong suốt cuộc đời mình, họ không chỉ ăn thịt. Họ có một chế độ ăn uống rất cân bằng với nhiều rau củ, nhiều protein. Họ cũng uống bổ sung axit amin nếu cần để lấp đầy những khoảng trống, đúng không? Nếu họ không nhận đủ leucine hay cái gì đó. Nhưng họ không chỉ đi theo một con đường duy nhất. Tôi chưa bao giờ thấy điều đó ở các vận động viên chuyên nghiệp mà tôi chăm sóc. Hito đã giúp tôi có một trí tuệ rất sắc bén. Điều đó có phải không? Một trí tuệ cực kỳ sắc bén. Thật thú vị khi tham gia podcast khi bạn ngồi đây và có tất cả những cuộc trò chuyện này. Vì có những ngày bạn xuất hiện và đôi khi các cuộc trò chuyện này kéo dài trong bốn giờ mà não và miệng của bạn dường như không cảm thấy như chúng kết nối với nhau. Và rồi vào những ngày khác, tôi đến đây. Như bùng nổ, bùng nổ. Và mọi thứ hoàn toàn tự động. Nó như thể tôi không cần nghĩ và mọi thứ chỉ chảy ra từ miệng tôi. Và các biến thể, yếu tố nguyên nhân lớn mà tôi đã nói, có thể là giấc ngủ là một trong số đó. Yếu tố khác là số lượng carbohydrate mà tôi đã tiêu thụ trong những giờ gần đây. Vì vậy, nếu tôi đã ăn nhiều carbohydrate, cái gì đó kiểu như nếu tôi đã ăn bánh mỳ, miệng và não tôi không có kết nối. Nếu tôi đã ăn nhiều đường, miệng và não tôi hoàn toàn mất kết nối. Đồng ý. Đồng ý. Bạn biết đấy, vì vấn đề CGM, tôi nhận thấy rằng nếu tôi chỉ ăn protein cho bữa sáng, như omelet lòng trắng trứng hoặc, bạn biết đấy, chỉ protein, thì tôi cần một chút carbohydrate phức tạp để khoảng 10 giờ sáng có thể hoạt động ở mức cao với bệnh nhân của mình. Vì vậy, bây giờ tôi đã thêm 50 gram carbohydrate vào buổi sáng, nhưng đó không phải là nhiều carbohydrate. Không phải nhiều lắm. Tôi chỉ cần một chút carbohydrate phức tạp, nhưng thú vị, phải không? Còn bạn ăn gì? Tôi ăn 130 gram protein mỗi ngày. Không có giới hạn tối đa về lượng protein bạn có thể ăn trong một lần. Tôi cố gắng để đạt ít nhất 30 gram vì có một ngưỡng thấp hơn cho 30 gram. Và vì vậy nếu tôi làm điều đó, tôi mất ba bữa ăn và một vài bữa ăn nhẹ mỗi ngày. Đó là một khối lượng thức ăn khá lớn, vì vậy tôi cố gắng ăn thật dày đặc. Một cốc sữa chua Hy Lạp có khoảng 18 gram và một thanh thịt bò tinh khiết có thêm 16 gram nữa. Vì vậy, vào thời điểm này, tôi đã ghi nhớ những thức ăn giàu dinh dưỡng nhất mà tôi có thể để có được nhiều protein như vậy. Đó là rất nhiều protein. Một gram cho mỗi pound. Một gram cho mỗi pound, và đó là những gì tôi cần để xây dựng cơ bắp. Các nghiên cứu đã chỉ ra rằng việc ăn nhiều protein một mình mà không tập luyện nhiều như tôi muốn bản thân mình và người khác làm sẽ giúp duy trì cơ bắp. Và sau đó, tôi ăn nhiều rau củ. Tôi không biết. Tôi hy vọng mọi người sẽ không ném chúng vào tôi, nhưng tôi không ăn trái cây ngoại trừ quả việt quất. Trái cây là món tráng miệng của thiên nhiên. Vì vậy, nếu chúng ta ăn trái cây, hãy ăn nó như một món tráng miệng. Tôi ăn việt quất với sữa chua của tôi, và sau đó là carbs. Tôi chỉ ăn carbohydrate phức tạp nếu tôi ăn chúng. Một chút nhanh. Tôi muốn nói về một điều mà tất cả chúng ta cần nghiêm túc xem xét, đó là an ninh mạng. Dù bạn là một người sáng lập lần đầu tiên đối mặt với cuộc kiểm toán đầu tiên của mình hay là một chuyên gia dày dạn kinh nghiệm đã trải qua tất cả. Việc duy trì tuân thủ trở nên quan trọng hơn bao giờ hết và phức tạp hơn, tôi phải nói. Và đó là nơi Vanta xuất hiện. Đây là một nhà tài trợ của podcast này. Vanta giúp giảm bớt nỗi đau trong việc tuân thủ an ninh, tự động hóa quy trình tẻ nhạt nhưng thiết yếu để chứng minh rằng doanh nghiệp của bạn an toàn trên hơn 35 khung tiêu chuẩn như SOC2 ISO 27001. Tập trung vào các quy trình làm việc của bạn, trả lời các câu hỏi an ninh nhanh gấp năm lần và bảo vệ doanh nghiệp của bạn mà không mất tập trung vào việc phát triển. Và đây thực sự là phần quan trọng của điều này. Một báo cáo trắng mới của IDC đã tìm thấy rằng các công ty sử dụng Vanta tiết kiệm hơn 535.000 đô la mỗi năm và nó tự trả cho chính nó chỉ sau ba tháng. Trong một thời gian hạn chế, cộng đồng của tôi được giảm 1.000 đô la khi sử dụng Vanta tại Vanta.com/Steven. Đó là V-A-N-T-A.com/Steven để được giảm 1.000 đô la. Bạn là một người rất ủng hộ cơ bắp. Khi chúng ta nói về sự trường thọ, điều gì đó mà bạn luôn nhắc lại như là điều quan trọng nhất cho sự trường thọ của con người. Tôi nghĩ tôi sẽ đặt cơ bắp và xương vào cùng một hạng mục vì bạn có thể có tất cả cơ bắp bạn muốn, nhưng nếu bạn bị gãy hông, bạn vẫn có những tác động tiếp theo. Giờ thì, bạn ít có khả năng bị gãy hông hơn nếu bạn mạnh mẽ, nhưng tôi nghĩ cơ bắp hoặc xương thực sự rất quan trọng. Còn nếu bạn 65 tuổi, 70 tuổi và không có đủ cơ bắp mạnh mẽ ngay bây giờ thì sao? Cơ bắp của bạn đã suy giảm, hãy nói là, trong vài thập kỷ qua. Liệu có quá muộn không? Không bao giờ. Không bao giờ là quá muộn. Cơ thể sẽ luôn đáp ứng với căng thẳng chiến lược mà bạn đặt ra cho nó.
    Có rất nhiều, và số lượng ngày càng tăng những gì trước đây được coi là dị thường trên khắp internet, đó là những người ở độ tuổi 60, 70, 80 và cả hơn nữa tập thể hình, trở thành những người tập thể hình cạnh tranh.
    Ngay cả khi bạn bắt đầu mà không thể đứng dậy khỏi ghế trong một khoảng thời gian rất ngắn, khoảng sáu tháng một năm, bạn vẫn có thể đảo ngược quỹ đạo của sự yếu đuối.
    Điều này đòi hỏi sự kiên trì, đúng không?
    Tôi cũng tự hỏi điều đó. Tôi nghĩ về cha mình, hiện ông đang tiến gần đến tuổi 70, và tôi không nghĩ ông đã tập luyện sức nặng trong suốt 15 năm qua.
    Có một phần trong tôi đã tự hỏi, liệu bây giờ có quá muộn để bắt đầu tập luyện sức nặng không vì nó giống như một vấn đề hai chiều ở chỗ bạn chưa làm điều đó, nên bạn thấy khó khăn hơn, vì vậy bạn không làm điều đó, rồi bạn lại thấy khó khăn hơn, và rồi bạn rơi vào trạng thái ít vận động.
    Chà, bạn biết điều gì sẽ giúp bạn không? Là không ai kỳ vọng bạn sẽ bắt đầu với môn tập thể hình nặng. Squats, deadlifts, không ai kỳ vọng điều đó.
    Chuyển động cơ thể của chúng ta qua nhiều phạm vi chuyển động, làm các bài tập với trọng lượng cơ thể, tiến tới cân nặng tự do, tiến tới tạ nhẹ, tiến tới các dây đàn.
    Khi bạn thấy rằng cơ thể của bạn có khả năng thích nghi và tiến bộ, bạn sẽ đến đó khá nhanh chóng.
    Tôi đã từng thực hiện một chương trình gọi là bắt đầu, nơi tôi sẽ đưa những người vừa mới từ trên ghế sofa ra, và trong vòng ba tháng, chúng tôi sẽ khiến họ tham gia một cuộc đua 5K, vì 5K là một khoảng cách có ý nghĩa đối với những người ít vận động, và trong suốt ba tháng đó, chúng tôi đã thực hiện một loạt các bài tập với trọng lượng cơ thể và loại tạ kettlebell theo hình thức vòng tròn, sau đó là đi bộ, và mọi người bắt đầu với 51% mỡ cơ thể, không thể vượt qua phần khởi động, không thể giữ mình trong tư thế plank, và sau ba tháng, họ có thể plank trong hai phút.
    Họ có thể đi bộ ba dặm. Họ có thể tiếp tục trong toàn bộ vòng luyện tập 10 phút mà không cần dừng lại, vì vậy không có độ tuổi hay cấp độ kỹ năng nào mà cơ thể của chúng ta không phản ứng với sự căng thẳng chiến lược mà bạn áp đặt lên nó, vì vậy hãy tìm một huấn luyện viên cho cha bạn.
    Nếu ông ấy chấp nhận.
    Nếu ông ấy sẽ chấp nhận.
    Nếu tôi đang cố gắng xây dựng cơ bắp, có một số ngày trong tuần hoặc số lần tôi cần thực hiện để xây dựng cơ bắp không?
    Tôi thường suy nghĩ về điều này khi tôi ở LA.
    Tôi đang cố gắng đảm bảo rằng mình không mất cơ bắp, nhưng tôi dành rất nhiều thời gian ngồi đây ghi âm podcast, vì vậy có phải có một số lần tôi cần tập luyện cơ bắp đó trước khi tức giận mất nó không?
    Bạn biết không, tôi vừa đọc sáng nay rằng ngay cả với việc tạm ngừng trong 10 tuần từ, hãy xem, hoặc tập luyện liên tục, ngay cả với việc tạm ngừng 10 tuần, bạn sẽ giữ lại ký ức cơ bắp để không gặp suy giảm nghiêm trọng, điều này khiến tôi cảm thấy nhẹ nhõm vì tôi đã dành một thời gian với cuốn sách này, vì vậy bạn giữ lại ký ức cơ bắp và một khi bạn bắt đầu lại, bạn có thể nhanh chóng trở lại nơi bạn đã ở.
    Vì vậy, mọi thứ không bị mất nếu bạn nghỉ vài ngày, nhưng tối thiểu, nếu chúng ta thực sự làm việc chăm chỉ, là vài ngày một tuần, nâng cao dần sức nặng cho nam giới trong độ tuổi trung niên.
    Đối với phụ nữ, khoảng tám lần lặp lại, bốn hiệp.
    Khi chúng ta đã tập luyện đến mức có thể, nâng tạ nặng, bốn lần lặp lại, bốn hiệp.
    Và khi tôi nói điều đó to lên, tôi nhận được nhiều bình luận rằng ai đó sẽ bị thương.
    Chà, điều đó đúng, nhưng bạn phải từ từ làm quen với điều đó.
    Như bất kỳ môn thể thao nào, bạn phải làm quen với cấp độ đó vì điều chúng ta đang cố gắng làm bằng cách nâng tạ nặng hơn, đặc biệt là cho phụ nữ, là thay thế kích thích đồng hóa mà estrogen mong muốn.
    Bạn phải làm việc đủ chăm chỉ.
    Estrogen tạo ra sự phát triển.
    Chúng ta phải báo hiệu cho cơ thể của mình bằng cường độ công việc của chúng ta để xây dựng cơ bắp, và việc nâng tạ nặng sẽ làm điều đó.
    Vì vậy, nếu bạn đang bắt đầu trên ghế sofa, hãy bắt đầu với dây, bắt đầu với tạ nhẹ, bắt đầu với những chiếc tạ màu hồng mà tôi không thích, nhưng đừng ở lại đó.
    Tiếp tục làm việc theo cách tiến bộ để nâng tạ nặng, ít nhất hai lần một tuần để duy trì.
    Tôi có cần tăng trọng lượng để xây dựng cơ bắp không?
    Bởi vì tôi tự hỏi khi tôi đến phòng gym, đôi khi tôi có thể đang sử dụng tạ nhỏ hơn, nhưng tôi đang làm nhiều lần lặp lại hơn.
    Điều đó vẫn sẽ xây dựng cơ bắp chứ?
    Chà, điều đó phụ thuộc vào điều bạn muốn.
    Vì vậy, tạ nhẹ, nhiều lần lặp lại sẽ phục vụ cho sự phát triển cơ bắp, cho cơ bắp tổng thể lớn hơn, nhưng không nhất thiết là sức mạnh và sức bền.
    Trong độ tuổi trung niên và hơn thế nữa, tôi nâng tạ để duy trì tuổi thọ và sức mạnh.
    Vì vậy, tôi không còn quan tâm đến kích thước cơ bắp của mình như trước đây.
    Tôi quan tâm đến việc, liệu nó có thể di chuyển mạnh mẽ theo thời gian không?
    Tôi có thể đứng dậy khỏi sàn không?
    Tôi có thể nâng va li của mình trên đầu không?
    Vì vậy, nâng tạ để có sức mạnh là ít lần lặp lại, tạ nặng hơn.
    Vậy nên điều đó phụ thuộc vào mục tiêu của chúng ta.
    Bạn có thể đang tập trung vào sự phát triển cơ bắp ngay bây giờ, điều đó cũng tốt vì bạn chưa đạt đến thập kỷ quan trọng.
    Vì vậy nếu tôi đang tìm kiếm sự phát triển cơ bắp.
    Vâng, nhiều lần lặp lại, tạ nhẹ hơn.
    Vì vậy, 12, 15 lần lặp lại, tạ nhẹ hơn.
    Và sau đó nếu tôi đang tìm kiếm sức mạnh, thì có thể là sáu, tám.
    Sáu, tám, đúng vậy.
    Bạn thực hiện bao nhiêu?
    Tôi thực hiện bốn.
    Bạn thực hiện bốn?
    Ừm.
    Vì vậy, tạ nặng, bốn.
    Tạ nặng, bốn lần lặp lại, bốn hiệp.
    Thú vị.
    Tôi không biết điều đó.
    Ừm.
    Thú vị.
    Tôi chỉ muốn cung cấp một số kiến thức cơ bản về tại sao cơ bắp lại quan trọng vì có một số người vẫn có thể chưa nhận ra mối liên hệ giữa tuổi thọ và cơ bắp.
    Nhiều điều này liên quan đến, từ những gì tôi hiểu, glucose.
    Vì vậy, nó có liên quan đến việc cơ bắp là nơi chứa glucose.
    Đó là yếu tố chính trong việc ngăn ngừa kháng insulin, chưa kể đến sức mạnh, giữ thẳng đứng, không bị ngã, gây gãy xương, đúng không?
    Vì vậy, cơ bắp là một cơ quan nội tiết chuyển hóa.
    Khi nó được giải phóng, bạn biết, một trong những điều mà nó giải phóng là co cơ xương khớp, gập biceps, gây ra sự phiên mã của một protein gọi là clotho, đó là protein tuổi thọ.
    Khoảng 30 năm trước, nó đã được mô tả trong tự nhiên.
    Nó là protein mà khi cơ bắp co lại, protein đó sẽ được phiên mã.
    Nó tác động đến mọi cơ quan.
    Chúng ta biết rằng điều này rất quan trọng cho sự kéo dài tuổi thọ và sửa chữa các cơ quan, bởi vì những con chuột sinh ra mà không có khả năng sản xuất protein clotho sẽ chết khi còn rất trẻ. Về mặt thời gian, chúng là những con chuột rất trẻ, nhưng chúng chết khi đã già vì không được hưởng lợi từ protein clotho này.
    Chúng tôi sản xuất clotho thông qua sự co lại của cơ bắp xương. Đây là một nghiên cứu mà tôi thực hiện cách đây nhiều năm cho thấy tôi đã đo mức clotho lưu thông trong máu của những vận động viên cao tuổi, những người trong độ tuổi 60, 70, 80, cùng với những vận động viên trẻ hơn ở độ tuổi 40 và những người ít vận động. Và điều tôi phát hiện là mức clotho lưu thông cao nhất, protein kéo dài tuổi thọ, nằm ở những vận động viên trẻ, điều này không có gì đáng ngạc nhiên. Mức độ cao thứ hai của protein kéo dài tuổi thọ clotho nằm ở những vận động viên cao tuổi, từ 70 đến 80.
    Mức độ thấp nhất của protein kéo dài tuổi thọ là ở những người trẻ ít vận động. Vậy ngay cả những vận động viên cao tuổi cũng có nhiều clotho lưu thông hơn những người trẻ ít vận động. Vì vậy, chỉ cần sự co lại của cơ bắp xương cũng có thể tăng cường tuổi thọ của bạn thông qua protein này.
    Một protein khác được giải phóng cùng với sự co cơ xương gọi là galanin, được truyền tới não, làm việc tại một nơi gọi là nhân vòng, nơi rất quan trọng cho khả năng phục hồi. Nó làm cho bạn trở nên kiên cường hơn. Nó giúp bạn giải quyết vấn đề tốt hơn. Và một protein rất phổ biến khác được phiên mã cùng với sự co cơ xương gọi là iriscent. Đây là protein của bài tập, có tác động lên xương. Nó chuyển hóa mỡ trắng thành mỡ nâu, loại mỡ có khả năng sinh nhiệt cao hơn và tải lượng ty thể cao hơn. Vì vậy, cơ bắp, chỉ đơn giản là thực hiện chức năng của nó, không chỉ để nhìn đẹp trong gương của phòng tập, mà còn thực hiện tất cả những chức năng chuyển hóa này. Và đó là lý do tại sao chúng tôi nghĩ rằng nó đóng một vai trò quan trọng trong việc kéo dài tuổi thọ.
    Nếu tôi cố gắng bảo vệ cơ bắp của mình khi tôi già đi, có loại thực phẩm bổ sung nào mà tôi nên sử dụng không? Ý tôi là, có bán thực phẩm bổ sung clotho không? Họ không có. Bạn phải tự sản xuất nó. Hãy co cơ của chính bạn.
    Chà, bạn cần cung cấp dinh dưỡng cho cơ bắp của mình. Tôi luôn nói với mọi người rằng cần một gram protein cho mỗi pound lý tưởng. Nghe này, tôi là một bác sĩ đang thực hành và đây là điều tôi biết. Mọi người cần các hướng dẫn rất cụ thể và không thể gây nhầm lẫn. Vậy có mức protein nào mà mọi người cần không? Có, nhưng mọi người có thể nhớ một gram cho mỗi pound lý tưởng. Bạn phải cung cấp protein cho cơ bắp của mình, protein chất lượng cao. Protein chất lượng cao nhất có tỉ lệ phần trăm cao nhất của một axit amin thiết yếu gọi là leucine. Leucine không được cơ thể tạo ra. Nó phải được bổ sung từ bên ngoài.
    Leucine là một axit amin chuỗi nhánh, và bạn có thể lấy từ protein sữa. Nguồn tốt nhất cho leucine và protein sữa trong vũ trụ là sữa mẹ, nhưng hầu hết chúng ta không uống điều đó khi trưởng thành. Vì vậy, chúng ta lấy từ các sản phẩm từ sữa. Bạn cũng có thể lấy từ thực vật nếu bạn yêu thích thực vật. Nhưng bạn sẽ nhận được một tỉ lệ thấp hơn nhiều, và bạn phải ăn nhiều hơn.
    Vì vậy, protein chất lượng cao là điều đầu tiên, thứ hai, có nhiều nghiên cứu về việc bổ sung creatine cho cả nam và nữ. Khi tôi bắt đầu biết đến creatine vào năm 1992, đó là trong thời gian Olympic. Tôi đã làm việc với một nhóm đô vật vào thời điểm đó. Chúng tôi đã cho họ liều lượng rất cao. Chúng tôi sẽ luân phiên tạo ra creatine. Giờ thì, mỗi ngày chỉ cần năm gram sẽ giúp xây dựng cơ bắp, giúp xây dựng não. Nó thực sự rất thú vị.
    Cách đây vài tháng, tôi đã hỏi những người trong văn phòng của mình xem họ có sử dụng creatine không, và một vài người đàn ông đã giơ tay lên, không có người phụ nữ nào giơ tay. Tôi đã hỏi họ lý do. Tôi nói, tại sao bạn không dùng creatine? Họ nói rằng họ nghĩ nó dành cho những người tập thể hình. Vâng, nó bắt đầu cho những người tập thể hình, nhưng thực ra nó dành cho tất cả mọi người. Nó đã được nghiên cứu rất nhiều.
    Tôi thực sự đã có cuộc tranh luận này với bạn gái của tôi vào Giáng sinh năm ngoái vì tôi đang dùng creatine và hỏi cô ấy có muốn dùng không, và cô ấy đã có cùng một nhận xét với tôi rằng nó là dành cho những người tập thể hình và rằng cô ấy sẽ tăng cân nếu sử dụng. Và rồi tôi nói không, điều đó không đúng. Cô ấy đã tìm kiếm trên Google và thấy rằng nó tốt cho hiệu suất nhận thức, da, tóc, cơ bắp, xương, v.v. Và bây giờ cô ấy sử dụng nó mỗi ngày. Thật tuyệt.
    Tôi nghĩ rằng có một phần lớn cần được tái giáo dục ở đây vì chúng ta gần như từng nghĩ về nó như một loại steroid hay gì đó. Và điều đó hoàn toàn không phải. Bạn biết không? Bất chấp các podcast như thế này và bất chấp việc tôi la hét từ mọi đỉnh núi, tôi thấy vẫn còn một thiếu hụt kiến thức đáng kể trong công chúng về các nguyên tắc để trở nên khỏe mạnh nhất có thể và một khoảng cách còn lớn hơn trong khả năng tự hành động cho bản thân.
    Tôi không có ý phê phán. Đó chỉ đơn giản là một quan sát rằng chúng ta biết phải làm gì, nhưng chúng ta không làm. Chúng ta biết phải làm gì và chúng ta không làm. Ngay cả khi chúng ta thấy trong gia đình mình có ai đó đang trải qua những cơn đau đớn của bệnh tiểu đường hoặc thậm chí là Alzheimer, vẫn không đủ động lực. Và tôi nghĩ rằng đó chính là vấn đề thực sự cần giải quyết. Động lực. Làm thế nào để bạn giải quyết điều đó? Đôi khi chúng ta giải quyết nó bằng sự sợ hãi, phải không? Bạn biết đấy, ai đó gặp vấn đề sức khỏe nghiêm trọng, nhưng đôi khi điều đó cũng không đủ.
    Tôi nhận thấy rằng sẽ không bao giờ đủ động lực để cố gắng nói, được rồi, nếu bạn làm điều này hôm nay, thì 20 năm sau bạn sẽ tốt hơn nhiều. Có sự mất kết nối về thời gian. Mọi người đơn giản là không hiểu được họ sẽ như thế nào khi 70 tuổi. Tôi nghĩ rằng chúng ta cần làm cho bạn cảm thấy tốt mỗi một ngày. Giống như khi chúng ta đang nói về não của bạn, khi bạn đang làm việc nặng và công việc nhận thức. Nếu bạn có thể cảm thấy tốt hơn mỗi ngày, bạn sẽ tiếp tục hành vi đó, không phải vì một lời hứa. Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ đó là cách để nói chuyện với bất kỳ ai. Đó là cách tôi nói chuyện với bệnh nhân của mình.
    Tôi có thể làm cho bạn cảm thấy tốt hơn vào ngày mai không? Tôi có thể làm cho bạn cảm thấy tuyệt vời vì bạn đã nâng tạ nặng hôm nay không? Nhưng điều đó thật khó với những thứ như xương. Bạn đang bảo ai đó rằng họ cần lấy canxi và những thứ như vậy.
    Và họ nghĩ, ồ, tôi không thể thấy xương của mình và bệnh loãng xương còn xa lắm.
    Đúng vậy.
    Thật khó cho đến khi bạn thấy ai đó bị gãy xương hoặc bạn tự gãy xương.
    Tôi đồng ý với bạn.
    Và vitamin D cũng rất quan trọng, phải không, cho sức khỏe của xương?
    Tôi đã đọc về điều đó.
    Đúng vậy.
    Nó là magie, vitamin D, magie, những thứ ít được biết đến hơn là strontium, kẽm, boron, và các vi chất dinh dưỡng, nhưng những thứ lớn như vitamin D và magie.
    Giấc ngủ.
    Giấc ngủ.
    Chúng ta cũng đã nói về điều đó một chút rồi.
    Đúng vậy.
    Nó quan trọng như thế nào.
    Bạn đã đề cập rằng bạn đang chạy.
    Vâng, bạn đang chạy.
    Cảm ơn vì đã chú ý.
    Tôi chưa bao giờ đề cập đến điều đó.
    Và có hàng triệu người khác sẽ tham gia cùng bạn, tôi nhận thấy.
    Đúng vậy.
    Chúng tôi sẽ cố gắng để có một triệu người chạy.
    Thật tuyệt.
    Bạn sẽ cứu sống rất nhiều người.
    Ôi, cảm ơn bạn.
    Nhiều điều này là nhờ vào công việc mà những người như bạn làm và đã xuất hiện trên chương trình của tôi và khiến tôi nghĩ về những điều như VO2 max của mình.
    Và tôi chắc chắn đã chỉ tập tạ trong vài năm qua mà không thực sự nghĩ về xương của mình hay VO2 max của mình.
    Vì vậy, đây là một sự thay đổi lớn đối với tôi.
    Đúng vậy.
    Nhưng khi tôi nghĩ về việc chạy, tôi chắc chắn đã ghét nó.
    Tôi vẫn hơi ghét nó một chút, nhưng bây giờ tôi ghét và yêu nó, điều đó có nghĩa là tôi đã tiến bộ.
    Những điều gì tôi nên nghĩ đến?
    Bởi vì mọi người nói với tôi về đầu gối của người chạy và những thứ như vậy.
    Và tôi không muốn bị chấn thương, nhưng tôi đang chạy khá nhiều.
    Vì vậy, tôi nghe từ rất nhiều vận động viên chạy rằng, ồ, được rồi, tôi sẽ nâng bằng tay của mình vì tôi đang chạy.
    Vì vậy, điều đó có nghĩa là chân của tôi sẽ mạnh mẽ hơn.
    Vâng, điều mà tôi biết từ 30 năm thực hành là những người chỉ chạy thì thường hay bị thương.
    Và đây là lý do tại sao.
    Chạy tạo ra một động cơ tim mạch lớn, nhưng nó không xây dựng khối lượng cơ dưới bụng của bạn nói chung, trừ khi bạn đang chạy lên dốc cả thời gian và đang xây dựng cơ mông.
    Vì vậy, điều gì xảy ra là, chạy là một môn thể thao một chân.
    Nếu bạn nhìn vào phân tích dáng đi, bạn chỉ đứng trên một chân tại một thời điểm.
    Bạn không bao giờ đứng trên hai chân.
    Và đi bộ, bạn đứng trên hai chân.
    Khi bạn chạy, bạn đứng trên một chân.
    Vì vậy, nếu tay tôi đang đặt trên xương chậu của ai đó, khi chúng tôi chạy, chúng tôi không thể thực hiện như thế này mỗi bước một, dao động như thể chúng tôi đang đi trên sàn catwalk trong tuần lễ thời trang.
    Chúng ta muốn chạy thẳng như này.
    Để làm được điều đó cần phải có sức mạnh cơ mông tuyệt vời, vì chính cơ mông giữ thăng bằng cho xương chậu.
    Nếu chúng ta ở trong văn phòng của tôi và bạn đến với cơn đau như một vận động viên chạy, tôi sẽ đứng bạn trên một chân để xem ngay cả trong một môi trường kiểm soát, bạn có thể thực hiện một bàiSquat một chân và giữ cho xương chậu của bạn ổn định mà không để đầu gối của bạn bị ngã vào trong không.
    Và nếu bạn không thể, điều đó chỉ cho tôi biết rằng chúng ta cần phải xây dựng rất nhiều sức mạnh cơ mông và hông.
    Và lưng dưới của tôi, điều mà tôi suy nghĩ, bởi vì khi tôi tập luyện, đặc biệt là khi tôi đang tập luyện cho một trận bóng ở Vương quốc Anh và tôi luôn có vẻ bị chấn thương cơ mông.
    Vì vậy, gần như 100% dự đoán rằng nếu tôi không kéo giãn đúng cách, ngay cả khi tôi kéo giãn một chút, nhưng không kéo giãn đầy đủ.
    Khi tôi chạy vào sân bóng trong vòng năm phút, tôi cảm thấy như là một cái gì đó nhỏ, gần như như một vết rách nhỏ trong cơ mông của tôi.
    Đúng vậy.
    Tôi đang làm gì vậy?
    Bạn nghĩ điều gì đang xảy ra?
    Có thể sẽ hữu ích cho bạn khi bạn đang tập luyện có một phân tích chuyển động, để có ai đó đứng bạn trên một chân và nhìn vào cách mà một mẫu chuyển động khác với mẫu khác.
    Bởi vì nếu nó dự đoán được như vậy, có thể có sự mất cân bằng trong bạn.
    Và vì vậy nó có thể được đào tạo.
    Ý tôi là, tôi có thể cho bạn một ví dụ trong cuộc sống của tôi nếu bạn muốn xem điều đó hoạt động như thế nào.
    Vì vậy, khi tôi chạy và khi tôi tăng tốc độ và khoảng cách, tôi dự đoán, dự đoán sẽ bị viêm gân Achilles bên trái và tôi bị đau nhói ở gân hông bên phải, một cách dự đoán.
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    Vì vậy, khi tôi chạy, tôi không chạy qua giữa bàn chân của mình.
    Tôi chạy qua bên cạnh bàn chân nơi ngón chân út của tôi.
    Vì vậy, thay vì chạy như thế này, tôi chạy như thế này, tạo thêm áp lực lên gân Achilles của tôi, thay đổi dáng đi của tôi đủ để căng thẳng cả bên trái cơ thể của tôi.
    Và gân hông bên phải của tôi đang gánh chịu áp lực đó.
    Đó là một khiếm khuyết mẫu chuyển động mà tôi biết tôi có.
    Vì vậy, nếu bạn dự đoán luôn gặp phải chấn thương giống nhau, có thể là do một bên nào đó quá chặt, một bên khác quá yếu.
    Và nếu bạn được đánh giá, bạn có thể đào tạo để loại bỏ điều đó.
    Đường ruột của bạn và đường ruột của tôi là nơi tiêu hóa của chúng ta.
    Và nó cũng là cánh cửa dẫn đến sức khỏe tốt hơn, nhưng có thể khó khăn để biết điều gì đang xảy ra ở đó.
    Zoe, nhà tài trợ cho podcast này, có một trong những cơ sở dữ liệu vi sinh vật lớn nhất trên hành tinh và một trong những bài kiểm tra sức khỏe đường ruột tại nhà tiên tiến nhất thế giới.
    Cảm biến lượng đường trong máu, mà tôi có trong hộp này trước mặt tôi, đi trên cánh tay của bạn.
    Vì vậy, bạn có thể thấy cách các thực phẩm khác nhau ảnh hưởng đến lượng đường trong máu của bạn.
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    Ôi, và tôi không thể quên, còn có một mẫu phân, đó là một bước quan trọng trong việc hiểu sức khỏe của vi sinh vật đường ruột của bạn.
    Và bạn gửi tất cả cho Zoe và bạn nhận được kết quả của mình, điều này sẽ giúp bạn hiểu phản ứng của cơ thể bạn với các loại thực phẩm khác nhau.
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    Và đó chính là lý do tại sao tôi đầu tư vào doanh nghiệp này.
    Vì vậy, câu hỏi của tôi với bạn là, đường ruột của bạn có sức khỏe như thế nào?
    Hãy truy cập Zoe.com để đặt bộ kit của bạn và tìm hiểu.
    Và vì bạn là một trong những người nghe của chúng tôi, hãy sử dụng mã Bartlett 10 để được giảm 10% khi đăng ký.
    Hãy truy cập Zoe.com ngay bây giờ.
    Tôi đã đầu tư hơn một triệu bảng vào công ty này, Perfected.
    Họ cũng là nhà tài trợ cho podcast này.
    Tôi đã chuyển sang sử dụng đệm như nguồn năng lượng chính của mình.
    Vì vậy, đó là lý do Perfected tham gia.
    Họ có bột matcha, họ có đồ uống matcha, họ có cả các viên nang.
    Tất cả những điều này giúp tôi tập trung trong suốt một ngày ghi âm rất, rất dài, bất kể điều gì đang diễn ra.
    Và đội ngũ của họ rất quan tâm đến chất lượng, đó là lý do tại sao họ lấy matcha loại nghi lễ từ Nhật Bản.
    Vì vậy, khi mọi người nói với tôi rằng họ không thích vị của matcha, tôi đoán rằng họ chưa thử Perfected.
    Khác với matcha chất lượng thấp có vị đắng, hương cỏ, Perfected mượt mà và tự nhiên ngọt ngào.
    Và không biết thì bạn có thể đã là một khách hàng của Perfected rồi.
    Nếu bạn đang mua matcha tại những nơi như Blank Street hoặc Joe in the Juice.
    Nhưng bây giờ bạn có thể tự làm ở nhà.
    Hãy thử xem và chúng ta sẽ xem liệu bạn có vẫn không thích matcha không.
    Vậy đây là những gì tôi sẽ làm.
    Tôi sẽ giảm 40% giá matcha nếu bạn thử hôm nay.
    Hãy truy cập vào Perfected.com và sử dụng mã DIARY40 khi thanh toán.
    Hoặc nếu bạn đang ở siêu thị, bạn có thể mua tại Tesco hoặc Holland & Barrett hoặc ở Hà Lan tại Albert Heijn.
    Và những ai ở Mỹ, bạn có thể mua trên Amazon.
    Về chủ đề béo phì và cân nặng, chúng tôi đã nói lần trước, một điều thực sự thú vị mà bạn đã nói với tôi, điều đó đã ở lại trong tâm trí tôi là khi chúng ta mang theo nhiều cân nặng hơn, thì chúng ta đang gây hại cho xương của mình theo cách rất không tỷ lệ.
    Bạn có thể làm rõ điểm này một lần nữa không, nhưng cũng nói cho tôi về việc, cho tôi lý do để giữ mỡ cơ thể của mình thấp khi tôi già đi?
    Vậy, những gì chúng ta đang nói đến là sức khỏe khớp và thực tế rằng mỗi xương trong đầu gối của bạn, ví dụ, nếu đây là xương đùi của bạn, thì đầu của mỗi xương có một lớp sụn bọc ngoài.
    Sụn là một ma trận của các sợi collagen có chứa tế bào, và toàn bộ công việc của nó là hấp thụ sốc.
    Vì vậy, xương không cần làm việc nhiều trong việc này.
    Xương khá mong manh, nhưng chúng trượt.
    Sụn có một hệ số ma sát, theo vật lý, nhỏ hơn cả băng.
    Nên nó mượt hơn băng, nó trượt, đúng không?
    Nếu hoàn hảo, sụn rất dễ bị ảnh hưởng bởi lực trọng lượng, đến mức trong các phòng thí nghiệm của chúng tôi, khi chúng tôi nghiên cứu về sụn và muốn làm tổn thương sụn, tất cả những gì chúng tôi phải làm là thả một viên bi xuống, vì vậy không cần nhiều.
    Vì vậy, nếu chúng ta mang theo quá nhiều trọng lượng nặng và không có cơ bắp để hỗ trợ điều đó, thay vì cơ bắp thực sự giống như một bộ giảm chấn và bảo vệ sụn của chúng ta, chúng ta lại đập mạnh hơn.
    Nhớ rằng, việc đập mạnh thì tốt cho xương, nhưng không tốt cho sụn.
    Vì vậy, chúng ta muốn đảm bảo rằng chúng ta có một trọng lượng khỏe mạnh để không tải quá nhiều lực, vì áp lực trên khớp là từ bảy đến chín lần trọng lượng cơ thể.
    Và đó là lý do tại sao chúng ta muốn tạo thành cơ thể của mình và có một thành phần cơ thể, không phải là trọng lượng, mà là thành phần cơ thể với nhiều cơ bắp hơn mô mỡ.
    Đúng vậy, điều này có thể quay lại những gì chúng ta đã nói trước đó, bởi vì bạn có thể nói những điều này, nhưng vẫn thay đổi thì vẫn xa vời với rất nhiều người.
    Và tôi chỉ đang tự hỏi, trong những người mà bạn đã thấy thực hiện những thay đổi mạnh mẽ mà bạn đã làm việc cùng, có những điều chính nào xảy ra, chúng ta đã nói một chút về việc ai đó chạm đáy, họ nhận được chẩn đoán xấu, họ buộc phải thay đổi.
    Và có điều gì khác mà người ta có thể làm để tự làm mình thay đổi, như viết nhật ký, một loại bài tập nào đó?
    Tôi nghĩ thật hữu ích khi biết càng nhiều về bản thân mình càng tốt.
    Vì vậy, nếu tôi đưa một người nào đó vào chương trình mà chúng tôi sẽ xây dựng, tôi không chỉ cân họ mà điều quan trọng nhất là tôi thực hiện một đánh giá thành phần cơ thể để có thể đi qua từng bước và nói trong cơ thể hiện tại của bạn, bạn có, ví dụ, 32% mỡ cơ thể, bạn có rất ít cơ bắp.
    Vì vậy, mặc dù bạn có thể hài lòng với vẻ bề ngoài của mình trong gương, nhưng bạn mảnh mai nhưng lại có quá ít cơ bắp và quá nhiều mô mỡ.
    Và chúng tôi đã nói về tất cả những điều tại sao chúng ta cần xây dựng thêm nhiều cơ bắp.
    Nhưng khi bạn nhìn thấy những con số đó, những con số không nói dối, cũng không phải là sự đánh giá.
    Nhưng nếu bạn chỉ nhìn vào gương, bạn có thể nói, Ồ, điều đó cũng ổn.
    Hoặc bạn có thể ghét phần mỡ bụng nhỏ đó, nhưng bạn không ghét nó đủ.
    Nhưng khi bạn thấy rằng bạn có rất ít khối lượng cơ và tỷ lệ mỡ rất cao, những dữ liệu đó đôi khi sẽ là động lực.
    Và nếu chúng tôi biết rằng chúng tôi sẽ làm lại bài kiểm tra đó trong ba tháng hoặc sáu tháng và theo dõi các thay đổi theo thời gian, điều đó có thể là một tác nhân thúc đẩy thêm.
    Hướng dẫn, bi kịch, dữ liệu có thể là một động lực.
    Muốn cảm thấy như bản thân mình một lần nữa, nhiều phụ nữ ở độ tuổi trung niên, đôi khi nói, tôi chỉ muốn cảm thấy như chính tôi một lần nữa.
    Vâng, chúng ta là những người khác sau khi estrogen của chúng ta giảm xuống.
    Và vì vậy, việc cảm thấy như chính mình trở lại sẽ cần một loại công việc khác.
    Nhưng vào cuối ngày, về mặt công cụ, tôi nghĩ các nhật ký là hữu ích, việc theo dõi, giữ một ghi chép về cảm giác của bạn trong một ngày, những gì bạn đã làm trong ngày hôm đó.
    CGMs và những thứ tương tự cũng vậy.
    Bất kỳ điều gì có thể làm sáng tỏ đều đã được xem xét.
    Đúng vậy.
    Dữ liệu.
    CGMs là, bạn biết đấy, tôi đã học được những gì tôi cần học trong ba tháng, nhưng tôi đã sử dụng nó 18 tháng chỉ vì những dữ liệu đó thúc đẩy tôi.
    Như, ôi, đó là một ngày căng thẳng trong phòng mổ.
    Đường của tôi tăng lên ngay cả khi tôi không ăn gì.
    Có lẽ tôi đã có cortisol rất cao.
    Tôi đang giải phóng quá nhiều từ gan của tôi.
    Nó chỉ cho tôi biết về cách mà cơ thể tôi hoạt động.
    Nhưng cũng vào cuối ngày, bạn phải yêu bản thân đủ, Stephen.
    Và tôi không thể buộc bạn phải yêu bản thân.
    Một số áp lực trong văn phòng của tôi không thể khiến bạn đủ giá trị để đầu tư vào bản thân hàng ngày.
    Và vào cuối ngày, đó là điều cần có.
    Tôi đã nói rất nhiều trên podcast này về thời kỳ mãn kinh.
    Đó thực sự là điều hấp dẫn với tôi, tôi nghĩ một phần vì tôi thậm chí không biết đó là gì.
    Thậm chí vài năm trước, có lẽ một năm rưỡi trước, tôi hoàn toàn không biết đó là gì.
    Một số huyền thoại phổ biến về mãn kinh mà mọi người vẫn cần vượt qua là gì? Mặc dù mọi người đều nói về nó, mặc dù bạn có nhiều cuộc trò chuyện về nó, tôi vẫn thấy nhiều người chưa bao giờ nghe về thời kỳ tiền mãn kinh, đây là thập kỷ trước khi bước vào mãn kinh, mà là 365 ngày sau chu kỳ kinh nguyệt cuối cùng của bạn. Trung bình ở quốc gia này, độ tuổi đó khoảng 51. Nhiều người chưa nghe về thời kỳ tiền mãn kinh, họ chưa bao giờ nghe về liệu pháp thay thế hormone, và họ không biết phải làm gì với điều đó. Họ ngại nói về nó vì dường như việc cần hỗ trợ ở quốc gia này nếu bạn là phụ nữ đã bị lãng quên, ví dụ như, “Ôi, tôi chỉ sẽ phải chịu đựng thôi. Mẹ tôi không bao giờ nói về nó.” Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ rằng huyền thoại rằng bạn phải chịu đựng là một huyền thoại. Hiện nay có nhiều điều được biết đến hơn bao giờ hết về cách sử dụng lối sống để cảm thấy tốt hơn. Tôi luôn khuyến khích phụ nữ đưa ra quyết định về liệu pháp thay thế hormone dựa trên khoa học và không phải sự sợ hãi, và nên thực hiện điều này sớm. Sớm đến mức nào? Tôi khuyến khích các bệnh nhân của mình, ngay cả khi họ ở giữa độ tuổi 40, hãy đọc sách, xem podcast, và tìm kiếm một chuyên gia y tế. Vì vậy, khi đến lúc họ đưa ra quyết định, họ đã có mọi thứ sẵn sàng. Và bạn có thể dùng hormone khi vẫn đang có kinh nguyệt. Không có lý do gì mà bạn không thể. Thực tế, đó chính là biện pháp tránh thai. Biện pháp tránh thai là gấp mười lần liều của liệu pháp thay thế hormone. Vì vậy, dưới sự giám sát cẩn thận, bạn có thể đưa ra quyết định rất sớm. Điều tôi muốn mọi người làm là tự giáo dục bản thân. Tôi gọi đó là “sự am hiểu về mãn kinh” bởi vì chúng ta có một mức độ hiểu biết về mãn kinh rất thấp ở quốc gia này. Tôi muốn họ đưa ra quyết định về liệu pháp thay thế hormone của mình, nghĩa là, “Tôi sẽ sử dụng chúng chứ? Tôi sẽ lấy chúng từ đâu? Tôi có thể tìm một chuyên gia để giúp tôi không?” Thứ ba, tôi muốn họ, như đã nói trước đó, xây dựng lối sống không thể phá vỡ của họ. Hình thành thói quen sớm, không phải khi họ đang trong cơn mãn kinh và cảm thấy tuyệt vọng, mà hãy bắt đầu sớm với việc nâng tạ, tập cardio bao gồm tập cơ bản và các bài tập ngắt quãng, dinh dưỡng chống viêm, sớm để nó trở thành lối sống của bạn, để khi bạn cảm thấy tồi tệ, bạn không phải cố gắng học tất cả những điều này cùng một lúc. Và có một mối liên quan đáng kể giữa mãn kinh và mật độ xương vì bạn sẽ mất một số hormone quan trọng như testosterone. Cũng như estrogen và testosterone. Estrogen trên xương có tác dụng kiểm soát tế bào phá vỡ xương. Chúng ta đã nói về sức khỏe xương, có một tế bào phá vỡ xương gọi là osteoclast và một tế bào xây dựng xương gọi là osteoblast. Estrogen giúp kiểm soát osteoclast. Vì vậy, ngay cả khi mãn kinh, khi không có estrogen, chúng ta vẫn xây dựng xương, nhưng việc phá vỡ xương sẽ vượt qua quá trình xây dựng xương. Do đó, việc thay thế hormone giúp cân bằng lại việc phá vỡ xương và tái tạo xương. Và nếu chúng ta mất estrogen vào thời điểm này, thời kỳ tiền mãn kinh, mãn kinh, chúng ta có thể mất 15% mật độ xương. Và nếu chúng ta không phát hiện ra, vì bảo hiểm chỉ chi trả cho xét nghiệm dexascan khi chúng ta 65 tuổi, điều này theo tôi là quá muộn, chúng ta đã bị tụt lại. Vì vậy, tôi khuyến khích mọi người, ngay khi họ bắt đầu giai đoạn tiền mãn kinh, hãy tiến hành xét nghiệm dexascan, dù họ phải trả tiền tại phòng tập thể dục, tiết kiệm tiền cà phê, điều này rất đáng để biết tình trạng xương của bạn. Một số hội chứng cơ xương rõ ràng nhưng liên quan nhất của mãn kinh là gì? Tôi rất mừng bạn đã hỏi điều đó. Vào tháng Bảy, nhóm của tôi và tôi đã tạo ra một thuật ngữ gọi là Hội chứng Cơ xương của Mãn kinh bởi vì phụ nữ đã xuất hiện trong văn phòng của tôi nói những điều mà không cần được gợi ý, vì tôi là một bác sĩ biết lắng nghe. Tôi ngồi xuống trên một chiếc ghế, chúng tôi có một cuộc trò chuyện. Tôi không ngồi ở đó chỉ để kiểm tra sức khỏe của bạn. Vì vậy, mọi người nói chuyện với tôi và từ đâu đó, phụ nữ sẽ nói với tôi, “Bác sĩ, tôi cảm thấy như mình bắt đầu sụp đổ.” Và tôi không biết chuyện gì đang xảy ra, nhưng tôi cảm thấy như mình sắp điên vì đã được nói rằng không có gì sai với tôi. Và tôi bắt đầu nhận thấy điều đó ngày càng nhiều khi phụ nữ bắt đầu đến với những vai không nhúc nhích, đó là một dạng được gọi là “vai đông cứng.” Và khi tôi bắt đầu nhìn vào mẫu hình này và đọc rất ít nghiên cứu đã được thực hiện, chúng ta đã biết trong 30 năm rằng tỷ lệ viêm khớp, viêm khớp viêm ở phụ nữ sau 50 tuổi, cao hơn nhiều so với viêm khớp viêm ở nam giới. Chúng ta đã biết điều đó trong 30 năm. Và khi tôi bắt đầu nghiên cứu, nhớ rằng tôi đã nói trước đó rằng mọi mô cơ xương đều xuất phát từ cùng một loại tế bào gốc, tế bào gốc trung mô. Tất cả những mô đó, cơ, xương, gân, dây chằng, mỡ, lái xe tế bào gốc đều nhạy cảm với estrogen. Và nếu không có nó, một số điều sẽ xảy ra. Có một cái gọi là đau khớp, là cơn đau toàn thân, có nghĩa là cơ thể bạn đau đến mức bạn không thể ra khỏi giường. Đó là một trong những điều lớn nhất mà tôi gặp phải. Tôi là một vận động viên, và tôi gần như không thể ra khỏi giường vì tôi bị viêm quá mức do thiếu estrogen. Estrogen là một tác nhân chống viêm lớn. Vì vậy, tôi hoàn toàn bị viêm. Cơ thể tôi đau. Điều đó được gọi là đau khớp. Phụ nữ đến với tôi, và tôi không nói đùa. Họ đến và nói, cánh tay tôi không thể di chuyển. Thực sự là không thể di chuyển, hoặc tôi không thể cài móc áo. Điều đó là do sự viêm ảnh hưởng của việc mất estrogen. Trong các nền văn hóa châu Á, điều này được gọi là “vai của phụ nữ 50 tuổi” vì nó xảy ra với phụ nữ 50 tuổi. Đây là một dấu hiệu của sự viêm của việc mất estrogen. Chúng ta biết về tình trạng giảm khối cơ, mất khối lượng cơ nạc, khoảng 20% khi bạn mất estrogen. Chúng ta đã nói về việc mất mật độ xương. Chúng ta có tỷ lệ gia tăng các vấn đề về gân và dây chằng, gân Achilles, khuỷu tay tennis, gân patellar, vì các sợi collagen của gân và dây chằng có các thụ thể estrogen trên đó. Và vì vậy mọi thứ bắt đầu hoạt động kém hơn mà không có sự hiện diện của estrogen. Vì vậy, tôi đã thấy tất cả những điều đó, và chúng tôi đã thu thập dữ liệu toàn cầu, mặc dù không nhiều.
    Cần phải thực hiện nhiều nghiên cứu hơn nữa. Và chúng tôi đã đặt tên cho nó. Chúng tôi gọi và công bố nó dưới tên Hội chứng Cơ xương khớp ở Thời kỳ Mãn kinh, vì tôi chắc chắn với bạn, Stephen, nếu ai đó vào văn phòng bác sĩ của họ, nơi mà ở quốc gia này thời gian mà chúng ta có thể dành ra rất hạn chế, và nói rằng, tôi bị cái này, cái này, cái này và cái này. Sáu thứ trong 15 phút. Thật khó để giải quyết điều đó. Nhưng nếu ai đó đến với nomenclature rằng, tôi nghĩ tôi bị Hội chứng Cơ xương khớp ở Thời kỳ Mãn kinh, cánh tay tôi không cử động, blah, blah, blah, thì ngay lập tức bạn không cần phải trải qua một chẩn đoán phân biệt cho 600 thứ, bạn như là, ôi, với tư cách là bác sĩ. Tài liệu này về Hội chứng Cơ xương khớp ở Thời kỳ Mãn kinh đã được tải xuống gần 300.000 lần. Để đặt điều đó vào bối cảnh, một số tạp chí lớn nhất thế giới, các tạp chí y khoa trong thế giới, đã ghi nhận rằng họ thực hiện một khảo sát về số lần mà các bài viết tốt nhất của họ đã được tải xuống. Các tạp chí khoa học hàng đầu, các bài viết của họ được tải xuống khoảng 10.000 lần. Hội chứng Cơ xương khớp ở Thời kỳ Mãn kinh này đã được tải xuống gần 300.000 lần, và không phải vì, vâng, đó là một tài liệu tốt. Nhu cầu để giao tiếp rõ ràng những gì đang diễn ra với mọi người là rất lớn, Stephen, vì vậy tôi đã làm cho nó mở truy cập, có nghĩa là bạn không cần phải trả tiền để nhận bài viết này. Và tôi khuyến khích mọi người tìm kiếm trên Google, nó sẽ được xếp hạng số một, để in ra, đọc nó, đưa cho bác sĩ của bạn, để họ có thể hiểu rằng bạn đang bị viêm nặng. Đó là lý do tại sao toàn bộ cơ thể bạn đau, vai bạn không cử động vì bạn bị viêm, nhưng đầu gối bạn đau vì bạn bị viêm khớp của thời kỳ mãn kinh. Và chỉ để xây dựng sự hiểu biết về những gì đang xảy ra với mọi người. Thú vị. Tôi không có ý nói rằng 300.000 lượt tải. Tôi biết. Thật tuyệt vời. Nó giống như một cuốn sách bán chạy nhất của New York Times, sách bán chạy nhất. Bài nghiên cứu này. Gấp 30.000 lần. Thật điên rồ. Điên rồ. Vâng. Chúc mừng. Vâng, bạn biết không? Nghiên cứu là một nỗ lực đồng đội, và tất cả chúng tôi làm việc cùng nhau. Nhưng cảm ơn bạn. Nó là điều cần thiết. Tôi đã sử dụng một từ ở đó, viêm khớp, điều mà chúng ta chưa bàn tới, nhưng bạn cũng đã sử dụng nó để mô tả ngón chân cái của bạn. Vâng, tôi đã làm. Nguyên nhân gây ra viêm khớp là gì? Tôi không muốn bị viêm khớp. Oh, ai mà không? Có hai loại viêm khớp. Có một loại tự miễn, nghĩa là cơ thể của bạn xác định bản thân bạn không phải là chính bạn. Và điều đó được gọi là viêm khớp dạng thấp rất khác với cách mà tôi đã dùng hôm nay, đó là viêm khớp thoái hóa, là viêm khớp do hao mòn và hư hỏng. Vì vậy, viêm khớp do hao mòn có thể xảy ra qua hàng ngàn lần lặp lại trên một khớp. Chúng ta đã nói trước đó về việc chạy, đó là 1.000 bước mỗi dặm. Nó có thể xảy ra do chấn thương. Tôi có rất nhiều, tôi từng chăm sóc đội bóng đá Đại học Pittsburgh, và tôi có rất nhiều thanh niên 20 tuổi bị viêm khớp gối vì tác động quá lớn khi những người chơi đập vào nhau khiến họ mòn sụn. Vì vậy, viêm khớp do hao mòn, viêm khớp thoái hóa, là sự mất lớp sụn ở đầu xương. Nó gây ra đau nhức. Nó gây ra sưng. Nó gây ra cứng. Và tùy thuộc vào mức độ bạn bị, chúng tôi có thể điều trị bảo tồn cho bạn qua nhiều cách khác nhau, hoặc cuối cùng chúng tôi có thể thay thế khớp của bạn. Tôi muốn trở lại với việc, chúng ta đã nói đến bộ triệu chứng liên quan đến thời kỳ mãn kinh, và bạn đã nói rằng viêm khớp là một yếu tố. Bạn đang nói với tôi rằng để tránh các triệu chứng cơ xương khớp của thời kỳ mãn kinh, tôi nên dùng liệu pháp thay thế hormone? Đây là điều tôi đang nói với bạn. Tôi đang nói với bạn rằng mọi mô cơ xương khớp đều có thụ thể estrogen alpha và beta. Chúng tôi biết rằng khi những thụ thể đó trống rỗng, bạn sẽ biểu hiện một số hội chứng cơ xương khớp của thời kỳ mãn kinh mà 80% chúng ta đều gặp phải. Điều tôi đang nói với bạn là estrogen ngồi trong những thụ thể đó có thể ngăn chặn mất xương, có thể ngăn chặn mất cơ, có thể giảm viêm của cơn đau khớp và vai đóng băng, vì vậy mọi người có quyền tự quyết định. Con người là những sinh vật suy nghĩ, họ có quyền tự quyết, họ có quyền đưa ra quyết định để thoát khỏi cơn đau và ngăn ngừa hội chứng cơ xương khớp của thời kỳ mãn kinh dựa trên khoa học chứ không phải nỗi sợ. Một trong những điều mà tôi hơi lo lắng về thời điểm này là đau lưng, đặc biệt là đau lưng dưới. Tôi đã đọc rằng đau lưng dưới là nguyên nhân hàng đầu duy nhất gây ra tàn tật toàn cầu, ảnh hưởng đến chất lượng cuộc sống và năng suất của cá nhân một cách đáng kể, điều này đã được công bố trong bài viết của Tổ chức Y tế Thế giới. Năm 2020, đau lưng dưới đã ảnh hưởng đến 619 triệu người trên toàn cầu và sự phổ biến của nó đang gia tăng do một số yếu tố khác nhau, một trong số đó là lão hóa, nhưng tôi cũng nghĩ chung chung rằng cách chúng ta đang sống ngày càng ít vận động hơn và ngồi trên những chiếc ghế và những thứ như vậy. Đau lưng, điều phổ biến, dường như chỉ tồn tại ở thế giới phương Tây. Tôi đã có một người từ… đã ở bộ lạc Hadza ở châu Phi và họ không có đau lưng ở đó. Vâng. Họ sống như thế nào? Không giống như thế này, phải không? Họ ngồi xổm. Vâng. Họ không có ghế. Vâng. Chà, đau lưng là bệnh dịch trong cộng đồng của chúng ta do lối sống của chúng ta. Chúng tôi đang ngồi đây trong vài giờ. Có thể tôi đang ngồi như thế này, nhiều lúc cúi về phía trước. Cơ bụng của chúng ta thì thư giãn. Cơ bụng trước của chúng ta thì thư giãn. Lưng dưới của chúng ta thì thư giãn. Không có kích thích nào để giữ cho cơ bụng của chúng ta khỏe mạnh khi ngồi trên ghế và chúng tôi làm điều này ít nhất 10 giờ mỗi ngày, đúng không? Đó là điều đầu tiên. Thứ hai, thì 70% người không tập thể dục có ý nghĩa nào trong suốt tuần, vì vậy chúng ta không bao giờ xây dựng lại cơ bắp đó. Vì vậy, chúng ta bị đau lưng dưới do yếu cơ và một lý do khác mà chúng ta bị đau lưng dưới, đặc biệt là ở phụ nữ hoặc những người đàn ông rất lớn tuổi, là sự nén các đốt sống của chúng ta, các gãy nén ở cột sống của chúng ta. Điều đó có thể rất đau đớn. Nó biểu hiện dưới dạng đau lưng dưới.
    Tôi muốn phân biệt cho mọi người nghe sự khác nhau giữa đau lưng thấp và tình trạng chèn ép dây thần kinh cần phẫu thuật. Đau lưng thấp là cơn đau ở vùng lưng dưới, sự cứng nhắc. Khi bạn đi khám bác sĩ với vấn đề đau lưng thấp, họ nên hướng dẫn bạn cách trở nên khỏe mạnh hơn, gửi bạn đi điều trị vật lý để bỏ thuốc lá nếu bạn đang hút thuốc, vì điều đó gây độc cho xương, đúng chứ? Tất cả những vấn đề về lối sống đó. Nếu bạn cảm thấy cơn đau bắt đầu từ lưng, nhưng lan tỏa xuống chân như điện chạy dọc theo chân, bạn hãy nghĩ đến cảm giác của tia sét. Điều đó xảy ra vì một dây thần kinh đang bị chèn ép khi nó ra khỏi tủy sống của bạn. Đó là điều cần phải được kiểm tra và xem xét. Nhưng tôi chỉ muốn phân biệt điều đó vì nhiều người nhầm lẫn giữa hai vấn đề. Tôi nghĩ có khoảng 80% người phương Tây sẽ trải qua đau lưng thấp và điều đó làm tôi suy nghĩ về bàn làm việc đứng và những thứ như vậy. Bạn có khuyên mọi người sử dụng bàn làm việc đứng không? Tôi có và cả máy chạy bộ cũng vậy, vì có rất nhiều công việc chúng ta thực hiện trong suốt cả ngày mà không phải là công việc sâu sắc. Chúng ta đang làm rỗng hộp thư điện tử. Chúng ta đang gọi điện thoại lại. Chúng ta đang làm những phần công việc không nặng nề, không mất nhiều sức lực. Tất cả đều có thể thực hiện khi đứng hoặc tôi khuyến khích các nhóm mà tôi làm việc cùng tổ chức cuộc họp bằng cách ngồi xổm vào tường. Đừng ngồi ở bàn hội đồng, hãy dựa vào tường, mọi người hãy cùng ngồi xổm. Hãy làm cho cuộc họp nhanh chóng vì điều đó đòi hỏi rất nhiều sức mạnh. Nhưng để xây dựng sự linh hoạt kiểu đó, lúc duy nhất chúng ta thật sự cần ngồi là khi chúng ta đang giải quyết hòa bình thế giới. Còn lại chúng ta có thể đứng, và thực sự, các nghiên cứu đã chỉ ra rằng nếu chúng ta cố gắng học một cái gì đó, thì tốt hơn là di chuyển trong khi học vì năng lượng động học của việc học là tốt hơn cho não bộ của chúng ta, chẳng hạn như vậy. Tôi đã đưa ra một ví dụ ngày hôm qua khi tôi dạy mọi người cách quản lý thời gian và tôi nói, “Khi tôi nghe các podcast dài như thế này, tôi không thể ngồi liên tục ba giờ nhưng tôi có thể đi bộ và nghe và tôi nhớ nhiều hơn, chẳng hạn.” Điều đó đã được chứng minh rằng nếu chúng ta đang tập thể dục, chúng ta nhớ được nhiều hơn. Về việc học tập. Ồ, được rồi. Bạn đã thực hiện rất nhiều nghiên cứu. Chúng sâu sắc quá. Bạn có một nghiên cứu yêu thích nào không? Nghiên cứu đầu tiên mà chúng tôi thực hiện về những vận động viên thạc sĩ trả lời câu hỏi ở độ tuổi nào chúng ta thực sự chậm lại? Bởi vì nếu bạn tin vào những điều như Hallmark và tất cả những quả bóng phẫu thuật y tế khi bạn bước sang tuổi 40 hoặc 50, việc chậm lại là một phần không thể tránh khỏi của quá trình lão hóa. Nhưng thực tế trong nghiên cứu của chúng tôi cho thấy rằng khi tôi nhìn vào các vận động viên điền kinh trong mỗi cuộc đua từ 100 mét đến 10.000 mét và tôi nhìn vào tám người đứng đầu trong mỗi nhóm tuổi, trong mỗi cuộc đua, chúng tôi không chậm lại một cách đáng kể cho đến khi vượt qua tuổi 70. Vậy nên từ 50 đến 70, người chiến thắng trong cuộc đua một dặm hoàn thành nó trong bốn phút 34 giây. Cùng năm của nghiên cứu, đứa trẻ chiến thắng trong cuộc đua một dặm ở trường trung học đã làm điều đó trong bốn phút 17 giây. Người 70 tuổi chiến thắng trong cuộc đua một dặm đã làm điều đó trong chưa đến bảy phút. Điều đó cho thấy nếu chúng tôi chậm lại một cách đáng kể trước tuổi 70, chúng tôi đã quyết định không tập luyện nghiêm túc hoặc không cố gắng nữa. Chúng tôi đã bị thương nặng và không thể. Nhưng điều đó không phải do sinh học. Mà là do tâm lý. Chính xác. Không có bóng đèn nào bật lên. Nhưng chúng tôi nghĩ rằng. Chúng tôi nghĩ rằng khi trải qua cơn đau đầu tiên, chúng tôi bắt đầu thấy mệt. Chúng tôi nghĩ điều đó là tự nhiên. Vì vậy, chúng tôi dễ dàng chấp nhận. Chúng tôi chỉ nhượng bộ và rồi đó là vòng xoáy chậm dần vào một lối sống trở thành tự thực hiện, tôi đoán. Chúng tôi ngừng cố gắng. Chúng tôi ngừng chơi mạnh mẽ vì chúng tôi ngừng cố gắng. Bởi vì chúng tôi nghĩ rằng điều đó là không thể tránh khỏi. Chúng tôi nghĩ rằng không. Lão hóa là điều không thể tránh khỏi. Cách chúng tôi lão hóa là do chúng tôi quyết định. Bạn đang làm việc trên một cuốn sách đúng không? Bạn vừa nộp bản thảo cho nó. Chúng tôi rất, rất phấn khích về cuốn sách này. Không thể bị phá vỡ. Không thể bị phá vỡ. Vững mạnh. Sống lâu. Lão hóa với sức mạnh. Và thực sự cuốn sách này tiếp tục cuộc trò chuyện về lão hóa và sự trường thọ mà tôi đã nói trong một thời gian dài, nhưng thật sự tập trung vào sự trường thọ của phụ nữ. Vậy cuốn sách được xây dựng xung quanh những cột trụ của quá trình lão hóa, mà tôi gọi là bom hẹn giờ. Bom hẹn giờ của sự rối loạn chuyển hóa. Bom hẹn giờ mà chúng ta nghĩ có nghĩa là DNA của chúng ta là số phận của chúng ta, mà không phải vậy. Chúng ta có thể điều chỉnh chính mình và nhiều điều khác và thật sự giải thích khoa học về những gì đang diễn ra và rằng lão hóa không phải là sự suy giảm không thể tránh khỏi từ sức sống sang sự yếu đuối trừ khi chúng ta chấp nhận tư duy đó, đúng không? Và rồi phần thứ hai của cuốn sách đưa ra một lối sống mà tôi gọi là không thể bị phá vỡ. Nó liên quan đến cơ bắp. Nó liên quan đến xương. Nó liên quan đến dinh dưỡng. Nhưng phần quan trọng nhất là những gì bạn vừa nói. Nó liên quan đến thái độ và tư duy. Và vì vậy tôi giúp mọi người thiết lập tiêu chuẩn và mục tiêu cho những gì họ muốn dựa trên giá trị của họ. Nếu tôi không coi trọng sự độc lập, nếu tôi không coi trọng việc giữ cho bộ não của mình cho đến cuối cùng và tất cả các điều khác mà tôi coi trọng, thì mục tiêu của tôi sẽ không được thông tin đầy đủ. Tôi có thể nói, tôi muốn hoàn thành một cuộc chạy marathon ở tuổi 80, nhưng đó không đủ nếu không liên kết với những giá trị của mình. Và sau đó, chúng tôi nói về việc xây dựng sự kiên cường vì sự kiên cường của não có thể được xây dựng theo cách tương tự như sự kiên cường của xương. Và tôi tin rằng cần cả hai điều đó để tiến bộ và lão hóa với sức mạnh. Và rồi các phần cuối cùng của cuốn sách này thực sự đưa chúng ta lên một cấp độ tiếp theo. Làm thế nào chúng ta, giờ đây chúng ta đã tối ưu hóa sức khỏe của mình và quyết định rằng chúng ta không phải là nạn nhân của thời gian? Tôi không tin như vậy. Tôi tin rằng chúng ta có thể định hình tương lai của mình. Chúng ta làm gì để đạt hiệu suất tối ưu? Làm thế nào chúng ta tiếp tục nỗ lực để đạt được hiệu suất cao hơn? Và những công nghệ tuyệt vời nào có thể giúp chúng ta? Tôi rất, rất phấn khích. Yay. Chúng ta có thể đặt trước nó chưa? Chưa được, nhưng bạn có thể vào danh sách chờ của tôi trên trang web của tôi. Được rồi. Tôi sẽ liên kết điều đó bên dưới cho bất kỳ ai muốn có cuốn sách đó, tôi cũng sẽ nằm trong danh sách đó.
    Sure! Here’s the translation of the provided text into Vietnamese:

    Tôi sẽ cho bạn một cái.
    Có điều gì khác mà chúng ta nên nói đến mà chúng ta chưa đề cập không, Tiến sĩ Wunder?
    Tuần trước, tôi đã phát biểu tại Hiệp hội Đái tháo đường Hoa Kỳ và nói về giai đoạn giữa đời và mãn kinh, điều mà bạn và tôi đã nói đến, và tất cả các thay đổi chuyển hóa diễn ra khi estrogen rời khỏi cơ thể.
    Và hôm nay, chúng ta đã nói về tiểu đường trước khi phát triển và cách mà chúng ta cần đưa ra một hồi chuông lớn vì tất cả những thay đổi chuyển hóa sẽ dẫn đến tiểu đường và bệnh Alzheimer.
    Nhưng khi tôi nhìn nhận hai vấn đề đó một cách riêng rẽ, tiền mãn kinh và tất cả các thay đổi chuyển hóa, thay đổi lipid, phân bố mỡ, kháng insulin và tiểu đường trước khi phát triển, chúng gần như giống hệt nhau.
    Và điều mà chúng ta biết là đây cũng là một hồi chuông cần được vang lên.
    Nếu chúng ta không chú ý trong thập kỷ quan trọng của cuộc đời mình và trở thành người tiền tiểu đường và sau đó là phụ nữ và mất estrogen, điều đó đã làm gia tăng các thay đổi chuyển hóa bình thường xảy ra với kháng insulin do mất estrogen.
    Và sau mãn kinh, phụ nữ có nhiều trường hợp tiểu đường hơn và do đó có nhiều trường hợp Alzheimer hơn.
    Vì vậy, nếu tôi có thể làm tất cả những điều này và bắt đầu khiến mọi người suy nghĩ về nó khi chúng tôi 35 tuổi, đó là một công việc đáng làm.
    Đó chính xác là điều mà bạn đang làm.
    Chính xác là những gì bạn đang làm.
    Và tôi nghĩ lý do tôi bị cuốn hút bởi mãn kinh cũng như lý do phụ là vì tôi có quá nhiều phụ nữ tuyệt vời trong cuộc sống của mình, bao gồm cả đối tác của tôi, người có thể không may mắn được tiếp xúc với tất cả thông tin mà tôi có được khi làm điều này.
    Nhiều câu hỏi mà tôi hỏi bạn cũng gần như là sự chuẩn bị cho tôi để trở thành một người hỗ trợ trong cuộc sống của cô ấy, cô ấy hiện 32 tuổi, vì vậy là những năm tháng quan trọng.
    Bạn biết đấy, Steven, nếu tôi có thể khiến nhiều người đàn ông có được thái độ như bạn vừa thể hiện để có sự tò mò tìm hiểu về những thay đổi ở phụ nữ trung niên, không chỉ những thay đổi về cơ thể, mà cả những thay đổi về thái độ và tình dục, tôi nghĩ chúng ta có thể cứu vớt rất nhiều cuộc hôn nhân.
    Nhưng tôi thấy rằng trong khối lượng kiến thức còn thiếu ở phụ nữ thì lại càng ít kiến thức hơn ở nam giới, nhưng nếu đó là một sự hợp tác, thì tôi nghĩ thái độ và sự tò mò của bạn là rất đáng khích lệ vì tôi nghĩ chúng ta có thể cứu vớt rất nhiều mối quan hệ nếu mọi người đều cảm thấy như vậy.
    Vâng, vì đối với tôi, điều đó đã tạo ra một khối lượng lớn sự đồng cảm.
    Và với sự đồng cảm, bạn tiếp cận những thách thức khác đi với một góc nhìn khác.
    Và có ít sự đổ lỗi hơn và nhiều hơn, tôi nghĩ, là sự khuyến khích hỗ trợ.
    Vì vậy, đó thực sự là lý do tôi nghĩ rằng cũng quan trọng với nam giới hiểu những điều này vì khi bạn bắt đầu nhận thấy sự khác biệt nào đó có thể theo cách nào đó mà cô ấy cảm thấy hoặc mẹ bạn hoặc bà bạn hay thậm chí là các con gái của bạn, bạn có thể không phải là những bác sĩ ngây thơ nào đó nghĩ rằng ai đó đang mất trí hoặc chỉ là họ khác đi hoặc đó là tính cách của họ mà bạn có thể hiểu rằng có điều gì sâu hơn đang diễn ra.
    Và cũng có điều gì đó mà ít nhất một phần, bạn có thể làm gì đó về nó.
    Chắc chắn rồi.
    Điều mà tôi nghĩ là điểm kết luận quan trọng nhất.
    Chúng ta có một truyền thống khép lại trong podcast này, nơi khách mời cuối cùng để lại một câu hỏi cho khách mời kế tiếp mà không biết họ để lại cho ai.
    Và câu hỏi để lại cho bạn là, làm thế nào bạn biết khi nào là đủ?
    Tôi nghĩ rằng bạn biết khi nào là đủ, khi nó trở thành, nếu nó liên quan đến công việc hoặc phấn đấu cho điều gì đó, hoặc khi bạn không còn yêu nó nữa, khi nó trở thành một gánh nặng và bạn không còn yêu nó, đó là khi đã đến lúc đủ vì nó không còn nuôi dưỡng bạn.
    Cảm ơn bạn rất nhiều vì công việc bạn đang làm.
    Bạn thật tuyệt vời và tôi nghĩ mọi người nên theo dõi bạn trên Instagram vì bạn đã xây dựng một cộng đồng phi thường trên Instagram nơi bạn chia sẻ rất nhiều kiến thức này hoàn toàn miễn phí.
    Nhưng tôi cũng nghĩ rằng mọi người nên đến trang web của bạn.
    Cảm ơn bạn.
    Họ nên mua cuốn sách này.
    Tôi biết cuốn sách này, có lẽ họ nên chỉ cần tham gia danh sách chờ cho cuốn sách sắp phát hành.
    Không thể phá vỡ.
    Không thể phá vỡ.
    Danh sách chờ đang trên trang web của bạn ngay bây giờ.
    Họ có thể tham gia cộng đồng Instagram của bạn, điều mà tôi nghĩ là tuyệt vời.
    Thật tuyệt vời khi thấy, vì thường thì mọi người có người follow, nhưng tôi thực sự cảm thấy bạn có một cộng đồng.
    Tôi thấy điều đó trong phần bình luận.
    Tôi thấy mọi người rất, rất tích cực tham gia và như bạn thấy từ số lượng người đã tải xuống tài liệu mà bạn đã xuất bản, có một cơn khát và đói thực sự cho thông tin này.
    Và tôi nhận được rất nhiều tin nhắn từ cuộc trò chuyện cuối cùng mà chúng ta đã có, nhưng từ những cuộc trò chuyện này nói chung về phụ nữ, từ chồng của họ, những người rất biết ơn bạn, vô cùng biết ơn.
    Thực sự, bạn biết đấy, vì tôi có nhiều cuộc trò chuyện về rất nhiều chủ đề, nhưng cuộc trò chuyện đặc biệt này kích thích một loại năng lượng nhất định rất khác thường.
    Bạn hiểu ý tôi đúng không?
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    Vì vậy, cảm ơn bạn đã làm công việc của bạn và đã thắp sáng cho rất nhiều người đang sống trong bóng tối liên quan đến thông tin và thông tin đó chắc chắn, không nghi ngờ gì, đang cứu sống hàng triệu người.
    Tôi hy vọng như vậy.
    Và đó là công việc đáng làm.
    Vì vậy, cảm ơn bạn rất nhiều, Tiến sĩ Vonda.
    Cảm ơn bạn.
    Một số người thành công, hấp dẫn và sâu sắc nhất trên thế giới đã ngồi đối diện với tôi tại bàn này và vào cuối mỗi cuộc trò chuyện, tôi đã hỏi họ để lại một câu hỏi trong cuốn nhật ký nổi tiếng của một giám đốc điều hành và đó là một câu hỏi được thiết kế để tạo ra loại cuộc trò chuyện quan trọng nhất, loại cuộc trò chuyện có thể thay đổi cuộc sống của bạn.
    Chúng tôi sau đó lấy những câu hỏi đó và đưa chúng vào những tấm thẻ.
    Trên mỗi tấm thẻ, bạn có thể thấy người đã để lại câu hỏi, câu hỏi mà họ đã hỏi và ở bên kia, nếu bạn quét mã vạch đó, bạn có thể thấy ai đã trả lời câu hỏi tiếp theo.

    Feel free to ask if you need anything else!
    Có một điều mà tôi biết rất nhiều bạn đã muốn biết và cách duy nhất để tìm ra đó là
    sắm cho mình một bộ thẻ trò chuyện, mà bạn có thể chơi ở nhà với bạn bè và
    gia đình, tại nơi làm việc với đồng nghiệp và cũng với những người lạ hoàn toàn trong kỳ nghỉ.
    Tôi sẽ để đường link đến bộ thẻ trò chuyện ở phần mô tả bên dưới và bạn có thể lấy của mình
    tại diary.com.
    [Nhạc]
    只有跑步的跑者受傷的機會很大,一般都是因為運動不平衡。因此,我總是進行這個測試,以顯示你的臀部肌肉是否足夠強壯,能夠保持骨盆的直立,以及你是否強壯到能夠避免膝蓋掉入那種位置。我看起來就像醉了一樣。你怎麼能穿著高跟鞋做到這一點?沃達·賴特醫生是一位領先的骨科醫生和長壽專家。她利用自己在精英運動員方面的專業知識,徹底改變我們移動、飲食和訓練的方式,讓我們活得更久、更強壯、更好。我正在努力讓骨頭再次性感,因為在美國,至少有50%的女性會得骨質疏鬆,還有200萬男性。骨質疏鬆是骨密度低的表現,研究顯示,骨密度低的人認知能力下降的風險更高,骨折的風險也增加。如果你摔斷了髖部,不管你是男性還是女性,有50%的機會你將無法恢復到摔倒前的功能,30%的機會可能會死亡。造成骨頭脆弱的原因有很多,比如衰老、年輕時沒有建立足夠的骨質、久坐的生活方式、對女性必須苗條的迷思,甚至像是女性在哺乳的初期會損失20%的骨密度,但這並不是不可避免的。我將提出一種我稱之為「無法斷裂」的生活方式。這涉及到肌肉、骨頭和營養,但最重要的部分是心態。我非常興奮,但我想暫停一下,探討更年期和骨密度之間是否有聯繫?是的,因為雌激素的驟降對肌肉、骨頭、肌腱、韌帶和背部至關重要,缺乏它會產生可怕的後果。因此,你需要了解以下內容。我發現非常有趣的是,當我們查看Spotify和Apple的後端以及我們的音頻頻道時,大多數觀看這個播客的人尚未點擊關注或訂閱的按鈕,無論你在哪裡收聽。我想與你達成一個協議。如果你能幫我一個大忙,點擊那個訂閱按鈕,我會不懈努力,不斷改進這個節目。無法告訴你點擊訂閱按鈕對我們有多大的幫助。節目會越來越大,這意味著我們可以擴大製作,邀請你想看的所有嘉賓,並持續做我們熱愛的事情。如果你可以幫我這個小忙,點擊關注按鈕,無論你在哪裡收聽,對我來說意義非凡。這是我唯一會向你請求的幫忙。非常感謝你的時間。回到這集節目。沃達·賴特醫生。是的。對於那些不知道你在做什麼和為誰服務的人,能告訴我們你做什麼和為誰服務嗎?作為一名運動醫生,這些年來,我們學會了如何對待那些高表現的運動員。那些總是獲勝的人,他們需要在自己的技藝上不斷變得更好。在我30年的職業生涯中,我們從專注於訓練方式進步到關注訓練的週期性,直到我最後一次在匹茲堡大學任職時,擔任UPMC Lemieux體育綜合體的醫療主任,這裡是匹茲堡企鵝隊的駐地。這一切變得非常科學化。他們有全職的廚師。從早餐、午餐、晚餐,每一餐在飛機上的餐食都是提前準備好的,因為當涉及到瞬間的敏捷反應時,最高層次的思考,每一點都至關重要。因此,在我30年的醫學職業生涯中,從僅僅學習運動科學的表現到如何餵養人們,再到如何幫助恢復。因此例如,達拉·托雷斯(Lara Torres)談到她40歲時的奧運會比賽訓練時,她在24歲與40歲生孩子後的訓練方式是大不同的。到40歲時,她的訓練不再是長時間待在游泳池,而更多的是著重於恢復。我將在這段職業生涯中學到的所有知識不僅應用於運動員身上,還應用於像你和我這樣從事高性能工作的普通人。我需要在我生活的每個領域都保持最佳狀態,就像你一樣。我們如何改善飲食、恢復以及將從運動員那裡學到的表現原則搬運到高效能者和像我這樣的普通運動員身上?我很多的工作涉及認知表現,確保我的大腦在需要時夕之前明亮。你的工作有多少與認知領域交集?你知道,我自己不是腦科學家,但我很幸運地被專家包圍著,因此在我自己的角度上,我對睡眠的角色有了更深刻的認識。實際上,我們之前談過我在2000年代初期的書籍,當我寫那些書時,流動性是最重要的。我只寫了流動性。然後隨著職業生涯的進展,我對營養的了解越來越深入。然後我會說,營養是第一位,流動性是第二位。但在這個睡眠科學的進化階段,我知道恢復大腦、提供足夠的時間和養分對於我來說是第一要務,因為你無法在沒有充分恢復的大腦的情況下進行其他任何事情。事實上,有人最近問我,訓練的時間安排是否一定要在早上進行?這是一種信念,起床去鍛煉。而我的回答是你必須了解自己的大腦如何運作。例如,我的大腦最適合在凌晨5點到下午2點之間工作。那時我可以完成所有的深度工作。我會富有創造力。下午2點之後,我可以為你建造一所房子。我可以繼續工作,但如果我要寫一本書,那必須在早上進行。
    所以我早上不運動,因為我不想把那些腦力資源浪費在體能活動上,當我需要它來進行這些深入的工作時。這就是我應用腦科學的方式,但我非常幸運地能夠身處在這個地方,周圍有一些戴著腦電圖(EEG)帽子的人,他們幫你繪製大腦地圖,告訴你哪些大腦通路過於緊張,哪些通路可以訓練。你可以像訓練肌肉一樣訓練大腦。是的,有一家公司叫做Nestry,我恰好能夠接觸到。這家公司為我的精準長壽客戶戴上腦電圖頭盔,我們繪製他們的大腦地圖,比如說這裡有一個例子。習慣性行為幾乎不需要任何腦力資源,即使我們需要大量的腦力資源。它們變得如此習慣,以至於我們的大腦將能量從它們那裡轉移走,而是轉向我們正在學習或感到壓力的事物。我們對那些事物投入了很多精力。一旦這家公司繪製了我們的大腦圖譜,接下來他們有一個訓練程序,幾乎像是讓你的認知大腦放開一旁,讓你的潛意識重新將能量應用到你實際需要但已經開始忽視的通路上,這會讓你變得更有效率。我解釋得不夠清楚,但是腦科學家認為你可以像訓練肌肉一樣重新訓練大腦,將能量投入神經通路。所以我知道我們對運動員也這樣做,試圖從他們身上榨取表現。當你使用“精準長壽”這個術語時,這意味著什麼呢?嗯,你知道,在了解了人類DNA,知道我們真正由什麼組成之後,將我們推進了一個醫學時代,在那裡我們過去150年一直在觀察,這種“一刀切”的方法對任何人都沒有用。現在我們已經測序了人類基因組,我們可以制定健康計畫,你的健康計畫、我的健康計畫。這並不是通用的。舉個例子,當我有想要和我談論如何更健康地生活更長期的人,並且我們繪製一組生物標記時,這不是6000個生物標記,而只是一組23個超出一般實驗室範圍的標記。我看到,例如,或許斯蒂芬,你有大量的衰老細胞,那麼我會根據你的需要專門設計你的營養補充品。你可能不需要針對炎症的任何東西,因為也許你的炎症實驗室數據良好。然而,歷史上我們會怎麼做呢?我們會說,好的,那就給每個人一樣的配方。但是現在我們能夠設計出根據你在這個時期所需的東西。運動方面我也一樣。我從不會說讓你做150分鐘的中等強度運動,因為我可以進行乳酸閾值測試,你在跑步機上走、在跑步機上跑或騎自行車。每四分鐘我們會刺你的手指。我能夠準確告訴你,當你的粒線體,細胞內的小能量儲存單位,從燃燒脂肪轉變為燃燒碳水化合物的時候。那個位置稱為脂肪最大化。那是你的粒線體,你的能量細胞器最有效率的時候。而那就是我們希望在80%的時間內進行鍛煉的地方。所以這只是我告訴你你需要在哪個心率下鍛煉的例子。我將告訴你如何填補你的營養空白,而不是僅僅採取寬泛的指導方針,因為這是目前最先進的技術。當你想到個性化時,我也在思考,不僅是關於個體,還有生活的不同階段,或許在我的20多歲時,有一組事情是我需要更加關注的,而不是在我的30多歲、40多歲、50多歲和60多歲時。這樣的思考方式有用嗎?在生活的不同階段,我們需要思考的事情是否不同,還是每個階段都是相同的?我很喜歡這個問題。簡單的回答是,是的,我們生活的每一個階段都是不同的。以骨骼為例。我們不斷地建立骨骼,直到女性大約28歲,男性30歲時,我們達到骨骼最大質量。然後我們達到一個平台,我們保持骨密度,而在女性中,由於荷爾蒙的影響,骨密度開始急劇下降。對於男性來說,通常他們會保持骨密度直到70歲,然後骨密度下降,除非他們有新陳代謝問題、免疫疾病或需服用大量類固醇,那麼你會在50歲時看到很大的差異。所以在骨骼方面,這是一個不錯的例子。然而,在幾十年中,我們的骨骼反應是不同的。肌肉也是如此。我們知道我們在生命中的任何時候都可以增長肌肉,但我們在30歲之前最容易做到,對吧?我們還知道隨著年齡增長,我們的腸道功能發生變化,這與吸收和腸道中的微絨毛吸收營養和不同類型的營養的能力有關。例如,女性在中年時需要某些類型的維生素,這些維生素稱為甲基化維生素,這意味著需要分解得更多些,因為我們的腸道功能不再那麼高效。因此,隨著年齡增長的每個階段,我們都是不同的。關於骨骼的那一點,聽起來你是在說男性的骨骼保持其密度的時間比女性長,那是為什麼呢?這是否與更年期有關?男性因為睾酮的影響和XY染色體的遺傳,最初會建造更多的骨骼,較厚的皮質,更多的骨骼重量。因此,然後因為雌激素急劇下降,這對骨骼健康至關重要,女性的骨骼損失速度比男性快,因此在40歲左右達到那個平台之後,女性開始失去大約20%的骨密度,直到進入更年期。這對女性可能有可怕的影響。但這一切都與雌激素在控制骨密度上的作用有關。因此,這是不可避免的嗎?女性的骨密度損失是不可避免的嗎?不是的。
    在2004年,我們研究了一大群的碩士運動員,指的是40歲以上在全國老年運動會(類似於該年齡段運動員的奧林匹克運動會)中的運動員。參加全國運動會的運動員必須在州運動會中獲勝才能有資格參加。因此,這些都是相當高水平的休閒運動員。我們進行了一項研究,觀察他們的骨密度隨時間的變化。第一項研究的發現是,經常運動,例如這些人所做的,讓你可以在80多歲時仍然保持很高的骨密度。我們提出的第二個問題是,既然我們知道這是可行的,那麼什麼運動對此特別重要?因此我們將運動分為影響骨骼的運動,比如籃球、跑步和排球,這些運動讓你的骨頭受到衝擊,與游泳、保齡球和騎自行車等運動相對待。我們發現,對骨骼的衝擊在維持骨密度方面與那些你無法控制的因素同樣重要,例如年齡和家族歷史。以影響骨骼、促使骨骼隨時間增強的運動對維持骨密度至關重要。因此,來回答你的問題,骨密度的喪失是否不可避免呢?雌激素的下降是不可避免的,但骨密度的喪失不必導致骨質疏鬆、骨折和虛弱。我想談談為什麼會這樣,但在這裡稍作停頓,因為許多人不認為骨頭那麼重要。我想很多人把骨頭視為我們無法影響的東西。他們不會將骨骼視為像肌肉那樣的東西。肌肉呢?我去健身房,我可以增強我的肌肉,變得強壯,但骨骼似乎是靜止的。所以你會怎麼反駁這一點,讓我開始關心我的骨骼?如果我不關心我的骨骼,會有什麼代價?嗯,你知道,在今年我對此有一種強烈的推動,希望讓骨頭重新變得性感,因為從一個非常膚淺的層面來看,這就是我們應該關心的原因。然後從更科學的層面來說,我們通常只在幾個時刻想到我們的骨頭。比如你照鏡子,有人告訴你,噢,你的骨骼結構真美。看看這個模特的骨頭,或者我們都在摸著自己的顴骨。或者當我們聽到一位偉大的考古學家剛剛發現一個新的人群時,我們想到他們的骨骼可以告訴我們他們的生活方式、死亡情況以及健康程度。事實上,在那個環境中,骨頭是你整個生命的最後遺留物。它持續的時間是最長的。我是說,你骨頭裡的歷史比任何東西都要長久。肌肉會消失,皮膚會消失,除了骨骼,其他一切都會消亡,骨骼仍然存在。這不讓人著迷嗎?但我們想到骨頭的另一個原因是它們會斷裂,對嗎?人們認為骨頭是靜默的,就像一種強大的靜默型,只是在那裡,直到斷裂。然後它們就在尖叫,對吧?造成虛弱。這裡有一些骨骼統計數據,因為真正的答案即將到來。每兩位女性中就有一位在一生中會遭受骨質疏鬆性骨折。因此可能是我,也可能是你的伴侶,或者是你的助手,對嗎?每兩位中就有一位會遭受骨質疏鬆性骨折。女性佔所有髖骨骨折的70%。髖骨骨折是導致人進入護理院的主要原因之一,因為你無法再走路照顧自己,對吧?70%是女性。如果你摔斷髖骨,無論你是男性還是女性,有50%的機會你會無法恢復到摔倒前的功能。你不能再住在你撫養孩子的那個房子裡。你可能無法駕駛,無法完全獨立,對吧?而且有30%的機會,這是一個巨大的數字。有30%的機會你將因為骨折的併發症、臥床休息或因你得到的感染(如膀胱感染)而死亡,簡而言之,就是因為那種久坐的後遺症。所以這些並不是為了嚇唬人。這是我作為醫療外科醫生每天所看到的現實。但關心骨頭還有其他理由,因為骨折是一個大問題。骨骼,這是合情合理的,自然是如此保守。骨頭從我們的頭頂到小指趾,遍布於我們的身體中,對吧?骨頭是優秀的溝通者。我們現在都在談論肌肉,但骨頭和脂肪,各種器官被視為孤立的器官,彼此之間關聯不大,除了它們彼此相鄰。事實是,舉個例子,當我們談論肌肉骨骼系統時,骨頭、肌腱、韌帶、肌肉、脂肪、軟骨、肌肉幹細胞,它們都是源自同一種幹細胞,即間質幹細胞。因此它們不是遙遠的鄰居,而是表親,它們都用同一種語言交流。它們可能有不同的方言。我想到了一個例子,你知道,在英國,英語是主要語言,但根據你住的教區或英國內的哪個國家,英語聽起來非常不同,但實際上是同一種語言。因此,在肌肉骨骼組織中,肌肉和骨頭並不分開。它們是同一個生態系統,當肌肉釋放一種叫做伊利新(irisin)的蛋白質時,它會與骨頭進行交流。當骨頭釋放一種叫做骨鈣素(osteocalcin)的蛋白質時,它與肌肉進行交流。但在骨頭的情況下,如果我們只集中在這種蛋白質上,骨鈣素與全身進行交流。當你的成骨細胞,骨內的骨形成細胞釋放骨鈣素時,它會到達你的大腦,並透過減少炎症發揮神經保護作用。它也會影響大腦,促進海馬體神經元的合成。它還會到達胰腺,幫助改善胰島素的敏感性。
    這會影響肌肉,幫助肌肉從血液中攝取葡萄糖,對吧?如果你是一名男性,骨鈣素可以進入睾丸,這個器官在骨鈣素的刺激下,破骨細胞會產生睾酮。因此,這就像是一種奇蹟,我們只是認為骨頭是那種強壯而沉默的類型,支撐著我們的肌肉,因為事實上,骨頭和它所產生的蛋白質是出色的溝通者。而且這非常合情合理,因為我們的身體中到處都有骨頭。為什麼我們的身體不會像這樣利用它呢?我本以為它只是個框架。嗯,確實是一個框架,對吧?沒有骨頭,肌肉算什麼呢?只是一個代謝組織,對吧?它給了我們身體的形態,但其實它是個出色的溝通者。在我看來,框架幾乎是第二位的工作。骨頭正在釋放東西。我有一個小比喻想要提出來。在一個容器裡,我有一些礦物質,然後這是身體。那麼你能解釋一下骨頭如何將某些東西釋放到身體中嗎?我們談過骨頭的結構性,對吧?它支撐著你。它給了你形態。我們也談過骨頭作為一個出色的溝通者。骨頭的另一個工作是作為你身體的重要儲藏庫。也許我們只談一個,就是鈣。鈣是我們身體中至關重要的礦物質。我們需要它來促進肌肉收縮,將分子推動穿過細胞膜。但我們必須將它儲存到某個地方。所以當我們吃東西時,我們的腸子會將它從我們所吃的食物中提取出來並儲存在我們的骨頭中。因此,我們的身體始終在感知我們有多少鈣,多少磷。我們需要什麼?當身體感覺到我們需要更多時,它就去骨頭。它會刺激破骨細胞,說:“破骨細胞,我們需要更多鈣。”破骨細胞會分解一些骨頭,釋放鈣,然後進入身體供使用。然後身體就有足夠的鈣可供利用。身體不會一直堆積進去,因為高鈣血症會導致心臟心律不齊。這是很糟糕的,對吧?身體在平衡中保持著完美的穩態。因此,當骨頭釋放了足夠的鈣後,它會保持靜止,繼續儲存,對吧?如果身體不需要的鈣,而骨頭已經裝滿了,則會通過腎臟排出。這是一個非常微妙的平衡,介於建立骨頭和將礦物質儲存庫釋放到血液中,或者說:“哦,我們有夠了,讓我們在尿液中排出。”身體就像這樣是一種奇蹟。那么,如果我沒有足夠的鈣或其他這些礦物質,這是否意味著我的骨頭會變得脆弱?你知道,很多因素會導致骨骼脆弱或骨質疏鬆。其中之一是在年輕時建立不夠的骨頭。你之前問過我有關生命週期的變化。談到骨頭,有趣的是,我在診所中接待一些非常年輕的女性,年齡在25到28歲之間,由於各種原因我對她們進行了骨密度測試,她們的骨頭已經變得脆弱。我知道這聽起來很震驚。嗯,我認為這是由多種原因造成的。首先,我們沒有建立足夠的骨頭。這個國家仍然有一種神話,即女性必須很小巧,必須自我饑餓。當這種情況發生時,許多女性的月經周期並不穩定,雌激素也就無法幫助我們積累骨頭。所以這是第一點。嗯,雌激素在骨頭的形成中起著作用。是的,確實起著關鍵作用。所以我們沒有建設足夠的骨頭。或者也許我們是運動員。美國的第九條法律(Title IX)的通過讓大學女性運動平等已經53年了。因此,也許年輕女性沒有建立足夠的骨頭,因為她們消耗了太多的能量,每天10,000卡路里,然後又沒有以正確的方式進行補充。所以她們總是處於能量赤字的狀態,無法建立足夠的骨頭。或者也許年輕女性來到我的診所時,因為我們正在養活整整一代久坐不動的孩子,他們坐在地下室裡玩遊戲,努力培養智力,但卻沒有增強體格。這一點在威斯康星大學的骨科研究中得到了證實,他們研究了哪些女性運動能最有效地增強骨密度,結果是體操運動。正是那些運動員的撞擊和訓練,增強了骨頭的強度。所以青少年期間,由於沒有建立足夠的骨密度,我們面臨著脆骨問題。生命週期中的第二個時期,是我們可能出現骨密度下降的時期,大家聽著,我並不是說不應該哺乳。我自己也對孩子進行了為期一年的哺乳,這對嬰兒來說非常好。但是,一名哺乳的女性在哺乳的前六個月會失去20%的骨密度。如果她沒有特別注意每天攝取500毫克鈣,無論是從食物還是補充劑,她將無法恢復骨密度。而如果你一次接著一次地有孩子,因為許多女性等待到30歲才生第一個孩子,然後只有更少的時間,我們可能永遠無法恢復骨密度。所以這是人們並不意識到可能會對骨骼造成危險的另一個關鍵點。最後,是在圍絕經期這一時期,大約從45歲開始,雌激素水平變得非常不穩定,最終降至零。這會導致你提到的骨密度和骨骼弱化的快速下降。因為雌激素對於控制骨吸收至關重要。沒有雌激素來控制吸收,骨骼就會比破骨細胞能夠構建的速度更快地被分解。因此,這是一種失衡,正規調節失效。所以,我想探討所有這些問題,從你提到的年輕時進行有衝擊運動的觀點開始。
    因為人們常說,如果你在年輕時做一些接觸性運動,尤其是其中一些運動,會有其他後果,例如受傷或撞到頭。
    所以你的意思是說,我們應該在年輕時多跑多跳,以增強骨骼的力量。
    確實如此,這是為了增強所有的能力。
    你知道,我們的線粒體負責產生大部分的能量。
    我們在年輕時會製造很多線粒體。
    如果我們在年輕時不活躍,則沒有足夠的合成刺激來製造這麼多的線粒體。
    如果我們是久坐的孩子,我們可以形成骨骼,但不會像每天都去撞擊它那樣充分增強骨骼。
    我認為威斯康星州的研究很好的說明了這一點。
    這是在所有人生階段都適用嗎?
    如果我60歲,我是不是仍然應該通過打籃球來撞擊我的骨骼?
    這正是我從全國老年運動會的研究中所顯示的,通過在你的一生中對骨頭施加衝擊,你可以改變你的骨密度。
    那麼在懷孕這一點上,即你提到的第二點,在我的懷孕期間和懷孕之後,我需要做些什麼?
    是喝牛奶嗎?
    是的。
    所以,這是我給你的數據,特別是針對母乳餵養的。
    好的。
    對於母乳餵養的母親,你大約會每天損失500毫克的鈣,因為你在為孩子製造牛奶。
    你必須補充這些鈣。
    我希望人們用天然食物來補充鈣,對吧?
    例如用梅子、棗子和高鈣乳製品來補充。
    如果你真的無法做到這一點,可以考慮補充劑。
    但如果你忘了去做,我明白的。
    我曾是一位年輕的母親,疲憊不堪。
    我不是年輕的母親,我是一位40歲的母親,疲憊不堪。
    當寶寶在吃奶時,你必須特別注意攝入鈣,吃酸奶、攝取鈣質,盡量來自全食物。
    這樣你就能重建骨頭,而這是你完全能做到的。
    研究顯示你會重建骨頭,但前提是你要有意識。
    如果你正處於“我必須減掉產後脂肪”的飢餓階段,那就不要這麼做。
    你提到過骨骼對身體各個部位的影響。
    而我聽你提到這個短語,骨骼-大腦軸。
    是的。
    什麼是骨骼-大腦軸?
    好吧,如果我們單單談論骨骼所產生的一種蛋白質——骨鈣素。
    當它進入血液循環後,其中一個去處是大腦,它可以幫助具有神經保護的效果。
    這意味著什麼?
    在正常新陳代謝的過程中,我們會因為正常的代謝細胞作業而產生自由基。
    我們會產生氧化壓力,而骨鈣素的作用就是減少這種氧化損傷,以修復大腦中的細胞。
    那是第一點。
    第二點,它能促進一種叫做腦源性神經營養蛋白(BDNF)的釋放,這也能刺激在大腦中與記憶相關的海馬體神經元的生長。
    而反過來也如此。
    我們知道,骨密度低的人,隨著年齡增長,腦部的認知功能障礙也較高,反之亦然。
    文獻中存在骨質疏鬆與認知衰退之間的關聯,反之亦然。
    我在Business Insider的採訪中聽你提到過,這是一個對骨骼健康至關重要的十年?
    什麼是關鍵十年?
    我認為對於我們的健康來說,關鍵的十年對於男性和女性來說,最遲不應晚於35至45歲。
    這是因為我們知道對於女性來說,就是在這個時候雌激素開始下降或變得混亂。
    所以在我們的30到40歲之間,正是整合所有健康習慣的時候。
    這是進行身體檢查、了解你的基線實驗室數據的時機。
    我認為對於男性和女性,特別是男性來說,獲得基線睾酮檢查是非常關鍵的,
    以便在未來考慮補充睾酮時,我們可以補充到你的特定水平。
    因為在未來,假設你50歲,男子的睾酮可以是600,這屬於正常範圍內。
    但如果他仍然感到精力不足,不像自己,並且有很多肌腱和韌帶的傷害,那麼他的年輕睾酮可能是800或1000。
    所以我希望人們在未曾去過醫生的情況下在35歲左右進行基線檢查,這樣我們就清楚了我們需要將你恢復到什麼水平。
    第一,第二,如果你因為工作繁忙而忽視了任何運動和抗阻訓練的形式,那麼現在就是時候了。
    因為如果我當時知道現在所知道的,當我40歲的時候,我在為鐵人三項訓練。
    我是一名有氧運動員,對吧?
    我跑步、騎自行車,但如果按照我現在所知道的那樣,我當時會舉重,以建立最大肌肉量,
    同時把握住最好的荷爾蒙,從而在更好的起點出發。
    因為你可以建立肌肉,但從較高的平均水平開始會更好。
    所以,接受一些檢查,與醫生建立關係。
    進行所有的預防性篩查,不要忽視這些。
    養成能夠伴隨你一生的習慣,無論是聰明的抗炎飲食,還是加入抗阻訓練計劃,建立你的心臟機能。
    我看到你現在經常跑步,我們希望在進入中年時能夠達到最高的VO2最大值。
    因為隨著年齡增長,我們永遠不希望越過一個叫做脆弱線的界限。
    所以VO2最大值是一個測量,是體能的終極指標。
    你能從空氣中提取多少氧氣並通過肺部擴散到血液中。
    世界級的運動員,我最近剛在猶他州的美國奧林匹克中心,那些運動員的VO2最大值可以達到75、80,有時甚至90,對吧?
    而普通人被認為優秀的VO2最大值大約在50左右,女性也是大約50。
    所以你可以在關鍵的十年內提升你的VO2最大攝氧量,因為一旦我們進入中年,如果不持續增強它,我們的能力每十年將會下降10%。那這看起來是什麼樣子呢?假設我在50歲時開始測量我的VO2最大攝氧量,那時我的VO2最大攝氧量是50,這個數字挺好的,因為我是一個耐力運動的人。用整數來說,當我到了60歲時,這個數字會變成45,70歲是40,80歲是35。如果我是一名男性,我永遠不想讓我的VO2最大攝氧量降到18,女性也不希望降到16,因為那是我們無法獨立從椅子上站起來的VO2最大攝氧量水平。當我們無法在房間裡走動時,因為那需要心臟功能。因此,我們在年輕時提升的VO2最大攝氧量越高,即使不再增強,未來的生命質量也會更好。是的,我有一位家人無法爬上樓梯而不感到氣喘。這是非常讓人沮喪的,因為當你有孫子孫女,他們開始跑來跑去時,你卻想和他們一起玩。看到這位家庭成員面對孫子孫女的來臨而感到無能為力是非常可悲的。孫子孫女們說:“我們來玩!”然後就跑了,而這個人卻無法跟上他們,所以他們只能靜靜地觀望。他們真的只能看著孫子孫女在花園裡玩,因為他們無法與之共玩。我覺得這是件非常悲傷的事。這也是我努力保持健康的重要動力之一,就是能夠延長我的健康壽命。正是如此,希望我能在死前保持更健康。那很好,但這聽起來有點奇怪。我想談談跑步。想談談VO2最大攝氧量,並以骨骼健康這個主題作結。我有兩個術語想要提到。一個是「骨質疏鬆症」。是的,我對骨質疏鬆症一無所知。我一生中聽過幾次,但不清楚這是否是我應該擔心的問題或它的意思。是的,骨質疏鬆症是我們用來描述低骨密度的詞。好的,那麼衡量骨質疏鬆症的方法是用一種叫做DEXA掃描的X光,這是雙重X光檢查。它只是測量並將你的骨密度與30歲健康人的骨密度進行比較,並給我們一個叫做T分數的數據。所以這就像你在學校時在鐘形曲線上得分,曲線的中心是平均數,這是30歲的平均數。當你獲得DEXA掃描的分數,且是正數,太好了。你的骨頭相當於30歲的健康人。如果你在DEXA掃描中獲得的T分數在零到負一之間,那就可以。負一是骨量減少的定義,意味著小心,你的骨頭正在變弱。骨質疏鬆症的定義是T分數低於負2.5,這會使你骨折的風險增加40%或更多。我之前談論的所有糟糕統計數據都與骨質疏鬆症有關。在美國,超過50歲有骨量減少或骨質疏鬆症的人數是多少?嗯,200萬男性患有骨質疏鬆症,有趣的是,這不被認為是男性的疾病。而且每兩位女性中就有一位會有骨質疏鬆性骨折,至少有50%的女性。但是這並不是不可避免的。這就是我為什麼如此關注在關鍵十年內及早發現人群的原因。這不是不可避免的,但如果我們不及早發現,這將變得不可避免。但困擾我的事情是,在美國和我接觸的許多其他國家,你必須等到65歲才能獲得DEXA掃描的報費。到65歲時,損傷已經發生。我們為什麼要等呢?即使是已經發生過骨折的人,也存在隨訪的空白,實際上他們都應該接受DEXA掃描,因為預測未來骨折的第一大因素就是過去的骨折。所以這裡給大家一個公共服務公告,如果你曾經骨折,請去做DEXA掃描。即使是由於創傷導致的骨折,例如車禍,但如果你摔倒了,或者狗把你拉倒了,甚至是低創傷骨折,也請進行DEXA掃描。因為這樣至少你會知道自己的狀況,然後可以計劃增強你的骨骼。是否有任何早期警示信號,顯示我可能正在遭受骨質疏鬆症,或正邁向骨質疏鬆症?我認為你可以從自己家族獲得一些線索。好的。如果你的母親變矮了,如果你之前能夠平視你的母親,就像我,我母親能夠平視我,五尺四寸。現在她已經變得這麼矮。由於脊椎椎骨的壓縮,我們男性和女性都會失去身高。因此,如果你的父親或母親變矮,這是你家族有潛在骨質疏鬆症病史的良好指標。或者如果你的母親曾經有髖部骨折,或者由於某種原因,例如哮喘,你整個人生都需要服用高劑量的類固醇或自體免疫病,這對骨骼非常不利。所以從醫學角度、家庭歷史和個人經歷來看,普遍的骨折是明顯的徵兆。那如果我吸煙呢?這會影響我的骨骼健康嗎?是的,我很高興你問了這個。吸煙對骨頭癒合是有害的。無論是骨折,愈合都會更慢。事實上,我們在吸煙者中有更高的非愈合率,這是指我們修復一個骨折,但它仍然不癒合。我們知道,在骨科文獻中關於接受脊柱手術的吸煙者有大量的數據。他們不僅癒合效果差,而且感染的比例更高。吸煙中的有害化學物質對骨骼非常不利。好在我不吸煙。是吸煙、電子煙還是僅是這些?都是的。電子煙可能更危險。我們只是還沒有那麼多文獻。好的。在我們談到跑步、Veertimax、耐力和運動等所有事情之前,最後一件事是阿茲海默症與骨骼健康的聯繫。兩者之間有聯繫嗎?這與我們之前談論的有關。有一種相關性。我認為我們還沒有找出因果關係,但存在相關性。
    我們看到,阿茲海默病患者和患有危險性骨質疏鬆的人,有時是同一組群,大約30%的時間與腦部疾病有關。此外,骨質疏鬆可能與我們談論的兩個器官系統之間的連結有關。你過去並沒有遠離阿茲海默病。我有。我的姨媽艾達,她非常聰明。她是一位老師,但她開始停止記憶。她不記得自己了。她不記得我們共同成長的農場。這真的是一件很難目睹的事情。有時候,阿茲海默病患者會失去抑制力,變得憤怒、狂怒和害怕。她從來沒有這樣做過,但這仍然是一件很難目睹的事情。這段經歷如何改變了你或改變了你的焦點,或增加了你生活中各種思想、關切、參考點的儲備?嗯,你知道它帶來了什麼嗎?它帶來了一種緊迫感,甚至至今仍是每日的戰鬥。我不想,我想有時人們以為我個人因為我總是談論這些事情,而我也舉重,我活著,過著這種生活。我為別人開處方,大家都認為這很簡單,但這並不簡單。你知道,我剛告訴你我完成了我正在寫的這本書,其中有一個關於這種生活方式的一個大缺口。但迫使我回來的動力是,沒有保持大腦的生活會是什麼樣子?我的意思是,我不知道。有時我在想,如果我在衰老,我不得不選擇一個,我會選擇健康的身體還是健康的大腦?這不是很難嗎?我不知道你是否真的必須選擇,但我無法想像如果沒有健康的大腦,生活會是什麼樣子。因此,對我來說,這激勵我舉重,讓我的骨骼肌分泌去大腦並建造更好的大腦的蛋白質,吃那些不會阻塞我動脈的食物。這只是作為一種激勵,因為我想保持這種狀態直到我去世。如果你必須選擇,你會選擇什麼?健康的身體還是健康的大腦?這對我來說是非常清楚的。我寧願擁有健康的大腦。我也是。我也是。因為那代表著你的關係。那就是生命的圓滿。當然,這是一個假裝的大腦。但這些事情在根本上是相互關聯的,不是嗎?這就是為什麼當我看到有關骨骼健康的阿茲海默病統計資料時,我會想,如果你有骨質疏鬆或其他問題,而你不經常活動,也許,或許。你知道,剛才你提到過的這一點對我的患者來說是一個巨大的動力,那就是阿茲海默病被認為是糖尿病的第三面孔,對吧?因此大家都意識到了糖尿病,這意味著你無法正常代謝糖分,而你有葡萄糖不耐,且你的胰腺不再正常工作。隨之而來的壞後果,人們並不太清楚,至少來我診所的人,卻對預糖尿病的了解不多。如果你不介意我稍微偏離一下,因為這對你剛剛問我的問題是如此重要,那麼我們是否可以預防呢?如果我們可以選擇,我們會選擇什麼?我經常有病人來我的辦公室,我查看他們的檢驗結果,他們的空腹血糖。但他們的檢查已經做過了,而他的空腹血糖是110。我告訴你他們的血紅蛋白A1C接近六。所以,空腹血糖是指在正常功能的胰腺代謝系統下,在你12小時未進食后,血液中殘留的葡萄糖。我們希望空腹血糖的指數在85左右,對嗎?這是正常的,意味著我們吃了一些東西,胰島素從我們的胰腺中釋放,糖分進入我們的肌肉,然後血糖大約在85左右。如果它穩定在110,我們從文獻中知道你在10年內發展成完全的糖尿病的機率在70%到100%之間。但是我在我的辦公室看到的,會問有人告訴過你,你是預糖尿病嗎?要麼答案是沒有,要麼答案是,哦對,有人告訴過我,他們說只需多專注於運動。我認為對於預糖尿病的診斷應該的反應是,跑開並尖叫著去健康。因為如果我們知道在預糖尿病的範圍內保持穩定的血糖,並且我們的醫療保健提供者這樣隨意告訴我們:哦,去多運動一下。你知道,只是隨意的處理這件事。不要吃那麼多碳水化合物。這樣是不夠認真的,因為我們從預防的角度知道,從精準長壽的角度,這完全是關於預防的。我們可以預防你在未來10年內得糖尿病,如果我們真的對舉重、心血管健康、抗炎營養學等非常認真。因此,我根本不會將預糖尿病視為一件隨便的事情。因為如果在10年內你會得糖尿病,而在再過10年你會得阿茲海默病,而我本可以在我40歲時通過注意這一點來預防,這幾乎是不可原諒的,因為我們卻沒有更加關注這個問題。在美國,有9600萬人患有預糖尿病。9600萬。根據美國糖尿病協會的數據,我剛剛在他們的年度會議上做了一次演講。9600萬人擁有可預防的特徵,我們可以防止他們成為糖尿病患者和糖尿病患者,而這卻被太輕描淡寫了。這幾乎是三分之一的人。這意味著我們這個房間裡有三個人。因此,杰克可能有預糖尿病。也許。潛在的。你是一位耐力運動員,不是嗎,蘇?我曾經是耐力運動員,而我今天沒有。我已經過去,但我對持續的血糖監測有點著迷。所以我已經佩戴了大約18個月,這真的很有意思。
    我告訴你我剛完成這本書,而且我有點偏離我的正常強度,這影響了我的血糖。因此我稍微跑一下,因為我一週沒有舉重四次,只舉重兩次,因為我一週沒有短跑兩次。我正常的鍛鍊計劃是一週舉重四次。在其他日子裡,我做大約四天的基礎訓練,屬於第二區域。這四天裡,兩天我會進行短跑。我總是吃很多蛋白質。這就是我的生活方式。在這樣的情況下,我的血糖是85。而且我是一位中年女性,中年女性所經歷的代謝變化。即使稍微放鬆一下也會開始使我的血糖上升。因此,這是一種我們所有人都需要過的每日習慣生活方式。因此,當我看到有人和我一樣健康的時候,當我的病人出現時,他們隨意地被告知他們有某種將要致命的疾病,我認為這遠遠不夠的關注。最近我一直在思考的是,什麼樣的飲食能讓我在與人交談時達到更好的認知表現? 是的。但我同時也在舞台上。我在董事會、會議中、在談判中,我在閱讀電子郵件,寫書等等。所以我總是在思考,如果我能獲得5%的優勢,該有多好。我可以告訴你,例如,我在照顧的職業運動員的飲食師和廚師,他們不只是吃肉。他們的飲食非常均衡,包含大量蔬菜和高蛋白質。他們會服用氨基酸補充劑,以填補不足的部分,對吧?如果他們的亮氨酸攝取不足或者其他什麼的。但他們不會只走一條路。我在照顧的職業運動員中從未見過那樣的情況。Hito給了我非常敏銳的思維。真的嗎?極其敏銳的思維。在這個播客中坐在這裡與大家交談的時候,真的很有趣。因為有些日子你來這裡,這些談話可能可以持續四個小時,而你的大腦和嘴巴感覺上好像不再連接。然後在其他日子我來這裡,像是砰砰。這是自動的,像是我不必思考,它就自然而然地從我嘴裡流出。變量,顯然,因果因素之一是睡眠。另一個是我最近幾小時攝取了多少碳水化合物。因此,如果我攝取了很多碳水化合物,比如說,如果我吃了麵包,我的嘴和大腦就沒有連接。如果我攝取了很多糖,我的嘴和大腦就完全停止了。完全同意。完全同意。你知道的,因為CGM的事情,我發現如果我早餐只吃蛋白質,像是蛋白白煎蛋或其他,只吃蛋白質,我需要一些複合碳水化合物,這樣到早上10點左右才有辦法高效地與我的病人互動。所以現在我早上加了50克碳水化合物,但這不是很多碳水化合物。不多。我只需要那一點複合碳水化合物,但這很有趣,對吧?你吃什麼?我一天吃130克蛋白質。每次攝取蛋白質的上限並不存在。我嘗試至少攝取30克,因為30克是最低閾值。因此,如果我做到這一點,就需要三餐和幾個零食。這是很多食物量,所以我盡量吃得非常豐富。一杯希臘酸奶大約有18克,真的很純的牛肉棒又有16克。所以在這個時候,我已經記住了我能攝取到的最濃縮的食物,來獲得這麼多的蛋白質。這是很多蛋白質。每磅一克。每磅一克,這是我需要建立肌肉的。研究顯示,單靠高蛋白質飲食而不進行自己和其他人希望我進行的舉重運動,可以幫助保持肌肉。然後我吃很多蔬菜。我不知道。希望人們不會對我丟東西,但我除了藍莓以外不吃水果。水果是大自然的甜點。如果我們要吃水果,就當作甜點來吃。我用我的酸奶吃藍莓,然後是碳水化合物。如果我吃的話,我只吃複合碳水化合物。快一點。我想談談我們都需要認真對待的事情,那就是網絡安全。無論你是第一次創業的創始人,面臨第一次審計,還是經驗豐富的專業人士,經歷了所有事情。我得說,保持合規變得比以往任何時候都更加關鍵和複雜。這就是Vanta的用武之地。這是本播客的贊助商。Vanta消除了安全合規的痛苦,將繁瑣但必要的流程自動化,證明你的企業在35個以上的框架中是安全的,例如SOC2 ISO 27001。集中化你的工作流程,以五倍的速度回答安全問題,在不失去增長焦點的情況下保護你的企業。這真的很關鍵。最新的IDC白皮書發現,使用Vanta的公司每年節省超過535,000美元,並且在短短三個月內就能回本。有限時間內,我的社群在Vanta.com/Steven可獲得1,000美元的折扣。那是V-A-N-T-A.com/Steven,享受1,000美元的折扣。你是肌肉的強烈倡導者。當我們談論長壽時,你不斷提到的事情是人們長壽的最重要因素。我想我會把肌肉和骨骼放在相近的類別中,因為你可以擁有任何多的肌肉,但如果你摔断了髖部,你依然會有下游影響。如果你強壯,就不太可能摔斷髖部,但我認為肌肉或骨骼是非常重要的。如果你65歲、70歲,現在肌肉不夠強壯,你的肌肉在過去幾十年已經下降,這是不是太晚了?永遠不會。永遠不會太晚。身體永遠會對你施加的戰略壓力做出反應。
    網路上出現了越來越多曾經的異常現象,許多60、70、80歲,以及更年長的人在健身房中進行力量舉重,甚至成為競技健美選手。即使你剛開始時連從椅子上站起來都很困難,但只要持續六個月或一年,你也可以改變虛弱的狀態。這需要持之以恆,對吧?我真的在想這個問題。我想到我的父親,他快70歲了,我不認為他在過去15年中有進行過重量訓練。心中有一部分我在想,是不是已經太晚開始做重量訓練了?因為這幾乎是個雙重問題,你沒有做過,所以覺得更困難,因此不去做,進而螺旋式下降到一種久坐的狀態。
    那麼,對於這一點,我想說的是,沒有人期望你從力量舉重開始。深蹲、硬拉,沒有人會期待你立刻做到。移動我們的身體以不同的動作範圍,從自重運動開始,逐步過渡到自由重量,再到輕的壺鈴,接著使用彈力帶。一旦你看到自己的身體能適應並進步,你會相對快速地達到目標。
    我以前有一個叫做「起步」的計劃,我會帶領剛從沙發上站起來的人,經過三個月,帶他們參加5公里賽跑,因為對那些久坐的人來說,5公里是一個有意義的距離。在這三個月中,我們進行了一系列的自重和壺鈴類運動循環,然後再散步。參與者最初的體脂率高達51%,甚至無法完成熱身,也無法在平板支撐中支撐自己,但三個月後,他們能夠撐平板兩分鐘,能夠走三英里,能夠在整個10分鐘的循環中持續進行而無需停下來。因此,事實上並不存在年齡或技能水平的界限,當我們的身體不會對你施加的戰略性壓力做出反應的時候,那就真的該為你的父親找個教練了。
    如果他願意接受的話。如果他願意接受的話。我在想如果我想增肌,這一周需要進行幾天的訓練或重複多少次才能增肌?當我在洛杉磯的時候,我經常在思考這個問題。我在努力確保不失去肌肉,但我花了很多時間坐在這裡錄製播客,那我需要多久運動一次才能保持肌肉呢?
    你知道,其實我今天早上才讀到的,甚至在10周的中斷期間,即使你沒有持續舉重,肌肉記憶還是會被保留下來,因此不會有明顯衰退,這讓我感到有些安慰,因為我花了一些時間閱讀這本書。所以你會保留肌肉記憶,一旦再開始,迅速就能回到之前的狀態。因此,如果你暫停幾天並不是全盤皆輸,但如果我們真的在努力,最低也要每周幾次訓練,對於中年的男性來說,這是逐步地增加重量。對於女性來說,大約是八次重複,四組。一旦我們能夠進行較重的舉重,就是四次重複,四組。當我大聲說出這些時,我經常會得到很多人說某人會受傷的評論。其實是有道理的,但你必須逐步提升。
    就像任何運動一樣,你必須朝著那個水平努力,因為我們嘗試通過提升重量,特別是對於女性來說,是為了替代雌激素希望獲得的合成刺激。你必須足夠努力。雌激素能夠促進增長。我們必須通過工作強度向身體發出信號來增肌,而重量訓練能做到這一點。因此,如果你是從沙發上開始,就從彈力帶開始,從輕重量開始,從我所反對的可愛粉紅色小啞鈴開始,但不要就停在那裡。持續以逐漸增重的方式進行全身性訓練,每週至少兩次以維持。
    我需要增加重量負荷才能增肌嗎?因為我在想,當我去健身房時,有時我可能在使用較輕的啞鈴,但卻做了更多的重複。這還能增肌嗎?這要看你想要什麼。所以,較輕的重量和較高的重複次數會有助於肌肉肥大及肌肉整體增長,但不一定會增強力量和爆發力。在中年及之後,我的目標是增強長壽和力量。所以我對於肌肉的大小已不再像以前那麼感興趣。相反,我關心的是它能否隨著時間強有力地運動?我能否從地板上站起來?我能否把行李箱舉過頭?
    所以,為了增強力量,通常是低重複而高重量。所以這完全取決於我們的目標。此時你可能專注於肥大,這很好,因為你還沒有進入關鍵的十年。如果我尋求肌肉肥大,那麼是的,應該選擇較高的重複次數,較輕的重量。12、15次,較輕的重量。而如果我尋求力量,那麼也許就是六到八次。六到八次,沒錯。你做幾次?我做四次。你做四次?嗯嗯。那麼重重量,四次。重量大,四次重複,四組。有趣。我不知道這個。嗯嗯。有趣。
    我想給大家提供一些關於為什麼肌肉如此重要的基礎知識,因為有些人可能還不知道長壽與肌肉之間的聯繫。根據我的理解,很多原因都與葡萄糖有關。因為肌肉是葡萄糖的沉澱池,是預防胰島素抵抗的關鍵因素,更不用說力量、保持直立,防止跌倒而造成骨折了,對吧?所以肌肉是一種代謝內分泌器官。當它釋放時,其中一種釋放的東西是骨骼肌收縮,二頭肌捲起的動作會引起一種名為clotho的蛋白質的轉錄,這是一種促進長壽的蛋白質。大約在30年前,在《自然》雜誌上被描述。這是當肌肉收縮時所轉錄的蛋白質。它對每一個器官都有效。
    我們知道,長壽和器官修復對於生存至關重要,因為那些出生時無法生成克羅塞(clotho)的老鼠會死得很早,雖然從年齡來看牠們年紀很小。牠們在年齡上算是非常年輕的老鼠,但卻因為未能享受到這種克羅塞蛋白而過世。我們透過骨骼肌的收縮來生成克羅塞。這裡有一項我幾年前做的研究,測量了年長的運動員(60、70、80歲)、較年輕的運動員(40歲)和不運動的人血液中的克羅塞水平。結果我發現,循環中的克羅塞——這種長壽蛋白——在年輕運動員身上是最高的,這並不驚訝。其次是在老年運動員(70、80歲)中發現的長壽蛋白克羅塞的水平。而年輕的久坐不動者中則是最低的。所以,即使是年長的運動員,其循環中的克羅塞水平也高於年輕的久坐不動者。因此,僅僅通過骨骼肌的收縮就能透過這種蛋白質增進你的長壽。
    另一種在骨骼肌收縮中釋放的蛋白質叫做甘聯素(galanin),它會被轉錄,進入大腦,在被稱為紋狀核(nucleus cirrhulus)的地方發揮作用,這對於抵抗力至關重要。它使你更加有韌性,幫助你解決問題。而另一種與骨骼肌收縮同時被轉錄的非常受歡迎的蛋白質叫做虹色素(iriscent)。這是運動蛋白,對骨骼有益,能將白脂肪轉化為棕色脂肪,而棕色脂肪的產熱效能更高,並且具有更高的線粒體負荷。因此,肌肉在進行其功能時,並不僅僅是在健身房的鏡子中看起來好看,而是執行所有這些代謝功能。因此,我們認為它在長壽中起著如此關鍵的角色。
    那麼,當我隨著年齡增長而試圖保護我的肌肉時,有沒有什麼補充劑我應該服用呢?我的意思是,是否有克羅塞補充劑在販售?沒有。你必須自己製造它。收縮你自己的肌肉。不過,你需要給你的肌肉提供養分。我總是告訴人們,每理想體重一磅需要一克蛋白質。因為聽著,我是一名實際執業的醫生,這是我所知道的:人們需要非常具體的指示,而這些指示不能讓人感到困惑。那麼,人們需要的蛋白質範圍是什麼?是的,這是有的,但人們可以記住每理想體重一磅一克的這一點。因此,你必須用高質量的蛋白質來喂養你的肌肉,質量最高的蛋白質是具有最高比例的必需氨基酸——亮氨酸(leucine)。亮氨酸是身體無法自行製造的,必須從外部攝取。它是一種支鏈氨基酸,來自乳清蛋白。宇宙中最佳的亮氨酸和乳清蛋白來源是母乳,但我們大多數成年人不會喝這個。因此,我們從乳製品中獲取它。對於植物愛好者而言,你也可以從植物中獲取,但其比例要低得多,因此需要攝入更多。
    所以,高質量的蛋白質是第一步,第二,針對男性和女性的肌酸(creatine)補充劑有很多研究。當我在1992年第一次開始接觸肌酸的時候,那是在奧運會期間。當時我與一群摔跤運動員合作。我們給予非常非常高的劑量。我們會循環性地使用肌酸,間歇地使用,現在穩定地每天五克有助於增強肌肉和大腦,這實在非常有趣。幾個月前,我問我辦公室的人是否使用肌酸,幾位男士舉了手,但沒有任何女士舉手。我問她們為什麼。我說,為什麼你們不使用肌酸?她們說她們認為這是為了健美選手的。雖然它最開始是為健美選手而設,但其實是為所有人設計的。這是經過充分研究的。
    所以,我去年聖誕節時與女友就此進行了一次辯論,因為我在服用肌酸,問她是否想要一些,她也對我說這是為健美選手的,她如果吃了會發胖。然後我說,不,這不是真的。她查了資料,發現肌酸對認知表現、皮膚、頭髮、肌肉、骨骼等等都很好。現在她每天都在服用,這很好。我認為這方面有很大的再教育空間,因為我們幾乎一度認為這像類固醇一樣。其實一點也不是。
    你知道嗎?儘管有像這樣的播客,儘管我在每一座山頂上高喊,我發現公眾對如何成為最健康的自己仍然存在著巨大的知識缺口,甚至在採取行動的能力上更是存在更大的差距。我是說,這不是批評,只是一種觀察,我們知道該做什麼,但卻不去做?即使在我們的家庭當中,有人罹患糖尿病或老年癡呆症,這些似乎也不足以作為動機。我認為這才是真正需要解決的問題。動機。我們該如何解決這個問題?有時候我們靠驚嚇來解決,對吧?有些人面臨重大健康問題,但有時這甚至不夠。我發現,只是嘗試說,如果你今天這樣做,20年後你會更好,永遠都不會有足夠的動機。人們就是無法理解70歲的自己會是什麼樣子。我認為我們必須讓你每天都感覺良好。就像我們在談論你的大腦時說的,當你在進行繁重的工作和認知工作時。如果你能每天都感覺好,你將會持續這種行為,而不是為了承諾。因此,我認為這是與任何人對話的方式。這是我對我的病人所採用的方式。能否讓你明天感覺更好?能否因為今天舉重而感覺像個厲害的人呢?但有些事情,比如骨骼,這就難了。你告訴某人他們需要攝取鈣和其他有益的元素。
    他們認為,唉,我看不見我的骨頭,而骨質疏鬆似乎還很遙遠。
    對。
    直到你看到某人骨折,或者自己骨折,這才會感受到它的嚴重性。
    我同意你的看法。
    維生素D對骨骼健康也是至關重要的,不是嗎?
    我在那裡讀到過。
    確實是。
    還有鎂,維生素D,鎂,還有一些不太為人所知的東西,鍺,鋅,硼和微量元素,
    但重要的還是維生素D和鎂。
    睡眠。
    睡眠。
    我們也談到過這個。
    對。
    這是多麼重要。
    你提到你現在在跑步。
    是的,我在跑步。
    謝謝你注意到這一點。
    我從來沒有提到過,而我注意到還有一百萬其他人應該和你一起參加。
    是的。
    我們會嘗試讓一百萬人一起跑步。
    那太好了。
    你將會拯救很多生命。
    哦,謝謝你。
    這很大程度上要歸功於像你這樣的人所做的工作,以及來到我的節目上,啟發我思考像我的最大攝氧量(VO2 max)這樣的事情。
    在過去幾年裡,我真的只是進行重量訓練,並沒有真正考慮我的骨頭或我的VO2 max。
    所以這對我來說是一個很大的轉變。
    對。
    但當我想到跑步時,我肯定討厭它。
    我現在還是有點討厭,但我現在有點恨也有點愛,這算是進步。
    我該考慮哪些問題呢?
    因為人們會和我談到跑者膝等問題。
    而我不想受傷,但我跑得相當多。
    所以我聽到很多跑者說,哦,好吧,我會用手臂來舉重,因為我在跑步。
    這意味著我的腿會變得更強壯。
    我從30年的臨床經驗中知道,僅僅跑步的跑者會受傷很多。
    原因在這裡。
    跑步建立了一個強大的心血管系統,但通常不會在你的腹部下方增加肌肉質量,除非你總是在上坡跑,這樣才會增強臀部肌肉。
    所以會怎樣呢,跑步是一項單腿運動。如果你觀察步態分析,你每次都是站在一條腿上,你從來不會同時用兩條腿。
    而走路時,你是用兩條腿。
    在跑步時,你是在一條腿上。
    所以如果我的手放在某人的骨盆上,當我們在跑步時,我們不可能每一步都像時裝周在走貓步那樣搖擺。我們想要的是直線奔跑。
    這需要非常強大的臀部肌肉,因為是臀部平衡骨盆。
    如果你來我辦公室作為跑者進來時有疼痛,我會讓你站在一條腿上,看看即使在一個控制的環境中,你是否能做單腿深蹲並保持骨盆穩定,而膝蓋不會內扣。
    如果你做不到,這告訴我我們還有很多臀部核心和髖部力量需要增強。
    我的下背部,我常常思考,因為當我訓練的時候,尤其是現在為英國的足球賽進行訓練時,我總是似乎會有臀部受傷。
    所以幾乎可以百分之百預測,如果我不充分拉伸,即使我拉伸了一點,但不是完全拉伸。
    當我進入足球場的時候,在五分鐘內,我感覺到好像我的臀部有一點撕裂。
    對。
    我該怎麼做?
    你認為發生了什麼?
    在你訓練時,進行動作分析可能對你有幫助,可以讓某人讓你單腿站立,並看看一個動作模式與另一個的不同之處。
    因為如果這樣是可預測的,那就意味著你身上有不平衡的地方。
    所以可能是可以經過訓練來改善的。
    如果你想知道這是怎麼運作的,我可以給你一個我生活中的例子。
    當我跑步時,當我提高速度和距離時,我會可預測地出現左腳跟腱炎和右側髖屈肌的尖銳刺痛,這是可預測的。
    這是因為我從小穿高跟鞋,導致我的左大腳趾有關節炎。因此,當我跑步時,我不會透過腳的中央,而是透過腳的側面,也就是我的小腳趾附近。
    所以我不是像這樣跑,而是這樣跑,這使我的跟腱承受了額外的壓力,改變了我的步態,使得我的左側身體緊繃。
    而我的右側髖屈肌承受了這一切。
    這是一種我知道存在的運動模式缺失。所以如果你每次都可預測地出現同樣的傷害,那可能是由於一側的某些地方太緊,另一側的某些地方太弱。
    如果你得到評估,你可能可以把它訓練好。
    你的腸道和我的腸道是我們消化的家園。
    它也是通往更好健康的門戶,但要知道裡面發生了什麼可能很困難。
    贊助這個播客的Zoe擁有全球最大的微生物組數據庫之一,並且是世界上最先進的家庭腸道健康檢測之一。
    這個血糖傳感器,這個盒子裡面的裝置會安裝在你的手臂上。
    這樣你就可以看到不同食物對你的血糖水平的影響。
    然後是家庭採血樣本,這非常簡單,分析你體內的血脂。
    當然,還有著名的藍色Zoe餅乾,用來測試你的新陳代謝。
    哦,我不能忘記,還有一個糞便樣本,這是理解你的微生物組健康的重要步驟。
    然後你把所有的樣本寄回Zoe,你會收到你的結果,這將幫助你了解你體內對不同食物的反應。
    在你的結果中,Zoe的應用程序還會為你制定個性化的營養計劃。
    這正是我投資於這家公司的原因。
    所以我想問你,你的腸道有多健康?
    前往Zoe.com訂購你的檢測包,找出答案。
    因為你是我們的聽眾,使用代碼Bartlett 10可享受10% 的會員折扣。
    現在就去Zoe.com吧。
    我已經在這家公司Perfected投入了超過一百萬英鎊。他們也是這個播客的贊助商。
    我已經改用床墊作為我主要的能量來源。
    所以Perfected的產品很關鍵。
    他們有抹茶粉、有抹茶飲料、還有膠囊。所有這些讓我在非常非常漫長的錄音日中保持專注,無論發生什麼事。他們的團隊非常注重品質,這就是他們為什麼從日本採購儀式級抹茶的原因。所以當有人告訴我他們不喜歡抹茶的味道時,我猜他們還沒有嘗試過Perfected。
    與低品質的抹茶那種苦澀、草味的口感不同,Perfected則是順滑且天然甜美的。而且你可能已經是Perfected的顧客了,如果你在像Blank Street或Joe in the Juice這樣的地方買抹茶。不過現在你可以在家裡自己製作。試試看,看看你是否還是不喜歡抹茶。
    這是我將要做的。我將給你40%的抹茶折扣,如果你今天試試的話。前往Perfected.com,並在結帳時使用折扣碼DIARY40。或者如果你在超市,你可以在Tesco或Holland & Barrett購買,或者在荷蘭的Albert Heijn購買。而在美國的朋友們,你可以在Amazon上購買。
    談到肥胖和體重,我們上次討論的時候,你跟我提到的一件確實很有趣的事情一直讓我印象深刻,就是我們攜帶的體重越重,對我們的骨骼造成的傷害就越大,這種傷害是非常不成比例的。你能再澄清一下這個嗎?還有能不能跟我談談,我在年齡增長的過程中保持體脂肪低的理由?
    我們談論的是關節健康,舉個例子,膝蓋中的每根骨頭,如果這是你的股骨,每根骨頭的末端都有一層軟骨的緩衝器。軟骨是由膠原纖維構成的矩陣,內含細胞,其主要功能是吸收衝擊。這樣骨頭就不必承受過多的衝擊。骨頭相對脆弱,但能滑動。軟骨在物理學上有一個摩擦係數,低於冰。因此,它比冰更滑,對吧?如果狀況理想,軟骨十分容易受到體重的影響,以至於在我們的實驗室進行軟骨研究並故意損壞軟骨的時候,我們只需在上面掉下一顆彈珠,就能造成損傷,所以這並不需要太多力量。所以如果我們攜帶著大量的重量,而且沒有足夠的肌肉來支撐,那麼肌肉就無法像緩衝器一樣保護我們的軟骨,反而使其承受更多的衝擊。
    請記住,沖擊對骨頭是有益的,但對軟骨則沒有好處。因此,我們希望確保自己的體重健康,這樣就不會施加過多的負擔,因為我們之前提到過,關節上的壓力是體重的七到九倍。因此,我們要組合身體成分,擁有肌肉多於脂肪組織,而不是單純追求減重。
    是的,這有點回到我們之前的討論,因為雖然可以說這些事情,但對許多人來說,改變仍然遙不可及。我只是想知道,在你見過的那些徹底改變的人中,是否有一些關鍵的事情發生?我們稍微談到過有人達到谷底、得到一個壞診斷,迫使他們改變。還有什麼其他的方法可以促使自己改變,比如寫日記、某種運動?
    我認為了解自己越多越好。所以如果我讓某人進入我們要建立的計劃,我不僅僅是秤體重,而是進行身體組成評估,這樣我們可以一步一步地說,在你目前的身體中,你擁有32%的體脂肪,幾乎沒有瘦肌肉。因此,即使你對鏡子中的自己感到滿意,實際上你是「瘦胖」,意味著肌肉過少而脂肪過多。我們也會談到我們為什麼需要增強肌肉的各種理由。但當你看到這些數據,數據是不會說謊的,也不是評判。如果只是看鏡子裡的自己,你可能會說,哦,那還不錯。或者你可能討厭那一小圈肚子,但也許不夠厭惡。但當你看到自己的肌肉量非常少而脂肪比例卻很高,這些數據本身有時就會成為一種動力。
    如果我們知道三個月或六個月後會重新測試,並追蹤隨時間的變化,那就會是額外的動力。指導、悲劇、數據都可以成為動力。對於進入中年期的女性來說,想要再次感覺像自己的那種渴望,有時會說,「我只是想再次感覺像我自己。」很好,我們在缺乏雌激素後變成了不同的人。因此,重新找回自己的感覺需要不同的工作。
    但到頭來,在工具方面,我認為日記是有用的,追蹤記錄每天的感受和所做的事情也很重要。CGM(持續血糖監測儀)及其他設備也是如此。任何能夠打開新視野的工具都是經過驗證的,沒錯,數據。CGM是,我學到的知識,三個月就足夠,但我已經用了18個月,僅僅是因為這些數據激勵著我。例如,噢,那是一個非常緊張的手術日。即使我沒有吃東西,我的血糖依然上升。我一定是因為皮質醇過高,肝臟釋放了很多東西。這有助於我理解自己身體的內部運作。
    但是到了最後,你必須足夠愛自己,史蒂芬。我無法讓你愛自己,也不能。辦公室里你的各種困擾無法讓你充分重視自己,進而每天投資於自己。最終,要做到這一點,才是關鍵。
    在這個播客中,我已經相當深入地談論了絕經。這對我來說特別有趣,部分原因是我甚至不知道這是什麼。甚至在幾年前,可能一年半前,我對此完全沒有概念。
    有哪些關於更年期的普遍迷思,人們仍需擺脫呢?
    儘管大家都在談論這個話題,儘管你有大量的對話,我仍然發現很多人從未聽說過圍絕經期,這是指更年期前的十年,也就是在最後一次月經周期之後的365天。根據平均數據,在這個國家,女性大約在51歲時進入更年期。人們不知道圍絕經期,也未曾聽說過荷爾蒙替代療法,並且不知道該怎麼辦。而且她們對這個話題感到羞愧,因為在這個國家,需要某些東西的女性似乎被忽視了,例如,「哦,我會忍受的,我的媽媽從來不談這個。」所以我認為「必須忍受」的迷思是一種迷思。現在對於如何使用生活方式讓自己感覺更好,已經有了比以往更多的了解。我始終鼓勵女性根據科學而不是恐懼來做出荷爾蒙替代療法的決策,並且儘早做出決定。多早呢?我鼓勵我的病人,即使在四十多歲時,也要閱讀書籍、收看播客、找出臨床醫生。這樣在她們需要做出決定時,能夠一切準備就緒。而且即使在仍然月經來潮時,也可以服用荷爾蒙,沒有理由不這麼做。事實上,避孕藥也是一種荷爾蒙替代療法,其劑量是荷爾蒙替代療法的十倍。因此在仔細監督下,你可以很早就做出這個決策。我希望人們能自我教育。我稱之為更年期素養,因為在這個國家的更年期素養水平非常低。我希望她們能做出荷爾蒙替代療法的決策,意味著「我要上荷爾蒙嗎?我從哪裡獲得它們?我能找到醫生幫助我嗎?」第三,我希望她們像之前談到的那樣,建立不可摧毀的生活方式。早早養成習慣,而不是在經歷更年期、感到絕望的時候才去做,而是早期進行舉重、基礎訓練和衝刺間歇的有氧運動、抗發炎飲食,這樣這些就會成為你的生活方式,以便當你感到非常糟糕時,不會急忙去一次學習所有這些知識。而且更年期和骨密度之間存在顯著的聯繫,因為你會失去一些關鍵的荷爾蒙,如睪酮。雌激素和睪酮。雌激素在骨骼上起著控制分解骨骼的細胞的作用。我們在談骨骼健康時,提到有一種名為破骨細胞的細胞專門負責骨骼的分解,而另一種名為骨母細胞的細胞則負責骨骼的生成。雌激素有助於控制破骨細胞。因此,即使在絕經期,當體內沒有雌激素時,我們仍然在生成骨骼,但骨骼的分解速度超過生成速度。因此,替代荷爾蒙有助於重建骨骼的分解和重建平衡。如果我們在圍絕經期和更年期時失去雌激素,骨密度可能會損失15%。如果我們不及時發現,因為保險僅在65歲時才支付DEXA掃描,這對我來說是太晚了,我們就會落後。所以我鼓勵每個人,一旦開始進入圍絕經期,就去做DEXA掃描,不論是在健身房支付,還是存下咖啡錢,知道你的骨骼狀態是值得的。更年期的最明顯但重要的肌肉骨骼綜合症有哪些?我很高興你問這個問題。在七月,我的團隊和我創建了一個名為「更年期肌肉骨骼綜合症」的命名法,因為女性會在我的辦公室裡不經提示地說出一些事情,因為我是個會傾聽的醫生。我坐在凳子上,我們進行對話。我不會在你面前演講。因此,人們會和我聊天,突然之間,女性會對我說:「醫生,我覺得我快要崩潰了。」我不知道發生了什麼,但我覺得我快要瘋了,因為有人告訴我沒有問題。隨著女性開始出現肩膀不動,我開始注意到這種模式,這稱為「凍肩」。因此,當我開始研究這種情況並閱讀很少的研究時,我們已經知道,女性在50歲以後的關節炎、炎症性關節炎的發病率,比男性高得多。我們已經知道這個事實30年了。當我開始研究時,記得我之前說過的,每種肌肉骨骼組織都是由同一類幹細胞,即間充質幹細胞派生出來。所有這些組織,肌肉、骨頭、肌腱、韌帶、脂肪、肌肉驅動的幹細胞都對雌激素敏感。沒有雌激素,幾件事情會發生。有一種情況稱為關節痛,意味著全身疼痛,身體疼得讓你無法起床。這是我面臨的最大問題之一。我是一名運動員,但我因為缺乏雌激素而醫生無法上床。雌激素是一種強大的抗炎劑。因此我完全發炎了。我的身體疼痛,就叫做關節痛。女性來看診時,我不是在開玩笑。她們來時會說,我的手臂動不了。字面上動不了,或者我無法扣上文胸。這是由於失去雌激素所引起的炎症。在亞洲文化中,這被稱為「50歲女性的肩膀」,因為這是發生在50歲女性身上的情況。它是一種失去雌激素時發炎的徵兆。我們知道肌肉量流失,即失去約20%的瘦肌肉,這發生在你失去雌激素的時候。我們談到了骨密度的損失。我們還增加了肌腱和韌帶問題的發生率,如跟腱、網球肘、髕腱,因為肌腱和韌帶的膠原纖維上有雌激素受體。因此,缺乏雌激素會使一切運作得不那麼良好。於是我看到了所有這些情況,並且收集了世界各地的數據,儘管沒有很多。
    還有很多研究需要進行。我們給它起了一個名稱。我們稱之為「更年期肌肉骨骼綜合徵」,並且進行了發表,因為我可以肯定告訴你,史蒂芬,如果有人走進他的醫生辦公室,在這個國家時間如此有限,並且說:「我有這這這這這六樣東西」,在15分鐘內。這樣很難完成診斷。但是如果有人帶著「我想我有更年期肌肉骨骼綜合徵」這個名稱來,說我的手臂不動等等,那麼作為醫生你就不必進行600種可能的差異診斷,你會立即明白。這篇關於更年期肌肉骨骼綜合徵的論文目前下載次數已接近300,000次。放在背景中,一些世界上最大的醫學期刊也記錄了他們最佳文章的下載次數。最佳的科學期刊,他們的文章下載次數約為10,000次。而這篇更年期肌肉骨骼綜合徵的論文已經下載了近300,000次,並不是因為它好,需求這麼強烈,史蒂芬,讓我開放存取,也就是說你不必支付費用就可以獲取這篇文章。我鼓勵大家去Google搜索,它會顯示為首位,打印出來,閱讀,並且給你的醫生,讓他們明白你有高度的炎症。這就是為什麼你的全身疼痛,你的肩膀因為發炎而無法動,卻因為更年期的關節炎而疼痛。就是為了加深對人們實際上發生了什麼事情的理解。很迷人。我不是說300,000次下載。我知道。這太驚人了。就像是《紐約時報》暢銷書、一個研究論文。超過30,000次,真是瘋狂。瘋狂。是的。恭喜你。你知道嗎?研究是一個團隊的努力,大家一起工作。但謝謝你。這是必要的。我提到了一個詞,關節炎,我們還沒有談到過,但你也用它來形容你的大腳趾。是的,我用過。關節炎是由什麼引起的?我不想得關節炎。哦,誰想呢?關節炎有兩種。自體免疫性,意味着你的身體將自己識別為不是自己。這叫做類風濕性關節炎,它與我今天所提及的非常不同,後者是骨關節炎,即磨損性關節炎。因此,磨損性關節炎可以因為關節經歷了成千上萬的重複而發生。我們之前談到了跑步,一英里要跑一千步。它也可能是由於外傷造成的。我有很多病人,我曾經照顧過匹茲堡大學的橄欖球隊,很多20歲的年輕人有膝蓋關節炎,因為作為進攻隊員的撞擊很大,使他們磨損了軟骨。所以磨損性關節炎、骨關節炎,便是骨頭末端軟骨層的喪失。它會導致疼痛、腫脹和僵硬。根據病情的嚴重程度,我們可以通過各種方式進行保守治療,或在最後的情況下,替換你的關節。我想回頭談談,我們剛剛提到的與更年期相關的症狀群,而你也談到了關節炎是一個因素。你是在告訴我,為了避免更年期的肌肉骨骼症狀,我應該進行激素替代療法嗎?我告訴你的話是,每一種肌肉骨骼組織都有阿爾法和貝塔雌激素受體。我們知道,當這些受體空著的時候,你會表現出一些更年期的肌肉骨骼綜合徵,我們80%的人都會出現這種情況。我告訴你的是,雌激素在這些受體中的存在可以防止骨質流失,防止肌肉流失,減少關節炎和凍結肩的炎症,因此每個人都可以做出自己的決定。人們是有思想的,他們有主動權,他們可以根據科學和非恐懼的根據來做出擺脫痛苦和防止更年期肌肉骨骼綜合徵的決定。我最近有點擔心的是背痛,特別是下背痛。我讀到下背痛是全球的首要致殘原因,顯著影響個人的生活質量和生產力,這在世界衛生組織的文章中發表。2020年,下背痛影響了全球619百萬人,因為各種因素其盛行率在增加,一個是老化,但我認為一般而言我們的生活越來越久坐,坐在這些椅子上等等。背痛似乎只在西方世界存在。我曾經有一位來自……的朋友,他住在非洲的哈札部落,並且那裡的人沒有背痛。是的。那他們怎麼生活呢?不是這樣的,對吧?他們蹲著。是的。他們沒有椅子。是的。好吧,背痛在我們的群體中是普遍存在的,這是由於我們的生活方式。我們在這裡坐了幾個小時。我可能在某些時候坐得彎腰駝背。我們的核心肌肉放鬆,我們的前腹部肌肉放鬆,我們的下背部也放鬆。坐在椅子上沒有任何刺激讓我們的核心肌肉變得強壯,而我們每天至少做這樣長達10個小時,對吧?這是第一點。第二點是,有70%的人在任何一週內都沒有進行有意義的運動,因此我們從未重建肌肉。導致下背痛的原因是肌肉無力,而另一個原因是特別是在女性或非常老的男性中,脊椎的壓縮,脊椎壓縮性骨折,可以會非常疼痛,表現為下背痛。
    我想澄清一下,讓聽眾分辨低背痛和需要手術的神經壓迫之間的區別。
    低背痛是指你下背部的疼痛和僵硬感。當你因為低背痛去看醫生時,他應該告訴你如何增強力量,並給你推薦物理治療,如果你有吸菸的習慣,還會建議你戒菸,因為那會毒害骨骼,對吧?所有這些生活方式的改變。
    如果你感到的疼痛是從背部開始,但像電流一樣射向腿部,就像閃電一樣,那是因為神經在從脊髓出來的過程中被壓迫了。這是需要進一步檢查和關注的問題。我想強調這一點,因為很多人都會搞混這兩者。我認為大約80%的西方人會經歷低背痛,這讓我開始思考站立式辦公桌和類似的東西。
    你建議人們使用站立式辦公桌嗎?
    我推薦使用站立式辦公桌和步行跑步機,因為在我們日常工作中有很多工作並不是深度工作的。我們在清理電子郵件、回電話、進行一些輕鬆且不費腦力的工作。所有這些都可以在站著的時候完成,或者我也鼓勵我合作的團隊在開會時做牆壁深蹲。大家都不要坐在會議桌旁,靠著牆,大家一起蹲。這樣的會議最好儘量快點結束,因為這需要不少力量。但要培養這種流動性,實際上我們需要坐下來的唯一時候是當我們在解決世界和平的問題。 其他時間我們都可以站著,事實上,研究表明如果我們在學習時保持活動,學習的效果會更好,因為學習的動能對大腦有益。
    我昨天其實用了一個例子,當時我在教人們如何管理時間,我說:“當我在聽這種長時間的播客時,我不能坐著三個小時,但我可以邊走邊聽,這樣我能更好地記住內容。”這一點已經被證明,若我們在運動中,就能更好地記住學習內容。
    哦,好的。你做了很多研究,這些研究都很有趣。你有最喜歡的一項嗎?
    我們做的第一項研究是關於碩士運動員,回答的問題是:我們在什麼年齡開始真正放慢速度?因為如果你相信賀卡和那些在你40歲或50歲生日時出現的“安息”氣球,放慢速度是衰老不可避免的一部分。然而,問題是我們的研究顯示,當我查閱田徑運動員在每一項比賽中的表現時,從100米到10000米,我注意到在每個年齡組的前八名選手中,我們並不會在70歲之前顯著放慢速度。所以在50歲到70歲之間,贏得一英里賽跑的選手用時四分鐘34秒。研究的同一年,贏得高中一英里賽跑的孩子用時四分鐘17秒。贏得一英里賽跑的70歲選手用時略少於七分鐘。這顯示出如果我們在70歲之前顯著放慢速度,我們要麼就是決定不再努力訓練,要麼就是真正不想再繼續努力。我們可能受了重傷,無法再運動,但這並不是因為生物學的原因,而是因為心理學。
    正是如此。沒有什麼靈光一閃。我們會這樣想。我們以為當經歷第一次刺痛、第一次疼痛,開始有些疲倦時,這是自然而然的。所以我們就會屈服於這種感覺。我們如此放任以至於最終融入了一種自我實現的生活方式。我們不再拼命努力,因為我們認為這是必然的。我們認為不。不,衰老是不可避免的,但我們如何老去則是我們自己的選擇。
    你正在撰寫一本書,對嗎?你剛交上了手稿。 我們對這本書非常期待。《無懼》。無懼,堅強地活著,長命百歲,強大地老去。這本書真正延續了我長期以來關於衰老和長壽的話題,但它更加專注於女性的長壽。因此,這本書是圍繞我稱之為“定時炸彈”的衰老支柱來構建的。新陳代謝失調的定時炸彈。我們認為“我們的DNA就是我們的命運”的定時炸彈,事實上並不是。 我們可以改變自己和許多其他人,並真正解釋一下目前的科學狀況,衰老並不是從活力到脆弱的必然衰退,除非我們接受這種態度,對吧?然後這本書的第二部分列出了一種我稱之為無懼的生活方式。它關於肌肉,關於骨骼,關於營養,但最重要的是,你剛剛提到的一個部分,它關於態度和心態。因此,我幫助人們根據自己的價值觀設置標準和目標。如果我不重視獨立,如果我不重視保持我的大腦活動到生命的最後一刻,以及我重視的所有其他事情,那麼我的目標就會是不明智的。我可以說,我想在80歲時參加馬拉松,但這樣是不夠的,除非它與我的價值觀相連接。然後隨著進展,我們會談論如何建立韌性,因為大腦韌性可以用與骨骼韌性相同的方式來建立。我相信這兩者都是邁向進步並強大地老去所需的。最後這本書的部分真正將我們帶入另一個層面。如何在我們優化了健康並決定不再是時間的受害者後,繼續追求最佳表現?我們該怎麼辦來繼續提升表現?有什麼酷炫的科技可以幫助我們?我非常非常興奮。
    耶!我們可以預訂嗎?
    還不行,但你可以在我的網站上加入候補名單。
    好的。我會在底下鏈接,給任何想要拿到這本書的人,我也會在那張名單上。
    我會給你一個。
    還有什麼其他我們應該談論但尚未討論的事情嗎,Wunder博士?
    上週,我在美國糖尿病協會發表演講,談到了中年和更年期,這是你我曾討論過的,還有當雌激素離開身體時發生的所有代謝變化。
    今天我們已經討論過前糖尿病,以及由於所有將導致糖尿病和阿茲海默病的代謝變化,我們需要提高警覺。
    但是當我分開看這兩個事物時,圍絕經期及其代謝變化、脂質變化、脂肪分佈、胰島素敏感性下降和前糖尿病,它們幾乎是相同的。
    我們知道,這也是另一個需要響起警報的信號。
    如果在我們人生的關鍵十年裡我們沒有引起注意而變成了前糖尿病,然後又是女性並失去了雌激素,這會加重正常的代謝變化,這些變化與胰島素抵抗會加強雌激素的喪失。
    而在更年期後,女性有更多的糖尿病,因此也有更多的阿茲海默病。
    所以,如果我能把這一切回溯到我們35歲時並開始讓人們思考,這就是值得去做的工作。
    這正是你在做的事情。
    這正是你在做的事情。
    我覺得我如此關心更年期的原因之一是,我生活中有很多很棒的女性,包括我的伴侶,她們可能沒有那麼幸運,接觸到我因為這樣的工作而獲得的所有資訊。
    我問你的許多問題,幾乎是在為成為她生活中的支持者做準備,現在她32歲,是關鍵的年齡。
    你知道的,Steven,如果我能讓更多男性採取你剛才表達的態度,對中年女性的變化產生好奇,並不僅僅是對身體變化的了解,而是對態度和性方面的變化的了解,我認為我們可以拯救很多婚姻。
    但我發現,女性的無知可能還不及男性的無知,但如果這是夥伴關係,我認為你的態度和好奇心是值得讚揚的,因為如果每個人都有那樣的感覺,我們可以拯救很多關係。
    是的,因為對我來說,這創造了大量的同理心。
    而有了同理心,你會以不同的視角去面對挑戰。
    責怪會減少,我覺得更多的是支持和鼓勵。
    所以,我覺得男性理解這些事情也很重要,因為當你開始注意到她可能在某種程度上感到的差異,或者你的母親、祖母甚至女兒時,你可能不會像那些天真的醫生那樣,認為某人失去理智,或者只是變得不同,或者是性格的問題,而是會明白可能有更深層的問題。
    而且還有一些是至少部分上,你能夠有所作為的事情。
    絕對如此。
    我認為這是最重要的結論性觀點。
    我們這個播客有一個結尾傳統,其中最後一位嘉賓會為下一位嘉賓留下一個問題,而不知他們是為誰留下的。
    留給你的問題是:你怎麼知道什麼是夠了?
    我認為你知道什麼時候夠了,當它變成,如果它與工作或追求某件事情有關,或者當你不再愛它時,當它變得繁瑣而你不再熱愛時,那就是夠了,因為它不再滋養你。
    非常感謝你所做的工作。
    你真是個明星,我認為每個人都應該去關注你的Instagram,因為你在Instagram上建立了令人驚嘆的社群,免費提供這麼多知識。
    但我也認為每個人都應該去你的网站。
    謝謝你。
    他們應該購買這本書。
    我知道這本書,也許他們應該等候即將出版的那本書的候補名單。
    無懼的。
    無懼的。
    候補名單就在你的网站上。
    他們可以加入你的Instagram社群,我覺得那真是太棒了。
    看到這樣的情況是很棒的,因為通常人們有一個粉絲基礎,但我真的覺得你擁有的是一個社群。
    我在評論區看到人們非常投入,正如你從下載你發表的論文的人數中看到的,對這些資訊的渴求是真實的。
    我從我們上一輪對話中收到很多消息,這些對話一直來自女性,來自她们的丈夫,對你非常感激,非常感激。
    你知道的,因為我有很多關於各種事物的對話,但這特定的對話引發了一種非常不尋常的能量。
    你知道我意思嗎?
    你了解這一點,因為你每天都感受到,但我真的也感受到這一點。
    所以謝謝你所做的工作,為這麼多人點亮了光亮,他們在面對與資訊相關的黑暗,毫無疑問,這些資訊正在拯救數百萬人的生命。
    我希望如此。
    而且這是值得去做的工作。
    所以非常感謝你,Vonda博士。
    謝謝你。
    世界上最成功、最迷人及最具洞察力的人士之一曾坐在我面前,在每個對話結束時,我請他們在著名的CEO日記中留下問題,這是一個旨在激發最重要的對話的問題,那些能改變你生活的對話。
    然後我們將這些問題放在這些卡片上。
    在每一張卡片上,你可以看到留下問題的人,他們提出的問題,以及另一面,如果你掃描那個條碼,你可以看到下一位回答的人。
    我知道有很多人想知道的事情,而唯一的方式就是獲得一些對話卡片,你可以在家裡和朋友、家人一起玩,也可以在工作時和同事一起玩,甚至在假期時和完全陌生的人一起玩。我會在下面的描述中放一個對話卡片的連結,你可以在 diary.com 上獲得你的卡片。
    [音樂]

    Could you be losing bone strength without realising it? Dr Vonda Wright breaks down the importance of bone health and its impact on osteoporosis, Alzheimer’s, and longevity  

    Dr Vonda Wright is an orthopaedic sports medicine surgeon and expert on active aging and mobility. She is the author of 44 research publications and of books such as, ‘Fitness After 40: Your Strong Body at 40, 50, 60, and Beyond’. 

    In this conversation, Dr Vonda and Steven discuss topics such as, the truth about creatine for women, the early signs of arthritis, how running doesn’t build muscle, and the secret cause of Alzheimer’s. 

    00:00 Intro

    02:13 Vonda’s Mission to Help People Live a Longer, Stronger Life

    04:09 How Much of Vonda’s Work Crosses Into the Cognitive Realm?

    06:13 Training the Brain Like a Muscle

    07:24 What Is Precision Longevity?

    09:34 How Does the Body Change in Different Seasons of Life?

    11:27 Why Do Men’s Bones Maintain Their Density Longer Than Women’s?

    12:18 Is Loss of Bone Density Inevitable for Women?

    14:01 Why Bone Health Is Crucial for Overall Health

    19:57 How Do Bones Release Substances Into the Body?

    22:02 What’s Making Your Bones Fragile?

    25:49 Importance of Impact Sports for Bone Health

    26:52 How to Care for Bone Health During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

    27:57 What Is the Bone-Brain Axis?

    29:30 What Is the Critical Decade for Bone Health?

    34:14 What Is Osteoporosis?

    35:42 How Many Americans Over 50 Have Osteopenia?

    36:58 Early Warning Signs of Osteoporosis

    37:54 Smoking vs. Bone Health

    38:38 Is There a Link Between Alzheimer’s and Bone Health?

    39:19 Alzheimer’s Disease in Vonda’s Family

    41:07 Would Vonda Choose an Able Body or an Able Brain?

    42:02 Prediabetes

    46:22 Diet for Good Cognitive Performance

    48:21 The Perfect Diet for Vonda

    50:38 Strong Muscles and Bones as Keys to Longevity

    50:58 You’re Never Too Old to Build Strength

    53:38 Workout Strategies for Building Muscle

    55:36 Higher or Lower Weights: What’s Best for Building Muscle?

    56:56 Why Is Muscle Critical for Longevity?

    01:00:00 Nutrients for Muscle Preservation

    01:01:41 Why People Get Creatine Wrong

    01:03:16 How to Find Motivation to Take Responsibility for Your Health

    01:04:07 Vitamin D: Crucial for Bone Health

    01:04:38 How to Prevent Injury While Running

    01:08:58 Why Should People Avoid Obesity as They Age?

    01:12:57 Strategies to Promote Motivation

    01:15:45 Myths About Menopause

    01:18:36 Link Between Menopause and Bone Density

    01:19:53 The Musculoskeletal Syndrome of Menopause

    01:25:02 What Causes Arthritis?

    01:26:23 Is HRT a Remedy for Musculoskeletal Symptoms of Menopause?

    01:27:31 Why Is Back Pain on the Rise?

    01:30:09 Back Pain Prevention

    01:31:34 Study: Age-Related Decline in Performance Among Elite Senior Athletes

    01:33:29 New Book: Unbreakable

    01:35:56 Link Between Menopause, Diabetes, and Alzheimer’s

    01:37:03 The Importance of Men Knowing About Menopause

    01:38:50 How Do You Know When To Stop?

    Follow Dr Vonda: 

    Instagram – https://g2ul0.app.link/PgWdlIghuRb 

    Website – https://g2ul0.app.link/fUepAxlhuRb 

    Podcast – https://g2ul0.app.link/0MRGecrhuRb 

    Spotify: You can purchase Dr Vonda’s book, ‘Fitness After 40: Your Strong Body at 40, 50, 60, and Beyond’, here: https://g2ul0.app.link/pldFkf4guRb 

    Watch the episodes on Youtube – https://g2ul0.app.link/DOACEpisodes 

    My new book! ‘The 33 Laws Of Business & Life’ is out now – https://g2ul0.app.link/DOACBook 

    You can purchase the The Diary Of A CEO Conversation Cards: Second Edition, here: https://g2ul0.app.link/f31dsUttKKb 

    Follow me:

    https://g2ul0.app.link/gnGqL4IsKKb

    Sponsors:

    Get your hands on the Diary Of A CEO Conversation Cards here: https://bit.ly/conversationcards-mp

    Vanta – https://vanta.com/steven

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    PerfectTed – https://www.perfectted.com with code DIARY40 for 40% off

    Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Harnessing the Heat Deep Beneath Our Feet

    AI transcript
    0:00:17 here’s the standard story of the energy transition. To get to our post carbon future, we just
    0:00:25 need some combination of wind and solar power plus energy storage plus nuclear power. Those
    0:00:29 together ought to do it. That’s the story I’ve told on this show. It’s a story lots
    0:00:37 of people have told on lots of shows. But I recently talked to a guy named Carlos Araque
    0:00:44 who made a compelling case that this story is not true, that it’s not going to work for
    0:00:49 a variety of reasons, technical, economic, political, wind and solar plus storage plus
    0:00:56 nuclear are just going to be too slow to build too inefficient too politically complex to
    0:01:02 deliver all the carbon free energy that the world needs urgently. Carlos has another idea.
    0:01:07 It’s kind of out there, but he’s raised a lot of money to do it. His idea is this.
    0:01:15 Shoot a high energy beam down into the ground until we’ve dug a hole eight inches wide
    0:01:22 and 12 miles deep. Basically, he wants to reinvent geothermal energy. He wants to harvest
    0:01:27 the heat energy that’s just sitting down there all over the world waiting for us to
    0:01:34 get it. He says if he can figure out how to do that cheaply, efficiently at scale, our
    0:01:41 energy problems will be solved. But nobody has ever dug a hole nearly this deep. Carlos’s
    0:01:46 own company hasn’t started drilling deep wells yet. And so the whole project is at this point
    0:01:51 something of a long shot. Still, Carlos and his colleagues have raised somewhere around
    0:01:56 $100 million. And if they succeed in what they’re trying to do, it will in fact be
    0:02:00 this incredible new source of clean energy.
    0:02:10 I’m Jacob Goldstein and this is What’s Your Problem, the show where I talk to people who
    0:02:14 are trying to make technological progress. My guest today is Carlos Araque. He’s the
    0:02:21 co-founder and CEO of Quaze Energy. Carlos’s problem is this. How do you make drilling
    0:02:28 for geothermal energy as routine and widespread and profitable as drilling for oil or natural
    0:02:34 gas? Carlos knows in great detail how routine and widespread and profitable drilling for
    0:02:39 oil and gas is because he spent the first 15 years of his career working at Schlumberger,
    0:02:45 a giant firm that provides services to oil and gas companies. And to start, I asked Carlos
    0:02:50 how he made the leap from working at this 100-year-old company in the fossil fuel business
    0:02:56 to starting a company that’s trying to move the world off of fossil fuel.
    0:03:04 I think it goes back to much before I quit. I quit in 2017 and I think I can remember
    0:03:12 as far back as 2010 when I started to become very familiar with the oil industry, the amount
    0:03:17 of energy we use as a civilization, how it’s growing over time. When I started thinking
    0:03:22 about what it would take to transition away from fossil fuels.
    0:03:27 So like in a way, working in the fossil fuel industry gave you an appreciation for how
    0:03:32 hard it will be to transition away from fossil fuels?
    0:03:37 Very much so. Very much so. It’s just the sheer numbers. How much energy it takes to
    0:03:46 power humanity today? It’s just an awakening moment to say, okay, there’s no way we’re
    0:03:52 going to be able to do this with wind, solar batteries, hydro, nuclear, et cetera, et cetera.
    0:04:02 So that’s when the surge started. It had to be something at the scale of oil and gas
    0:04:10 and it had to be something that solved the environmental challenge, but also other challenges,
    0:04:18 geopolitical, socioeconomic, and environmental emissions, land use, mineral use, all of those
    0:04:24 things need to be solved for. And I wasn’t seeing anything on the landscape at all. So
    0:04:26 that’s the beginning of that inkling.
    0:04:28 And when was that? When was it that you left?
    0:04:33 So I think I was living in Norway at the time. I was working for Sloan Verde in Norway,
    0:04:39 and that’s when I started thinking about these things, mostly seeing, reflecting on a country
    0:04:42 like Norway, how prosperous it is and where that prosperity comes from.
    0:04:43 Oil.
    0:04:44 Which is oil.
    0:04:49 And good institutions, right? They have a lot of oil and they have very robust civil
    0:04:51 institutions, a rare combination.
    0:04:57 Oh, yeah. It’s a very blessed combination. So that got me thinking about those things
    0:05:03 and living in there, not just working, but living, living in the country, being a direct
    0:05:10 beneficiary of that way of doing things.
    0:05:13 What’s the beginning of that? And that country’s pristine is so beautifully pristine. I said,
    0:05:18 okay, these guys are doing something really, really right. What’s behind that? So that’s
    0:05:24 the beginning of that search of how much energy, how do we do it? It’s not just about emissions.
    0:05:34 It’s about many other things. But it took seven years to develop the deep conviction
    0:05:39 and to get my family’s complicity in quitting stronger.
    0:05:44 Because you had a good job. I’m assuming you were paying well. You could work there your
    0:05:45 whole life.
    0:05:52 Absolutely. I have nothing bad to say about my years there. It’s nothing but good experiences,
    0:05:58 good colleagues, good problems, never boring. So it really came from a very deep conviction
    0:06:07 of trying to… I call it using the second part of my career to actually push in what
    0:06:12 I think needs to be the direction that the world needs to go into. And don’t get me wrong.
    0:06:17 I don’t think fossil fuels are going to disappear anytime soon, but we need to start pushing
    0:06:23 in a new direction. And I wasn’t seeing anything able to do that.
    0:06:31 So you go and work at the Venture Capital Fund of MIT. You’re alma mater in your search.
    0:06:39 Now you’re on your quest. When you get there, are you sort of in your mind explicitly or
    0:06:42 implicitly be like, okay, I’m going to go try and find it. I’m going to go try and find
    0:06:47 some solution to our energy problem. Is that what’s happening?
    0:06:56 I think it is like that, indeed. I quit Sloan Rujay without having a job on principle.
    0:07:02 I said, look, I need to get out of here to reinvent myself. It’s too comfortable to stay
    0:07:08 in that job. So you will always postpone it. So we came back. We were living in England
    0:07:16 as a family, my wife and three kids. And I decided that I had already decided that energy
    0:07:27 transition was a technological problem first. And if successful, if breached, could become
    0:07:31 the socio-economic or geopolitical and all of the other things, regulatory problem, but
    0:07:36 technological problem first, we don’t have the technologies to transition away from
    0:07:41 fossil fuels. And what year-ish is this? When did you leave?
    0:07:47 2017. So by 2017, solar power is already getting
    0:07:53 much cheaper. Lithium ion batteries are still expensive, but they’re starting to get cheaper.
    0:08:03 Like people are very excited about those technologies at that time. Like what’s your view on them?
    0:08:12 So I think they will play a part in the solution, but I think they will play a very small part
    0:08:13 in the solution.
    0:08:20 And if you take solar and wind and nuclear to take the three sort of classic, modern
    0:08:26 classic renewables, like those seem pretty compelling plus storage as a package to me.
    0:08:30 You’re clearly less compelled by those as a package. Why?
    0:08:40 So it has to do with the premiums we incur in transitioning a unit of fossil energy to
    0:08:44 a unit of clean energy from either one of those sources.
    0:08:48 So when you say premium, do you mean cost by different definitions of the word cost?
    0:08:49 What does premium mean when you use it that way?
    0:08:59 Yeah, I define premium as multiple things. So land use per unit of energy, that’s one.
    0:09:09 Land use per unit of energy, that’s two. And man hours, labor use per unit of energy.
    0:09:15 And I frame it like that simply because these are the resources we have available to us.
    0:09:18 Think about it. We have time, space, and stuff basically.
    0:09:25 Actually, I say four things. There’s time, there’s labor, there’s natural resources,
    0:09:30 and there’s know how. That’s it. Those are the resources. Everything else derives from
    0:09:31 that.
    0:09:37 Yeah. It’s like land, labor, capital, and ideas, right? It’s like kind of econ 101-ish.
    0:09:45 That’s right. So you cannot pretend that you can replace 25 trillion joules per second,
    0:09:52 which is what it takes to power humanity. If in doing so, you’re incurring a 100X to
    0:10:01 a 1000X on any of those things, you know? A unit of fossil energy takes a certain amount
    0:10:06 of space, land, a certain amount of minerals, a certain amount of labor to pull together,
    0:10:11 to bring together. And if you try to do it with solar, that multiplies by about 100.
    0:10:13 In terms of the space in particular?
    0:10:19 Yes. It takes 100 times more land. It takes 100 times to 1000 times more minerals, depending
    0:10:28 on the mineral. And it takes 100 to 1000 times more man hours to install versus installing
    0:10:29 and recovering fossil fuel.
    0:10:34 All things consider. Implicitly, and there is cost, but cost is deceptive because you
    0:10:42 can always make up economic models and capital cost models to actually bring those cost down.
    0:10:47 We can talk about cost in a second, but let’s bring it more fundamentally. Is that realization
    0:10:52 that… And the same applies for wind. And the same applies for pretty much everything
    0:11:00 that’s renewable, diffuse, and intermittent. We cannot move a joule or a watt of fossil
    0:11:07 energy to the clean space, to the emission space, bonus points for lower emissions by
    0:11:12 incurring 100 to 1000X more cost on land use, mineral use, and labor use per unit of energy.
    0:11:17 That’s not scalable. The externalities will stop it on its tracks.
    0:11:23 Even though it’s so much cheaper to make solar panels now, there will be land use just in
    0:11:31 practical political terms. People won’t let us put all the solar panels we need to generate
    0:11:34 the energy. Is it that kind of problem?
    0:11:37 We won’t be able to afford the land use for that. Forget about people letting it be. That’s
    0:11:42 going to happen, but we just won’t have the land budget to do it because we also need
    0:11:49 to use land for other things, like preserving environmental forest, like feeding ourselves.
    0:11:53 People always say, “Oh, we can put this stuff in the Sahara. Sure, you can, but it’s still
    0:11:59 intermittent and the energy is there not here.” There’s this fallacy that because you can
    0:12:05 take energy from somewhere, sometimes, you can put it everywhere all the time. That is
    0:12:07 the biggest fallacy.
    0:12:13 People are trying to solve that. I know that adds costs, but by some combination of building
    0:12:14 wires …
    0:12:20 That is the cost. That is the cost. People say, “Win and solar are cheap.” Lai, the collection
    0:12:26 of those resources is cheap, but building those and the fixed costs are required to bring
    0:12:31 that energy everywhere all the time, is where the true cost is. The cost is not in collecting
    0:12:37 the energy. The cost is in moving it and storing it, and it’s massive, massive, massive. If
    0:12:42 you’re an engineer, think about those things. Say, “Look, this is not going to get us anywhere
    0:12:47 close to where we need to be.” Fine, they’ll play a solution. There’s markets for that.
    0:12:52 People will mow it. Capitalism will play its role, but at some point, those externalities
    0:12:56 will smack you in the face, and it’s happening. It’s happening. You can see it already happening
    0:13:03 in some places with deep penetration. I don’t believe, and this is not faith. This is not
    0:13:08 a belief as in faith. This is a belief as in quantitative rigors, engineering analysis
    0:13:12 that those things will actually get us to where we need to go.
    0:13:18 What about nuclear power? Nuclear can totally do it. Absolutely. Nuclear does not incur
    0:13:25 those premiums, but nuclear has a different problem. From Colombia, we have oil. We barely
    0:13:32 have a refinery in the country. Why is that? Because of value chains and because of geopolitics.
    0:13:40 Don’t tell me that we will be happy to ship radioactive fuel, refine radioactive fuel and
    0:13:47 ship back radioactive waste on a global scale. We can barely do that with oil and gas.
    0:13:55 In particular, you’re saying the raw material, the uranium, say that you need to make nuclear
    0:14:00 power doesn’t exist in lots of places. The notion that there will be some kind of global
    0:14:04 supply chains shipping uranium around the world is implausible. That’s the core argument
    0:14:05 you’re making.
    0:14:09 Yeah. That’s just the raw material. The raw material is a simpler problem. It’s just
    0:14:13 a problem of carrying a lot of things from point A to point B. I’m more concerned actually
    0:14:22 about the refined form of that. Shipping enriched radioactive materials fuel grade, not weapon
    0:14:29 grade, fuel grade radioactive material to fuel the power plant worldwide into economies
    0:14:34 that cannot even control themselves into very, very trouble geopolitical systems that cannot
    0:14:40 even govern themselves. This is not going to happen at scale. I think nuclear is a solution
    0:14:47 for the G20, but not much beyond that because of the geopolitics, not because of the technological
    0:14:53 arguments I made about we don’t solar. The G20, the 20 basically richest countries in
    0:14:56 the world essentially. That’s right. That is correct.
    0:15:03 Okay. You’ve set the table. This is what you’re thinking about when you leave Schlumberger
    0:15:07 and you’re going out looking for the solution that nobody has found. You go to MIT, good
    0:15:14 place to look. What happens when you get there?
    0:15:25 I got there because I heard about a new venture fund being launched by MIT. Timing. I didn’t
    0:15:31 plan it that way. It just happened that way. MIT was telling the world, look, the big problems
    0:15:38 of the world are not being solved because capitalism is distracted with the near term
    0:15:45 and little opportunities. They created a fund, the engine they called it, to incentivize
    0:15:54 the transition of bold ideas from lab to a commercial life. I went into that environment
    0:16:01 and I started pitching the engine. Let me be part of these. I want to work here because
    0:16:07 I want to learn venture capital. The reason I did that is because if it’s a technological
    0:16:14 solution, only venture capital of that kind is going to allow it to flourish outside of
    0:16:22 the confines and politics of large corporations like Schlumberger. I was familiar with that.
    0:16:27 You saw the limits of what legacy companies could or would do.
    0:16:31 That’s right. The opportunity cost is too high for them to incur it. Their stakeholders
    0:16:36 don’t allow it. They do research and development, but not of the kind required to bring forth
    0:16:43 that. They’re not in that business. It’s like Christiansen innovators’ dilemma. Why would
    0:16:49 they do that? Yes, their capital cost, their opportunity cost doesn’t allow them to. That
    0:16:55 was my conclusion. Venture capital might do these, especially of the kind the engine
    0:17:00 was proposing, MIT was proposing, not any venture capital because a lot of it is very
    0:17:05 short temper. That was the journey there. I said, okay, let me be here. I want to learn
    0:17:11 venture capital not because I want to be an investor, but because I want to see how that
    0:17:16 game is played, how you pitch an investor in venture capital. In return, I can help
    0:17:21 you with these companies that are coming out of the labs to figure out commercialization
    0:17:29 pathways and I can do diligence. We did that for a year to the day. That was that transition.
    0:17:36 Then one day, you meet a guy. The first week there, by the way. The first week there. It’s
    0:17:44 funny. I joined in July 1st, 2017. I think that very week or the week after, Paul Waskov
    0:17:50 walked in with Aaron Mandel saying, “Hey, here’s this idea. We need to pitch the engine.”
    0:17:56 I was the investor, representing the investor on the other side of that conversation.
    0:17:59 The skeptic, the person saying, “Why should we give you money?”
    0:18:03 Yes. Yes. Yes. Pitch me. Why?
    0:18:05 Who are these people?
    0:18:13 Paul Waskov is a career-long research engineer at MIT, particularly the Plasma Science Fusion
    0:18:15 Center.
    0:18:21 Fusion as in everybody’s favorite dream for how to get nuclear energy. If we could ever
    0:18:24 figure it out, it would be amazing, but nobody figured it out.
    0:18:25 Absolutely.
    0:18:29 That fusion, which is also a solution, but I can give you a few pointers why I don’t
    0:18:34 think that’s going to do anything in our lifetime, but that’s another conversation.
    0:18:40 That’s Paul Waskov. Then Aaron Mandel is a serial entrepreneur. He likes to start companies.
    0:18:48 He’s a good scout. He was looking for solutions in the geothermal space. He had concluded that
    0:18:55 drilling deeper and hotter was a really, really, really important part of the equation.
    0:19:01 So there’s an entrepreneur who has the idea of drilling deeper for geothermal energy.
    0:19:08 What’s he doing with a guy who studies fusion? What’s going on there?
    0:19:15 Paul had been, since 2007, been playing with very many of the technologies that are used
    0:19:23 in fusion, but to drill. He was playing with electrons and waveguides and energy beams,
    0:19:27 but that’s still two years before I even met them as they invested on the other side
    0:19:28 of the table.
    0:19:37 Okay. So these guys have been working together. They walk into the room. You’re brand new.
    0:19:40 What’s their pitch?
    0:19:47 Their pitch is very much about drilling hotter and deeper with energy to unlock geothermal
    0:19:54 energy at a very large scale. They wanted money to form that company. They wanted money
    0:19:57 to start that journey.
    0:20:06 I was listening on the other side and saying, “Okay, this makes sense, sounds far-fetched.
    0:20:12 I need to become familiar with these technologies, which are not used in oil and gas.”
    0:20:16 I was saying, “But if it works, it really changes everything, but you’re not pitching
    0:20:21 me a company. You’re pitching me a research project. You’re pitching me a continuation
    0:20:25 of the 10 years of academic work, and this is a venture capital fund. We need to see
    0:20:29 a company, and we need to see a founding team.”
    0:20:37 On a really basic level, you’re saying hotter and deeper, but what is the very basic idea
    0:20:42 about hotter and deeper? What is status quo geothermal energy, and then how is this idea
    0:20:44 different?
    0:20:52 Geothermal energy is relatively shallow. It’s no more than half a mile, maybe a mile
    0:20:58 into the earth. To put that into perspective, oil and gas routinely goes beyond that. They
    0:21:03 go to two miles, maybe three miles down.
    0:21:09 In addition to the fact that geothermal energy as it exists now, not only when you’re being
    0:21:16 pitched, but still today, it’s not that deep. Also, it’s fairly limited in where people
    0:21:23 can do it by the nature of what exists a mile or less under the earth.
    0:21:31 That is correct. It’s very geographically constrained. Funny enough, if you look at those places,
    0:21:36 they do amazing things with geothermal, like Iceland and Kenya. They power themselves.
    0:21:44 Kenya is like 50% electricity from geothermal. Iceland is 30% electricity, like 80% heat.
    0:21:49 In those places, at least in Iceland, the heat is coming up out of the ground itself
    0:21:55 almost. I’m sure there are clever engineers in doing lots of work, but when the heat is
    0:21:59 literally bubbling out of the ground, it seems a lot easier to capture.
    0:22:05 It is a lot easier. It’s technologically possible and it’s economically feasible. That’s why
    0:22:11 they exist there. That’s the status quo of geothermal today.
    0:22:15 What happens if you go deeper, just on a basic geological level?
    0:22:20 It’s very simple. You just access that same heat no matter where you are in the world.
    0:22:27 If you go deeper, you can move away from Iceland and you can access the same energy source,
    0:22:32 which happens to be everywhere, but at different depths.
    0:22:35 Where is Iceland if you go deep enough?
    0:22:44 Everywhere is Iceland. From a geothermal point of view, if you go deep enough, indeed.
    0:22:52 In the world now, Iceland is the classic and Kenya is pretty well known. Overall, where
    0:22:58 is geothermal with current technology economically feasible?
    0:23:03 It’s very small because of that geographical limitation. To give you a sense, not even
    0:23:13 0.5% of energy, 0.5, 1/2 of 1% of global energy comes from geothermal. That’s because it’s
    0:23:16 geographically constrained.
    0:23:23 Basically, in most places, you have to go too far down to get to the heat you need.
    0:23:26 That is correct. That is correct. That’s why it’s constrained.
    0:23:30 Why can’t you just keep drilling? Why can’t you just do what they’re doing in places where
    0:23:34 they do it and just go farther down?
    0:23:42 You can and people have. It’s just very expensive. The drilling operation takes over the economics
    0:23:44 of anything.
    0:23:51 Is it nonlinear in some way? The deeper you go, the more expensive each marginal meter
    0:23:52 is?
    0:23:59 Yes. You start at hundreds of dollars per meter and you could very well end up in tens
    0:24:01 of thousands of dollars per meter.
    0:24:02 Why?
    0:24:08 A hundred X because your drill bit’s where and you have to replace them. If you’re very
    0:24:12 deep down there, it takes a lot more time to replace the drill bit.
    0:24:14 To pull it up.
    0:24:16 You’ve got to pull it up.
    0:24:20 Pull it out, change the drill bit, pull it back and push it back in, and then drill for
    0:24:21 it.
    0:24:27 That’s such an amazingly simple but seemingly impossible to solve problem.
    0:24:32 Because that rock and that temperature kills the drill bits in hours, in hours, not even
    0:24:34 days, in hours.
    0:24:38 The farther down, as it gets hotter, the drill bit wears out faster and the farther down,
    0:24:40 you want to get hotter. That’s sort of a problem.
    0:24:44 That’s right. There’s another problem is that at some point, you can’t even get the
    0:24:49 energy down to the drill bit. You’re on the surface rotating the drill string and all
    0:24:54 of that energy is lost on the way there. The drill bit is barely scratching the surface
    0:24:57 at some point.
    0:25:03 This is the status quo. When these guys walk into the room, just in basic terms, what is
    0:25:05 their idea?
    0:25:14 Their idea is we can use energy and nothing but energy to do the work that the drill bit
    0:25:25 does, no drill bits. Not only that, no electronics, no cables, no switches, no nothing that breaks.
    0:25:31 We’re just going to shoot a beam of energy down there and it’s just going to open up
    0:25:38 a hole indefinitely. The beam doesn’t care if the rock is hotter or hotter or more abrasive.
    0:25:44 It doesn’t matter. The beam doesn’t care if it’s 10 kilometers or 15 or 20 kilometers
    0:25:51 because it loses very little energy. That’s the big idea. The physics are radically different.
    0:25:57 It’s pulverizing the rock. It’s turning the rock into powder basically. How do you get
    0:26:01 it back up the tube, back up the hole?
    0:26:08 You blow it out of the hole very much like the Sahara blows across the ocean because
    0:26:16 the particles are so tiny that blowing them with a gas stream lifts them up and pushes
    0:26:22 them out of the hole. That’s it. You’re basically pumping a gas and the gas is taking those particulates
    0:26:23 out of the hole.
    0:26:26 This is the idea they walk into the room with?
    0:26:27 Yes.
    0:26:29 You say what?
    0:26:36 I say many, many things, but I say, “Okay. How do you build a company out of these?
    0:26:40 How do you test? What are the key ideas here that you need to test for?” I was trying to
    0:26:44 come up to speed with 10 years. You got to realize they had been working on this for
    0:26:45 10 years.
    0:26:50 There’s a lot of information that I need to pick up and that I did pick up along the way,
    0:26:55 but I was just basically saying, “Okay, what are the steps? How do you de-risk this? How
    0:26:59 do you make a company? How do you get to market? How do you make revenue?” All of the things
    0:27:05 that it takes to go beyond an experiment into forming a company that has to survive by selling
    0:27:09 products or services.
    0:27:14 I also was asking about the team, typical venture capital question. Who is your team?
    0:27:20 Who is the entrepreneur? Who is going to do nothing 24/7, but these? All of those things
    0:27:24 are super important when you make an investment, and they didn’t have good answers to that.
    0:27:31 They were just pitching a research project, but that helped Aaron, who is a serial entrepreneur,
    0:27:37 to see me as a person that was very well qualified to potentially lead this. He pitched me the
    0:27:41 next day. He invited me to breakfast and said, “Carlos, why don’t you just jump in here
    0:27:46 and I’ll be the CEO. You’ll be the CTO. You are cut for this.” I said, “Well, I just
    0:27:51 got here, Aaron. Hold on a second.” But that’s the beginning of that journey.
    0:27:57 But as I approached my one year anniversary at the engine and I knew that I didn’t want
    0:28:03 to be an investor because I’m an engineer first, that’s when I started to think seriously
    0:28:09 about what it would take to actually build a company. I took five months off, four months
    0:28:13 off July, August, September, October, doing nothing. I went back home, did nothing, just
    0:28:19 retired for four months and thinking about nothing but this. That was that arc. That’s
    0:28:25 when the company was officially born, October of 2018. That’s the beginning of the commercial
    0:28:30 journey.
    0:28:35 Still to come on the show, by getting the oil and gas industry interested in what Carlos
    0:28:48 is doing is key to his plans and really to the whole energy transition.
    0:28:51 So where are you now?
    0:29:00 So we are six years in. We’ve raised more than $100 million. We are transitioning the
    0:29:09 technology from the lab to the field. So we have now built full scale systems that are
    0:29:15 now going to the field to show the world. So we’re taking the technology from the lab
    0:29:21 to the field. And what that means is we, it’s no longer inside a controlled environment.
    0:29:29 It’s out there under the open sky in an embodiment that is commercially relevant doing a technology
    0:29:36 demonstration that will hopefully unlock the next round of capital going forward.
    0:29:39 So specifically, when you say you’re taking it from the lab to the field, what exactly
    0:29:43 are you doing? Where are you doing it? And physically, what is happening?
    0:29:51 It’s in Texas. It all happens in Texas. We have two embodiments of the machine, of the
    0:29:59 drilling machine. We call it a millimeter wave drill rig. One is small. It looks like
    0:30:05 a mining drilling system. It doesn’t look like an oil and gas drilling system. We made
    0:30:10 it small on purpose to move faster, to prove things faster.
    0:30:14 When you say it’s small, I don’t know what a mining drilling system looks like. What’s
    0:30:21 it look like? It looks like the caterpillars, I mean, probably
    0:30:25 that’s the most familiar thing to most people, the caterpillars as you see at construction
    0:30:32 sites, the excavators, the things working around a construction building, that kind of size
    0:30:40 of machinery. We’ve bought one of the shell and we gave it millimeter wave drilling capabilities.
    0:30:42 We gave it superpowers, so to speak.
    0:30:48 A caterpillar, like some kind of construction vehicle that can blast the hole in the earth?
    0:30:54 Yes. That’s the first version. We put it on a system that can go out there and get it
    0:31:00 done. We’re doing that in Austin Texas. We’re taking from Houston to Austin, near Austin
    0:31:03 in a quarry, a granite quarry, to actually show that we can drill through very, very
    0:31:07 hard granite without a drill bit.
    0:31:12 So you basically are shooting a microwave beam out of this construction vehicle into
    0:31:13 the rock?
    0:31:17 That’s right. We’re shooting down into the rock and we’re drilling a hole through the
    0:31:25 rock for hundreds of meters, for tens to hundreds of meters. So yes, it’s imminent. It’s going
    0:31:29 to happen within the next 90 days.
    0:31:37 The second embodiment is not small. It’s big. It looks just like a drilling rig. You look
    0:31:42 at it and you say, “Okay, that’s a drilling rig for oil and gas.” That’s also in Houston.
    0:31:49 We’re using neighbors’ industries as a partner and we’ve given superpowers to their drilling
    0:31:56 rig for the same purposes. But because it’s bigger, you can go thousands of meters and
    0:32:03 you can drill bigger holes with more pipe. That is what gets us into commercial relevance
    0:32:08 for geothermal. The little one doesn’t do that. It’s just for show, but the big one does
    0:32:09 that.
    0:32:11 When are you going to make a hole with the big one?
    0:32:17 Oh, it’s already happening, but it’s happening at a small scale in a yard underneath the
    0:32:25 rig in a well. We’re going to show it off at Sarawick in Houston in March. But I think
    0:32:29 the real question is, when can I go to the field and see it in action? When is it drilling
    0:32:35 a hole that no drill bit can drill? That’s in 2026 and 2027 as part of this commercial
    0:32:36 project.
    0:32:40 There’s a deal you’ve made that’s public with a gold mine in Nevada. Is that right?
    0:32:42 Tell me about that.
    0:32:48 This is a mining operation. I think it’s the third largest gold mine in the world and it’s
    0:32:55 in Nevada. They have their own, their very own coal-fired power plant. It’s a 250 megawatt
    0:33:00 coal-fired power plant that they use as part of the electricity required for the operation
    0:33:06 and they want to decarbonize that. They’ve looked and looked and looked and they’ve tried
    0:33:09 solar and they’ve tried batteries and they said, “Nothing can do it. We’re not convinced
    0:33:15 by anything, not even the other geothermal companies that are out there growing and making
    0:33:22 it happen. They’re not good enough for that level of power required.” They looked at us
    0:33:29 and said, “Okay, your stuff can repower a power plant because it’s that hot, that powerful.”
    0:33:36 That’s the nature of that conversation with them. We can repower their power plant by
    0:33:41 retiring the coal and replacing it with the geothermal heat.
    0:33:44 That’s the only one that’s public. You have several projects, but that’s the only one
    0:33:45 that’s public.
    0:33:46 That’s right.
    0:33:53 There are five projects in the works, one of which is public, but the other four are
    0:34:01 of a similar nature. Not for coal mines, but for multiple industrial use cases. There’s
    0:34:05 probably one that’s going to be a data center one, I can say as much. There’s some that
    0:34:10 are going to be industrial heat because that’s also another value proposition. All of them
    0:34:15 share one characteristic. They’re large. They’re hundreds of megawatts. They’re coal-fired
    0:34:23 or gas-fired, and we’re going to retire that. They need firm, clean energy. They cannot
    0:34:30 do with intermittency. They cannot make with transmission cues. They really need a power.
    0:34:36 They need a dedicated power plant that is always producing power for just their data
    0:34:37 center or whatever.
    0:34:43 Yeah. That’s a good way to put it. These are the big, big users that are having a hard time
    0:34:49 finding solutions to the carbonase.
    0:34:55 How much deeper do you have to go for these initial projects than standard or even standard
    0:35:01 modern geothermal companies would go?
    0:35:08 Three to five kilometers down, that’s about two to three miles, is the beginning of that
    0:35:10 journey.
    0:35:12 These initial projects are that depth.
    0:35:17 The first and the second are that. The third one, the Nevada, if that comes third, it’s
    0:35:20 a little bit deeper than that.
    0:35:25 The journey starts at two to three miles down, and that’s good. That’s important because
    0:35:32 you can get the job done without having to go crazy deep, but it progresses towards 12
    0:35:37 miles. We think 12 miles is the final number. We don’t need to go beyond that.
    0:35:43 I mean, 12 miles is an order of magnitude farther than people go now. It’s a lot farther.
    0:35:44 It’s not marginally far.
    0:35:50 Yeah. 12 miles is 20 kilometers on the average, about two kilometers. Yes, it’s a 10x improvement
    0:35:55 in depth, but at that point, you’re talking about humanity having access to industrial
    0:35:58 grade geothermal. That’s a journey.
    0:36:03 Humanity meaning it’ll work. If you can go that deep, you can do geothermal everywhere,
    0:36:04 basically.
    0:36:09 No, not just that. You can do industrial grade heat from geothermal, which is quite different.
    0:36:14 You can do geothermal in many places. That’s just for bats or agriculture. We’re talking
    0:36:18 about fossil, true fossil replacements.
    0:36:22 The kind of crazy heat that lots of industrial processes require that now you have to burn
    0:36:23 fossil fuels for.
    0:36:28 That’s right. You can do it everywhere. That’s really what we’re talking about. Hot and deep.
    0:36:35 Not just hot and not just deep. Both.
    0:36:40 Tell me what it looks like. When you make one of these, if I went to see it and it existed
    0:36:47 in the world, your geothermal plant, what would I see? What would it look like?
    0:36:53 You wouldn’t be able to tell it’s anything special. It looks like a power plant.
    0:36:56 How big around is the hole? What’s the diameter of the hole?
    0:36:58 8-inch diameter, a basketball size.
    0:37:05 A basketball size. You could drop a volleyball down the hole, but not a basketball. Basketball
    0:37:06 would be tight.
    0:37:13 Yeah. It’s about an 8.5-inch diameter for 200 megawatts of thermal energy.
    0:37:19 If you drill the 12-mile hole of your dreams and I dropped a penny down the hole, how long
    0:37:21 would it take to hit the bottom?
    0:37:28 Oh, a free fall of 12 miles, 20 kilometers. It would take, I don’t know, three minutes,
    0:37:33 two to three minutes. It’s like jumping from an airplane. I mean, an airplane flies half
    0:37:34 that high.
    0:37:38 More, right? It’s twice as deep as an airplane is high.
    0:37:43 Yeah. The 12-mile version, yes. But remember, we don’t start with 12 miles. But yes, you’re
    0:37:47 right. It takes that long to fall.
    0:37:48 Yeah.
    0:37:53 Now, it’s full of water, so it sinks rather than falls, so it probably will take longer.
    0:37:57 Oh, right, a slow water. So, right, so you don’t just drill one hole, right? You drill
    0:38:02 a hole to get down to the heat, and then what?
    0:38:09 Yeah. So you do, they come in pairs, always in pairs. One for the weight down, we call
    0:38:17 that an injector, and one for the weight up. We call that a producer. The pair is 8-inch,
    0:38:23 8-1/2-inch in diameter each, and they go down to the source rock down below at the temperature
    0:38:31 we want it to be. And those, that pair produces as much energy as an oil-wale pair, injector
    0:38:34 producer. That’s a key concept.
    0:38:39 And so, injector producer is like, what you’re injecting is water, and what’s coming back
    0:38:41 up is steam?
    0:38:47 That is correct. In fact, you keep it under high pressure, so what comes up is a superheated
    0:38:53 liquid, which can flash into steam, or supercritical water. And that’s what you feed into the power
    0:38:58 plant, not directly, but through heat exchangers, for many reasons. But that’s really what’s,
    0:39:04 that’s the engine, that’s the fuel source.
    0:39:11 There any, like, weird unintended consequences, like earthquakes?
    0:39:14 Those are possible, right? Every time you pump into the earth, that’s a possibility,
    0:39:20 especially if you go into faulty songs. But remember what I told you, we don’t pump,
    0:39:27 we don’t pump pressure into the earth. We just fill a hole with cold water, and nature
    0:39:31 does the rest. In fact, we’re replicating a process that happens in nature at scale.
    0:39:34 That’s how every mine in the world gets formed.
    0:39:39 So will there be earthquakes? I think if you do this in the wrong place, in a big fall,
    0:39:46 there is a risk for that. But if you do this in most places in the world, there’s no false
    0:39:49 of the kind I’m mentioning here, there shouldn’t be a reason for that.
    0:39:59 So anything else like that, any other weird geological activity that could happen as a
    0:40:01 consequence?
    0:40:06 I don’t think so. I mean, you cool the rock 10 degrees, 20 degrees over the lifetime of
    0:40:13 the asset, and then you move on. So that’s a very small cool down. We are pricking, it’s
    0:40:20 like a tiny needle prick in the skin to mine a little bit of heat of that. But this is
    0:40:26 regulated, so I’m not going to say that there’s zero risk, there’s always risk. But the earthquakes
    0:40:30 that are associated with geothermal are of a very different kind and are usually because
    0:40:35 you’re cramming pressure with pumping trucks into the earth. We’re not doing that.
    0:40:40 What do you do with the dust that you blow back up?
    0:40:45 It’s wonderfully useful for many, many things, and you cannot just discharge that. That’s
    0:40:51 particulate matter. So you treat it, you separate it, and some of it will find value
    0:40:54 streams in industry.
    0:41:01 And you think the value of it will offset the cost of treating it enough that it’s not
    0:41:04 going to mess up your economics?
    0:41:09 For some, for some things, not for everything. Some things, you just leave them in an inert
    0:41:15 neutral state, like cuttings in a drill rig. What do you do with the cuttings? You don’t
    0:41:19 just dump them overboard in offshore rigs. You treat them, there’s regulation about that,
    0:41:25 and you dispose of them properly, you make them inert. Some will be valuable, but we
    0:41:30 don’t put that into the tech economics, but we know that these things will be valuable.
    0:41:35 So when you’re modeling it, you assume that that’s just a pure cost, and even at that
    0:41:38 estimation, you think you can…
    0:41:44 Correct, yeah. The business is the business of energy. That is the tech economic model.
    0:41:48 How much does it cost to get to the energy, to produce it, to operate it, and how much
    0:41:51 does it sell for? That is the business model.
    0:42:01 So give me the… Give me the long view. We’ve been talking about little things. I’ve been
    0:42:07 asking about this detail and that detail. What’s the big picture, the five-year picture,
    0:42:11 the 10-year picture?
    0:42:16 In the five years, we’re doing the first five projects, achieving bankability. So that’s
    0:42:20 still in the details. That’s in the weeds. The company’s really trying to break through
    0:42:29 into true commercial scale. But the big view, the reason I do this is because the day the
    0:42:34 oil industry looks at a geothermal project with the same eyes that they look at an oil
    0:42:40 and gas project, you’ve won. That’s the beginning of the end.
    0:42:47 It’s interesting to have the sort of oil and gas industry-centric view of the energy transition.
    0:42:50 Why do you say that?
    0:42:55 First things, you and I have been alive. The oil industry, the workforce, the capital,
    0:43:02 the regulation, the infrastructure has been putting into the world two terawatts of new
    0:43:11 capacity simply to keep up with not growing, but stable demand. Let me say that again. Oil
    0:43:17 feels declining production just to keep up with the amount of energy that we humans
    0:43:26 consume. They need to bring online new capacity. That adds up to about two terawatts per year.
    0:43:31 There’s nothing like it, not even by orders of magnitude closeness to it. If it doesn’t
    0:43:37 involve the oil industry, it won’t happen in this generation. It will take longer.
    0:43:45 The oil industry is not going to do the job if it implies a compromise. For them, geothermal
    0:43:49 is a compromise. It’s like, okay, yeah, I’m going to incur as much cost and as much risk
    0:43:54 and I’m going to get a fraction of the profit back. Why would I do geothermal when I can
    0:44:01 do oil and gas? That is the game I need to play with them. The minute they look at geothermal,
    0:44:05 the same way, the same profit margins, the same scalability, the same business opportunity
    0:44:11 as they do oil and gas, you’ve won. Because at that point, they will take it over and
    0:44:17 do it at the two terawatts scale plus and then your transition energy. Until then, we’re
    0:44:25 playing another magnitude out of the league that we need to be playing at.
    0:44:26 We’ll be back in a minute with the lightning round.
    0:44:45 Okay, we’re going to finish with the lightning round. It’s going to be much more random. What’s
    0:44:50 one thing you did when you served in the Colombian army after high school?
    0:44:58 I trained to be a soldier. I very much went through weapon retraining, military approaches
    0:45:07 and assaults and I actually went into operations, thoughtfully not into a war zone, but that
    0:45:14 was my military training. I was a soldier for a year before coming to MIT.
    0:45:19 Yes, so what’s that like? You grew up in Medellin, you were a soldier, and then you went to
    0:45:27 MIT. What was one surprising thing to you when you got there?
    0:45:37 Life changing. I think I fell at home at MIT in many, many ways. I was always very curious
    0:45:41 about physics engineering. I would do many things by myself, and I would never feel quite
    0:45:45 at home in Colombia. I would never find the groups or the universities or the classes
    0:45:51 that would satisfy me. MIT, for the first time ever in my life, gave me that.
    0:45:54 What’s one thing I should do if I go to Medellin?
    0:46:00 Oh my God, one thing impossible. You have to do a hundred things. You should go and get
    0:46:06 into the rich zones of the city, the poor zones of the city, and just soak it all in.
    0:46:10 Then you should also eat, because there’s good food everywhere. What’s one thing I should
    0:46:15 eat? When they have pizza, but you should share
    0:46:19 that, because it’s probably 5,000 calories at least.
    0:46:25 What is it? Combination of rice, beans, meat, pork
    0:46:30 rings, plantains, avocado, and arepa, which is a corn patty.
    0:46:36 It’s basically everything. Oh, maybe a fried egg too. Yes, it’s
    0:46:44 everything. It’s very large, very satisfying, very delicious, not to be eaten every day.
    0:46:49 What was the second best idea you heard when you were working as a venture capitalist at
    0:46:51 MIT?
    0:46:56 It must have been the approach to fusion. I was in the room with Bob Mumgard, first
    0:47:02 approached the engine to say, “Hey, we have this tape to make a stronger magnet.”
    0:47:06 I said, “Oh, this is a very, very good idea, because that’s a very good approach to actually
    0:47:11 get going with fusion. Single-handedly, if I were not doing quays, that’s where I would
    0:47:16 probably be putting my life force into.”
    0:47:22 It’s maybe even more of a long shot, but even bigger if it works, right?
    0:47:27 Oh, I think so. That is the ultimate energy source, ultimate. We didn’t talk about it.
    0:47:32 Why not fusion? Well, yes, fusion is the way to do it, but why not fusion has to do simply
    0:47:37 with building the infrastructure, the human capital? Everything needs to be built. It
    0:47:43 doesn’t exist. The industry hasn’t been born. The humans haven’t been born at scale to do
    0:47:49 it. I think geopolitics will play a very strong role. These are devices. These are machines.
    0:47:54 To me, they are like an F-22, an F-35. These are things that you don’t give to everybody
    0:47:59 or sell them. They’re not for sale. They’re not for sale. Yes, Bob will probably disagree
    0:48:03 with me. You can make them go for sale, but think about it. You sell airplanes to other
    0:48:09 nations, but you don’t sell F-35s. These are so differentiated that they become geopolitically
    0:48:11 sensitive.
    0:48:14 Whatever country figures it out is going to say, “We’re not giving this to anybody. We’re
    0:48:17 keeping it. We’re only going to give it to our friends,” something like that.
    0:48:21 It’s the ultimate company of advantage. The ultimate company of advantage.
    0:48:23 It’s free, unlimited energy.
    0:48:24 Yes.
    0:48:30 Yes. Forget about everything else. That’s it. You’ve done it.
    0:48:36 What pun are you most tired of hearing related to Quays, to your work?
    0:48:39 The puns make themselves in geothermal.
    0:48:41 Yeah, right.
    0:48:43 I enjoy them all, but…
    0:48:44 What’s your favorite then?
    0:48:56 My favorite is we get to keep digging deeper to solve energy transition.
    0:49:01 Carlos Araque is the co-founder and CEO of Quays Energy.
    0:49:07 Today’s show was produced by Gabriel Hunter-Chang. It was edited by Lydia Jean Cotte and engineered
    0:49:12 by Sarah Brugger. You can email us at problem@pushkin.fm.
    0:49:16 I’m Jacob Goldstein and we’ll be back next week with another episode of What’s Your Problem?
    0:49:22 [music]
    0:49:25 (upbeat music)

    Carlos Araque is the co-founder and CEO of Quaise Energy. Carlos’ problem is this: How do you make drilling for geothermal energy as routine, widespread, and profitable as drilling for oil or gas? The answer involves digging deeper into the Earth than anyone has ever dug before.

    See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

  • #798: Terry Real, Relationship Coach — Tools and Practices for Couples

    AI transcript
    0:00:02 – Hello, ladies and germs, boys and girls.
    0:00:03 This is Tim Ferriss.
    0:00:05 Welcome to another episode of The Tim Ferriss Show.
    0:00:08 For this episode, I’m going to offer something
    0:00:09 a little different.
    0:00:12 I’m going to introduce you to Terry Reel.
    0:00:16 Terry Reel is by far the best relationship coach,
    0:00:20 the best couples therapist I have ever met.
    0:00:23 He does not just parrot back questions.
    0:00:24 If you ask him what he thinks,
    0:00:26 he will not just ask you what you think.
    0:00:29 He has strong opinions, positions.
    0:00:33 He says it straight and first and foremost,
    0:00:34 he has a toolkit.
    0:00:39 He has practices that are incredibly helpful for couples
    0:00:41 and his name has come up with various friends
    0:00:44 ranging from Kevin Rose to Dr. Peter Atia
    0:00:46 and he does not disappoint.
    0:00:47 So in this episode,
    0:00:49 because he is very, very hard to get a hold of
    0:00:51 for direct client work,
    0:00:55 you will get to in effect hear him like you would
    0:00:58 in a real session and I’ve done real sessions with him.
    0:01:00 So what you’ll hear in this episode and learn
    0:01:02 among other things are number one,
    0:01:05 that relationships are not always harmonious.
    0:01:06 And that’ll be obvious to anyone who’s been married
    0:01:08 for a while, for instance,
    0:01:11 but it is a constant cycle of harmony to disharmony
    0:01:13 and then repair.
    0:01:16 So the critical skill set is repair.
    0:01:19 And what I’m going to share in this episode,
    0:01:20 because I was so impressed by it,
    0:01:24 are a few chapters from his book, Fierce Intimacy.
    0:01:27 And this will provide you with a map
    0:01:29 for identifying losing strategies
    0:01:32 and replacing them with winning strategies.
    0:01:35 These are real approaches that you can use.
    0:01:36 So a bit of background on Terry,
    0:01:39 he is the creator of relational life therapy or RLT,
    0:01:41 which underpins all of his books, courses, teachings
    0:01:42 and so on.
    0:01:44 He is also the author of five books,
    0:01:46 including the New York Times bestseller Us,
    0:01:48 subtitled Getting Past You and Me
    0:01:51 to build a more loving relationship.
    0:01:52 Last but not least,
    0:01:54 I’ll throw in a little bonus and that is,
    0:01:57 if you’d like an extra dose of calm, C-A-L-M,
    0:01:59 I recommend checking out Henry Schuchman,
    0:02:01 a past podcast guest
    0:02:03 and one of only a few dozen masters
    0:02:05 in the world authorized to teach Sam Bozen.
    0:02:08 His app, The Way, has changed my life.
    0:02:09 I’ve been using it daily, often twice a day
    0:02:13 and it’s lowered my anxiety more than I thought possible.
    0:02:16 And equivalent to a lot of the more aggressive things
    0:02:19 I’ve done, like accelerated TMS and other therapies.
    0:02:22 So try it out for 30 free sessions,
    0:02:25 you can just visit TheWayApp.com/Tim,
    0:02:28 that’s TheWayApp.com/Tim, no credit card required.
    0:02:30 So you will have a very good feeling
    0:02:33 for if it’s working for you after, I would say, 10 sessions.
    0:02:37 You can find all things TerryReal at TerryReal.com,
    0:02:40 that’s T-E-R-R-Y-R-E-A-L.com.
    0:02:42 And now, please enjoy these chapters
    0:02:47 from Fierce Intimacy by none other than TerryReal.
    0:02:49 (upbeat music)
    0:02:52 – This altitude I can run flat out for a half mile
    0:02:54 before my hands start shaking.
    0:02:56 – Can I answer your personal question?
    0:02:58 – No, I would’ve seen it, but I don’t have time to answer.
    0:02:59 – What if I did the opposite?
    0:03:01 – I’m a cyber-nerdy organism,
    0:03:03 living this year over a mental endoskeleton.
    0:03:06 ♪ Me, Tim, Ferris, y’all ♪
    0:03:13 – Let me talk for a moment
    0:03:15 about the nature of relationships to begin with.
    0:03:21 All relationships are an endless dance
    0:03:25 of harmony, disharmony, and repair.
    0:03:30 Closeness, disruption, and a return to closeness.
    0:03:33 My paradigm for this came from the work
    0:03:36 of researcher Ed Tronic at Harvard,
    0:03:39 who was one of the first of a generation of people
    0:03:42 to actually plunk down a video camera
    0:03:45 and record what the transactions are
    0:03:47 between mothers and infants.
    0:03:50 Before infant observational research,
    0:03:53 Freud had taught us that the relationship
    0:03:56 between mothers and infants was an endless dance
    0:03:59 of oceanic bliss.
    0:04:02 Clearly, Freud had never talked to a mother.
    0:04:06 The real relationship, as Tronic’s video recorded,
    0:04:11 was this dance of closeness, disruption, and return.
    0:04:15 The infant starts off molded in the mother’s arms,
    0:04:17 totally relaxed, a little noodle,
    0:04:20 and they’re in perfect harmony with each other.
    0:04:23 Then some gas arises or a hunger pang
    0:04:25 or there’s a noise in the street.
    0:04:26 The baby goes nuts.
    0:04:29 The baby goes through a flurry of disruption.
    0:04:32 The mother tries to soothe the baby
    0:04:34 to the degree to which the mother fails.
    0:04:37 The mother goes through a flurry of disruption.
    0:04:40 The two of them are absolutely at odds with each other,
    0:04:42 trying to find harmony and peace.
    0:04:45 And then the pacifier is accepted
    0:04:48 or the nipple is taken or the gas passes
    0:04:50 or the noise dies away
    0:04:54 and the baby goes back to molded
    0:04:57 and noodle and all is well.
    0:05:01 This dance, harmony, disharmony, and repair
    0:05:04 is the essential rhythm
    0:05:09 of all human intimate relationships.
    0:05:11 Harmony, disharmony, and repair,
    0:05:14 closeness, disruption, and a return to closeness.
    0:05:18 This dance can play out 20 times
    0:05:21 during the course of one dinner conversation.
    0:05:23 During the course of one dinner conversation,
    0:05:26 your partner can look to you lovely,
    0:05:30 homely, scintillating, boring,
    0:05:33 just the way you can see yourself.
    0:05:35 The psychoanalyst, Ethel Person,
    0:05:39 once said that as you go through these endless variations
    0:05:42 during the course of one dinner conversation,
    0:05:45 handsome, ugly, scintillating, boring,
    0:05:49 a normal person gets up at the end of that dinner
    0:05:52 and says, that was a nice dinner.
    0:05:55 A grandiose or narcissistic person gets up and says,
    0:05:57 you know, if I was with the right partner,
    0:06:00 these fluctuations wouldn’t be happening.
    0:06:03 There’s nothing abnormal about this rhythm.
    0:06:06 It’s the same rhythm in the relationship you have
    0:06:11 with yourself, harmony, disharmony, and repair.
    0:06:15 Closeness, disillusionment, and a return to closeness.
    0:06:20 This relationship, harmony, disharmony, and repair
    0:06:23 can also play out during the course of decades
    0:06:27 in one marriage or one relationship.
    0:06:31 I talk about three phases of love.
    0:06:35 The harmony phase I call love without knowledge.
    0:06:37 You can have a deep soul recognition
    0:06:40 that this is the person who’s the dream of your life.
    0:06:44 And you may know that, but you don’t know
    0:06:46 what the bottom of their closet looks like,
    0:06:49 or what they do with their underwear at night,
    0:06:52 or how their bills are being paid.
    0:06:56 You have a deep intimate connection with them
    0:07:00 at one soulful level, but you don’t know them very well.
    0:07:04 That harmony phase is inevitably followed
    0:07:08 by disillusionment, disharmony.
    0:07:10 And when you’re in the disillusionment phase,
    0:07:13 I call that knowledge without love.
    0:07:17 Now you see all your partners, warts and moles,
    0:07:20 you know all about their imperfections,
    0:07:22 but you don’t love them very much.
    0:07:26 In fact, you’re pretty hurt and angry.
    0:07:29 This is the dark night of the soul
    0:07:33 that is a part of all relationships.
    0:07:36 And it’s rarely acknowledged in our culture.
    0:07:39 In our culture, just like a good body
    0:07:43 is a 17-year-old body, and a good sex life
    0:07:44 is the sex that you have
    0:07:46 in the first three months of your relationship.
    0:07:49 A good relationship is all harmony.
    0:07:53 There’s nothing about disharmony and repair.
    0:07:56 You know, just once, I’d like to be at a cocktail party,
    0:08:00 and instead of hearing, oh, there’s Herbie and Sylvia.
    0:08:02 They’ve been married 53 years,
    0:08:06 and they have the same wonderful, passionate sex life
    0:08:07 that they had in their 20s.
    0:08:08 They never fight.
    0:08:11 They’re always, just once instead of that,
    0:08:15 I’d like to hear, oh, there’s Herbie and Sylvia.
    0:08:17 They actually separated a couple of three times
    0:08:18 during the course of their marriage.
    0:08:20 He had an affair while they were separated.
    0:08:23 She’s really never quite completely gotten over it,
    0:08:26 but they’ve managed to survive, endure,
    0:08:29 and be with each other and not lose their grip.
    0:08:34 I think they’re really a loving pair, aren’t they cute?
    0:08:37 Just once, I’d like to hear that, but you don’t.
    0:08:41 Disharmony, disillusionment is rarely acknowledged.
    0:08:43 No one tells you how dark it is.
    0:08:46 No one tells you how raw it is.
    0:08:48 The great couples’ therapist,
    0:08:50 some would say the father of couples’ therapy,
    0:08:53 James Frimo, wrote back in the ’50s
    0:08:56 when it was assumed that the person you were sleeping with
    0:08:58 was your spouse, by the way.
    0:09:01 Frimo wrote, the day you turn over in bed,
    0:09:04 look at the person next to you and realize
    0:09:06 this is a dreadful mistake.
    0:09:08 You have been had.
    0:09:11 The one you fell in love with is not the one
    0:09:13 you’re spending your life with.
    0:09:18 That day says Frimo is the first day of your real marriage.
    0:09:22 Harmony and then disillusionment.
    0:09:24 Knowledge without love.
    0:09:25 It’s dark.
    0:09:26 It’s raw.
    0:09:27 It’s desperate.
    0:09:29 You feel very alone.
    0:09:31 You feel betrayed.
    0:09:32 You feel had.
    0:09:34 Guess what?
    0:09:36 That’s normal.
    0:09:38 That doesn’t mean you’re in a bad marriage
    0:09:40 or a bad long-term relationship.
    0:09:41 It means you’re married.
    0:09:47 It is an integral part of all relationships.
    0:09:50 For over 20 years, I’ve gone around the country
    0:09:52 talking to people about what I call
    0:09:55 normal marital hatred.
    0:09:56 And you know what?
    0:09:59 Not one person has gone backstage and said to me,
    0:10:01 “Terry, what do you mean by that?”
    0:10:06 Normal marital hatred is part of the deal.
    0:10:09 The trick is getting from that dark night
    0:10:11 back into the light again,
    0:10:14 moving from disharmony into repair.
    0:10:17 Disharmony into repair.
    0:10:19 What is repair?
    0:10:21 Knowing love.
    0:10:22 Mature love.
    0:10:27 In this phase, you also see your partner’s warts and molds,
    0:10:29 but you choose to love them anyway.
    0:10:31 They are worth it.
    0:10:34 The good things you’re getting outweigh the bad.
    0:10:37 Now, if you’re in a place
    0:10:40 where that disharmony phase is really calling to you
    0:10:45 and you’re thinking, “Should I stay or should I go?”
    0:10:47 I have a tool for you.
    0:10:51 And I like to interrupt whatever the lecture is
    0:10:54 to actually give you a concrete tool you might use.
    0:10:56 For those of you who are wondering
    0:10:58 whether you should stay or you should go,
    0:10:59 here’s the tool.
    0:11:02 I call it a relational reckoning.
    0:11:04 Relational reckoning.
    0:11:08 Relational reckoning is a question,
    0:11:12 a question that you ask yourself, and it’s simply this.
    0:11:16 Am I getting enough in this relationship
    0:11:21 to make grieving what I’m not getting worth my while?
    0:11:25 Am I getting enough in this relationship
    0:11:30 to offset the pain of what’s wrong and what’s lacking?
    0:11:34 And grieve you will.
    0:11:36 We long for perfection.
    0:11:39 We all long for gods and goddesses
    0:11:41 who will never let us down.
    0:11:43 But real relationships, of course,
    0:11:47 are about the collision of your human imperfection
    0:11:49 with your partners and how you manage it.
    0:11:52 I wouldn’t want a perfect relationship.
    0:11:56 The collision of my humanity with yours is the guts,
    0:12:00 the stuff of intimacy itself.
    0:12:02 Harmony, disharmony, repair.
    0:12:07 How do we get from disharmony to repair?
    0:12:10 That’s where the skills come in.
    0:12:14 And that’s where most of us lose our way.
    0:12:18 Because it’s only the functional adult part of us
    0:12:20 that will turn to skills.
    0:12:23 And what happens to the disharmony phase
    0:12:25 is that we are triggered.
    0:12:28 Early wounds, old family of origin dramas
    0:12:30 come to the surface.
    0:12:33 We take our eyes off the prize.
    0:12:36 We stop thinking about making things better
    0:12:38 between us and the partner we love.
    0:12:43 And instead, we are taken over by adaptive child strategies,
    0:12:47 by different agendas.
    0:12:50 And actually, I sat down one day
    0:12:53 and figured out what they were.
    0:12:55 They’re not infinite.
    0:12:56 They’re only five of them.
    0:13:00 Here are the five losing strategies.
    0:13:03 Being right, controlling your partner,
    0:13:05 unbridled self-expression,
    0:13:09 retaliation, and withdrawal.
    0:13:14 Being right, control, unbridled self-expression,
    0:13:17 retaliation, and withdrawal.
    0:13:19 Let’s take each of them in turn.
    0:13:22 Being right.
    0:13:28 How many of you have ever tried to “solve”
    0:13:30 or “resolve” an issue
    0:13:34 by sorting out which of the two of you was correct?
    0:13:36 Who remembered it correctly?
    0:13:38 Or whose feelings were valid?
    0:13:43 Or who has the correct perspective on this issue?
    0:13:46 What’s objectively true?
    0:13:48 How well did that work for you?
    0:13:49 You know what?
    0:13:53 Trying to solve an issue by figuring out who’s right
    0:13:56 is using the scientific method
    0:13:59 to solve your relational problems.
    0:14:01 I have a warm spot in my heart for it.
    0:14:04 It does not work.
    0:14:06 As we talk together,
    0:14:10 you’re going to be asked to swallow a few bitter pills.
    0:14:12 And here’s one of the first ones.
    0:14:13 Ready?
    0:14:18 Objective reality has no place in personal relationships.
    0:14:23 Objective reality doesn’t matter.
    0:14:25 The relational answer to the question who’s right
    0:14:27 and who’s wrong is who cares.
    0:14:31 What matters is,
    0:14:33 how are the two of us going to work like a team
    0:14:37 and solve this issue in a way that we can both live with?
    0:14:42 When you’re about trying to resolve your issue
    0:14:44 of who’s right and who’s wrong,
    0:14:47 you’re trying to resolve your differences
    0:14:49 by eradicating them.
    0:14:51 Let’s come up with one version
    0:14:53 of what the correct issue is here.
    0:14:57 And of course, when I do that with my wife, Belinda,
    0:15:01 she has an incredibly pathological pesky way
    0:15:03 of thinking that her version happens
    0:15:06 to be the one we should settle on.
    0:15:07 Poor woman.
    0:15:11 What being right leads you into as a couple
    0:15:15 is what I call perception battles or objectivity battles.
    0:15:16 You know what?
    0:15:19 Last night when we were at the Indian restaurant
    0:15:20 and you yelled at the waiter,
    0:15:22 “Honey, I didn’t yell at the waiter.
    0:15:24 I was being emphatic.”
    0:15:26 No, sweetheart, you weren’t emphatic.
    0:15:27 You were yelling.
    0:15:29 No, I was emphatic.
    0:15:32 Yelling, emphatic, yelling, emphatic.
    0:15:34 Well, you know what, dear?
    0:15:36 It so happens there was an audiologist sitting
    0:15:39 at the table next to us with an instrument
    0:15:41 that measured your decibel level
    0:15:45 and compared it to the norm of restaurant conversation.
    0:15:47 It’s a loser.
    0:15:50 It’s a dog chasing its own tail.
    0:15:52 Trying to sort out your differences
    0:15:55 by figuring out who’s right and who’s wrong
    0:15:58 is an endless losing strategy.
    0:16:01 At its most extreme,
    0:16:05 being right becomes self-righteous indignation.
    0:16:09 And self-righteous indignation is toxic in a relationship.
    0:16:11 There’s no place for it.
    0:16:13 There’s no need for it.
    0:16:14 It does damage.
    0:16:18 Self-righteous indignation is not just I’m right.
    0:16:20 It’s also you’re wrong.
    0:16:23 It’s intrinsically shaming.
    0:16:25 Otherwise, I wouldn’t be indignant.
    0:16:28 I’m indignant because you’re such a jerk.
    0:16:31 Lose this losing strategy.
    0:16:33 Being right will never work.
    0:16:37 The second losing strategy
    0:16:41 is trying to control your partner.
    0:16:45 Trying to get your partner to see this or that,
    0:16:46 to do this or that,
    0:16:50 is always intrinsically one-up and condescending.
    0:16:53 Who are you to tell another adult
    0:16:56 what they should or shouldn’t be doing?
    0:17:00 There are two forms of an attempt to control.
    0:17:01 There’s direct control.
    0:17:04 Sit down, shut up, and do what I tell you.
    0:17:08 And there’s indirect control, also called manipulation.
    0:17:10 Now, let me ask you.
    0:17:14 Which sex do you think specializes in direct control?
    0:17:16 You’re right.
    0:17:18 It’s a male thing.
    0:17:23 Often to great detriment, even at times abuse.
    0:17:29 And, sorry, which sex tends toward indirect control
    0:17:31 or manipulation?
    0:17:33 Yes, it’s women.
    0:17:38 Now look, women are not relational angels either.
    0:17:42 It is part of the traditional female role
    0:17:45 to be indirect and manipulative.
    0:17:49 One of the things I say is that leading men and women
    0:17:53 into increased intimacy is synonymous
    0:17:55 with leading them out of patriarchy,
    0:17:58 out of traditional gender roles for both.
    0:18:01 Because men learn to close their hearts
    0:18:05 and women learn to close their voices.
    0:18:09 You can’t blame a group for exercising indirect control
    0:18:12 when direct control has been blocked.
    0:18:15 But nevertheless, manipulation is part
    0:18:17 of the traditional female role.
    0:18:21 I don’t know how many of you ever seen the movie
    0:18:23 My Big Fat Greek Wedding.
    0:18:26 But you know, when you get into relational recovery,
    0:18:29 the culture at large finds things amusing or funny.
    0:18:32 And you are, frankly, somewhat appalled.
    0:18:37 Remember the scene where the mother triumphantly states,
    0:18:41 man is the head of the family, but woman is the neck.
    0:18:44 And where the neck moves, the head moves.
    0:18:46 Everybody thought that was adorable.
    0:18:48 I thought it was, frankly, appalling.
    0:18:52 It’s a pin to the power of manipulation.
    0:18:57 Men have a lot of reasons for mistrusting women.
    0:19:00 And many of them are about men and about men’s pathologies.
    0:19:02 But this one is real.
    0:19:05 Men mistrust women because they feel played by them.
    0:19:08 They feel managed by them.
    0:19:11 And it takes a lot to help a woman move out
    0:19:16 of managing their man to a place of forthrightness,
    0:19:18 of telling the truth and taking them on.
    0:19:22 It’s a scary thing to do for a lot of women,
    0:19:26 but it beats manipulation and control hands down.
    0:19:31 You know, short of a gun to the head,
    0:19:34 I don’t believe that anybody gets to control anybody.
    0:19:36 It’s a dance.
    0:19:39 One person acts in a bullying manner,
    0:19:41 and the other person relents.
    0:19:44 It’s a contract between the two of them.
    0:19:48 The person who’s relenting is not being made to relent.
    0:19:51 We don’t do victims in relational work.
    0:19:56 The person who relents relents because they choose to.
    0:20:01 So there is no such thing as an absolute ability to control.
    0:20:06 I’ll tell you, the person who had that one down
    0:20:08 was Mahatma Gandhi.
    0:20:10 Gandhi knew that if you were willing
    0:20:12 to sacrifice your life,
    0:20:16 no one could have any control over you whatsoever.
    0:20:19 That is the core of civil disobedience,
    0:20:22 which brought down an empire.
    0:20:27 So control is an illusion, but it’s a costly illusion.
    0:20:30 You may not really control your partner.
    0:20:33 You can act like you’re controlling your partner.
    0:20:35 You may win the battle.
    0:20:37 You will lose the war.
    0:20:39 Can I tell you why?
    0:20:40 Ready?
    0:20:42 Here’s a big spiritual truth.
    0:20:45 When I do this in a workshop,
    0:20:47 I actually ask people to give me a drum roll.
    0:20:50 So in your mind’s eye, give me a drum roll.
    0:20:51 Here it is.
    0:20:55 People don’t like being controlled.
    0:20:57 You wanna hear that again?
    0:20:59 People don’t like being controlled.
    0:21:02 You can bully your way through and wind up
    0:21:06 at the Chinese restaurant instead of the Japanese restaurant
    0:21:08 and get your way in the short run,
    0:21:12 but there will be payback in resentment.
    0:21:15 Every time your partner goes beyond their limits
    0:21:18 and yields to you in ways they don’t really want to,
    0:21:21 trust there will be an underbelly.
    0:21:22 There will be payback.
    0:21:25 It’s not in your interest,
    0:21:29 whether the control quote unquote works or doesn’t work,
    0:21:32 it in reality never works.
    0:21:33 Give it up.
    0:21:39 The third losing strategy is one of my personal favorites,
    0:21:41 unbridled self-expression.
    0:21:43 Ventilating.
    0:21:46 It’s not just you did this today,
    0:21:47 but you did this today,
    0:21:49 you did the same thing a week ago,
    0:21:52 you did other things three weeks ago,
    0:21:54 10 years ago you did this, that and the other thing,
    0:21:58 you never, you always, you are,
    0:22:00 I feel so bad about.
    0:22:04 I call this the barf bag approach to intimacy.
    0:22:05 Blah.
    0:22:09 Here, hold this, I feel so much better.
    0:22:12 Listen, bringing in every past offense
    0:22:17 that remotely ties into the current issue is not a winner.
    0:22:22 Throwing in the kitchen sink is not going to get you anywhere.
    0:22:24 And I’ll tell you why.
    0:22:25 This is kind of interesting.
    0:22:29 Functional moves in a relationship
    0:22:32 are moves that empower your partner
    0:22:34 to come through for you, right?
    0:22:36 You want them to change.
    0:22:38 Functional moves on your side
    0:22:40 are moves that invite them to change.
    0:22:42 Functional moves in a car
    0:22:44 are moves that get the car to go.
    0:22:47 Dysfunctional moves in a relationship
    0:22:50 are moves that render your partner helpless.
    0:22:53 The more helpless you render your partner,
    0:22:57 the dirtier and nastier the move is gonna feel.
    0:23:01 So you tell somebody what they didn’t do today,
    0:23:03 they can do something about it.
    0:23:06 You tell them what they didn’t do today,
    0:23:09 two days ago, three years ago, five years ago,
    0:23:12 there’s a lot less they can do about it.
    0:23:14 At this point, they’re starting to feel helpless
    0:23:16 and helpless always means resentful.
    0:23:21 You tell them what they did two, three, four years ago
    0:23:24 and then you move into what I call trend talk.
    0:23:26 You always, you never.
    0:23:29 You always like this, you’ll never do this
    0:23:32 and you’re pounding the guy or gal into the ground.
    0:23:34 There’s really nothing they can do about it.
    0:23:38 And then the next step in most escalations is character.
    0:23:41 You did this, you’ve done it before,
    0:23:44 you always, you never, you are a.
    0:23:45 You’re basically a slob.
    0:23:48 You’re basically a witch like your mother.
    0:23:52 You’re basically a selfish jerk like your dad.
    0:23:56 That is truly nasty and truly helplessness engendering.
    0:24:00 You know, this is something the field of psychotherapy
    0:24:03 has been a great aider and a better of.
    0:24:07 The idea here is that you either get it off your chest
    0:24:11 or you somehow inhibit it to your detriment.
    0:24:14 You either express it or you’re suppress it.
    0:24:15 That’s Freud.
    0:24:19 You know, when Freud was writing,
    0:24:23 the great metaphor of the time was the internal steam engine.
    0:24:25 It was the industrial revolution,
    0:24:29 just like computers today are the great metaphor of our time.
    0:24:32 The steam engine was then, and if you read Freud,
    0:24:35 the human psyche looks like a steam engine.
    0:24:39 Energy gets dammed up over here and leaks out over there,
    0:24:42 gets suppressed over here and explodes over there.
    0:24:45 It’s like we’re a hydraulic machine.
    0:24:48 It doesn’t work like that in real life.
    0:24:51 If you don’t express every emotion you’re feeling,
    0:24:55 trust me, your ears will not fall off your head.
    0:24:56 I can prove it to you.
    0:24:59 Look, how many of you are parents?
    0:25:02 If you’re a parent and you’re listening to this program,
    0:25:05 ask yourself this question and be honest.
    0:25:07 How many times when I’ve been interacting
    0:25:10 with little Johnny or little Sally,
    0:25:13 have I wanted to throw the bugger out the window?
    0:25:15 How many times have I wanted to haul off
    0:25:17 and yell and scream and carry on
    0:25:20 at my impossible demonic child?
    0:25:22 If you’re honest, there are lots of them.
    0:25:27 Do you do it? Sometimes you may yell more than you want to,
    0:25:29 but mostly you contain yourself.
    0:25:33 That’s a good example of using that containing boundary.
    0:25:35 You don’t yell and scream and call your kids
    0:25:39 all sorts of mean and nasty names if you’re a healthy parent,
    0:25:42 even though you may have the impulse to do so.
    0:25:44 Okay, so you’ve just spent your time,
    0:25:46 your day, with your child,
    0:25:48 who’s been really impossible that day
    0:25:51 and you’ve really wanted to just be angry
    0:25:54 and expressive to them, but you’ve controlled yourself.
    0:25:57 When your partner comes home and relieves you,
    0:26:00 do you say to them, look, I need to go into a quiet closet
    0:26:03 and yell and scream for 15 minutes
    0:26:04 to get this off my chest?
    0:26:08 I’ve been suppressing it all day? Of course you don’t.
    0:26:11 You know that not doing that to your child
    0:26:14 is just part of being a grownup.
    0:26:17 Those are not pent up emotions.
    0:26:21 Those are emotions that you’ve chosen not to express
    0:26:25 because it’s not appropriate for you or the child.
    0:26:26 Well, guess what?
    0:26:30 It’s not appropriate for you and your partner either.
    0:26:35 I will give you a format for complaining about your partner
    0:26:37 as we go along this program.
    0:26:41 Trust me, it is very rigid.
    0:26:45 It is very structured and it’s very brief.
    0:26:50 Ventilating ad nauseam is not a winning strategy.
    0:26:53 Neither is excessive sharing.
    0:26:55 I remember a guy walked into my office
    0:26:58 and looked at his wife and said,
    0:27:02 “You know, honey, as sexy as you are,
    0:27:03 “for all these years,
    0:27:07 “I’ve always been secretly attracted to your sister.
    0:27:10 “Gee, it’s great to get that off my chest.
    0:27:13 “Yeah, great for him.
    0:27:15 “His wife wasn’t having a good day.
    0:27:18 “You know what, use that containing boundary.
    0:27:20 “Keep it to yourself.
    0:27:24 “Don’t be immoderate in your speech to your partner.
    0:27:26 “Be an adult.
    0:27:30 “Unbridled self-expression is no favor to anybody.
    0:27:31 “Knock it off.”
    0:27:36 The fourth losing strategy is another one of my favorites,
    0:27:41 retaliation, revenge, getting even.
    0:27:44 I don’t get hurt, I get even.
    0:27:48 I often call one of my great mentors, P.M. L.L.D.,
    0:27:51 our lady of a thousand homilies,
    0:27:53 because she had a terrific repertoire
    0:27:57 of wonderful, pithy phrases and saying.
    0:27:59 And one of my favorites is what she called
    0:28:03 offending from the victim position, OFF,
    0:28:06 offending from the victim position.
    0:28:08 It’s about retaliation.
    0:28:11 It’s about self-righteous indignation.
    0:28:14 It’s about saying, “Well, you hurt me,
    0:28:17 “so I get to hurt you at least as much if not more,
    0:28:20 “and I have no shame or compunction about doing that
    0:28:21 “because I’m your victim.”
    0:28:26 Let me tell you, I believe offending from the victim
    0:28:29 accounts for 90% of the world’s violence.
    0:28:34 That and the other 10% is just a raw grab for resources.
    0:28:39 Offending from the victim position is the cycle of violence.
    0:28:41 You killed my brother, I’ll burn down your village.
    0:28:44 You burn down my village, I’ll rape your grandmother.
    0:28:48 You rape my grandmother, and on and on it goes.
    0:28:51 Offending from the victim position puts you
    0:28:56 in the crazy position of being, in fact,
    0:28:59 a perpetrator and offender,
    0:29:01 while featuring yourself as a victim.
    0:29:04 This is nuts.
    0:29:07 Here’s what I have to tell you.
    0:29:12 Every offender thinks that he’s a victim.
    0:29:17 Every perpetrator thinks that she herself
    0:29:20 has been perpetrated and moved into self-righteous
    0:29:23 indignation and revenge.
    0:29:29 It was my wife, Belinda, who gave me the best framework
    0:29:33 for understanding retaliation and understanding it
    0:29:35 with a more empathic response.
    0:29:39 She said that retaliation was really
    0:29:41 a perverse form of communication.
    0:29:46 That the essence of the retaliatory agenda,
    0:29:49 the punchline was when the other partner falls
    0:29:53 on his or her knees and says, oh my God, I get it now.
    0:29:55 I understand what I did to you
    0:29:58 because I’m feeling the same thing now.
    0:30:00 Please forgive me.
    0:30:02 Forget it.
    0:30:05 Punitiveness, punishing somebody,
    0:30:08 will never bring them into increased accountability.
    0:30:12 But you know, the more unaccountable somebody is,
    0:30:15 the more vengeful we tend to get.
    0:30:17 Even in our legal system,
    0:30:19 if one person appears before the judge
    0:30:22 and seems sincerely contrite
    0:30:25 and another person acts like they don’t care a damn,
    0:30:27 the person who acts like they don’t care a damn
    0:30:29 will get a stiffer sentence.
    0:30:33 We tend to be more punitive as people are less acknowledging.
    0:30:35 We’ll get back to that later.
    0:30:36 But you know what?
    0:30:39 Retaliation is a loser.
    0:30:41 You will never bring somebody
    0:30:45 into increased accountability by hurting them.
    0:30:47 I would like to get that message
    0:30:49 across to our penal system.
    0:30:53 There are two forms of retaliation,
    0:30:56 direct retaliation, which is rage,
    0:31:01 or indirect retaliation, which is passive aggression.
    0:31:04 The covert expression of anger,
    0:31:07 not by what you do, but by what you don’t do,
    0:31:09 by what you withhold.
    0:31:12 Here’s passive aggression.
    0:31:13 One of my kids when they were little
    0:31:15 told me this silly joke.
    0:31:18 The masochist says to the sadist,
    0:31:19 “Hit me, hit me.”
    0:31:23 And the sadist smiles and says, “No.”
    0:31:25 That’s passive aggression.
    0:31:28 It’s the way I was when I was behind a wall
    0:31:30 after Belinda and I would have a big fight.
    0:31:32 And she would say, “Isn’t it great
    0:31:34 to be close to each other again?”
    0:31:36 And I would go, “Sure.”
    0:31:39 That’s passive aggression.
    0:31:41 It’s retaliation.
    0:31:44 And whether your retaliation is direct,
    0:31:47 yelling, screaming, throwing things,
    0:31:50 hurting your partner the way you think they hurt you,
    0:31:52 or whether it’s indirect
    0:31:56 through a kind of a tight-assed non-giving,
    0:31:59 retaliation never works.
    0:32:01 It will not get you what you want.
    0:32:04 Your partner will not move into accountability.
    0:32:08 And it is a classic losing strategy
    0:32:11 that does enormous damage in your relationship.
    0:32:16 The final losing strategy is withdrawal.
    0:32:18 And I make a distinction between
    0:32:20 passive aggressive retaliation,
    0:32:22 which may look like withdrawal,
    0:32:25 but it’s really screw you,
    0:32:27 versus actual withdrawal,
    0:32:29 where you leave the field.
    0:32:31 It’s refusing to engage.
    0:32:34 You can refuse to engage about an issue.
    0:32:36 We’re not gonna talk about little Timmy,
    0:32:39 or we’re not gonna talk about sex.
    0:32:40 It can be an opting out
    0:32:43 of a particular aspect of your relationship,
    0:32:47 like physical affection or erotic joy.
    0:32:50 It can be checking out of the relationship entirely.
    0:32:55 People will move into withdrawal.
    0:32:57 They will give up on an issue
    0:33:00 or on a particular aspect of the relationship,
    0:33:03 and think that they’re moving into acceptance.
    0:33:05 Well, I’m just accepting
    0:33:08 that we can’t talk about our parenting,
    0:33:10 and I’ve made my peace with that.
    0:33:11 No, you haven’t.
    0:33:13 You’re lying to yourself.
    0:33:16 The trick is, are you resentful?
    0:33:20 If you’re resentful, you are not truly into acceptance.
    0:33:23 If there’s a shred of resentment,
    0:33:26 move back into engagement and duke it out.
    0:33:27 Fight the good fight.
    0:33:30 Withdrawal is not acceptance.
    0:33:33 Also, withdrawal is different
    0:33:35 from taking healthy space,
    0:33:38 from responsible distance taking.
    0:33:42 Withdrawal is unilateral and it’s a rupture.
    0:33:46 Here’s a skill that I can teach you.
    0:33:48 When I work with couples,
    0:33:52 I make a distinction between provocative distance taking,
    0:33:55 withdrawal, and responsible distance taking.
    0:33:59 Withdrawal or provocative distance taking is just,
    0:34:00 I’m taking it.
    0:34:01 I’m out of here.
    0:34:03 No, I’m not gonna do it.
    0:34:05 This conversation’s over.
    0:34:07 That’s withdrawal.
    0:34:10 Responsible distance taking has two parts to it.
    0:34:12 I’m taking distance.
    0:34:15 Here’s for how long.
    0:34:17 Here’s when I come back.
    0:34:20 And here’s why I’m doing it.
    0:34:23 There’s an explanation, and there’s a promise of return.
    0:34:29 This does a lot to quell your partner’s anxieties.
    0:34:31 It is not a rupture.
    0:34:33 It is a break.
    0:34:35 But you have to do it responsibly.
    0:34:37 Take care of your partner.
    0:34:39 Just don’t be unilateral.
    0:34:42 Be accountable in your distance taking.
    0:34:44 I’m taking distance.
    0:34:46 Here’s why I’m taking distance.
    0:34:48 And here’s when I’m coming back.
    0:34:53 Being right, controlling your partner,
    0:34:58 unbridled self-expression, retaliation, and withdrawal.
    0:35:02 None of these, and no combination,
    0:35:04 will ever get you more of what you want
    0:35:06 in your relationship.
    0:35:07 You know why?
    0:35:09 You’re not trying.
    0:35:10 I have a saying, for example.
    0:35:12 You can be right or you can be married.
    0:35:14 What’s more important to you?
    0:35:16 You ask that adaptive child part of you,
    0:35:17 what’s more important?
    0:35:19 Buddy, it’s right down the line.
    0:35:22 Who cares about the relationship?
    0:35:24 Once your adaptive child takes over,
    0:35:27 losing strategies reign.
    0:35:29 And you have lost your perspective.
    0:35:31 You’ve lost your compass.
    0:35:34 You have not kept your eyes on the prize,
    0:35:37 which is remembering that the person you’re speaking to
    0:35:38 is someone you love.
    0:35:40 And the reason why you’re speaking
    0:35:42 is to make things better.
    0:35:46 Instead, you’re speaking to be right,
    0:35:51 or to control, or to vent, or to hurt, or to withdraw.
    0:35:57 Okay, it’s time to out yourself once again.
    0:36:01 You know, a lot of what we’ve been doing so far,
    0:36:04 I call shaking hands with your adaptive child.
    0:36:08 It’s about getting to know that adaptive child part of you
    0:36:12 that can run amok in your relationships.
    0:36:14 It’s really important to understand where you are,
    0:36:17 and what that child part of you is all about,
    0:36:20 in order for you to encircle that child,
    0:36:22 and help manage them.
    0:36:26 So let’s take a look at what we call your LSP,
    0:36:29 your losing strategy profile.
    0:36:32 Take a moment and think, or if you’re home,
    0:36:37 whip out a piece of paper, and a pen, and write this down.
    0:36:42 What are my most usual losing strategies?
    0:36:45 Could be one, I usually withdraw.
    0:36:47 Could be a combination.
    0:36:51 I move into being right in unbridled self-expression,
    0:36:55 or I move into being right in controlling my partner.
    0:36:59 It could be a two-step, but don’t get too complicated.
    0:37:03 Most two-steps are, I’m right, or controlling,
    0:37:07 or vending, or retaliating, that’s the first step,
    0:37:09 and when that doesn’t work, I withdraw.
    0:37:13 That’s a usual two-step pattern.
    0:37:15 What is your losing strategy profile?
    0:37:18 What is the one or combination of losing strategies
    0:37:22 you will fall prey to when the heat of the moment
    0:37:25 has knocked you out of your functional adult?
    0:37:27 Take a moment and note that.
    0:37:42 Now, you know, as acute as you might be
    0:37:47 in understanding your own human limitations,
    0:37:52 we tend to be even more perspicacious about our partners.
    0:37:54 So, sometimes when I’m doing these exercises,
    0:37:56 I actually ask people to diagnose their partner
    0:37:58 before they diagnose themselves,
    0:38:00 because partners are easier to do.
    0:38:02 But you just did the heroic job
    0:38:05 of looking at yourself squarely in the mirror
    0:38:08 and looking at your usual losing strategy.
    0:38:12 Now, it’s time for those of you who are in a current relationship
    0:38:15 to look at your partner’s losing strategy.
    0:38:17 What does he or she do when they lose it
    0:38:19 in the heat of the moment?
    0:38:25 Being right, control, ventilation, retaliation, or withdrawal.
    0:38:39 Now, the simple task is to put these two together.
    0:38:40 Remember the vicious circle?
    0:38:44 Remember that the more the more that dance?
    0:38:46 Well, here’s the simplest way of unearthing
    0:38:49 the more the more between you and your partner.
    0:38:53 The more I fill in the blank of your losing strategy,
    0:38:56 the more he or she fill in the blank
    0:38:58 of his or her losing strategy.
    0:39:02 The more I am about being right,
    0:39:04 the more my partner ventilates.
    0:39:06 And the more my partner ventilates,
    0:39:08 the more I’m about being right.
    0:39:10 The more I try to control my partner,
    0:39:12 the more my partner withdraws.
    0:39:13 And the more they withdraw,
    0:39:16 the more I try to control them.
    0:39:18 The simplest way of unearthing the dynamic
    0:39:22 between you and your partner is just put
    0:39:25 your losing strategy profile up against theirs.
    0:39:28 And you will get the dynamic, the dance,
    0:39:30 the burying, the two of you.
    0:39:35 Come out of these losing strategies.
    0:39:37 Come out of the adaptive child
    0:39:42 and move into your functional adult.
    0:39:44 Move into the circle of health.
    0:39:47 – Hey guys, this is Tim again,
    0:39:49 just one more thing before you take off.
    0:39:52 And that is Five Bullet Friday.
    0:39:54 Would you enjoy getting a short email from me every Friday
    0:39:57 that provides a little fun before the weekend?
    0:39:59 Between one and a half and two million people subscribe
    0:40:02 to my free newsletter, my super short newsletter
    0:40:04 called Five Bullet Friday.
    0:40:06 Easy to sign up, easy to cancel.
    0:40:10 It is basically a half page that I send out every Friday
    0:40:12 to share the coolest things I’ve found or discovered
    0:40:14 or have started exploring over that week.
    0:40:16 It’s kind of like my diary of cool things.
    0:40:18 It often includes articles I’m reading,
    0:40:22 books I’m reading, albums perhaps, gadgets, gizmos,
    0:40:24 all sorts of tech tricks and so on.
    0:40:26 They get sent to me by my friends,
    0:40:28 including a lot of podcast guests.
    0:40:32 And these strange esoteric things end up in my field
    0:40:36 and then I test them and then I share them with you.
    0:40:39 So if that sounds fun, again, it’s very short,
    0:40:41 a little tiny bite of goodness before you head off
    0:40:43 for the weekend, something to think about.
    0:40:45 If you’d like to try it out,
    0:40:47 just go to tim.blog/friday, type that into your browser,
    0:40:51 tim.blog/friday, drop in your email
    0:40:53 and you’ll get the very next one.
    0:40:54 Thanks for listening.
    0:40:57 (upbeat music)
    0:41:07 [BLANK_AUDIO]

    For this episode, I’m doing something a bit different. I’m featuring five chapters from the audiobook Fierce Intimacy by Terry Real. What you will hear in this episode will help you identify both your and your partner’s losing strategies in relationships, and help you move from disharmony to repair. Terry is the creator of Relational Life Therapy, or RLT, which underpins all his books, courses, and teachings and equips people with the powerful relational skills they need to make love work. He is also the author of five books, including the New York Times bestseller Us: Getting Past You and Me to Build a More Loving Relationship

    And if you’d like an extra dose of calm, I recommend checking out Henry Shukman, a past podcast guest and one of only a few dozen masters in the world authorized to teach Sanbo Zen. Henry’s app, The Way, has changed my life. I’ve been using it daily, often twice a day, and it’s lowered my anxiety more than I thought possible. For 30 free sessions, just visit thewayapp.com/tim. No credit card required.

    Excerpted from Fierce Intimacy: Standing Up to One Another with LOVE by Terry Real (Sounds True, 2018.). Used with permission.

    *

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  • Roboflow Simplifies Computer Vision for Developers and the Enterprise – Ep. 248

    AI transcript
    0:00:10 [MUSIC]
    0:00:13 Hello, and welcome to the NVIDIA AI podcast.
    0:00:15 I’m your host, Noah Kravitz.
    0:00:19 90% of the information transmitted to human brains is visual.
    0:00:22 So while advances related to large language models and
    0:00:26 other language processing technology have pushed the frontier of AI forward in
    0:00:28 a hurry over the past few years.
    0:00:32 Visual information is integral for AI to act with the physical world,
    0:00:34 which is where computer vision comes in.
    0:00:37 Roboflow empowers developers of all skill sets and
    0:00:41 experience levels to build their own computer vision applications.
    0:00:44 The company’s platform addresses the universal pain points developers face
    0:00:47 when building CV models, data management to deployment.
    0:00:51 Roboflow is currently used by over 16,000 organizations and
    0:00:55 half the Fortune 100, totaling over 1 million developers.
    0:00:59 And they’re a member of NVIDIA’s Inception program for startups.
    0:01:03 Roboflow co-founder and CEO, Joseph Nelson, is with us today to talk about
    0:01:08 his company’s mission to transform industries by democratizing computer vision.
    0:01:09 So let’s jump into it.
    0:01:13 Joseph, welcome, and thank you for joining the NVIDIA AI podcast.
    0:01:14 >> Thanks so much for having me.
    0:01:19 >> I’m excited to talk CV, there’s nothing against language, love language.
    0:01:22 But there’s been a lot of language stuff lately, which is great.
    0:01:25 But I’m excited to hear about Roboflow.
    0:01:26 So let’s jump into it.
    0:01:30 Maybe you can start by talking a little bit more about your mission and
    0:01:34 what democratizing computer vision means and making the world programmable.
    0:01:37 >> At the highest level, as you just described,
    0:01:40 the vast majority of information that humans process happens to be visual
    0:01:41 information.
    0:01:45 In fact, I mean, humans, we had our sense of sight before we even created language.
    0:01:46 It’s how we understand the world.
    0:01:50 It’s how we understand the things around us, it’s how we engage with the world.
    0:01:56 And because of that, I think there’s this massive untapped potential
    0:01:59 to have technology and systems have visual understanding to
    0:02:04 a similar way that humans do all across, really, we say the universe.
    0:02:07 So when we say our North Star is to make the world programmable,
    0:02:09 what we really mean is that any scene and
    0:02:13 anything will have software that understands it.
    0:02:14 And when you have software that understands something,
    0:02:16 you can improve that system.
    0:02:18 You can make it be more efficient, you can make it be more entertaining,
    0:02:20 you can make it be more engaging.
    0:02:23 I mean, at Roboflow, we’ve seen folks build things from understanding
    0:02:27 cell populations under a microscope all the way to discovering new galaxies
    0:02:28 through a telescope.
    0:02:31 And everything in between is where vision and video and
    0:02:33 understanding comes into play.
    0:02:36 So if this AI revolution is to reach its full potential,
    0:02:38 it needs to make contact with the real world.
    0:02:42 And it turns out the real world is one that is very visually rich and
    0:02:43 needs to be understood.
    0:02:47 So we build the tools, the platform, and the community to accelerate that transition.
    0:02:51 So maybe you can tell us a little bit about the platform and
    0:02:55 kind of within that how your mission and North Star kind of shape the way you
    0:02:57 develop products and build out user experiences.
    0:03:02 And I should mention a great shout out from Jensen in the CES keynote earlier
    0:03:04 this year for you guys.
    0:03:06 And you raised Series B late last year.
    0:03:10 So I want to congratulate you on that as well before I forget.
    0:03:10 >> I appreciate it.
    0:03:12 Yeah, it’s a good start.
    0:03:15 I mean, as you said, a million developers, but there’s 70 million developers out there.
    0:03:18 There’s billions that will benefit from having visual understanding.
    0:03:21 I mean, in fact, in that Jensen shout out, just like maybe the sentence or
    0:03:25 two before he described some of the visual partners that are fortunate to work
    0:03:26 with the NVIDIA team.
    0:03:30 He described that the way NVIDIA sees it is that global GDP is $100 trillion,
    0:03:35 and he describes that visual understanding is like $50 trillion of that opportunity.
    0:03:39 So basically half of all global GDP is predicated on these
    0:03:43 operationally intensive, visual, centric, autonomy-based sorts of use cases.
    0:03:47 And so, the level of impact that visual understanding will have in the world is
    0:03:50 just a fraction of what it will look like as we progress.
    0:03:53 Now, in terms of like how we think about doing that, so
    0:03:56 it’s really about empowering the builders and giving the certainty and
    0:03:58 capability to the enterprise.
    0:04:02 So for example, anyone that’s building a system for visual understanding often
    0:04:07 needs to have some form of visual input, camera, video, something like this.
    0:04:08 >> Sure.
    0:04:10 >> You need to have a model because the model is going to help you act,
    0:04:15 understand, and react to whatever maybe actual insight you want to understand.
    0:04:17 And then you want to run that model some more, you want to deploy it.
    0:04:21 And commonly, you even want to chain together models or
    0:04:23 have a system that triggers some alerts or
    0:04:26 some results based on information that it’s understanding.
    0:04:29 So Robofill provides the building blocks, the platform, and
    0:04:34 the solutions so that over a million developers and half the Fortune 100
    0:04:37 have what they need to deploy these tools to production.
    0:04:41 And you’re doing it kind of mentioned in the intro.
    0:04:45 Trying to make the platform available for folks who are deep into this,
    0:04:48 have been doing CV and working with machine learning for a while.
    0:04:51 And then also folks who might be new to this, they can get up and
    0:04:55 running and work with CV, build that into their toolkit.
    0:05:00 >> Yeah, the emphasis has always been kind of on someone that wants to be a builder.
    0:05:04 That definition is expanding with the capabilities of code generation,
    0:05:05 prompting to apps.
    0:05:08 We’ve always kind of been bent on this idea that those that
    0:05:11 want to create, use, and distribute software.
    0:05:14 What’s funny is that when we very first launched some of our first products,
    0:05:16 ML teams initially were kind of like, I don’t know,
    0:05:18 this seems pretty pedestrian, I know exactly what to do.
    0:05:21 And fast forward now, and it’s like, whoa, a platform that’s fully
    0:05:25 featured that has immediate access to the latest models to use on my data in
    0:05:28 the contexts of where I can even anticipate.
    0:05:31 So it’s been kind of, as the platforms become more feature rich,
    0:05:35 we’ve been able to certainly enable a broader swath of both maybe
    0:05:37 domain experts of a capability.
    0:05:41 But I think broadly speaking, the places that we see the rapid,
    0:05:44 most impactful adoption in some ways is actually bringing vision to others that
    0:05:46 otherwise may not have had it.
    0:05:51 Like what used to be maybe like a multi-quarter PhD thesis level investment
    0:05:54 now can be something that a team spends up in an afternoon.
    0:05:58 And that really has this kind of demand-begets-demand paradigm.
    0:06:01 I mean, for example, one of our customers, they produce electric vehicles.
    0:06:05 And when you produce an EV inside their general assembly facility,
    0:06:08 there’s all sorts of things that you need to make sure you do correctly as you
    0:06:12 produce that vehicle, from the worker safety who are doing the work to
    0:06:16 the machines that are outputting, say, when you do what’s called stamping,
    0:06:19 where you take a piece of steel or aluminum and you press it into the shape
    0:06:23 of the outline of the vehicle, and you get up potential tears or fissures or
    0:06:26 when you actually assemble the batteries out of the correct number of screws.
    0:06:30 Basically, every part of building a car is about visually
    0:06:33 validating that the thing has been built correctly so that when a customer
    0:06:36 drives it, they can do so without any cause for pause.
    0:06:40 And just a little bit of computer vision goes a really long way in enabling
    0:06:44 that company and many others to very quickly accelerate their goals.
    0:06:47 In fact, this company had the goal of producing 1,000 vehicles three years ago,
    0:06:50 and they barely did it at 1,012 in that year.
    0:06:53 And then they scaled up to 25,000 and now 50,000.
    0:06:56 And a lot of that is on the backs of having things that they know they’re
    0:06:57 building correctly.
    0:07:01 And so we’re really fortunate to be a part of enabling things like this.
    0:07:04 So it’s kind of like you could think about it of a system that doesn’t have
    0:07:07 a sense of visual understanding, adding even just a little bit of visual
    0:07:11 context totally rewrites the way by which you manufacture a car.
    0:07:14 And that same revolution is going to take place for
    0:07:16 lots of operationally intensive processes, but
    0:07:19 any kind of place that you interact with the world each day.
    0:07:23 >> So kind of along those lines, what to use the phrase untapped opportunities
    0:07:27 you see out there, what’s the low hanging fruit or maybe the high hanging fruit,
    0:07:30 but you’re just excited about when it comes to developing and
    0:07:33 deploying computer vision applications.
    0:07:37 And we’ve been talking about it, but obviously talk about robo flows.
    0:07:40 Work not just supporting, but helping developers kind of unlike helping
    0:07:42 builders unlock what’s next.
    0:07:46 >> The amazing thing is actually the expanse of the creativity of developers
    0:07:49 and engineers, it’s like if you give someone a new capability,
    0:07:53 you almost can’t anticipate all the ways by which they’ll bring that capability
    0:07:53 to bear.
    0:07:57 So for example, I mean, we have folks that hobbyists that’ll make things,
    0:08:00 like the number of folks that make things that like measure the size of fish.
    0:08:03 Cuz I think they’re trying to prove to their friends that they caught the biggest
    0:08:06 fish, and then you separately have like government agencies that have wanted to
    0:08:09 validate the size of salmon during migration patterns.
    0:08:12 And so this primitive of like understanding size of fish both has
    0:08:14 what seems to be fun and very serious implications.
    0:08:17 Or folks that I don’t know, like a friend of mine recently was like,
    0:08:21 hey, I wonder how many cars out in San Francisco are actually Waymo’s,
    0:08:22 versus like other sorts of cars.
    0:08:23 And what does that look like?
    0:08:24 What does that track over time?
    0:08:28 And so they had a pretty simple like Raspberry Pi camera parked down their
    0:08:31 windowsill and in an afternoon, now they have a thing that’s counting,
    0:08:34 tracking, and keeping a tabulation on how many self-driving cars are making
    0:08:37 their way on the road, at least sampled in front of their house each day.
    0:08:40 >> Right, no, I don’t wanna call anybody out, but that’s not the same person
    0:08:45 who had the video of all the Waymo’s in the parking lot in the middle of the
    0:08:46 night in San Francisco in circles.
    0:08:47 No, okay.
    0:08:49 >> It wasn’t that guy.
    0:08:53 >> Yeah, but I mean, like the use cases are expansive because I don’t know,
    0:08:57 like the way we got into this, right, is like we were making AR apps, actually.
    0:09:00 And computer vision was critical to the augmented reality,
    0:09:02 understanding the system around us.
    0:09:04 And we’ve since had folks that make, you know,
    0:09:08 board game understanding, technology, D&D dice counters,
    0:09:10 telling you the best first movie you should play in Catan.
    0:09:12 And so basically, like you have this like creative population of folks.
    0:09:15 Or this one guy during the pandemic, you know, he’s really bored, locked inside.
    0:09:19 And he thought maybe his cat needed to get some more exercise.
    0:09:22 And he created this system that like attached a laser pointer to a robotic arm.
    0:09:26 And with a little bit of vision, he made it so the robotic arm consistently points
    0:09:28 the laser pointer 10 feet away from the cat.
    0:09:31 That’s like jumping around the living room and makes this whole YouTube tutorial.
    0:09:33 But then like the thing that’s really interesting, right, is that like,
    0:09:37 you know what technology has arrived when like a hacker can just like build
    0:09:40 something in a single setting or maybe like in a weekend.
    0:09:46 You know that what used to be this far difficult to access capability is now
    0:09:50 broadly accessible. And that fuels like a lot of like the similar sort of enterprise
    0:09:53 use cases. Like we got to have a joke at Rebelflow that like one person’s
    0:09:56 hobbyist projects is another person’s entire business.
    0:09:59 So the low hanging fruit, frankly, is like everywhere around us.
    0:10:02 Like any sort of visual feed is untapped.
    0:10:05 This sort of images that someone might be collection and gathering.
    0:10:07 I mean, the similar things that give rise to machine learning certainly apply
    0:10:11 to vision where the amount of visual inputs doubling year on year and petabytes
    0:10:14 of visual information to be extracted.
    0:10:16 So it’s kind of like, if you think about it, you can do it.
    0:10:21 That makes me think of an episode we did recently with a surgeon who founded
    0:10:26 a surgical data collective and they were using just these, I say stacks.
    0:10:28 They weren’t actually videotapes, I’m sure.
    0:10:33 But all of this unwatched unused footage from surgeries to train a model
    0:10:36 to help train surgeons how to do their jobs better.
    0:10:40 But if you want to ask, are the inputs that could, the visual inputs that can go
    0:10:43 into RoboFlow, it doesn’t have to be a live camera stream.
    0:10:46 You can also use, you know, archive footage images.
    0:10:47 That’s correct.
    0:10:47 Yep.
    0:10:48 Yep.
    0:10:51 So someone may have like a backlog of a bunch of videos.
    0:10:54 I mean, for example, we actually had a professional baseball team where
    0:10:58 they had a history of a bunch of their videos of pitching sessions and they
    0:11:03 wanted to run through and do a key point model to identify various poses and time
    0:11:06 of release of the pitch and how does that impact someone’s performance over time.
    0:11:09 And so they had all these videos that from the past that they wanted to run through.
    0:11:12 And then pretty soon they started to do this for like minor leagues where you
    0:11:15 might not have scouts, omnipresent, and you certainly don’t have broadcasts.
    0:11:16 Right, right, right.
    0:11:19 You just have like this like kind of low quality footage on like cameras from
    0:11:22 various places and being able to produce like sports analytics out of, you know,
    0:11:26 this information that’s just locked up otherwise and this unstructured visual
    0:11:30 capture is now available for, in this case, building a better baseball team.
    0:11:31 Yeah, that’s amazing.
    0:11:36 Building community, you know, is something that is both vital to a lot
    0:11:39 of companies like tech companies and developer platforms and such.
    0:11:43 But it also can be a really hard thing to do, especially to build, you know,
    0:11:48 an organic, genuine, robust community serving enterprise clients, let alone
    0:11:54 across this seemingly endless sort of swath of industries and use cases and such.
    0:11:57 You know, also pretty resource intensive.
    0:11:58 So how do you balance both?
    0:12:02 How is Roboflow approaching, you know, building that community that you’re
    0:12:08 talking about just now with serving, you know, these I’m sure demanding in a good
    0:12:10 way, but, you know, demanding enterprise clients.
    0:12:13 I think the two actually go hand in hand more than many would anticipate.
    0:12:14 Okay.
    0:12:18 When you build a community and you build a large set of people that are
    0:12:23 interested in creating and using a given platform, you actually give a company
    0:12:26 leverage basically like the number of people that are building, creating and
    0:12:30 sharing examples of Roboflow from a very early day made us seem probably much
    0:12:33 bigger than maybe we were or are.
    0:12:36 And so that gives a lot of trust to enterprises.
    0:12:40 Like, you know, you want to use something that has gone through its paces and
    0:12:43 battle tested something that might be like an industry standard.
    0:12:47 And you don’t become an industry standard by only limiting your technology to a
    0:12:49 very small swath of people.
    0:12:53 You enable anyone to kind of build, learn the paradigm and create.
    0:12:58 Now, you’re right that both take a different type of thoughtfulness to be
    0:12:59 able to execute on.
    0:13:03 So in the context of like community building and making products for developers.
    0:13:06 A lot of that I think stems from, you know, as an engineer, there’s
    0:13:09 products that I like using in the ways that I like to use those products.
    0:13:12 And I want to enable others to be able to have a similar experience of the
    0:13:12 products that we make.
    0:13:16 So it’s, it’s things like providing value before asking for value, having a very
    0:13:19 generous free chair, having the ability to highlight the top use cases.
    0:13:22 I mean, we have a whole like research plan where if someone’s doing stuff on a
    0:13:26 .edu domain, then they have increased access to GPUs.
    0:13:30 Roboflow has actually given away over a million dollars of compute and GPU usage
    0:13:33 for open source computer vision projects.
    0:13:37 And, you know, we actually have this, it’s kind of a funny stat, but 2.1
    0:13:40 research papers are published every day, citing Roboflow.
    0:13:43 And those are things like people are doing all these sorts of things.
    0:13:44 That’s a super cool stat, I think.
    0:13:48 Yeah, I mean, it just gives it, it just gives you the context to like, yeah,
    0:13:52 like that is someone’s maybe six or 12 month thesis that they’ve spent trying
    0:13:57 to inject and to be able to empower folks to realize what’s possible.
    0:14:01 And it’s really kind of the fulfillment of like our mission at its core, like
    0:14:05 the impact of visual understanding is bigger than anyone company and anything
    0:14:09 that we can do to allow the world to see, expose and deploy that is important.
    0:14:12 Now, on the enterprise side, what we were really talking about is building
    0:14:15 a successful kind of go to market motion and making money to invest
    0:14:19 further in our mission and enterprises, as you alluded, are very resource
    0:14:23 intensive in terms of being able to service those needs successfully.
    0:14:26 Even there, though, you actually get leveraged by seeing the sorts of
    0:14:30 problems, seeing the sorts of fundamental building blocks and then productizing
    0:14:33 those building blocks, you know, there have been companies that have come
    0:14:37 before Roboflow who have done a great job of be very hands on with enterprise
    0:14:40 customers and productizing those capabilities, company like Pivotal or
    0:14:45 Palantir or these large companies that have gone from, hey, let’s kind of do
    0:14:48 like a bespoke way of making something possible and deploy it more broadly.
    0:14:52 Now, we’re not fully, you know, like for like with those businesses.
    0:14:56 I more give that as an example to show as someone that is building tooling
    0:15:00 and capabilities, worst case is you’re giving the enterprise substantially
    0:15:03 more leverage and certainly best case is there’s actually a symbiotic
    0:15:06 relationship between enterprises being able to discover how to use the
    0:15:10 technology, be able to find guides from the community, be able to find models
    0:15:11 they want to start from.
    0:15:15 I mean, Roboflow Universe, which is the open source collection of data sets
    0:15:18 and models, is the largest collection of computer vision projects on the web.
    0:15:22 There’s about 500 million user labeled and shared images and over 200,000
    0:15:23 pre-trained models.
    0:15:26 And that’s used for the community just as much as enterprise, right?
    0:15:28 Like when you say enterprise, like enterprise is people.
    0:15:31 And so there’s people inside those companies that are creating and building
    0:15:32 some of those capabilities.
    0:15:35 Now, operationalizing and ensuring that we deliver the service quality, it’s
    0:15:39 just the types of teams you build and the way that you prioritize companies
    0:15:39 to be successful.
    0:15:42 But we’re really fortunate that, you know, we’re not writing the playbook here.
    0:15:47 There’s been a lot of companies that, you know, Mongo or Elastic or Twilio or
    0:15:51 lots of post IPO businesses that have shown the pathway to both building
    0:15:55 really high quality products that developers and builders love to use
    0:15:59 and ensuring that they’re enterprise ready and meeting the needs of high
    0:16:02 scale, high complexity, high value use cases.
    0:16:04 So you use the word complexities.
    0:16:09 And, you know, one of the things that I hear all the time from, and I’m
    0:16:12 sure you more than me from people are trying to build anything is sort of how
    0:16:17 do you balance, you know, creativity and coming up with ways to solve problems.
    0:16:20 And particularly if you get into kind of a unique situation and you need to find
    0:16:24 a creative answer with things, with not letting things get too complex.
    0:16:27 And, you know, in something like computer vision, I’m sure the technical
    0:16:30 complexities can, can spin up in a hurry.
    0:16:33 What’s been, you know, your approach and what success is?
    0:16:35 How have you found success and balancing that?
    0:16:40 Complexity for a product or global flow is always a balance.
    0:16:44 You want to offer users the capability in the advanced settings and the ability
    0:16:46 to make things their own.
    0:16:50 Well, also part of the core value proposition is simplifying.
    0:16:53 And so you often think, oh man, those two things must be at odds.
    0:16:55 How do you simplify something, but also serve complexity?
    0:17:00 And in fact, they’re not, especially for products like Roboflow, where it is
    0:17:03 four builders, you make it very easy to extend.
    0:17:07 You make it very interoperable, meaning there’s open APIs and open SDKs, where
    0:17:11 if there’s a certain part of the tool chain that you want to integrate with or
    0:17:13 there’s a certain specific enterprise system where you want to read or write
    0:17:16 data to, that’s all supported on day one.
    0:17:19 And so if you try to kind of boil the ocean of being everything in the
    0:17:24 platform all at once on day one, then you can find yourself in a spot where you
    0:17:28 may not be able to service the needs of your customers well.
    0:17:30 In fact, it’s a bit more step by step.
    0:17:33 And that’s where, you know, the devil’s in the details of execution of which
    0:17:36 steps you pick first, which sort of problems you best nail for your customers.
    0:17:39 But philosophically, it’s really important to us that, for example, when
    0:17:43 someone is building a workflow, which is, you know, the combination of a model
    0:17:47 and some inputs and outputs, you might ingest maybe like an RTSP stream from
    0:17:49 like a live feed of a camera.
    0:17:51 Then you might have like a first model that’s, once you’re the problem that
    0:17:57 we’re solving is we’re an inventory company and we’re concerned about worker safety.
    0:18:00 You might have a first model that’s just like constantly watching all frames to
    0:18:03 see if there’s a presence of a person, a very lightweight model kind of run in
    0:18:04 the edge.
    0:18:07 And then maybe a second model of when there’s a person, you ask a large vision
    0:18:10 language model, large VLM, Hey, is there any risks here?
    0:18:11 Is there anything to consider?
    0:18:13 Should we like look more closely at this?
    0:18:17 And then after the VLM, you might have a another specific model that’s going to
    0:18:22 do validation of the type of danger that is interesting, or maybe the specific
    0:18:25 area within your, your store, maybe you’re going to connect to another
    0:18:26 database that exists.
    0:18:29 And then like, based on that, you’re going to write some results somewhere.
    0:18:32 And maybe you’re going to write that result to have insights of how frequently
    0:18:37 there was a cause for concern within the process that you’re monitoring, just as
    0:18:40 much as maybe you’re flagging an alert and maybe send in a text or an email or
    0:18:43 writing to an enterprise system like SAP to keep track.
    0:18:50 And at each step of that juncture, any one of those nodes, since it’s built for
    0:18:54 us on an open source platform, which we call inference, you can actually mix
    0:18:58 and match, write your own custom Python, write an API in way or one way or another.
    0:19:02 And so let’s imagine like a future where someone wanted the ability to write
    0:19:04 to a system that we didn’t support yet, like first party.
    0:19:05 You’re actually not out of luck.
    0:19:09 As long as that system accepts a post request, you’re fine.
    0:19:11 And so you have the ability to extend the system.
    0:19:15 Yeah. And so it’s this sort of paradigm of like interoperability and making
    0:19:17 it easy to use with alongside other tools.
    0:19:20 And it gets back to your point around servicing builders, just as much as the
    0:19:25 enterprise, I actually think those things are really closely interlinked because
    0:19:29 you provide the flexibility and choice and ability to make something mine and
    0:19:33 build a competency inside the company of what it is I wanted to create and deploy.
    0:19:37 Right. The way you frame that makes a lot of sense and makes that link very clear.
    0:19:40 We’re speaking with Joseph Nelson.
    0:19:43 Joseph is the co-founder and CEO of Roboflow.
    0:19:48 And as he’s been detailing Roboflow provides a platform for builders to use
    0:19:50 computer vision in what they’re building.
    0:19:55 Joseph, you know, I in the intro sort of alluded to all the all the advances
    0:19:58 and buzz around large language models and that kind of thing over the past couple
    0:20:02 of years. And I meant to ask Roboflow was founded in 2020.
    0:20:05 Roboflow Inc. was incorporated in 2020.
    0:20:06 That’s right. Got it.
    0:20:09 And so anyway, kind of fast forwarding to, you know, more recently, the past, I
    0:20:15 don’t know, six months, year, whatever it’s been, a lot of buzz around agents,
    0:20:17 the idea of agentic AI.
    0:20:21 And then, you know, there was buzz, I guess, that the word multimodal was being
    0:20:26 flung around kind of more frequently, at least in circles I run in for a while.
    0:20:29 And then it sort of dropped off just as people, you know, there were the
    0:20:33 consumer models that the Clause and ChatGPTs and Geminis and what have you
    0:20:37 in the world, just started incorporating visual capabilities, both to, you know,
    0:20:43 ingest and understand and then to create visual output, voice models, you know,
    0:20:45 now getting into short video clips, all that kind of stuff.
    0:20:51 What’s your take on the role of multimodal AI integration when it comes to advancing
    0:20:55 CV, you know, how is Roboflow kind of positioned to support this?
    0:21:02 So multimodality allows an AI system to have even more context than from a
    0:21:03 single modality, right?
    0:21:07 So if one of our customers is monitoring an industrial process, and let’s say
    0:21:12 they’re looking for potentially a leak, maybe in an oil and gas facility, that
    0:21:16 leak can manifest itself as, yes, you see something, a product that’s dripping
    0:21:17 out and you didn’t expect it to.
    0:21:23 It also can manifest itself as you heard a noise or maybe there’s something
    0:21:27 about the time dimension of the video that you’re watching as another modality
    0:21:28 beyond just the individual images.
    0:21:33 Right. And those additional dimensions of data allow the system that you’re
    0:21:35 building to have more intelligence.
    0:21:39 And so that’s why you see kind of like all these modalities crashing together.
    0:21:42 And what it does is it enables our customers to have even more context.
    0:21:47 The way we’ve thought about that is we’ve actually been built on and using
    0:21:50 multimodality as early as 2021.
    0:21:54 So in 2021, there was a model that came out from open AI called the clip,
    0:21:57 contrastive language image per training, which introduced this idea of training
    0:21:59 on 400 million image text pairs.
    0:22:03 Can we just associate some words of text with some images?
    0:22:06 What this really unlocked for our customers was the ability to do semantic
    0:22:10 search, like I could just describe a concept and then I can get back the images
    0:22:11 from a video frame or from a given image.
    0:22:15 Now it’d be interesting for me for the purposes of building out my model.
    0:22:20 Increasingly, we’ve been excited by increases of models that have more
    0:22:22 multimodal capabilities on day one.
    0:22:26 That comes with its own form of challenges, though, the data preparation,
    0:22:30 the evaluation systems, the incorporation of those systems into the other parts
    0:22:32 of the pipeline that you’re building.
    0:22:36 And so where there’s opportunity to have even more intelligence, there’s also
    0:22:41 challenge to incorporating that intelligence, adapting it to your context,
    0:22:42 passing it to other sorts of systems.
    0:22:47 And so Roboflow and being deep believers in multimodal capabilities very early
    0:22:53 on have continued to make it so that users can capture, use and process other
    0:22:54 modalities of data.
    0:22:58 So for example, we support the ability for folks to use vision language models,
    0:23:01 BLMs, in the context of problems they’re working, which is typically like
    0:23:02 an image text pair.
    0:23:08 So if you’re using, you know, Quen VL 2.5, which came out last week, or
    0:23:11 Florence 2 for Microsoft, which came out maybe about six months ago, or PolyGemma
    0:23:16 2 from Google, these are all multimodal models that have very rich text
    0:23:20 understandings and have visual understandings, which makes them very good at,
    0:23:22 for example, document understanding.
    0:23:26 Like if you just pass a document, there’s both text in the document and a
    0:23:27 position in the document.
    0:23:30 And so Roboflow is one of the only places, maybe the only place where you can
    0:23:35 fine tune and adapt, say, Quen VL today, which means preparing the data and running
    0:23:37 it in the context of the rest of your systems.
    0:23:40 And those sorts of capabilities, I think, should only increase and enable our
    0:23:44 customers to get more context more quickly from the types of problems that
    0:23:44 they’re solving.
    0:23:44 Right.
    0:23:48 So I think a lot of these things kind of like are crashing together into just
    0:23:52 like AI, like amorphous AI that like has all these capabilities, like you’d expect
    0:23:57 it, but as that happens, what’s important is there’s actually still unique parts
    0:24:00 of visual needs, right?
    0:24:03 Like visual needs require visual tooling in our opinion.
    0:24:05 Like you want to see, you want to validate.
    0:24:09 You need to do, you know, the famous adage of a picture being worth a thousand
    0:24:11 words is extremely instructive here.
    0:24:14 Like you almost can’t anticipate all the ways that the world’s going to look
    0:24:17 different than how you drew it up.
    0:24:21 Like self-driving cars are kind of this example one-on-one where, yeah, you think
    0:24:24 you can drive, like you have a very simple way of describing what the world’s
    0:24:25 going to look like, but I don’t know.
    0:24:29 Like let’s take a very narrow part of a self-driving car, stop signs, right?
    0:24:31 So go stop signs look universal.
    0:24:32 They’re always octagons.
    0:24:35 They’re red and they’re really well-mounted on the right side of streets.
    0:24:39 Well, what about a school bus where the stop sign kind of flips off where it
    0:24:43 comes on or what about like a gate of where like the stop signs mounted on a
    0:24:44 gate and the gate could open and close?
    0:24:48 And pretty soon you’re like, wait a second, there’s a lot of cases where a
    0:24:50 stop sign isn’t really just a stop sign.
    0:24:55 And seeing those cases and triaging and debugging and validating, we think
    0:24:59 inherently calls for some specific needs for processing the visual information.
    0:25:04 And so we’re laser focused on enabling our customers to benefit from as many
    0:25:08 modalities as help them solve their problem while ensuring the visual
    0:25:11 dimension in particular is best capitalized on.
    0:25:12 Right.
    0:25:17 And does that, and I may be showing the limits of my technical understanding here.
    0:25:19 So, you know, have added if so.
    0:25:25 But does that exist as, you know, RoboFlow creating these, you know, sort of, as
    0:25:30 you said, amorphous AI all crash together models that have this focus and these
    0:25:31 sort of advanced visual capabilities?
    0:25:38 Or is it more of a like chaining a RoboFlow specific model, you know, onto other models?
    0:25:43 Commonly you’re in a position where you’re chaining things together or you
    0:25:46 wanted things to work in your context or you wanted to work in a compute
    0:25:47 constrained environment.
    0:25:51 Okay, so visions, visions pretty unique in that unlike language and a lot of
    0:25:55 other places where AI exists, actually vision is almost where humans are not.
    0:25:58 Basically, like you want to observe parts of the world where a person is present.
    0:26:02 Like if you return to our example of like an oil and gas facility where
    0:26:06 you’re monitoring pipelines, I mean, there’s tens of thousands of miles of pipeline
    0:26:09 and you’re certainly not going to have a person stationed every hundred yards
    0:26:11 along it’s just an S9 idea.
    0:26:15 And so instead you could have a video theater visual understanding of maybe key
    0:26:20 points where you’re most likely to have pressure changes and to monitor those
    0:26:23 key points, you know, that you’re not necessarily in an internet connected
    0:26:27 environment, you’re in an operationally intensive environment that even if you
    0:26:30 did have internet and might not make sense to stream the video to the cloud.
    0:26:33 So basically where you get to is you’re probably running something at the edge
    0:26:36 because it makes sense to co-locate your compute and that’s where like a lot of
    0:26:39 our customers, for example, using video Jetsons, they’re very excited about the
    0:26:44 digits that was announced at CES to make it so that you can bring these highly
    0:26:48 capable models to co-locate alongside where their problem kind of exists.
    0:26:50 Now, why does that matter?
    0:26:54 That matters because you can’t always have the largest, most general model
    0:26:56 running in those environments at real time.
    0:27:00 I think this is part of, you know, a statement of like the way the world
    0:27:04 looks today versus how we’ll look at 24, 36 and 48 months.
    0:27:07 But I do think that over time, even as model capabilities advance and you can
    0:27:10 get more and more distilled at the edge, there’s I think always going to be
    0:27:14 somewhat of a lag between if I’m operating in an environment where I’m
    0:27:17 fully compute unbounded or these comparatively unbounded in the cloud
    0:27:20 versus an environment where I am a bit more compute bounded.
    0:27:25 And so that capability gap requires specialization and capability to work best
    0:27:27 for that domain context problem.
    0:27:31 So a lot of Roboflow users and a lot of customers and a lot of deployments tend
    0:27:34 to be in environments like those, not all, but certainly some.
    0:27:39 All right, shift gears here for a moment before we wrap up.
    0:27:41 Joseph, you’re a multi-time founder, correct?
    0:27:45 Yeah, maybe to kind of set this up, you can just kind of run through a little
    0:27:48 bit your experience as an entrepreneur.
    0:27:49 What was the first company you founded?
    0:27:53 Well, the very first company was a T-shirt business in high school.
    0:27:56 Nice. I don’t know that it was founded, there’s never an LLC.
    0:27:58 I don’t even know my parents knew about it.
    0:28:02 But there is that in a university.
    0:28:08 I ran a satirical newspaper and sold ads on the ad space for it and date myself here.
    0:28:11 But Uber was just rolling out to campuses at that time.
    0:28:14 So I had my Uber referral code and had like free Ubers for a year for like all
    0:28:16 the number of folks that discovered it.
    0:28:20 I kind of joked my first company that maybe the closest thing to a real business
    0:28:24 beyond these side projects was a business that I started my last year of university
    0:28:27 and ran for three years before a larger company acquired it.
    0:28:29 And I went to school in Washington, D.C.
    0:28:34 I had interned on Capitol Hill once upon a time and I was working at Facebook
    0:28:38 my last year of university and was brought back to Capitol Hill and realized
    0:28:41 that like a lot of the technical problem or a lot of the problems,
    0:28:44 operational problems that could be solved with technology still existed.
    0:28:48 One of those is Congress gets 80 million messages a year and interns sort through
    0:28:51 that mail. And this was, you know, 2015.
    0:28:55 So we said, Hey, what if we use natural language processing to accelerate
    0:28:57 the rate at which Congress hears from its constituents?
    0:29:01 And in doing so, we improve the world’s most powerful democracies,
    0:29:02 customer success center.
    0:29:07 And so that grew into business that I ran for about three years and we had a tight
    0:29:10 integration with another product that was a CRM for these congressional offices
    0:29:13 and that company called Fireside 21 acquired the business and rolled it out
    0:29:15 to all of their their customers.
    0:29:19 That was a bootstrap company, you know, as nine employees at PE can relatively
    0:29:23 mission driven thing that we wanted to build and solve a problem that we knew
    0:29:26 should be solved, which is improving the efficacy of Congress.
    0:29:28 How big is Roboflow?
    0:29:28 How many employees?
    0:29:31 Well, I tell the team, whenever I answer that question, I start with,
    0:29:33 we’ve helped a million developers so far.
    0:29:37 So that’s how that’s how big we are team wise, team wise.
    0:29:40 Team doesn’t necessarily mean, you know, come in any, any number of things.
    0:29:43 Yeah, yeah, we’re growing quickly.
    0:29:43 Excellent.
    0:29:49 As we’re recording this and this one’s going to get out before GTC 2025 coming
    0:29:52 up in mid-March down in San Jose, as always.
    0:29:54 And Joseph Roboflow is going to be there.
    0:29:55 Yeah, we’ll be there.
    0:29:56 I mean, GTC has become the Super Bowl of AI.
    0:29:57 Right.
    0:30:01 Any hints, any teasers you can give of what you’ll be showing off?
    0:30:05 We have a few announcements of some things that we’ll be releasing.
    0:30:08 I can give listeners a sneak peek to a couple of them.
    0:30:13 One thing that we’ve been working pretty heavily on is the ability to chain models
    0:30:16 together, understand their outputs, connect to other systems.
    0:30:21 And from following our customers, it turns out what we kind of built is a system
    0:30:26 for building visual agents and increasingly as there’s a strong drive around
    0:30:29 agentic systems, which is, you know, more than just a model.
    0:30:33 It’s also memory and action and tool use and loops.
    0:30:38 Users can now create and build and deploy visual agents to monitor a camera feed
    0:30:42 or process a bunch of images or make sense of any sort of visual input in a
    0:30:45 very streamlined, straightforward way using our open source tooling in a
    0:30:46 loginless way.
    0:30:50 And so that’s one area that we’re excited to show more about soon.
    0:30:55 In partnership with NVIDIA and the inception program, we’re actually
    0:30:59 releasing a couple of new advancements in the research field.
    0:31:03 So without giving exactly what those are, I’ll give you some parameters of what
    0:31:09 to expect at CBPR in 2023, Robofo released something called RF 100, which
    0:31:12 the premise is for computer vision to realize its full potential, the models
    0:31:15 need to be able to understand novel environments.
    0:31:15 Right.
    0:31:18 So if you think about a scene, you think about maybe people on a restaurant
    0:31:21 or you think about like a given football game or something like this.
    0:31:22 Yeah, yeah.
    0:31:24 But the world is much bigger than just where people are.
    0:31:25 Like you have like documents to understand.
    0:31:27 You have aerial images.
    0:31:28 You have things under microscopes.
    0:31:30 You have agricultural problems.
    0:31:31 You have galaxies.
    0:31:36 You have digital environments and RF 100, which we released is sampling
    0:31:40 from the Robofo universe, a basket of a hundred data sets that allows
    0:31:45 researchers to benchmark how well does my model do in novel contexts.
    0:31:47 And so we really sat in 23.
    0:31:52 And since then labs like Facebook, Apple, Baidu, Microsoft, NVIDIA, Omniverse
    0:31:55 team have benchmarked on what is possible.
    0:31:59 Now, universe has, the Robofo universe has grown precipitously since then as
    0:32:02 I have the types of challenges that people are trying to solve with computer
    0:32:07 vision. And so we’re ready to show what the next evolution of advancing
    0:32:11 visual understanding and benchmarking understanding might look like at GTC.
    0:32:16 And then a second thing we’ve been thinking a lot about is the advent of
    0:32:21 transformers and the ability for models to have really rich pre trainings
    0:32:24 allows you to kind of start at the end, so to speak, with a model and its
    0:32:31 understanding, but that hasn’t fully made its way as impactful as it can to vision,
    0:32:35 meaning like how can you use a lot of the pre trained capabilities and especially
    0:32:37 to vision models running on the edge.
    0:32:41 And so we’ve been pretty excited about how do you marry the benefits of
    0:32:45 pre trained models, which allow you to generalize better with the benefits of
    0:32:46 running things real time.
    0:32:51 And so actually this is where NVIDIA and Robofo have been able to pair up
    0:32:55 pretty closely on something that we’ll introduce and I’ll leave it at that for
    0:32:57 folks to see and do an interesting to learn more.
    0:33:00 All right, I’m signed up.
    0:33:01 I’m interested, can’t wait.
    0:33:05 So you’ve done this a few times and you know, one way or another, I’m sure
    0:33:09 you’ll do it again going forward and you know, scaled up and all that good stuff.
    0:33:14 Lessons learned advice you can share, you know, for founders, for people out
    0:33:18 there thinking about and you know, whether it’s CV related or not.
    0:33:19 What does it take?
    0:33:22 What goes into being, you know, being a good leader, building a business,
    0:33:27 taking an idea, seeing it through to a product that, you know, serves humans
    0:33:29 as well as solving a problem.
    0:33:32 What wisdom can you drop here on listeners thinking about their own
    0:33:34 entrepreneurial pursuits?
    0:33:36 One thing that I’ll know is you said you’ll do it again.
    0:33:40 I’m actually very vocal about the fact that Robofo is the last company
    0:33:44 that I’ll ever need to start like the lifetime’s worth of work by itself.
    0:33:48 As soon as I said it, I was like, I don’t know that.
    0:33:49 He doesn’t know that.
    0:33:50 And what if that comes off?
    0:33:52 Like Roboflow is not going to, I was thinking about, oh, your last
    0:33:55 company got acquired and so on and so forth, but that’s great.
    0:33:59 I mean, that’s like in and of itself, you know, I suppose that could be
    0:34:03 turned into something of a motto for aspiring entrepreneurs or what have you.
    0:34:07 But that’s instructive actually for your question because I think a lot of people,
    0:34:11 you know, you should think about the mission and the challenge that you’re,
    0:34:13 you know, people say commonly like, oh, you’re marrying yourself to you
    0:34:17 for 10 years, but I think even that is perhaps too short of a time horizon.
    0:34:21 It’s what is something that you like a promise face that you can work on
    0:34:25 excitedly in the world is different as a result of your efforts.
    0:34:28 I will also note that, you know, what does it take?
    0:34:29 How does it figure it out?
    0:34:30 I’m still figuring it out myself.
    0:34:32 There’s like new stuff to learn every single day.
    0:34:37 And I can’t wait for like every two years when I look back and just sort
    0:34:40 of cringe at the ways that I did things at that point in time.
    0:34:44 But I think that, you know, the attributes that allow people to do well in startups,
    0:34:49 whether they’re working in one, starting one, interacting with one is a deep sense
    0:34:55 of grit and diligence and passion for the thing that you’re you’re working on.
    0:35:00 Like the world doesn’t change by itself and it’s also quite malleable place.
    0:35:05 And so having the wherewithal and the aptitude and the excitement and vigor
    0:35:12 to shape the world the way by which one thinks is possible requires a lot of drive
    0:35:16 and determination. And so, you know, it’s work with people, work in environments,
    0:35:22 work on problems where if you have that problem changed with that team and the
    0:35:27 result that that company that you’re working with continues to be realized.
    0:35:28 What does that world look like?
    0:35:29 Does that excite you?
    0:35:33 And does it give you the ability to say independently, I would want to day in
    0:35:37 and day out, give it my best to ensure and realize the full potential here.
    0:35:41 And when you start to think about your time that way of something that is a
    0:35:46 mission and important and time that you want to enjoy with the team, with the
    0:35:50 customers, with the problems to be solved, the journey becomes the destination
    0:35:51 in a lot of ways.
    0:35:53 And so that allows you to play infinite games.
    0:35:57 It allows you to just be really focused on the key things that matter and
    0:36:01 delivering customer value and making products people love to use.
    0:36:03 And so I think that’s fairly universal.
    0:36:06 Now, in terms of specific advice, one things or another, there’s a funny
    0:36:11 paradox of like advice needs to be adjusted to the prior of one situation.
    0:36:14 It’s almost like the more universally useful the piece of advice is perhaps
    0:36:17 like the less novel and insightful it might be.
    0:36:17 Right.
    0:36:21 Here I’ll note that I pretty regularly learn from those that are a few stages
    0:36:23 ahead of me and aim to pay that favor forward.
    0:36:27 So I’m always happy to be a resource for folks that are building or navigating
    0:36:30 career decisions or thinking about what to work on and build next.
    0:36:32 So I’m pretty findable online and welcome that from listeners.
    0:36:33 Fantastic.
    0:36:38 So let’s just go with that segue then for folks listening who want to learn
    0:36:43 more about Roboflow, want to try Roboflow, want to hit you up for advice
    0:36:45 on working at or with a startup.
    0:36:47 Where should they go online?
    0:36:50 Company sites, social medias, where can listeners go to learn more?
    0:36:54 Roboflow.com is where you can sign up from the build of the platform.
    0:36:55 We have a careers page.
    0:36:59 If you’re generally interested in startups, work@astardup.com is YC’s
    0:37:02 job support and we’ve hired a lot of folks from there.
    0:37:03 So that’s a great resource.
    0:37:10 I’m accessible online on Twitter of our ex @JosephofIowa and regularly share
    0:37:11 a bit about what we’re working on.
    0:37:13 And I’m very happy to be a resource.
    0:37:16 If you’re in San Francisco and you’re listening to this, you might be surprised
    0:37:18 that sometimes I’ll randomly tweet out when we’re welcoming folks to come
    0:37:21 co-work out of our office on some Saturdays and Sundays.
    0:37:23 So feel free to reach out.
    0:37:24 Excellent.
    0:37:25 Just Nelson, Roboflow.
    0:37:27 This is a great conversation.
    0:37:29 Thank you so much for taking the time.
    0:37:33 And, you know, as you well articulated, the work that you and your teams are
    0:37:39 doing is not only fascinating, but it applies to so much of what we do on
    0:37:40 the earth, right, and beyond the earth.
    0:37:45 So all the best of luck in everything that you and your growing community are doing.
    0:37:46 Really appreciate it.
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    Joseph Nelson, co-founder and CEO of Roboflow, discusses how the company is making computer vision accessible to millions of developers and industries, from manufacturing to healthcare and more. 

  • Scott’s Career Advice: Will AI Take My Job? Advice for Entrepreneurs, and How to Find What You’re Good At

    AI transcript
    0:00:03 – I always thought anxiety and worry were the same thing,
    0:00:06 but worry is actually, it’s a behavior.
    0:00:08 It’s almost like a self soothing behavior.
    0:00:10 And people who are very anxious
    0:00:12 think that if you just worry enough,
    0:00:14 you won’t be anxious anymore.
    0:00:17 But instead, worry can make you more anxious.
    0:00:19 Like you’re never gonna get to the end of the worrying.
    0:00:22 – If it’s a behavior, why not change it?
    0:00:24 This week on the gray area,
    0:00:27 I talked to Olga Hazan about our personalities
    0:00:29 and whether we can change them.
    0:00:31 Listen to the gray area with me, Sean Elling.
    0:00:34 New episodes every Monday available everywhere.
    0:00:38 – Welcome to Office Hours with Prop G.
    0:00:40 Today we’re wrapping up our special two-part series,
    0:00:42 all about careers, navigating them, advancing them,
    0:00:43 maybe even surviving them.
    0:00:46 I’ll be sharing my best advice.
    0:00:47 I don’t know if it’s the best advice,
    0:00:48 but it’s my best advice.
    0:00:51 No corporate speak, no BS.
    0:00:54 That’s right, NC17, our rated advice.
    0:00:56 That’s why we’re here.
    0:00:58 I have not read or seen these questions.
    0:01:00 So let’s bust right into it, first question.
    0:01:05 – Hey, Scott, my name is John
    0:01:07 and I’m a recent college graduate based in Florida.
    0:01:09 I’m pursuing a career in financial services,
    0:01:11 specifically wealth management for households
    0:01:14 with a net worth between one and $5 million.
    0:01:15 Like many white-collar professionals,
    0:01:16 I’m concerned about the impacts
    0:01:19 that AI could have on my industry.
    0:01:21 While I see AI as a valuable tool,
    0:01:24 I worry that the chatbots could offer potential clients
    0:01:27 a faster, more knowledgeable, and ultimately free service
    0:01:30 posing a pretty big challenge for myself.
    0:01:33 Wealth management has always faced issues
    0:01:35 from road advisors, fee-cutting firms,
    0:01:38 but fortunately, compliance has always saved us.
    0:01:40 What advice would you offer a young professional
    0:01:42 like myself to future-proof my business
    0:01:44 against AI-driven disruptions,
    0:01:47 all while continuing to grow and provide value to clients,
    0:01:50 especially as a 20-something-year-old with a young face?
    0:01:51 I appreciate your time.
    0:01:54 – That’s a really thoughtful question
    0:01:57 and I think kind of information-intensive
    0:02:01 white-collar industries that, to a certain extent,
    0:02:04 trade and complexity, there’s a lot of regulation,
    0:02:07 there’s a lot of different assets, people have taxes,
    0:02:09 it’s complex once you get above
    0:02:11 any reasonable set of assets.
    0:02:14 And so people want to feel security,
    0:02:15 they want an absence of fear,
    0:02:19 they want someone nice and young and attractive and bright,
    0:02:22 such as you, to show up and actually,
    0:02:25 to a certain extent, use as a bit of a disadvantage here,
    0:02:26 but give them a sense of confidence
    0:02:28 that they’re doing the right thing with their assets.
    0:02:31 And in exchange, sometimes or many times,
    0:02:33 people are willing to pay 1% to 2% of their assets.
    0:02:36 My mom paid this guy 1.5% a year
    0:02:38 to basically buy a bunch of shitty stocks for,
    0:02:39 and I looked at it and said,
    0:02:42 okay, this makes no sense, invest in Vanguard.
    0:02:46 This guy can’t pick stocks, he’s some 65-year-old
    0:02:48 sitting in a bad office somewhere in Las Vegas,
    0:02:50 and he’s underperforming the market,
    0:02:52 but he’s really expensive.
    0:02:55 The majority of wealth managers in that way class
    0:02:58 could be best described as expensive but bad.
    0:03:00 They’re high EQ, they make you feel better,
    0:03:01 they come over to your house.
    0:03:05 Anyone who takes you to dinner or to a sports event
    0:03:07 means their fees are way too fucking high.
    0:03:09 You know who will never take you to a next game?
    0:03:10 Vanguard.
    0:03:13 And you are in kind of ground zero,
    0:03:15 I think, unfortunately, for disruption around AI.
    0:03:16 So what do you do?
    0:03:17 First, let’s look at some data.
    0:03:18 According to Brookings,
    0:03:21 those in business and financial operations occupations
    0:03:23 are at the third highest risk level for disruption
    0:03:26 from large language models.
    0:03:28 Additionally, Citigroup believes that over 50% of jobs
    0:03:30 in the financial services industry
    0:03:32 could eventually be replaced by AI.
    0:03:34 Pew Research found that 62% of Americans
    0:03:37 believe that AI will have a major impact on workers,
    0:03:39 but just 28% believe that it will have
    0:03:40 an impact on them personally.
    0:03:42 Recent data suggests that AI adoption rates
    0:03:44 are just 5% in some industries,
    0:03:45 creating an enormous opportunity for those
    0:03:49 who do decide to utilize the new technology.
    0:03:52 So my kind of saying around this,
    0:03:53 if you’re gonna go into this industry,
    0:03:55 you have to go on with your eyes wide open,
    0:03:57 and that is you’re gonna have to get to scale
    0:03:58 within three to five years.
    0:04:00 And that is if you’re just managing
    0:04:05 a bunch of like 100,000, $500,000 million portfolios,
    0:04:07 at some point, they’re gonna figure it out
    0:04:09 and just go to Vanguard.
    0:04:11 What you need to do is get to a certain amount of scale
    0:04:14 such that you can charge low enough fees
    0:04:15 such that quite frankly, you’re worth it.
    0:04:17 And then what does it mean?
    0:04:18 What is value?
    0:04:20 It’s fees over the services you’re offering.
    0:04:21 Or maybe it’s the opposite.
    0:04:23 Anyways, you get my point.
    0:04:26 And in money management, the bad news is,
    0:04:29 it’s as difficult or as easy to manage 10 million
    0:04:32 as it is a million, but the good news is,
    0:04:34 it’s as easy to manage 10 million as 1 million.
    0:04:37 So financial services is a lot
    0:04:38 like being a real estate broker.
    0:04:40 It’s a shitty business for the first 10 years.
    0:04:42 It’s going to every fucking event.
    0:04:43 It’s giving your card to people.
    0:04:45 It’s doing a lot of free work.
    0:04:46 It’s doing a ton of work and finding out
    0:04:49 that no one has, they don’t really have assets.
    0:04:51 But once you have a stable of clients,
    0:04:53 it turns into a really good business.
    0:04:56 Now, the first thing is you are going to have
    0:04:57 to acknowledge the following
    0:05:00 or really adopt the following as religion
    0:05:01 if you want to be successful.
    0:05:03 AI is not going to take your job.
    0:05:07 Someone who understands AI is going to take your job.
    0:05:09 And that is AI still hallucinates
    0:05:11 and the majority of people still do not want to use
    0:05:15 an AI Robo Advisor to figure out which funds
    0:05:17 they allocate across, right?
    0:05:19 Even if you, they decide to go all Vanguard,
    0:05:22 there’s still some decisions to be made.
    0:05:23 There are Robo Advisors,
    0:05:24 but most people don’t want to do that.
    0:05:27 You are also going to have to become exceptionally talented
    0:05:29 around the integration of how to make money
    0:05:30 and how to keep it.
    0:05:32 Now, what do I mean by that?
    0:05:33 Taxes.
    0:05:36 I would say the majority of my value add,
    0:05:38 Goldman Sachs manages my money,
    0:05:39 but really they don’t manage my money.
    0:05:42 What they do is they manage my personal finance.
    0:05:44 What do I mean by that?
    0:05:45 I have several entities.
    0:05:48 They coordinate my lawyers when I’m creating LLCs.
    0:05:49 They give me tax advice,
    0:05:52 which is really the kind of value add.
    0:05:54 And that is, I’ll say, okay,
    0:05:57 I am thinking of buying this or I’m buying a home.
    0:05:59 Should I put it in an LLC?
    0:06:02 If I put it in an LLC,
    0:06:05 it might trigger a increase in taxes
    0:06:06 because the home gets reappraised.
    0:06:09 But if I put it into an LLC,
    0:06:11 I can depreciate it a 2% a year.
    0:06:13 And if I hold on to it for two years
    0:06:14 and make some money off of it,
    0:06:16 it qualifies for 1031 exchange.
    0:06:18 If you sound confused, trust your instincts.
    0:06:19 It is really fucking confusing.
    0:06:22 Keep in mind that essentially the tax code
    0:06:25 has been weaponized by very wealthy people.
    0:06:28 It’s gone from 400 pages, I think to 4,000.
    0:06:30 I read somewhere it’s gone to 7,000.
    0:06:32 And those additional pages are basically loopholes
    0:06:34 for the rich or essentially an effort
    0:06:37 to transfer wealth in the lower and middle income households
    0:06:39 to the wealthy who have aggregated
    0:06:41 a disproportionate amount of the spoils
    0:06:43 over the last 40 years.
    0:06:46 But in that complexity is your value add.
    0:06:48 And that is you can understand the difference between,
    0:06:50 all right, I’m gonna help you allocate your assets.
    0:06:52 We’re gonna go into low cost funds,
    0:06:54 but I’m gonna help you pick them and help you diversify.
    0:06:57 I’m gonna do the hard work of understanding
    0:06:59 where you’re too concentrated.
    0:07:01 I’m gonna establish a relationship with you.
    0:07:04 I’m gonna do a lot of work for you kind of off the clock.
    0:07:07 And I’m really gonna think thoughtfully
    0:07:10 and come to you proactively with different tax ideas
    0:07:14 or ways to essentially become more tax efficient.
    0:07:16 It was like Wayne Hizanga, the founder blockbuster
    0:07:19 used to run those ads for the state of Florida
    0:07:22 talking about Florida’s zero income tax
    0:07:23 or zero state income tax.
    0:07:25 And you used to say, it’s not what you earn,
    0:07:26 it’s what you keep.
    0:07:29 So to a certain extent, a financial advisor in my view
    0:07:32 is gonna have less value add on how you make money.
    0:07:33 How do you make money?
    0:07:35 You diversify and you’re going to low cost index funds,
    0:07:36 all right?
    0:07:37 But how do you keep money
    0:07:40 is understanding their specific personal situation
    0:07:42 and how they figure out and navigate
    0:07:45 the incredibly complex tax code.
    0:07:47 And you’re gonna have to also be the one
    0:07:50 to cut your own fees as their assets grow.
    0:07:53 Ritholt’s management, my friend Barry Ritholtz
    0:07:56 and his partner, Josh Brown of CNBC fame,
    0:07:59 they run a, I wouldn’t even call it a hedge fund,
    0:08:00 I’d call it a wealth advisory fund.
    0:08:02 And as they have grown their assets,
    0:08:05 they have lowered their fees and they are very thoughtful
    0:08:07 and give personalized advice to their clients,
    0:08:10 which Vanguard, they may claim to do it,
    0:08:12 but they really don’t.
    0:08:13 And as a result, people decide,
    0:08:15 okay, Vanguard would be less expensive,
    0:08:17 but these guys are worth it
    0:08:19 because they know my personal situation,
    0:08:20 they’re willing to meet with me,
    0:08:23 they walk me through ideas, they’re proactive.
    0:08:26 So you are gonna have to become an AI warrior, my friend.
    0:08:28 You’re gonna have to figure out a way
    0:08:30 to get people’s financial complexion,
    0:08:32 upload their credit cards.
    0:08:34 Christ, figure out a way, go to that app
    0:08:36 where it tells them how many subscriptions they have.
    0:08:37 The first thing we’re gonna do,
    0:08:39 we’re gonna focus on saving your money.
    0:08:41 Give me your taxes, I’m gonna,
    0:08:43 and then you’re gonna upload it to different LLMs
    0:08:45 and try and generate ideas for tax savings.
    0:08:48 You are going to be an AI warrior.
    0:08:49 This is what you want.
    0:08:51 This is what you want.
    0:08:52 When your competitor walks in
    0:08:54 to pitch them on managing their money,
    0:08:57 you walk in with a Panzertank.
    0:08:59 And that Panzertank is knowledge,
    0:09:00 it’s willingness to do good work,
    0:09:02 understand their personal situation
    0:09:04 and understanding of how it all dovetails
    0:09:08 with the tax code, and you understand how to use AI.
    0:09:09 That is your Panzertank.
    0:09:11 And the guy next to you or the gal next to you
    0:09:12 who shows up after you,
    0:09:15 they’re showing up fighting on horseback
    0:09:16 because you understand,
    0:09:19 you’re one of the 5% that understands how to use AI.
    0:09:21 Let me finish where I began.
    0:09:23 AI is not gonna take your job.
    0:09:27 Somebody who understands AI is gonna take your job.
    0:09:28 Question number two.
    0:09:30 – Hi, Scott, I’m a big fan.
    0:09:32 I’m a 23-year-old living in suburban New York.
    0:09:35 I work at a mid-size physical good supply company
    0:09:36 and maintaining and developing
    0:09:39 some of their warehouse and logistical operations software.
    0:09:41 I’m curious about starting my own distribution type business
    0:09:45 and I wanted to talk to real-life people about this.
    0:09:48 What advice would you give to find and talk to actual people
    0:09:49 in an industry that you’re curious about entering,
    0:09:51 especially if you’re a little introverted
    0:09:54 and scared of sounding stupid?
    0:09:56 – So anonymous, so you’re a 23-year-old
    0:09:59 and my understanding is you’re thinking about
    0:10:01 starting your own type of distribution business.
    0:10:04 I always thought, so I started my first business,
    0:10:06 I’ve been starting business my whole life,
    0:10:08 but essentially my entire professional career
    0:10:10 has been entrepreneurship except for a two-year-senate,
    0:10:12 Morgan Stanley, that I was awful at
    0:10:14 and only confirmed that I should be an entrepreneur.
    0:10:15 But anyways, a couple things.
    0:10:17 One, the way you start a business,
    0:10:20 I mean, it’s good that you’re talking to people
    0:10:22 and I’m not suggesting you don’t,
    0:10:24 but the way you start a business is by getting a client.
    0:10:27 A mistake I have consistently made, consistently made,
    0:10:31 I still make it, is believing that spending money
    0:10:32 is building a business.
    0:10:34 No, it’s not, it’s making money that builds a business.
    0:10:37 So the best way to test this idea
    0:10:40 is to see if you could get a client.
    0:10:42 And I’m not sure, I don’t know about the competitive dynamics
    0:10:45 here or the situation with your current company,
    0:10:47 but I would try and find a client
    0:10:49 or pitch a potential client.
    0:10:52 Yeah, talk to people, get some advice.
    0:10:55 If you’re an introvert and you aren’t comfortable selling,
    0:10:57 then you need to either find somebody who can sell
    0:10:58 and make them your partner
    0:11:00 or you shouldn’t be an entrepreneur.
    0:11:03 Let me be clear, entrepreneur is a synonym
    0:11:06 for salesman or salesperson.
    0:11:08 You know what being an entrepreneur is?
    0:11:12 It’s getting out a big spoon every day and eating shit.
    0:11:14 You’re constantly selling.
    0:11:17 I’m not talking about just selling clients, selling investors.
    0:11:19 The most selling I have ever done,
    0:11:21 I always had good products at my firms
    0:11:23 and I felt like more than selling, I was closing
    0:11:25 ’cause I would create content marketing
    0:11:30 to try and create content that we then get inbound leads.
    0:11:31 I used to tell our sales team,
    0:11:33 you’re not selling or closing
    0:11:35 because we did a really good job of content marketing.
    0:11:38 The biggest sell I ever did was trying
    0:11:40 to find really talented people
    0:11:42 and then convince them to join my firm
    0:11:44 when they had offers from Google and Salesforce
    0:11:46 or trying to convince people to stay
    0:11:48 that we would get to a liquidity event
    0:11:49 and they would get economic security with me
    0:11:52 as opposed to see above going to fucking Metta
    0:11:53 where they were awarded options
    0:11:56 that were already $300,000 in the money,
    0:11:58 you are always selling.
    0:12:00 And if you are not comfortable with that
    0:12:02 or you can’t get comfortable with that,
    0:12:05 then you need to find a partner who is comfortable with it.
    0:12:08 There are some people that are so good at what they do
    0:12:11 that they can build a business without selling.
    0:12:14 My landscaper is this really charming guy
    0:12:16 who will bring me out and show me,
    0:12:18 he’s very emotionally manipulative.
    0:12:21 He’ll come out and show me this bougain via
    0:12:24 that he’s helping us drape over our garage.
    0:12:26 I absolutely love bougain via.
    0:12:28 It reminds me of my childhood in Orange County
    0:12:29 and my dad’s super into them.
    0:12:32 And he just picked up on the fact that I love bougain via
    0:12:34 so occasionally he drags me out and he shows me this thing
    0:12:36 and he literally goes over and kind of hugs it
    0:12:38 like he’s in love with it.
    0:12:39 That is selling.
    0:12:41 That is developing a relationship
    0:12:45 with a professor/podcaster that has an affection
    0:12:46 for bougain via.
    0:12:49 If you’re not comfortable maintaining
    0:12:51 those sorts of relationships,
    0:12:54 you’re gonna have to find someone who is.
    0:12:55 So absolutely go out and talk to people.
    0:12:58 But again, the way you start a business,
    0:13:02 what builds a business is revenues, not expenses.
    0:13:06 And at 23, it sounds like you were doing incredibly well.
    0:13:07 The other thing I would ask yourself
    0:13:10 or maybe get a kitchen cabinet together and ask them
    0:13:12 is would you benefit from another couple of years
    0:13:15 experience at your current firm?
    0:13:15 Are you learning?
    0:13:17 Do you have senior level sponsorship?
    0:13:18 If you have those things,
    0:13:20 do you want to think about sticking around for a while?
    0:13:22 Is there an opportunity to grow with that company
    0:13:24 if they find out you’re thinking about leaving?
    0:13:25 What always really upset me
    0:13:27 was when there was young talented people who left
    0:13:28 and I’d say, where are you going?
    0:13:31 And I think, that is just the worst fucking job ever.
    0:13:32 What are you doing?
    0:13:33 And they think, well, I want to be in a position
    0:13:34 where I can manage people.
    0:13:36 I’m like, well, why didn’t you come and ask me?
    0:13:38 I’d have you manage some people.
    0:13:40 Is there an opportunity at your current firm?
    0:13:42 Develop a kitchen cabinet.
    0:13:44 Think about whether you might benefit
    0:13:46 from staying a year or two years
    0:13:48 and think about how you get that first client
    0:13:50 and if you are not comfortable selling,
    0:13:51 then you need to find someone
    0:13:53 to bring in the organization pronto
    0:13:54 that is comfortable selling.
    0:13:56 ‘Cause that’s what it means to be an entrepreneur,
    0:13:57 my brother.
    0:14:01 But again, 23 thinking this way, you’re doing really well.
    0:14:04 We have one quick break before our final question.
    0:14:04 Stay with us.
    0:14:10 We’re taking Box Media podcasts on the road
    0:14:11 and heading back to Austin
    0:14:13 for the South by Southwest Festival,
    0:14:15 March 8th to the 10th.
    0:14:16 What is real?
    0:14:19 We’ll be doing special live episodes
    0:14:20 of hit shows, including Pivot.
    0:14:21 That’s right.
    0:14:23 That dog’s going to the great state of Texas.
    0:14:25 Where should we begin?
    0:14:26 With Esther Perrell,
    0:14:29 a Touch More with Sue Bird and Megan Rapinoe,
    0:14:32 not just football with Cam Hayward and more
    0:14:34 presented by Smartsheet.
    0:14:37 The Box Media podcast stage at South by Southwest
    0:14:40 is open to all South by Southwest badge holders.
    0:14:42 We hope to see you at the Austin Convention Center soon.
    0:14:46 Visit voxmedia.com/SXSW
    0:14:47 to learn more.
    0:14:50 That’s voxmedia.com/SXSW.
    0:14:57 This week on ProfG Markets,
    0:14:58 we speak with Mike Moffitt,
    0:15:01 founding director of the University of Ottawa’s
    0:15:02 Missing Middle Initiative
    0:15:05 and a former economic advisor to Justin Trudeau.
    0:15:07 We dive into the state of Canadian politics
    0:15:10 and we get his take on the biggest challenges
    0:15:11 facing Canada’s economy.
    0:15:14 Canada’s economy is like three oligopolies
    0:15:15 in a trench coat.
    0:15:17 We have a lot of inequality that way.
    0:15:21 We have high levels of market concentration
    0:15:24 because we have this tension in Canada
    0:15:26 where we want things to be Canadian.
    0:15:28 We want Canadian ownership.
    0:15:30 But when you do that, you create a moat.
    0:15:33 And whenever you create barriers to entry,
    0:15:36 you’re going to naturally create oligopolies.
    0:15:38 You can find that conversation
    0:15:41 exclusively on the ProfG Markets podcast.
    0:15:45 – Welcome back, question number three.
    0:15:47 – Hi, ProfG.
    0:15:49 I’ve recently transitioned to academia
    0:15:52 after spending about 25 years in industry.
    0:15:54 While I truly enjoy my new roles
    0:15:57 with teaching, student advising, and research,
    0:15:59 I still enjoy staying connected to industry
    0:16:02 through consulting and professional advising.
    0:16:03 I’ve heard you talk about the importance
    0:16:05 of becoming a domain expert in your field
    0:16:07 and I was curious,
    0:16:10 where do you see efforts best spent for maximum impact?
    0:16:14 Should I focus on podcasting, writing, industry presentations
    0:16:16 or any other options?
    0:16:19 You seem to excel at doing all of these.
    0:16:21 What do you think has the biggest impact
    0:16:24 and what do you personally enjoy the most?
    0:16:27 Lastly, I just wanted to say that I really appreciate
    0:16:30 the insights and thoughts you put into your work.
    0:16:32 Your perspectives are not only fascinating,
    0:16:34 but also make me sound much more knowledgeable
    0:16:35 than I really am.
    0:16:37 I’d love to buy you a drink to thank you
    0:16:39 the next time you’re in Colorado.
    0:16:41 Looking forward to hearing your thoughts.
    0:16:44 – So first off anonymous, you shouldn’t be anonymous.
    0:16:47 You’re not saying anything that would threaten your job
    0:16:48 and you sound like such a lovely guy.
    0:16:51 And also you have more confidence
    0:16:53 than I did when I was your age.
    0:16:55 You’re able to express admiration for other people.
    0:16:57 I had this fucked up notion of masculinity
    0:16:58 when I was your age.
    0:17:01 You sound like you’re 20s or 30s.
    0:17:04 That if I was impressed, especially with another guy,
    0:17:07 it somehow took away from how impressive I was.
    0:17:12 I didn’t have the confidence to express admiration
    0:17:14 or heat praise on other people.
    0:17:17 So you’re already well ahead of the game
    0:17:18 and you got a nice voice.
    0:17:21 And it was, it sounds to me like you’re just set up
    0:17:23 really well for success.
    0:17:24 Now transitioning to academia.
    0:17:30 So first off, I think academia is underrated as a career.
    0:17:33 It is wonderful.
    0:17:34 It attracts a lot of lone wolves
    0:17:36 ’cause you can do a lot of stuff on your own.
    0:17:38 There is some problems with academia right now.
    0:17:40 One, it’s become morally corrupt
    0:17:41 based on an exclusionary rejection
    0:17:43 as bullshit culture of not letting in kids,
    0:17:45 despite the fact we have the capital
    0:17:47 to double, triple or quintuple our freshman class.
    0:17:49 That’s another talk show.
    0:17:52 And there’s too many old people who refused to leave
    0:17:56 that were the man or the woman in gap one accounting
    0:17:58 or understood the difference between black water
    0:18:00 and blue water economics in 1978.
    0:18:02 And now they’re 80 and won’t leave.
    0:18:04 And basically just show up to faculty meetings
    0:18:05 and they’re hugely disruptive.
    0:18:08 I work with what I think is probably the best faculty
    0:18:11 in America at NYU Stern.
    0:18:16 And 10% of any faculty are just so inspiring.
    0:18:19 These are people who give up a dramatic amount
    0:18:22 of compensation ’cause they love teaching
    0:18:24 and they are just so good at what they do
    0:18:26 and their relentless pursuit of the truth,
    0:18:29 especially in this age is just inspiring
    0:18:32 and they’re great storytellers and they care about people.
    0:18:34 Anyways, but the downside of academia
    0:18:38 is there’s just a third of the people at any institution
    0:18:41 that quite frankly just shouldn’t be there,
    0:18:44 aren’t pulling their weight and because of tenure,
    0:18:46 which is essentially a guild for the unproductive,
    0:18:49 tenure is nothing but student debt in my viewpoint.
    0:18:52 Anyways, I don’t know how I got here.
    0:18:55 What mediums would be best for you?
    0:18:58 You’ve got an amazing platform.
    0:19:00 One thing I’ve really benefited from at NYU,
    0:19:02 I say a lot of provocative, aggressive things.
    0:19:05 I think without the halo of the NYU brand,
    0:19:07 people might just think I was an asshole
    0:19:10 or maybe a creative asshole or maybe an interesting asshole,
    0:19:11 but mostly just an asshole.
    0:19:13 But I think people take what I say more seriously
    0:19:16 because I do try and show some fidelity
    0:19:19 to the institution and to academia
    0:19:22 by having a team of people that research things,
    0:19:24 we fact check, we go over stuff,
    0:19:27 we try and marinate in data.
    0:19:29 I do have an approach to teaching.
    0:19:32 Anyways, I do think it’s a very powerful platform.
    0:19:34 So what mediums?
    0:19:38 All strategy comes down to one thing.
    0:19:43 What can I do or what can we do that is really hard?
    0:19:46 That’s all strategy is.
    0:19:50 What can we do that is really hard?
    0:19:54 We have an amazing story about scale and e-commerce
    0:19:56 or scale around streaming.
    0:19:58 So we can raise so much cheap capital
    0:20:01 that we’re gonna spend more money on warehouses and planes
    0:20:03 or on original content.
    0:20:05 We’re gonna spend $18 billion a year on original content
    0:20:07 which is more than we spent on the entire film
    0:20:09 or television industry the decade of the 80s.
    0:20:11 That is really hard to do.
    0:20:13 So they lean into their advantage
    0:20:16 of just overwhelming the competition with capital
    0:20:18 via great storytelling and access to cheap capital.
    0:20:21 That is really hard to do.
    0:20:22 You need to decide, all right,
    0:20:24 what would be really hard to do?
    0:20:25 And the way you figure that out
    0:20:27 is you ask yourself, first,
    0:20:29 what am I really good at?
    0:20:30 Could I start a podcast?
    0:20:33 And if I do a podcast, am I good at it?
    0:20:34 Do I have the ability to get good guests?
    0:20:36 Do I have a good voice?
    0:20:38 Am I compelling in this medium?
    0:20:40 Do I find that people wanna listen to me?
    0:20:41 Do you write well?
    0:20:43 Can you go on LinkedIn and start writing
    0:20:45 about your specific domain
    0:20:48 and immediately get people subscribing and following?
    0:20:50 Are you really good on TikTok?
    0:20:54 You wanna figure out what is your medium, right?
    0:20:55 And the way you figure out what is your medium
    0:20:57 is you pick one or two and say,
    0:21:00 “I need to be in the top 10% in terms of followers.”
    0:21:03 This is an assignment I give my class and brand strategy.
    0:21:05 I tell them that they must pick a medium.
    0:21:07 It can be threads, it can be acts,
    0:21:08 it can be Twitter, it can be PowerPoint.
    0:21:10 And then they need to figure out a metric
    0:21:12 that says by the end of the class,
    0:21:14 I’m going to be in the top desile.
    0:21:16 And you can figure out those numbers.
    0:21:18 What is the number of followers you need on Instagram,
    0:21:20 on Reels, to be in the top desile?
    0:21:23 And it’ll tell you, this is how many followers you need.
    0:21:27 So you need to figure out what is your medium.
    0:21:31 What I enjoy the most is writing because it’s the hardest.
    0:21:33 But when you write something worthwhile, it moves people.
    0:21:35 There’s something about the written word
    0:21:37 that when it’s done well and you’ve taken the time
    0:21:40 and the energy to fact check, to proof it,
    0:21:42 to make it sound elegant, to have a good twist of phrase,
    0:21:47 to make people feel something, it really resonates.
    0:21:47 It sticks with them.
    0:21:50 If I go on Morning Joe or The View and I kill it,
    0:21:53 it gets a huge sugar high on YouTube.
    0:21:56 And it’s fun and it’s rewarding.
    0:21:59 But there’s nothing like writing something
    0:22:01 that where you took the time, you were up,
    0:22:03 you proofed it, you fact-checked it,
    0:22:05 and it resonates and it moves people.
    0:22:08 Moves their emotions or it highlights something
    0:22:11 that other people were thinking but not saying.
    0:22:15 That for me is what I want to say is the most enjoyable.
    0:22:18 It’s the most rewarding because it’s the hardest thing to do.
    0:22:20 So the first thing I ask, can you write well?
    0:22:23 Oh my gosh, if you can write well,
    0:22:25 your brand immediately says to people,
    0:22:26 you’re smart and you’re educated,
    0:22:28 which is a good chocolate and peanut butter,
    0:22:30 not only academia but in a professional world.
    0:22:31 Is that your medium?
    0:22:33 Or are you really good at presentations?
    0:22:35 Do you want to figure out a way to start speaking in groups?
    0:22:38 Do you want to call people, conferences and say,
    0:22:42 hi, I’m a professor of X, I want to come talk about this?
    0:22:47 I didn’t get, 98% of my time on stage, I don’t get paid.
    0:22:50 I’ve returned all my compensation to NYU
    0:22:51 so they don’t pay me.
    0:22:53 And the majority of the talks I gave
    0:22:56 for the first 30 years of my career,
    0:22:58 I wasn’t getting paid for, is that true?
    0:23:00 Consulting, I guess I was getting paid a lot.
    0:23:02 But I did a lot of free speaking gigs.
    0:23:07 Now I charge 50K for a virtual 200K for an in-person
    0:23:10 and 400K if I have to go to the Gulf or Asia.
    0:23:12 I don’t get a lot of those but I do get some of those.
    0:23:15 Now, I am boasting but there is a reason.
    0:23:19 It is taking me 20 or 30 years of deciding
    0:23:23 that okay, speaking is probably what I am best at
    0:23:25 and I’m gonna get fucking amazing at it.
    0:23:27 I have a team of people pulling together
    0:23:30 150 slide presentations.
    0:23:31 I go through it like it’s a Broadway show.
    0:23:35 I rehearse it, I think of video, I think of sound,
    0:23:37 I think of emotional highs and lows.
    0:23:39 And every time I give one of these presentations
    0:23:42 or talks and I do about 40 or 50 a year,
    0:23:44 I immediately right afterwards go back to the team
    0:23:47 and say, we hit a narrative arc here
    0:23:48 that just didn’t feel right.
    0:23:51 This joke didn’t land, this was really good.
    0:23:53 Let’s get data on this, let’s compare this to this.
    0:23:55 It’s like I’m putting on a Broadway show or a movie
    0:23:58 but every time I run the movie I get the audience’s reaction
    0:24:01 and I get to re-cut the film, right?
    0:24:04 I’m okay on Threads or Blue Sky.
    0:24:06 I like to think I’m a good podcaster.
    0:24:09 I’m not sure I’m great.
    0:24:11 I like writing, I’m good, I’m not sure I’m great
    0:24:15 but I aspire to be world-class in front of an audience
    0:24:20 and it lends itself really well to my strengths.
    0:24:23 The larger the crowd, the more charming and engaging I am.
    0:24:24 I’m not very good one-on-one.
    0:24:27 One-on-one I come across as insecure yet aloof.
    0:24:29 I’m not good on the phone.
    0:24:32 And you wanna figure out what mediums you’re not good at
    0:24:33 and then find one where you think,
    0:24:35 could I be the best in the world
    0:24:37 and really lean into that medium?
    0:24:40 In terms of the content, in terms of the content,
    0:24:44 the specific crowds out the general.
    0:24:45 I was in the field of brand strategy.
    0:24:47 That’s a pretty specific area.
    0:24:49 It wasn’t design, it wasn’t marketing,
    0:24:51 it wasn’t media planning.
    0:24:54 It was managing your brands as if they were assets,
    0:24:57 like a portfolio in a mutual fund.
    0:24:59 And then I went even more specific.
    0:25:00 I started collecting data
    0:25:04 on the digital footprint of luxury brands.
    0:25:06 Not the digital footprint of all consumer brands
    0:25:08 but the digital footprint of luxury brands.
    0:25:11 And I started doing rankings out of NYU
    0:25:14 on which luxury brands were the most digitally competent.
    0:25:15 And I parsed it into five areas.
    0:25:18 Genius gifted, average challenged and feeble.
    0:25:21 By the way, rankings are incredibly powerful
    0:25:23 when they come out of an academic institution
    0:25:25 because you have to do the work.
    0:25:27 You have to fact check the shit out of it
    0:25:28 and then you put it out.
    0:25:30 And wow, and the thing about a ranking is,
    0:25:34 it’s not about who comes first, it’s about who comes last.
    0:25:35 And that’s what I was willing to do.
    0:25:38 Most rankings from institutions list the top 10
    0:25:39 and give out awards.
    0:25:41 No, I was gonna do a ranking that said,
    0:25:43 okay, whoever it was, David Ehrman,
    0:25:45 you’re literally the worst brand and jewelry
    0:25:47 as it relates to digital footprint.
    0:25:51 Anyway, go very, don’t be afraid to go very niche,
    0:25:54 pick your medium and commit to being in the top 10,
    0:25:57 if not the top 1% and don’t be afraid
    0:25:59 to switch mediums in terms of your focus.
    0:26:01 But you do create a flywheel.
    0:26:05 I do all of it because I find it’s reinforcing.
    0:26:08 Long-winded way of saying the specific crowds
    0:26:10 at the general, find your medium,
    0:26:12 commit to being in the top 10% within a year,
    0:26:15 the top 1% within two to three years.
    0:26:16 Don’t be afraid to switch mediums.
    0:26:20 But my friend in academia, if you write well,
    0:26:22 that is probably gonna be your go-to.
    0:26:23 That is the hardest thing I do.
    0:26:25 It is the most rewarding and quite frankly,
    0:26:28 I believe it’s the most impressive.
    0:26:31 Also, also in 50 years, it’s unlikely people
    0:26:32 are gonna be watching your videos.
    0:26:35 It’s unlikely people are gonna see your social,
    0:26:38 but your kids will likely read what you have written.
    0:26:42 And I find that nice to think about and very comforting.
    0:26:44 Congratulations on your transition to academia.
    0:26:46 I think it is a wonderful way to make a living.
    0:26:48 Thank you Anonymous from Colorado.
    0:26:51 That’s all for this episode.
    0:26:52 If you’d like to submit a question,
    0:26:53 please email a voice recording
    0:26:55 to officehours@proptimedia.com.
    0:26:58 Again, that’s officehours@proptimedia.com.
    0:27:01 (upbeat music)
    0:27:08 This episode was produced by Jennifer Sanchez.
    0:27:10 Our intern is Dan Chalon.
    0:27:12 Drew Burroughs is our technical director.
    0:27:13 Thank you for listening to the PropG Pod
    0:27:15 from the Box Media Podcast Network.
    0:27:18 We will catch you on Saturday for No Mercino Mouse,
    0:27:20 as read by George Hahn.
    0:27:22 And please follow our PropG Markets Pod
    0:27:24 wherever you get your pods for new episodes
    0:27:26 every Monday and Thursday.
    0:27:29 (upbeat music)

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  • Yoni Appelbaum: How America Got Stuck

    AI transcript
    0:00:05 It takes a large chunk of the population that makes it clear that it has a set of priorities
    0:00:10 that they will hold politicians accountable for pursuing, and politicians will respond
    0:00:12 to that incentive 10 times out of 10.
    0:00:16 I think it’s one thing that Donald Trump has done really well is he’s made it entirely
    0:00:22 clear to all Republican elected office holders that his voters will respond to him, they
    0:00:26 will show up, they will vote, and they will vote against the people who cross them.
    0:00:31 If you want to push back against that, you’ve got to show that you can be equally powerful
    0:00:37 at organizing from the bottom up.
    0:00:38 My name is Guy Kawasaki.
    0:00:43 This is the Remarkable People podcast, and as you may gather, we’re in the business of
    0:00:49 helping people be remarkable by finding other remarkable people to interview and find out
    0:00:54 their story and find out what they’re doing and how they got to where they are.
    0:00:57 And we have a Remarkable Guest, of course, for you today.
    0:01:06 His name is Yoni Applebaum, and he is the Deputy Executive Editor of The Atlantic.
    0:01:09 And I want people to know I love The Atlantic.
    0:01:13 It is a bastion of freedom of expression and freedom of thought.
    0:01:17 And Yoni, I want you to know I am a paid subscriber.
    0:01:21 I’m not just free-loading on your intellectual efforts, okay?
    0:01:22 Love to hear it.
    0:01:30 Now, Yoni has also taught at Harvard, Babson, Babson, that enlightened educational institution
    0:01:32 gave me an honorary doctor.
    0:01:33 I love Babson.
    0:01:35 I’ve got to make sure I pronounce this right.
    0:01:37 Is it Brandeis or Brandeis?
    0:01:38 How do you say that at university?
    0:01:39 Brandeis.
    0:01:40 Brandeis.
    0:01:41 All right.
    0:01:43 So, obviously, I didn’t go there.
    0:01:51 And I have to tell you that Yoni has one of the best stories about how he got his job
    0:01:55 – ever, ever.
    0:01:58 So I know you must be tired of telling this story.
    0:02:01 It’s like when people ask me, “What was it like to work for Steve Jobs?”
    0:02:07 But I got to ask you, “Please tell the story of how you got this job at The Atlantic.”
    0:02:10 I got my job by procrastinating.
    0:02:14 I was a doctoral student in American history.
    0:02:17 And what you do if you’re getting a doctorate is you write a dissertation.
    0:02:21 What you actually do if you’re getting a doctorate is you do almost anything to avoid
    0:02:22 writing the dissertation.
    0:02:24 It’s a really big project.
    0:02:25 It’s really hard.
    0:02:27 And I was prone to distraction.
    0:02:33 And I was on my computer one day when I was supposed to be writing and clicked over and
    0:02:36 saw a new blog I’d never seen before.
    0:02:39 And the blogger had written something that I thought was wrong.
    0:02:43 So I jumped into his comment section to tell him why I thought he was wrong.
    0:02:47 This is the kind of thing a lot of people waste a lot of time doing on the internet.
    0:02:51 But something really unusual happened, which is that he jumped into the comment section
    0:02:53 himself and said, “Oh, that’s a really good point.
    0:02:54 I’m glad you said that.”
    0:02:56 I thought, “That’s unusual.”
    0:03:01 So I came back the next day and engaged on his next post and we struck up a conversation.
    0:03:06 I was commenting anonymously and was mortified when one day he reached out to me and said,
    0:03:08 “You sound like you’re a historian.”
    0:03:14 And I thought, “On the internet, nobody’s supposed to know if you’re a dog, right?
    0:03:18 I’m writing in such stilted paragraphs and in such a long-winded way that it’s obvious
    0:03:21 to him I’m an academic because who else talks like that?”
    0:03:24 And so he outed me and so we talked.
    0:03:28 And he was a staff writer for The Atlantic and his name was Ta-Nehisi Coates.
    0:03:33 And he was thinking out loud on his blog and inviting others into the conversation.
    0:03:38 And he’s a wonderful and warm and generous guy and he went to his editor about me.
    0:03:39 I didn’t know that.
    0:03:42 I’m sitting at my desk one day and the phone rings.
    0:03:45 The editor of The Atlantic is on the other end of the line and he says, “Ta-Nehisi says
    0:03:48 there’s a guy in this comment section who should be writing for us.
    0:03:51 How would you like to be a contributor to The Atlantic?”
    0:03:54 And that’s how I ended up doing journals.
    0:03:57 Man, when I read that story, I said, “Wow.”
    0:04:02 That is literally the only positive thing I’ve ever heard coming from commenting on
    0:04:05 somebody else’s podcast or somebody else’s column.
    0:04:08 That’s a great story.
    0:04:09 Oh, man.
    0:04:14 But do you think it’s because he has such an open mind and he’s so smart?
    0:04:18 I mean, I don’t know if this would work with most people.
    0:04:23 I wrote for The Atlantic for five years and then I got another call and they said, “Why
    0:04:28 don’t you resign your post to Harvard, give up the only profession that still offers a
    0:04:34 guarantee of lifetime employment, and switch to journalism?”
    0:04:36 That was an IQ test, Shione.
    0:04:37 And I failed.
    0:04:38 That’s the sad thing I failed.
    0:04:41 I did switch it, but it was a hard choice, right?
    0:04:44 It was another one of those branching moments in my life where I thought, “God, why would
    0:04:45 I do that?
    0:04:46 I’m doing what I love.
    0:04:47 I really loved teaching.
    0:04:52 I loved writing, and I thought, why would I give that up to switch to a profession that
    0:04:54 seems like it’s in free fall?”
    0:04:56 But this is the answer to your question.
    0:04:58 The two things that drew me to journalism.
    0:05:01 One was when I was an academic, I was supposed to have all the answers.
    0:05:05 I’d stand in front of the classroom and my students would ask me things, and I needed
    0:05:06 to know.
    0:05:12 As a journalist, and this was, I think, Tanhasi’s superpower, you’re encouraged to be ignorant.
    0:05:14 You’re not supposed to have the answers.
    0:05:17 You get this amazing privilege just because you’re a journalist.
    0:05:21 You get to pick up the phone and call people or stop them on the street corner and say,
    0:05:23 “Hey, I’d like to understand this.
    0:05:24 Could you explain it to me?
    0:05:27 Could you tell me how the world looks through your eyes?
    0:05:30 Could you explain this complicated thing that I don’t get?”
    0:05:33 It was a privilege to be ignorant.
    0:05:34 It was a privilege to be curious.
    0:05:38 To get to ask the questions rather than have to have the answers.
    0:05:39 That was one reason I left.
    0:05:44 I think it was the big thing about Tanhasi that really set him apart was he took that
    0:05:45 to the end degree.
    0:05:48 He was relentlessly, is relentlessly curious.
    0:05:52 He was open to hearing different things from different people, and I’ve tried to model
    0:05:53 myself on that.
    0:05:56 The other part of it was academia.
    0:05:57 It’s a solitary pursuit.
    0:06:01 I was pursuing my own glory, my own research, sat in my own office on the end of a long
    0:06:05 hall with a lot of other brilliant people who were smarter than I was, who were sitting
    0:06:06 in their offices.
    0:06:09 Sometimes I’d see them down by the coffee machine.
    0:06:14 In the job I moved into, my job as an editor is to make other people’s work better.
    0:06:17 That just turned out to be a lot more satisfying.
    0:06:22 Pray tell, did this job change involve a physical move?
    0:06:24 I’m glad you asked that.
    0:06:26 It involved an involuntary move.
    0:06:30 I was very happy where I was, and they said, “You’re going to have to leave Cambridge,
    0:06:33 Massachusetts,” which is where I was living, and move down to Washington, D.C. if you
    0:06:36 want to take this job, and so I did.
    0:06:39 You weren’t stuck.
    0:06:45 I wasn’t, but I was thinking about it already, and what you’re getting at there is the thesis
    0:06:49 of my new book, which is about moving.
    0:06:54 We will come back to the subject of stuck, because I know you’re on my podcast, not
    0:07:00 because you like me, but you want people to read your book, which is, I understand that.
    0:07:02 You have such an interesting background.
    0:07:08 Let me fast forward to March 2019, and you know what questions is coming.
    0:07:13 You write this piece recommending the impeachment of Donald Trump.
    0:07:17 Just tell me, when you write a piece like that at The Atlantic, what the hell happens
    0:07:18 to you?
    0:07:24 Do you just get shitloads of angry emails, and what happens when you do something like
    0:07:25 that?
    0:07:26 Yeah.
    0:07:32 So as an argument, I backed my way, and I started writing a piece about President Andrew
    0:07:36 Johnson, and the first impeachment, I thought, “What could I learn from this history?”
    0:07:40 And by the time I was done with the research, I thought, “Well, I’ve learned a big thing
    0:07:45 here,” which is, “This is an important and valuable process, and I got to lay that out.”
    0:07:50 It’s actually something that Congress should be taking much more seriously than it has.
    0:07:51 And then I published that.
    0:07:56 I threw it out into the world, and discovered that not everybody agreed with me on this,
    0:08:02 in fact, a lot of the President’s ardent supporters let me know in detailed and graphic
    0:08:06 ways just how profoundly they disagreed with me about this.
    0:08:08 And some of that could be laughed off.
    0:08:14 Some of that was detailed and threatening in ways that posed a direct risk to safety.
    0:08:19 Unfortunately, our political atmosphere means that these things often move in really unpleasant
    0:08:23 directions if you’re going to make a bold claim that the backlash can be switched in
    0:08:24 fears.
    0:08:31 Even today, when you hear the candidate to run the FBI or the Attorney General is saying,
    0:08:35 “Now we’re going to hunt down all Donald Trump’s enemies,” you’re probably on that
    0:08:37 enemies list, right?
    0:08:41 So, I mean, right after they arrest Nancy Pelosi, are they going to come for you?
    0:08:44 Do you have any paranoid thoughts like that?
    0:08:47 I think everybody in my line of work has paranoid thoughts right now.
    0:08:52 It’s not a subject I like to dwell on a whole lot, because my ultimate responsibility is
    0:08:53 to our readers.
    0:08:58 And the articles we assign, the reporting that we do, it’s in the interest of pursuing
    0:08:59 the truth.
    0:09:04 And you don’t want your selection of stories to be shaped by too many thoughts about how
    0:09:06 people are going to react to it.
    0:09:10 You select the stories that are worth going after, you pursue them wherever the facts
    0:09:13 lead you, and then you owe it to your readers.
    0:09:18 I owe it to our readers to write whatever it is that I come to as a conclusion without
    0:09:21 fear of favor, without worrying about what the consequences will be.
    0:09:26 Well, maybe you’ll be roomies with Heather Cox Richardson.
    0:09:31 Think of the conversation that two of you could have at night, that would be a great
    0:09:32 conversation.
    0:09:34 I’d be a little intimidated.
    0:09:39 Heather was on my doctoral committee, and I already had the pastor judgment once and
    0:09:45 would worry about what she’d say about my latest work.
    0:09:50 Back then, when you wrote that story, I think the attitude of many people was that impeachment
    0:09:51 is going to work.
    0:09:56 It’s going to prevent the abuse of the Constitution, et cetera, et cetera.
    0:10:00 But obviously, we’ve been proven wrong twice.
    0:10:02 So what happened?
    0:10:08 Going into that, there was much more optimism coming out, two-time impeachment, and now
    0:10:09 reelected.
    0:10:11 Like, how do you explain that?
    0:10:12 It’s a great question.
    0:10:19 I think one problem that we’re all grappling with is that the founders, when they designed
    0:10:25 the Constitution, expected the branches of government to be jealous of their powers.
    0:10:30 They were balancing the branches against each other, and they just assumed that if you had
    0:10:35 an executive who was pushing the boundaries of what the executive should do, and then
    0:10:39 stepped way over the line, that the legislative branch would say, “Whoa, hold on there.
    0:10:41 We may agree with you on policy.
    0:10:45 We may like some of what you’ve done, but you’re upsetting the system.”
    0:10:49 And so it’s our job, our constitutional responsibility to push back at that.
    0:10:54 They didn’t count on the kind of toxic partisanship that has really come to predominate in this
    0:10:59 country where people tend to see things more through that partisan lens than through the
    0:11:00 constitutional one.
    0:11:05 And we’re all grappling with what that means because the basic checks and balances that
    0:11:09 were built into the Constitution, they’re not going to work in a highly partisan atmosphere.
    0:11:14 The only kind of checks right now we have is to the inauguration committee, and the only
    0:11:18 kind of balances, how much is a billionaire worth?
    0:11:21 That’s checks and balances circa 2025.
    0:11:25 And now Al Green is looking into doing this for number three, right?
    0:11:30 Trump has a higher probability of a three-peat than the Kansas City Chiefs.
    0:11:31 Wow.
    0:11:34 You know, that’s an interesting thought, right?
    0:11:38 Because the Kansas City Chiefs went out there and everybody knew what the outcome was going
    0:11:43 to be before the first kickoff, and by the end, it was not what people had expected.
    0:11:49 What can happen, and this is a lesson that politicians have repeatedly learned, is that
    0:11:54 you’re riding high, you think the public’s behind you, you feel invulnerable.
    0:11:57 And that’s precisely when people tend to overstep and overreach.
    0:12:02 The check and balance that is still there, that still operates, is the participation
    0:12:04 of the American people.
    0:12:07 And I think in this administration, when it runs up against limits, that’s where it’s
    0:12:08 going to find them.
    0:12:12 You can be Donald Trump and order your attorney general to charge somebody with a trumped
    0:12:16 up crime, but they still have to go to a grand jury and get an indictment, which means that
    0:12:22 you have to persuade a dozen ordinary Americans that there’s been at least enough evidence
    0:12:24 to charge somebody with a crime.
    0:12:27 Then you got to go in front of another jury and you got to secure the conviction.
    0:12:34 And again, that puts the ball back in the hands of ordinary Americans who tend to not
    0:12:38 like to shield what to do, who tend to like to form their judgments.
    0:12:44 I would expect that if there is a check on Donald Trump’s pushing the boundaries of executive
    0:12:46 authority, it’s not going to come from Congress.
    0:12:51 And it will only be sustained if it comes from the courts if ordinary Americans make
    0:12:55 clear their own views and their own fidelity to the Constitution.
    0:12:56 So I want to emphasize this point.
    0:13:02 So you’re saying that if the courts fail because the courts have no real way to, I mean, what’s
    0:13:04 the U.S. marshals going to do?
    0:13:06 They’re going to invade the White House, right?
    0:13:12 So if the courts fail because they don’t have much power to enforce.
    0:13:18 But you are still optimistic because ultimately it is the will of the American people that
    0:13:19 will survive.
    0:13:25 I have a lot of faith in the American people to eventually do the right thing when they’ve
    0:13:27 run out of all their options.
    0:13:32 But ultimately our democratic system does not depend on a document.
    0:13:37 It doesn’t depend on the virtues of the politicians that they put in office.
    0:13:38 Thank God for that.
    0:13:44 I imagine if our democracy rested on politicians being virtuous, it would have been over a
    0:13:45 long time ago.
    0:13:48 It really rests on the extent to which we believe in each other.
    0:13:52 And as long as Americans are committed to our common project, I tend to think that there
    0:13:57 will be elections that put people in office with whom I disagree and elections where I’m
    0:13:58 happier about the result.
    0:14:02 But that’s what will make democracy survive is the American people being thrown into that
    0:14:04 composite.
    0:14:23 Yoni, every part of my body that can be crossed is crossed right now, hoping you’re right.
    0:14:29 Recently, I got into a discussion with a history professor and I said, like right now, if you
    0:14:36 go to a history class in college or high school, they’re teaching you about Samuel Jackson
    0:14:41 or the original framers of the Constitution and they’re going back hundreds of years and
    0:14:46 trying to opine and trying to interpret what happened.
    0:14:53 But it seems to me that we may be living the most important and interesting time ever in
    0:14:54 American history.
    0:14:59 So I said, why are you constantly referring to the past?
    0:15:05 You should just be studying current events every day now because 200 years from now people
    0:15:08 are going to be looking back and saying, who was this Donald Trump?
    0:15:09 How did it happen?
    0:15:12 And the history professor said, you cannot do that.
    0:15:17 You have to use history to understand the present.
    0:15:23 So we have to teach about Clinton and Nixon and Jackson in order to understand today.
    0:15:29 So do you agree with that or can history today in such an interesting time just be the study
    0:15:31 of current events?
    0:15:36 When I was a boy, I sometimes resented that I didn’t get to live through any great momentous
    0:15:37 events.
    0:15:42 There were no wars raging, there were no, not in the Great Depression.
    0:15:47 It’s the kind of childish thing a lot of us are prone to and then all of a sudden you
    0:15:52 find yourself in the middle of very interesting events and create just a small hint of normalcy.
    0:15:56 It’s a tough moment to be living through and there’s enough to see every day that you could
    0:16:00 occupy yourself just chronically in what we see unfolding around us.
    0:16:03 But the past is actually really valuable.
    0:16:04 It’s in two ways.
    0:16:08 One is it helps us understand how we’ve gotten to where we are.
    0:16:14 But the other way that you can look at the past is as a palimpsest of possibilities.
    0:16:18 So much of what we see at present can feel for ordained.
    0:16:21 It can feel as if there’s no other option.
    0:16:22 This is the way things are.
    0:16:24 This is the way things were meant to be.
    0:16:27 And when you go back into the past, it’s a strange world.
    0:16:31 People did things really differently and you come to understand that the way we do things
    0:16:38 today is as much a result of accident of contingency as it is of inevitability.
    0:16:42 And to me, that gives me a lot of hope in this moment because it means that the things that
    0:16:47 feel like historical inevitabilities, things that feel as if they’re bound to happen, that
    0:16:51 we’re stuck on this one track and we’re barreling it toward the future.
    0:16:53 That’s not how the past is usually unfolded, right?
    0:16:58 Things happen unexpectedly, contingent events intervene.
    0:17:04 People organize themselves and decide collectively to make change in ways that nobody had anticipated.
    0:17:09 And when you look back into that kind of history, I think it’s not just about explaining how
    0:17:11 we got to this moment.
    0:17:14 It’s also a way of imagining other directions we could take.
    0:17:19 If we’re sitting here trying to imagine directions and a podcaster says to you, “So yes, you’re
    0:17:20 a historian.
    0:17:22 You understand what happened in the past.
    0:17:24 You understand what’s possible now.
    0:17:28 You’re deputy executive editor of The Atlantic.”
    0:17:36 So give me some practical tips about what can I do to help preserve the America I love?
    0:17:37 Yeah.
    0:17:42 I can’t give any simple solutions because it’s not a simple problem that we face.
    0:17:47 The first thing I’d suggest is actually get involved with your community at the local
    0:17:48 level.
    0:17:50 That’s the place to start.
    0:17:56 And by involved not tweeting or posting or clicking like on somebody else’s post, too
    0:18:02 often we become political hobbyists who follow politics as if we were following the NFL.
    0:18:07 And you’re sitting on your couch cheering for the quarterback who throws the deep strike
    0:18:12 and feeling as if you’re putting on that special game day jersey made a big difference.
    0:18:14 It’s fandom, right?
    0:18:18 That’s really different than going out there on the field yourself.
    0:18:23 And so the first way to make a difference is to stop being a fan, stop being somebody
    0:18:29 who’s a spectator who’s doing this on social media and to start be a participant, to come
    0:18:35 off the bench to say, “Okay, I’m going in and maybe I can’t fix the world, but I can
    0:18:39 make a difference with my local school board.
    0:18:43 I can make a difference with something that’s happening in my local community.
    0:18:44 I can get back.
    0:18:47 I can find a way to affect positive change in the world immediately around me.”
    0:18:51 And I think that’s tremendously empowering if it changes our whole attitudes.
    0:18:56 If you’re out there making a positive change in the world, other possibilities open up.
    0:18:59 So that’s the second thing is like to think about how to scale that change.
    0:19:04 If you have people who are really invested in the country, not as it is, but as they
    0:19:07 think it should be, as they think it could be, and they’re willing to work together in
    0:19:13 order to realize that vision, and they start to hook up with each other, they start to
    0:19:14 build.
    0:19:17 We’ve seen too many social movements in the last couple of decades that call millions
    0:19:20 of people out into the streets and they feel as if they’re going to change everything.
    0:19:23 And then everybody goes home and there’s no infrastructure there.
    0:19:26 There’s not weekly meetings where somebody’s keeping the minutes and somebody else is making
    0:19:27 a motion.
    0:19:29 That’s how Americans used to affect social change.
    0:19:32 They built this infrastructure slowly from the ground up.
    0:19:33 It was hard work.
    0:19:37 It was difficult work, but it meant that when something big happened, there was an infrastructure
    0:19:38 to activate.
    0:19:42 It meant that after everybody went home from the rally, there was follow-up and they said,
    0:19:44 “Hey, and on Tuesday, please write to your senator.”
    0:19:48 And on Wednesday, we’re looking for people to come testify to the local city council.
    0:19:51 Without that infrastructure, it’s really, really hard no matter how well-intentioned
    0:19:53 people are to affect change.
    0:19:57 So you start at the local level, you hook up with other activists, other people who are
    0:20:01 just ordinary Americans trying to make the world a little bit better, and you create
    0:20:06 that infrastructure, and then ultimately it scales to the national level where politicians
    0:20:09 are really reactive, craven creatures.
    0:20:13 When they see that people are well-organized, when they’re articulating what they want,
    0:20:17 it doesn’t actually take a majority of the population to move.
    0:20:21 It takes a large chunk of the population that makes it clear that it has a set of priorities
    0:20:25 that they will hold politicians accountable for pursuing.
    0:20:29 And politicians will respond to that incentive 10 times out of 10.
    0:20:33 I think it’s one thing that Donald Trump has done really well is he’s made it entirely
    0:20:39 clear to all Republican elected office holders that his voters will respond to him, they
    0:20:43 will show up, they will vote, and they will vote against the people who cross them.
    0:20:48 If you want to push back against that, you’ve got to show that you can be equally powerful
    0:20:51 at organizing from the bottom up.
    0:20:54 Let’s switch to your book for a second.
    0:21:01 All right, so walk me through the gist of your book stuck about how the lack of mobility
    0:21:08 is a key factor in American society today, so unstuck my mind about stuff.
    0:21:11 I started writing this book more than a decade ago.
    0:21:15 I was living in Cambridge, I was in an apartment, it was already getting a little too small
    0:21:19 for my family, and I could look out the window at the streets around me.
    0:21:23 And I knew as a historian something about the neighborhood I was living in, it was a
    0:21:24 special neighborhood.
    0:21:29 For a hundred years, it had been a neighborhood where the children of immigrants moved in
    0:21:31 and moved up.
    0:21:35 One wave after another, after another, had gotten onto that bottom rung of the American
    0:21:37 ladder of opportunity, and they’d kept climbing.
    0:21:39 They started in that neighborhood, and they kept going.
    0:21:44 And by the time I’d lived there, I could look out that window, and I mostly saw young professionals
    0:21:45 walking by.
    0:21:49 The city I was living in had lost two-thirds of its kids, families couldn’t afford to
    0:21:53 live there anymore, and I thought, “This is really weird.
    0:21:59 How was it able to accommodate all that growth for all those years and bring in so many different
    0:22:02 people seeking opportunity in America and help them find it?”
    0:22:04 And now it can’t do that anymore.
    0:22:08 Now the people I’m talking to are moving out, the pastors at the local churches were telling
    0:22:12 me that their parking lots fell on Sunday because their parishioners had all moved to
    0:22:13 other communities.
    0:22:16 They’d drive back on Sunday, but there was nobody to fill the pews.
    0:22:20 Something had gone very badly wrong in this place, and I wanted to know what it was, and
    0:22:22 I started digging.
    0:22:29 And what I landed on eventually was that we had given communities a set of tools that
    0:22:34 had broken the most powerful part of the American idea.
    0:22:40 That was that you had the opportunity as an individual to move toward opportunity and
    0:22:45 to leave the circumstances of your birth, the identities you’d inherited.
    0:22:46 You had the option.
    0:22:49 You could embrace them, or you could build your own identity.
    0:22:54 You could stay where you were, or you could move someplace new.
    0:22:58 And over and over and over again, the people who moved someplace new, they thrived, their
    0:23:02 children thrived, they were able to go toward the new opportunities that were opening up
    0:23:05 in some other part of the country and some other part of their own community.
    0:23:10 And as long as we gave people the chance to do that, this society became more equal over
    0:23:11 time.
    0:23:14 It spread rights more broadly over time.
    0:23:18 And as we’ve rolled that back over the last 50 years and really priced people out of the
    0:23:20 prosperous places, it’s broke.
    0:23:23 I mean, why can’t somebody move?
    0:23:29 Because my experience, I moved from Honolulu to why I went to undergraduate, then I moved
    0:23:34 to LA, then I moved to Orange County, then I came back and I went to San Francisco, I
    0:23:40 went to Atherton, I went to Santa Cruz, I went to Watsonville, I moved six, seven times.
    0:23:44 So what is preventing people from moving?
    0:23:45 It’s not like there’s immigration.
    0:23:49 You can’t move to Texas unless you get a resident card or something.
    0:23:53 Yeah, no, I love the way you laid out that sequence of moves.
    0:23:57 I love asking people for their stories and I bet a lot of your listeners have stories
    0:24:01 like that themselves where they moved many times in their lives.
    0:24:04 And those are very American stories.
    0:24:07 It used to be the case in this country that it was like you needed a permit.
    0:24:12 If you moved into a community in America in the colonial period, they could warn you out.
    0:24:17 Even if you owned a house, even if you’d rented property, even if you had a job, they could
    0:24:20 deliver a notice to your door that said, “We don’t want you here.”
    0:24:21 And they did it.
    0:24:22 They did it routinely.
    0:24:26 They did it often to poor people, they did it to racial minorities, they did it for
    0:24:29 people who were moving in where there was already a blacksmith in town and they didn’t
    0:24:30 want a second one.
    0:24:34 This was like European societies, it was a very closed society.
    0:24:36 You couldn’t just live where you wanted.
    0:24:38 You needed the permission of the community to accept you.
    0:24:43 And then right around 1800, we launched this legal revolution for the first time in world
    0:24:44 history.
    0:24:49 Instead of the communities choosing their people, in America we say, “People can choose
    0:24:50 their own communities.”
    0:24:56 If you can find a place to live in that community, you can establish residents in that community,
    0:24:59 not because anybody gave you permission, but just because you decided it was where you
    0:25:00 were going to live.
    0:25:03 Residents will be a matter of intent rather than acceptance.
    0:25:08 That was like a revolutionary thing, right, that communities no longer got to function
    0:25:11 like members of the clubs, but they used to.
    0:25:12 So that was what we got right.
    0:25:18 And then what we got wrong was that after 100 years of remarkable fluidity, and these
    0:25:23 are the, in the 19th century, maybe one out of three Americans was moving every year.
    0:25:25 Today it’s fallen to one out of 13.
    0:25:30 The thing that shifts is that we give communities a whole new set of tools.
    0:25:36 And it starts actually, the very first tool starts in 1885 in Modesto, California, where
    0:25:42 the town really, really doesn’t want any Chinese immigrants living in its borders.
    0:25:45 And they try all kinds of ways to get rid of the Chinese.
    0:25:47 They try arson, burning down their buildings.
    0:25:50 They try vigilante violence.
    0:25:52 They come in, they round them up, they beat them.
    0:25:56 And they can’t force them out because those Chinese residents want the same thing everybody
    0:25:57 else wants, right?
    0:25:58 They want opportunity.
    0:25:59 They want better lives with their kids.
    0:26:01 They can see that Modesto is going to give that.
    0:26:03 And then they hit on this really ingenious solution.
    0:26:07 They say, well, we can’t pass laws that discriminate against the Chinese because the courts won’t
    0:26:09 let us do that.
    0:26:13 And beating them up hasn’t worked, burning them out hasn’t worked.
    0:26:17 But we could pass a law in this town, which says that the laundries, which were the only
    0:26:22 thing that would employ the Chinese at that point, they all have to be in this one narrow
    0:26:27 part of town, China town, we’ll push them back in.
    0:26:29 And that was the first American zoning statute.
    0:26:32 It’s the first time that a municipality passes a zoning rule.
    0:26:36 It was to push the Chinese out of Modesto and back into China town.
    0:26:39 And that tool proves remarkably powerful.
    0:26:45 So after 100 years of almost unlimited mobility, America starts to roll it back.
    0:26:52 But wouldn’t somebody say that the reason why there are zoning regulations is to prevent
    0:26:58 excessive traffic or excessive population or something like that?
    0:27:00 They’re not going to say it because they’re Chinese.
    0:27:03 So how do they do it today?
    0:27:08 Yeah, the amazing thing about 1885 is they actually said it.
    0:27:11 This is a pretext, which is sort of, as a historian, it’s a wonderful thing to see somebody
    0:27:13 say the quiet part loud like that.
    0:27:17 But yeah, there’s lots of good reasons to regulate land use.
    0:27:22 Where you run into trouble is where you let people create one set of rules for really
    0:27:28 rich areas and another set of rules for the poorer areas because always those rules will
    0:27:30 be rigged against the poor.
    0:27:36 And today, the zoning rules that go into affluent areas are often very well-intentioned.
    0:27:40 They’re about protecting the environment, protecting the history of the community.
    0:27:45 They’re about worrying about traffic and light and shadow.
    0:27:47 There’s always a good reason not to build.
    0:27:51 But the way I’ve come to think of this is it’s a little bit like dropping an apple
    0:27:53 core on the sidewalk.
    0:27:58 If I drop one apple core on the sidewalk, I’m not really making the world much worse off.
    0:28:01 If everybody drops through apple core on the sidewalk, pretty soon that sidewalk gets a
    0:28:05 rat infested, smelly, disgusting, right?
    0:28:06 It’s the same thing with blocking buildings.
    0:28:11 For zoning rules, you can create rules that apply really well in any individual circumstance.
    0:28:14 And if you block one building, that’s not a big deal.
    0:28:17 If you block all the buildings, then there’s no longer a way in.
    0:28:21 And so these rules that come out of a history of discrimination get sort of laundered over
    0:28:24 time where we come up with polite ways to talk about it.
    0:28:25 You’re right.
    0:28:29 Nobody these days says, “Oh, I’m zoning this for single family homes because I don’t want
    0:28:32 any Hispanic immigrants moving into my community.”
    0:28:37 Instead they say, “I’m zoning this for single family homes because apartment buildings are
    0:28:40 not a fit for the character of this place.”
    0:28:45 But they sometimes mean that they’re more worried about the characters in those apartment
    0:28:46 buildings.
    0:28:50 There is a way in which we’ve come up with polite ways to talk about segregating ourselves
    0:28:52 economically in America.
    0:28:55 If you segregate yourself economically, it usually means segregating yourself racially
    0:28:56 too.
    0:29:00 Now, you mentioned three ways to deal with it.
    0:29:04 This is consistency, tolerance, and abundance, right?
    0:29:10 Now, if I may paraphrase those three, so consistency means that there’s not local regulations.
    0:29:14 It’s consistent for the entire state, at least, let’s say.
    0:29:19 And then tolerance is tolerance of differences and abundance means create more housing.
    0:29:24 But as I read that, I said, “Man, this guy, can you name three more impossible things
    0:29:25 to do?”
    0:29:29 You’re going to go to this progressive mafia and say, “All right, so we’re going to have
    0:29:31 no more local zoning.
    0:29:36 We’re going to have you understanding other people’s frameworks and skin colors and religions
    0:29:40 and genders and sexual orientation, and we want you to build more housing.”
    0:29:44 Man, I hope you don’t run for office on that platform.
    0:29:49 Yeah, in some ways, it’s a tough sell, but I’ll tell you this.
    0:29:54 If you walk up to somebody and say, “Do you want multi-family housing on your block?”
    0:29:56 Usually they’ll say, “No, we’re all change-a-first.
    0:29:58 We’re used to the way things are.”
    0:30:02 And if you say, “Should there be an apartment building across the street?”
    0:30:03 And most people say, “No, I don’t want to.”
    0:30:07 But that’s not the only way you can ask the question.
    0:30:11 You can ask them, “Do you think that your neighborhood should be a place where young
    0:30:13 families can still move in?
    0:30:18 Do you think that the service workers who are making your life possible, the daycare
    0:30:23 workers and the hospital nurses and the firefighters, should they get to live in the same town
    0:30:27 where they’re providing services on behalf of the people?
    0:30:31 Do you think that your community should be welcoming to people of diverse backgrounds
    0:30:33 or reserved for the rich?”
    0:30:39 If you ask the questions that way, Americans will overwhelmingly say, “No, no, I want opportunities
    0:30:40 for families.”
    0:30:44 And if the price I have to pay is that there’s an apartment building in a neighborhood of
    0:30:47 single-family homes, I’m happy to pay it.
    0:30:52 And so a lot of this depends on whether you see the problem as one isolated building where
    0:30:56 you don’t want the change, or whether you can help people zoom out and see the bigger
    0:31:01 picture and say, “This was a country that grew prosperous and diverse because it let
    0:31:03 people move toward opportunity.
    0:31:04 We’ve broken that.
    0:31:06 It’s embedded in our politics.
    0:31:11 It is the thing that, above all else, I genuinely believe, drove support for Donald Trump.
    0:31:16 It was the rage he tapped into, the sense that people had, that there were islands of
    0:31:19 prosperity that had walled themselves off from the rest of the country.
    0:31:21 And he was angry at the right people, right?
    0:31:22 He was championing their costs.
    0:31:25 People really felt stuck in their lives.
    0:31:27 And if you put it to them like that, it’d be like, “Do you want to fix America?
    0:31:29 Do you want to restore the American dream?
    0:31:33 What you have to do is let somebody build in your neighborhood so that new families
    0:31:34 can move in.
    0:31:36 The firefighters are supposed to live.”
    0:31:38 My experience with these is people say, “Yeah, I wanted to pay that price.
    0:31:39 That’s a good trade.”
    0:31:46 I mean, you must run around with different people than I do, Yoni, because if I ask people
    0:31:52 that I know, and let’s take the extreme example of Atherton, California, the most expensive
    0:31:57 zip code in the United States, if I said to them, “Don’t you want to make it so that
    0:32:02 young families can move here so your service workers don’t have as difficult a commute
    0:32:03 and blah, blah.”
    0:32:04 They would say, “Nope.
    0:32:05 Nope.
    0:32:06 I like it.
    0:32:09 I want minimum zoning of two acres, and I don’t want any affordable housing.
    0:32:10 I don’t want any more traffic.
    0:32:13 I’m already spending too much time in my G-Class.
    0:32:16 I need to get a new set of friends, Yoni.”
    0:32:19 No, it’s a good objection that you’re raising, right?
    0:32:22 And I don’t mean to sugarcoat this too much.
    0:32:26 A hundred years ago, and it’s really that reason, we gave towns a new set of tools
    0:32:28 they’d never had before.
    0:32:29 Zoning wasn’t legal.
    0:32:34 When people started passing zoning laws, they knew it was unconstitutional, that they were
    0:32:38 deliberately trying to spread it around the country so fast that by the time we got to
    0:32:41 the report, it would be too widespread to undo.
    0:32:45 The drafters of zoning rules understood that what they were undertaking was like a legal
    0:32:50 revolution and that if the courts heard about it too early, it wouldn’t take.
    0:32:51 They pulled it off.
    0:32:52 They spread it.
    0:32:55 By the time the Supreme Court hears the first zoning case, Washington, D.C. is zoned, and
    0:32:59 they’re walking to court, to their jobs, through a zoned city.
    0:33:04 And it comes to seem unimaginable that you could roll it back, but it’s a recent change.
    0:33:08 And it came from states delegating powers down to local communities.
    0:33:13 And what we’ve seen over time is that the richer those communities are, the better educated
    0:33:20 their inhabitants are, the better able they are to use these rules in order to create
    0:33:22 a members-only club back out of their community.
    0:33:26 I remember we talked about America starts as members-only clubs, these communities that
    0:33:29 could warn you out if you were poor, if you had the wrong skin color, like, we’re back
    0:33:31 to that now.
    0:33:35 Communities today have figured out how to build new walls around themselves, how to wall themselves
    0:33:36 off.
    0:33:38 But there’s no reason that they have to have that power.
    0:33:40 They didn’t historically have that power.
    0:33:44 When they got that power, everyone had initially thought it was unconstitutional.
    0:33:45 And it’s up to the states.
    0:33:49 The states have the capacity to say, most of the voters in the state don’t get to live
    0:33:50 in Atherton.
    0:33:54 And what we’re going to do is try to create a society that shares prosperity more broadly.
    0:33:59 If Atherton’s got great schools, then let’s build more housing in Atherton so that more
    0:34:01 kids get to go to those schools.
    0:34:05 And that will be good for all of us, because those kids, they’re going to grow up to be
    0:34:10 the next generation of venture capital barons out on Sand Hill Road, right?
    0:34:15 There’s a way in which, you know, rather than creating an elite that’s self-perpetuating,
    0:34:20 if you allow people to move, you can create a genuinely meritocratic society that gives
    0:34:23 new opportunities for new waves of people to move up.
    0:34:25 Up next, unremarkable people.
    0:34:30 I think this country is an amazingly resilient place.
    0:34:33 America will die if it chokes itself off.
    0:34:38 If it loses its optimism, if it loses its ability to innovate, if it loses its openness
    0:34:39 to change.
    0:34:41 We’re at some risk for that right now.
    0:34:44 That is the direction, I think, in which Donald Trump has pointed us.
    0:34:50 And so I don’t mean to suggest that America is invulnerable, but I think that fundamentally
    0:34:57 most Americans view this as a land of opportunity, think that the country is stronger because
    0:35:02 it has their neighbors in it, too, and as long as we don’t lose sight of those fundamental
    0:35:06 values, I think America will survive a heck of a lot longer than I will.
    0:35:24 Thank you to all our regular podcast listeners.
    0:35:27 It’s our pleasure and honor to make the show for you.
    0:35:33 If you find our show valuable, please do us a favor and subscribe, rate and review it.
    0:35:39 Even better, forward it to a friend, a big mahalo to you for doing this.
    0:36:06 And listening to “Remarkable People” with Guy Kawasaki.
    0:36:14 I’m going to be working at a Starbucks in Hiroshima right now.
    0:36:20 What’s the consequence of trying to prevent people from coming to America?
    0:36:24 So first you want me to advocate apartment buildings in Atherton, and now you’re asking
    0:36:26 me to go after immigration guys.
    0:36:27 Exactly.
    0:36:32 No, but it’s a good question and it’s not unrelated, right?
    0:36:37 Whatever you think our immigration policy should be, whatever the right level of immigration
    0:36:41 is, whatever the right enforcement mechanisms are, I don’t think anyone doubts for a moment
    0:36:43 that immigration is one of America’s great strengths.
    0:36:48 We have brought so many talented people to this country through the years, and I know
    0:36:53 something about the psychology that comes with mobility.
    0:37:01 People who feel stuck, who are born someplace and want to leave and can’t, they change
    0:37:02 psychologically.
    0:37:09 They grow more cynical, more pessimistic about the world, more hostile to outsiders.
    0:37:14 They tend to see the world as a zero-sum game in which anyone new coming into their community
    0:37:18 is dividing the same pie into smaller slices.
    0:37:24 And that frankly describes a good number of Trump supporters who were much more likely
    0:37:27 than Democratic voters to still live in the communities in which they were born, much
    0:37:31 more likely to report that they wanted to move than they could, and much more likely
    0:37:37 to be really resentful of immigration, to see it as diminishing their possibilities.
    0:37:44 If you let that same person move toward opportunity, they get a sense of agency in their own lives.
    0:37:48 Suddenly instead of the world being on them, they’re taking control of their own lives.
    0:37:49 They’re making their own decisions.
    0:37:50 That’s really empowering.
    0:37:55 It’s not just empowering, it makes them more optimistic and it does something else.
    0:37:57 They stop seeing the world as a zero-sum game.
    0:38:02 They start to understand that they’ve moved toward opportunity, the place where their
    0:38:05 living will thrive if others have that same chance.
    0:38:08 They start to see the pie getting bigger, and instead of somebody else taking a slice
    0:38:13 out of that pie diminishing their slice, they understand that together they can make that
    0:38:17 pie big enough that everybody gets a larger slice than they started off with.
    0:38:22 It sounds a little counterintuitive, but one of the things that has changed the American
    0:38:28 debate over immigration is that more and more Americans are stuck where they are and feel
    0:38:33 cynical about the world because they’re not getting in their country the kinds of opportunities
    0:38:34 they expect it to have.
    0:38:40 If you can restore that sense of agency, of mobility, you can restore the kind of optimism
    0:38:47 that had for a long time, you will do unique American ability to absorb new waves of immigrants
    0:38:49 and to build a cohesive country.
    0:38:51 Let me make sure I got this right.
    0:38:59 Are you saying that if Americans had a greater sense, and it was actually true of mobility,
    0:39:05 that we would be more empathetic and tolerant of immigrants moving into America?
    0:39:07 That is what the psychologists tell me.
    0:39:12 When you look at people who have moved in the last year, they feel better about the world.
    0:39:17 They are more tolerant of others, they’re more likely to reach out to others of diverse
    0:39:22 backgrounds and when you look at people who want to move and can’t, the opposite things
    0:39:23 are true.
    0:39:24 All right.
    0:39:28 So I’m going to switch gears again, don’t worry, we’ll let you plug your book at the
    0:39:29 end.
    0:39:34 Okay, so now, do you believe that the, because I caught this sentiment earlier in your writing
    0:39:45 that the Republican Party is fighting a battle they cannot win against the pure math of demographics.
    0:39:54 But it seems to me, since you made that kind of sentiment 2019-2020, it seems to me that
    0:39:59 they have disproven that, that they are not fighting a losing battle.
    0:40:03 They own all three branches, they theoretically are more popular than ever.
    0:40:07 So what happened to this demographic inevitability?
    0:40:09 Yeah, that’s a great question.
    0:40:14 And there were a lot of people out there suggesting that there was some irresistible demographic
    0:40:18 tie that’s going to sweep Republicans from power.
    0:40:24 I think the most interesting thing that Donald Trump has done is found ways to build his
    0:40:30 support, particularly among young men who don’t have the benefits of a college education.
    0:40:32 And he’s done that across racial boundaries.
    0:40:35 In some ways, we should all be happy about this.
    0:40:40 American politics was becoming increasingly racial polarized and Donald Trump has depolarized
    0:40:41 it a little bit.
    0:40:47 In other words, it’s really worrying because some of the appeal that he’s exercised is
    0:40:50 about enlarging.
    0:40:53 He did what the Republicans I thought needed to do, just not the way I was hoping they would
    0:40:54 do it.
    0:40:55 Right?
    0:40:58 He enlarged a sense of who could be a Republican.
    0:41:03 He said, “I’ll take people of all backgrounds, of all colors, we’ll build that kind of party,
    0:41:06 and we’ll do it through our hatred and resentment of them.”
    0:41:08 And so he managed to switch the us and them.
    0:41:15 He enlarged the Republican us by targeting them, progressives, liberal elites, and that
    0:41:18 was a very effective political message for Donald Trump.
    0:41:24 It still ultimately doesn’t leave the Republicans in a great spot where they have struggled
    0:41:27 when Donald Trump is not at the top of the ticket.
    0:41:31 He has fused this coalition of resentment together, but it’s not a coalition that holds
    0:41:33 in midterm elections.
    0:41:37 It’s not a coalition that holds in gubernatorial races.
    0:41:43 Where they continue to face this problem that Trump can weld these folks together, but there
    0:41:45 are other politicians who don’t seem able to do it.
    0:41:52 I need a Harvard educated brain or Harvard professor to explain to me how Donald Trump
    0:41:59 did this because from the outside looking in, I completely agree with the demographic
    0:42:05 inevitability, but then I’ve learned that young black men and young Hispanic men and
    0:42:10 young Muslim men and all that, they voted for Donald Trump.
    0:42:14 Explain that to me that this guy says that the Mexicans are rapists and drug dealers
    0:42:19 and the black people are all like criminals and the Muslims are terrorists, but their
    0:42:21 young people are voting for me, huh?
    0:42:23 I’m having an out-of-body experience here.
    0:42:27 I only went to Stanford, I didn’t go to Harvard, so explain this to me.
    0:42:32 I think this is a question a lot of people have, and there’s two ways to think about
    0:42:34 political preferences.
    0:42:38 One is shaped by a bunch of disqualification, so you look at it and you say, “Well, this
    0:42:42 candidate said this and that and the other thing, and I don’t agree with that, I’m not
    0:42:43 going to back him.”
    0:42:48 Another way to think about it is thinking about what they call negative polarization,
    0:42:54 so not what is this candidate and what’s disqualified him, but rather who does this candidate resent,
    0:42:55 who do they hate?
    0:42:57 Do they hate the same people that I hate?
    0:42:59 Are their enemies the same as my enemies?
    0:43:04 And I think for an awful lot of Americans, and you’ll forgive me for this, is one of
    0:43:07 the things I’m getting at in the book, for an awful lot of Americans, there’s a sense
    0:43:12 that something has gone wrong in their lives, particularly young men without college degrees
    0:43:16 don’t have access to the same kinds of jobs that they did a generation ago.
    0:43:19 We don’t have the same kinds of blue collar jobs in this country.
    0:43:22 Donald Trump has talked about that over and over again.
    0:43:26 We don’t offer those young men the same kinds of opportunities.
    0:43:29 60% of college matriculants are now women.
    0:43:32 Women are much less likely to be going to college than their female peers.
    0:43:34 They’re much less likely to wind up with full-time employment.
    0:43:39 They’re much less likely to be able to build the kinds of happy and productive and satisfied
    0:43:40 lives.
    0:43:46 And Trump is a genius for spotting resentment, and he channeled that anger.
    0:43:48 That doesn’t mean that he has any practical solutions.
    0:43:53 It doesn’t mean that he’s given them a vision that can turn their lives around, but it does
    0:43:59 mean that he was able to make them feel seen, and people will overlook a lot in somebody
    0:44:03 — they’ll overlook the things he said, they’ll overlook the things he’s done — if he makes
    0:44:09 them feel as if they are real, they are recognized, that somebody has looked at their pain or their
    0:44:13 suffering, understands it, blames some of the same people that they blame, gives them a
    0:44:16 narrative that explains why it’s happening to them.
    0:44:19 Those are really powerful political forces, and that is one thing I think that Donald
    0:44:23 Trump has done brilliantly that Democrats have really struggled to match.
    0:44:29 I gotta tell you alone, if I had not lived through it, I would not believe it.
    0:44:33 If this happened 200 years ago, I was — this is impossible.
    0:44:36 There’s no way that happened, but, wow.
    0:44:42 Okay, I’m gonna ask you one last heavy question, then I have some short questions.
    0:44:48 And the last heavy question is, what’s your thoughts on if and when America will die?
    0:44:53 I think this country is an amazingly resilient place.
    0:44:59 America will die if it chokes itself off, if it loses its optimism, if it loses its ability
    0:45:02 to innovate, if it loses its openness to change.
    0:45:04 We’re at some risk for that right now.
    0:45:08 That is the direction I think in which Donald Trump is pointing us, and so I don’t mean
    0:45:11 to suggest that America is invulnerable.
    0:45:17 But I think that fundamentally, most Americans view this as a land of opportunity, think
    0:45:23 that the country is stronger because it has their neighbors in it too.
    0:45:28 And as long as we don’t lose sight of those fundamental values, I think America will survive
    0:45:30 a heck of a lot longer than I will.
    0:45:35 Like I said before, every part of my body that can cross is now crossed again.
    0:45:36 Yeah, thank you.
    0:45:39 Okay, so some quickie questions for you.
    0:45:40 Okay.
    0:45:43 First, where do you get your news?
    0:45:48 I get my news from mainstream outlets, so I read as many newspapers and magazines as
    0:45:54 I can, and I like particularly to read magazines and newspapers that publish things I disagree
    0:45:55 with.
    0:46:01 Okay, so tell us, what are the things you disagree with?
    0:46:04 I love reading op-ed pages.
    0:46:09 I love reading really smart reporting that pushes me in some direction I didn’t expect
    0:46:10 to get.
    0:46:16 I already know what I think, but when I open a newspaper, I really like to read something
    0:46:18 that surprises me or tells me what’s wrong.
    0:46:23 Which newspapers are you opening when you look for these op-ed?
    0:46:27 I get The New York Times, The Washington Post, every day at my door, and I do that so I can
    0:46:31 share them with my kids so they can see me not staring at a phone, but actually opening
    0:46:33 a newspaper and reading it.
    0:46:38 I didn’t even know there were print editions.
    0:46:43 What do you think of the work of Katie Drummond and Wired?
    0:46:48 In my mind, Wired was this thing that would talk about artificial intelligence and virtual
    0:46:54 reality, and all of a sudden it’s like The New Washington Post, so what’s going on with
    0:46:55 Wired?
    0:46:59 I love the reporting they’re doing, and it’s a reminder that part of what’s happening
    0:47:06 here is a transfusion of people and values from Silicon Valley into Washington, and Wired
    0:47:12 is uniquely well positioned to cover that because they understand the Valley, they’re familiar
    0:47:17 with the players, and a lot of the outlets that are based in DC, they’re covering it
    0:47:18 like foreign correspondents.
    0:47:22 Wow, the Silicon Valley people, who are they, and what are they up to, but Wired is there
    0:47:24 to bring readers to that store.
    0:47:29 Madison, make a note that we got to go subscribe and pay a subscription to Wired.
    0:47:31 I’ve been forgetting to do that.
    0:47:34 All right, next quick question.
    0:47:39 Do you participate in social media at all, or is just a waste of time for you?
    0:47:41 More than I should.
    0:47:42 I’m on X.
    0:47:43 You’re on X.
    0:47:44 I am.
    0:47:46 You’re a collaborator.
    0:47:47 What?
    0:47:54 Well, I enjoy on X, Blue Sky, on Facebook.
    0:47:59 I enjoy being reminded that other people don’t see the world the way that I do.
    0:48:04 It’s the biggest danger I have as a journalist is sitting in a room with a bunch of other
    0:48:07 people whose views may more or less align with mine.
    0:48:10 If I want to be interesting, if I want to find good stories, I’ve got to constantly
    0:48:15 expose myself to things that might be a little enraging, but at least show me the world through
    0:48:17 a different set of eyes.
    0:48:20 For all of its flaws, that is one thing that social media does beautifully.
    0:48:24 It can give me the perspective of somebody living in a different state, somebody with
    0:48:28 a different education, somebody with a different set of values, and it reminds me that mine
    0:48:30 is not the only way to see it.
    0:48:35 I get the point of read-only access, but are you participating?
    0:48:40 Are you posting and commenting or you’re just using it as a data source?
    0:48:41 Not as much as I did.
    0:48:47 It’s really hard to have a meaningful conversation on social media than it’s just.
    0:48:54 This has been a very, very stimulating episode, and I like to give authors, because Madison
    0:48:59 and I, we’ve authored a few books too, so I just want to give you this opportunity for
    0:49:06 you to pitch stock as your book so that listeners can say, “Well, I got to go read that book.”
    0:49:11 I wrote this book because I wanted to understand what had gone wrong in America, and what was
    0:49:16 fun about it was giving the whole historical art, how we invented this idea of mobility.
    0:49:22 We set Americans loose to define their own identities, that this was the thing that created
    0:49:27 so much social and economic mobility in America, it made us able to welcome people from other
    0:49:28 countries.
    0:49:33 It gave us much of what we consider American values was this outgrowth of this historical
    0:49:38 accent that we had set people loose to define their own lives.
    0:49:42 One little thing in the book that I particularly loved was Discovering Moving Day.
    0:49:47 All the leases in a particular town or city would expire on the same day, and a quarter
    0:49:53 or third half the people would pick up and swap apartments, move houses, switch farms.
    0:49:57 It was an annual ritual that people would come over from Europe just to watch all the
    0:50:03 carts carry the goods through the city going in every direction, and getting the sense
    0:50:09 of what mobility had once meant to Americans, and then seeing how we had accidentally choked
    0:50:10 it off.
    0:50:13 It’s one of those things where it’s like breathing the air, right?
    0:50:14 Take it for granted.
    0:50:16 You take it for granted that you can decide where you want to live.
    0:50:20 It’s easy to take for granted that we have the ability to move someplace new, but when
    0:50:25 you see how quickly we’re losing it and how much is at stake, suddenly you see the world
    0:50:26 a different way.
    0:50:28 At least I did as I wrote the book, and I hope that as people read the book, they’ll
    0:50:32 see their own stories in there, and they’ll see their country in a new country on tomorrow.
    0:50:33 All right, Neon.
    0:50:34 Thank you so much.
    0:50:41 I mean, you listeners, I hope you got these main points about fostering mobility and also
    0:50:47 of remaining optimistic in the future of America, and you can’t just be optimistic.
    0:50:52 You have to actually get involved, and you only suggested rather than just post it, read
    0:50:58 and bitch, you’ve got to get involved and actually take action locally, do something.
    0:51:05 And I will say that for the fourth time, I think I hope you are right.
    0:51:13 And I would tell you, subscribe, pay the subscription for The Atlantic, and wired, and watch what
    0:51:14 he does.
    0:51:19 Maybe if you want to work at The Atlantic, you start commenting on Yoni’s articles, and
    0:51:23 he’s going to reach out to you and give you a job at The Atlantic, and that would make
    0:51:28 another great story for the Remarkable People podcast.
    0:51:29 I’m Guy Kawasaki.
    0:51:32 This has been the Remarkable People podcast.
    0:51:39 Our guest was Yoni Appelbaum, and he is the deputy executive editor of The Atlantic, one
    0:51:41 of my favorite publications.
    0:51:43 So I think he’s helped us be remarkable.
    0:51:49 And my thanks to Madison Nysmer, producer and co-author, Tessa Nysmer, researcher, and
    0:51:54 then the two sound design engineers, which is Shannon Hernandez and Jeff Sey, and we
    0:51:56 are the Remarkable Team.
    0:51:59 I hope we made you a little bit more remarkable today.
    0:52:07 Yoni, for sure, you did, so thank you very much.
    0:52:08 This is Remarkable People.

    From the halls of Harvard to the pages of The Atlantic, Yoni Appelbaum’s story defies conventional career paths. As Deputy Executive Editor and author of Stuck, Appelbaum illuminates how America’s declining mobility is transforming our social fabric and political landscape. Drawing from his unique background as both historian and journalist, he examines the intersection of housing policy, community dynamics, and democratic resilience, offering fresh perspectives on how to reinvigorate the American dream.

    Guy Kawasaki is on a mission to make you remarkable. His Remarkable People podcast features interviews with remarkable people such as Jane Goodall, Marc Benioff, Woz, Kristi Yamaguchi, and Bob Cialdini. Every episode will make you more remarkable.

    With his decades of experience in Silicon Valley as a Venture Capitalist and advisor to the top entrepreneurs in the world, Guy’s questions come from a place of curiosity and passion for technology, start-ups, entrepreneurship, and marketing. If you love society and culture, documentaries, and business podcasts, take a second to follow Remarkable People.

    Listeners of the Remarkable People podcast will learn from some of the most successful people in the world with practical tips and inspiring stories that will help you be more remarkable.

    Episodes of Remarkable People organized by topic: https://bit.ly/rptopology

    Listen to Remarkable People here: **https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/guy-kawasakis-remarkable-people/id1483081827**

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  • The Parable of Peanut the Memecoin

    Memecoins are having a moment. Everyone from Hawk Tuah to President Donald Trump to animal influencers like Moo Deng the pygmy hippo have been turned into cryptocurrency. But what are the costs of all the hype?

    On today’s show — a modern parable. How an orphaned baby rodent became a world famous animal influencer, became a political martyr, and was finally transmuted into a billion dollar cryptocurrency. It’s a tale about how a chance encounter can lead to fame and fortune. But also how all that can spin wildly out of control in this brave, new – kind of terrifying – attention economy we’re all living in.

    This episode was hosted by Alexi Horowitz-Ghazi and Nic Neves. This episode was produced by James Sneed. It was edited by Jess Jiang. Fact-checked by Sierra Juarez. And engineered by Jimmy Keeley. Alex Goldmark is Planet Money‘s executive producer.

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