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  • #814: Chatri Sityodtong, CEO of ONE Championship — From Dirt Poor to Top-10 Sports-Media Franchise, The $100M Breakfast, Dominating Social Media (30B+ Views/Year), Key Strategic Decisions, and the Moneyball of Fight Matchmaking

    AI transcript

    Chatri Sityodtong (@yodchatri) is the founder and CEO of ONE Championship, one of the top-10 biggest sports-media properties in the world in terms of viewership and engagement (alongside the NBA, Formula One, Champions League, and Premier League), with a global broadcast reach to 195 countries. 

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  • #231 Outliers: Harvey Firestone – Men and Rubber

    AI transcript
    0:00:06 The most difficult thing in business is first getting yourself to thinking, and then getting
    0:00:07 others to thinking.
    0:00:14 A person may keep very busy indeed without doing any thinking at all, and the easy course
    0:00:17 is to keep so busy there will be no time left over for thought.
    0:00:22 We try to substitute discussion for thought by organizing committees, but a committee
    0:00:28 is just an elaborate means of fooling oneself into believing that talking is the same as
    0:00:28 thinking.
    0:00:35 These words are from Harvey S. Firestone’s autobiography, Men and Rubber, one of the
    0:00:38 books that I give away the most frequently as a gift.
    0:00:44 While it was written in 1926, everyone I give it to is surprised not only by the density of
    0:00:46 wisdom, but by how relevant it remains today.
    0:01:02 Welcome to The Knowledge Project.
    0:01:05 I’m your host, Shane Parrish.
    0:01:10 In a world where knowledge is powered, this podcast is your toolkit for mastering the best
    0:01:11 of what other people have already figured out.
    0:01:20 In 1920, Harvey Firestone returned from vacation to find his company drowning in 43 million of
    0:01:20 debt.
    0:01:25 His executives were paralyzed, the banks had cut him off, competitors were circling.
    0:01:30 Yet, instead of panicking, Firestone did something that shocked everyone.
    0:01:34 He slashed prices by 25% and personally took control of sales.
    0:01:36 The situation did not frighten me, he later wrote.
    0:01:38 It put new life into me.
    0:01:44 That crisis revealed the principles that separated Firestone from every other businessman of his
    0:01:49 era, and they’re the same principles that separate outliers from everyone else today.
    0:01:54 While others built elaborate organizations, Firestone asked two simple questions that cut
    0:01:55 through every problem.
    0:01:57 Is it necessary?
    0:01:58 And can it be simplified?
    0:02:03 While others chased trends, he focused relentlessly on what wouldn’t change.
    0:02:08 While others avoided hard decisions, he had the courage to close doors and burn boats.
    0:02:14 Most importantly, Firestone understood something that eludes most ambitious professionals today.
    0:02:20 Positioning beats talent, simplicity scales better than complexity, and the person with
    0:02:22 options holds all the power.
    0:02:24 Today’s episode isn’t about tires.
    0:02:29 It’s about the durable, asymmetric advantages that create lasting success in any field.
    0:02:34 Whether you’re navigating technological disruption, fighting entrenched competitors,
    0:02:39 or building something from nothing, Firestone’s principles will give you an unfair advantage.
    0:02:43 As he put it, thought, not money, is the real business capital.
    0:02:47 Let’s examine how he built an empire by thinking differently.
    0:02:50 It’s time to listen and learn.
    0:02:57 This podcast is for entertainment and informational purposes only.
    0:03:05 Harvey Firestone learned his most valuable business lessons, not from formal education, but from his
    0:03:10 father, Benjamin, a man he would later call the best businessman I have ever known.
    0:03:17 What made Benjamin exceptional wasn’t flashy success or quick profits, but a deeper understanding
    0:03:20 of what creates lasting value.
    0:03:26 The test of a businessman is not whether he can make money in one or two boom years or can make
    0:03:32 money throughout one lifetime, but whether he creates something that will live and grow in
    0:03:35 money-making power after he is gone.
    0:03:40 By this standard, Benjamin excelled through three principles that would later define Harvey’s
    0:03:42 own approach to building an empire.
    0:03:48 The first principle was maintaining a surplus, or how I prefer to frame it as a margin of safety.
    0:03:54 Harvey wrote that his father had the rare foresight to know that a fine crop one year was more
    0:03:58 or less a fortunate accident and did not set a figure to be followed during future years.
    0:04:03 Consequently, he always had plenty of stock and feed on hand.
    0:04:06 This wasn’t just prudent farming, it was positioning.
    0:04:09 Benjamin was never a forced seller.
    0:04:14 When other farmers rushed to market and sold regardless of price because they needed the money
    0:04:16 so badly, he could wait.
    0:04:19 Sometimes an entire year for better prices.
    0:04:25 Having a surplus is the greatest aid to business judgment that I know, Harvey later reflected,
    0:04:30 and I bitterly know what I’m talking about, for I went through years of upbuilding without
    0:04:32 being able to accumulate a surplus.
    0:04:38 The key lesson here is that if you are well positioned, be it with a surplus or margin of
    0:04:42 safety or whatever you want to call it, you control your own circumstances.
    0:04:45 When you don’t have that, you are controlled by them.
    0:04:48 The second principle was patience in negotiation.
    0:04:53 At market, Benjamin would silently survey the options, watching and listening, and gathering
    0:04:59 as much information as possible before deciding, often walking away if conditions weren’t favorable.
    0:05:01 Never rush in on a deal, he advised.
    0:05:02 Let it come to you.
    0:05:08 This discipline meant Harvey couldn’t recall his father ever making a significant mistake.
    0:05:12 Third, and perhaps most valuable, was Benjamin’s reputation for fairness.
    0:05:18 He never wanted to get more than his stock was worth, or to buy stock for less than it was
    0:05:19 worth, Harvey wrote.
    0:05:20 The result?
    0:05:23 Other farmers wouldn’t sell until Benjamin did.
    0:05:28 Buyers sought him out, first knowing whatever price he accepted would set the market.
    0:05:31 His reputation had become a competitive advantage.
    0:05:37 While other farmers remained narrowly focused on daily operations, Benjamin also maintained perspective
    0:05:41 through voracious reading, rare for farmers of that era.
    0:05:46 As Harvey noted, when all a person’s attention is required by the daily running of his business,
    0:05:49 he seldom sees the business in perspective.
    0:05:52 He misses the new developments.
    0:05:56 Young Harvey absorbed these lessons while developing his own passion for trading horses.
    0:06:02 By 15, he could evaluate a horse’s quality and value with remarkable precision.
    0:06:07 Skills that would transfer surprisingly well to his future in the tire industry, where quality
    0:06:11 assessment and value creation were similarly crucial.
    0:06:16 The lessons here are deceptively simple, but incredibly powerful.
    0:06:19 Good positioning eliminates forced decisions.
    0:06:23 You don’t need to be smarter than others to outperform them if you’re better positioned.
    0:06:28 Anyone looks like a genius when they’re in a good position, and even the smartest person
    0:06:30 looks like an idiot when they’re in a bad one.
    0:06:33 Working in your business also differs from working on it.
    0:06:36 One requires execution, the other perspective.
    0:06:43 And finally, fairness compounds of the four possible relationship outcomes with anyone in your life.
    0:06:46 Win-win, win-lose, lose-win, lose-lose.
    0:06:49 Only win-win builds lasting success.
    0:06:56 After leaving the firm, Harvey’s brief stint as a bookkeeper led to his first real business venture,
    0:07:00 with a man named Jackson, selling flavoring extracts and patent medicines.
    0:07:06 This disaster would teach him more about business fundamentals than any success could have.
    0:07:10 Jackson’s business model was based on a misunderstanding of cause and effect.
    0:07:15 He had observed a friend named August Green grow wealthy, selling a dubious cure-all called
    0:07:20 Green’s August Flower, which succeeded through aggressive advertising.
    0:07:26 Jackson believed he could replicate this success, but skipped the advertising costs by hiring charismatic
    0:07:27 salesmen.
    0:07:34 Among these star salesmen was a character Harvey vividly remembered, a big fine fellow with a genial
    0:07:38 presence and the gift of gab, one of these men who could sell anything.
    0:07:40 He had just one formula.
    0:07:46 He just breezed in on a prospect, offered him a cigar, and then sat down and talked him to death.
    0:07:49 That was salesmanship in those days.
    0:07:53 Harvey joined as a junior salesman at $50 monthly.
    0:07:57 Not for any sales expertise, but because he had helped with the business plan.
    0:08:03 His romanticized version of the traveling salesman’s life quickly collided with reality when his first
    0:08:06 territory was tiny Apple Creek, Ohio.
    0:08:08 His first day proved humbling.
    0:08:12 After nervously circling the town a few times, Harvey struck out at several small shops before
    0:08:18 reluctantly trying his hand at the largest shop, thinking it was the least likely to hear him out.
    0:08:22 And surprisingly, it was at this shop that he made his first sale.
    0:08:25 This pattern taught him a crucial insight.
    0:08:31 The owners of truly successful businesses recognize and prioritize genuine opportunities,
    0:08:35 while those struggling often claimed to be too busy for new ideas.
    0:08:40 But the business was on borrowed time, and the more profound lesson emerged as it unraveled.
    0:08:44 The star salesman focused on high-margin patent medicines,
    0:08:48 while Harvey, lacking confidence, sold humble vanilla extract.
    0:08:52 Unexpectedly, his vanilla sales became the company’s main revenue source.
    0:08:58 As Harvey later explained, patent medicines do not sell on merit, for there is precious little merit in most of them.
    0:09:05 Patent medicines sell only on their reputation for curing diseases, and that reputation has to be built up by advertising.
    0:09:18 Meanwhile, the extracts did not need to be advertised because people do not have to be educated into the belief that vanilla extract will give them a vanilla flavor,
    0:09:24 whereas they do have to be educated or fooled into the belief that a spring tonic will cure spring ills.
    0:09:30 Within six months, all the star salesmen quit, Jackson went broke, and Harvey lost his job.
    0:09:36 But he gained something more valuable than money, understanding that the relationship between product quality, marketing, and sales.
    0:09:43 More importantly, he witnessed firsthand how easily businesses confuse correlation with causation.
    0:09:48 The star salesmen had succeeded earlier in their careers not because of their sales techniques,
    0:09:51 but because they’d sold products with established reputations.
    0:09:59 They mistook correlation, their sales alongside advertising, for causation, their personal ability to persuade.
    0:10:00 Harvey would later write,
    0:10:05 The first principle of salesmanship is that you must thoroughly believe in what you have to sell.
    0:10:10 Then selling becomes merely a matter of showing how your product will help a prospect.
    0:10:17 Great products either sell themselves through obvious utility or require the right marketing to educate customers about their value.
    0:10:23 This lesson would serve Harvey throughout his career and remains equally relevant today.
    0:10:29 After his sales venture collapsed, Harvey swallowed his pride and joined his uncle’s buggy company.
    0:10:31 A position he’d previously rejected.
    0:10:38 For the first time, he earned enough to pursue his passion for horses as a side business, buying and selling them at a profit.
    0:10:41 But technological disruption was coming for the carriage industry.
    0:10:45 Harvey’s company sold premium buggies for $110.
    0:10:47 They were built to last decades.
    0:10:54 However, competitors began offering solid $35 alternatives that farmers found perfectly adequate.
    0:11:01 Customers increasingly preferred replacing cheaper vehicles every few years rather than investing in premium durability.
    0:11:11 The value proposition that seemed obviously superior to industry insiders, longer lasting quality, turned out to matter less and less to consumers than price.
    0:11:19 The company soon entered receivership, and Harvey found himself unemployed again, but this time with a wife and home to support.
    0:11:21 The pressure was relentless.
    0:11:25 Yet these consecutive failures gave Harvey invaluable business education.
    0:11:33 He was learning Jackson’s extract company had failed through poor marketing, misaligned incentives, and product market misunderstanding.
    0:11:40 His uncle’s buggy company collapsed by clinging to outdated value propositions while the market evolved beneath them.
    0:11:50 Harvey was learning business fundamentals through observing failures up close, paying with time rather than capital, and it would become an education more valuable than any he could have purchased.
    0:11:58 These early failures weren’t just teaching Harvey about business, they were preparing his mind to spot opportunity where others saw only crisis.
    0:12:04 And that opportunity would arrive in an unexpected form, right beneath the wheels of his own buggy.
    0:12:09 One afternoon in Detroit, everything changed.
    0:12:14 Looking down at the wheels of his own carriage, Harvey found the insight that would define his future.
    0:12:23 “Driving out one afternoon in my rubber-tired buggy, it, for the first time, struck me that my future was right on the wheels of my buggy.
    0:12:26 Those rubber tires were the only ones in Detroit.
    0:12:33 They were not the only ones in the United States, and a London cab company had already fitted out all of its cabs with rubber tires.
    0:12:36 But they were hard to buy in the United States.
    0:12:38 Why not make them easy to buy?”
    0:12:46 “This was classic opportunity recognition, identifying a gap between what people wanted and what was readily available.
    0:12:53 Rubber tires transformed the riding experience, replacing bone-jarring wooden wheels and metal rims with smooth comfort.
    0:12:59 Harvey had experienced this himself and recognized a fundamental truth about product adoption.
    0:13:02 Once a man rode on rubber tires, he wanted a set.
    0:13:08 This insight mirrors what Estee Lauder would later build an entire empire around.
    0:13:10 I think we talk about this in Episode 218.
    0:13:13 The power of direct experience.
    0:13:20 Lauder insisted on personally applying her cosmetics to customers, knowing first-hand experience would convert them instantly.
    0:13:25 Harvey understood that rubber tires sold themselves after just one ride.
    0:13:30 And a carefully selected partner quickly estimated the market potential during a single dinner conversation.
    0:13:38 If they could capture just half the buggy market in America, they calculated they’d rival standard oil in size.
    0:13:44 Last night, they caught a train to Chicago and within days purchased a small rubber factory for $1,500 cash.
    0:13:52 Their business model was straightforward: buy rubber strips, cut and fit them to carriage wheels, and charge $40 for sets that cost $14 to produce.
    0:13:55 A healthy 65% gross margin.
    0:14:00 But they immediately confronted the entrepreneur’s classic dilemma: success creating its own problems.
    0:14:06 Their growth outpaced their financial resources, creating a dangerous mismatch between opportunity and capability.
    0:14:12 As Harvey candidly explained, we were growing faster than our capital, which meant that we were always short of money.
    0:14:21 Their promising venture now faced the constraint that kills more startups than any other, running out of cash while running towards success.
    0:14:27 While Harvey mastered production quickly, the financial side of his growing business revealed his inexperience.
    0:14:32 As he candidly admitted, their complexity was not due to the size of operations.
    0:14:39 I could state our condition in those days right out of my head, and the back of an envelope gave ample space for the statement.
    0:14:43 Our trouble was that we did not have enough money and did not know how to get it.
    0:14:48 The elephant in the room for any growing business appeared: cash constraints meeting opportunity.
    0:14:58 When the Imperial Robber Company offered to sell their entire operation for $15,000, which was a bargain too good to ignore, Harvey faced a moment of truth.
    0:15:02 He needed outside capital, therefore he would need to learn banking.
    0:15:06 His first bank meeting became a master class in humiliation.
    0:15:13 Harvey arrived with enthusiasm and projections, mistaking the banker’s polite interest for genuine excitement.
    0:15:18 The banker nodded and asked questions, and gave every indication of impending approval.
    0:15:22 He was just giving me the opportunity to show how little I knew about finance.
    0:15:24 He was not frank about it.
    0:15:29 I left the bank thinking I was going to get a loan, and while I was never refused the loan, I never got it.
    0:15:37 Picture Harvey in that moment, walking out confident, expecting imminent funds, unaware he just revealed every gap in his financial knowledge.
    0:15:41 But failure teaches what success can’t.
    0:15:48 From this embarrassment, Harvey extracted lessons about financial communication that still serve entrepreneurs a century later.
    0:15:53 What I learned was that a bank statement ought never to be in such shape that it has to be explained.
    0:15:55 Everything ought to be on the statement.
    0:15:57 A statement of condition can be a prospectus.
    0:16:04 In fact, it is the best possible kind of prospectus, but it ought not to be prepared in enthusiasm.
    0:16:08 Undeterred, Harvey approached a larger institution, First National Bank.
    0:16:16 This critical moment came when he met Frank O. Wetmore, a young loan officer who saw beyond Harvey’s inexperience to his potential.
    0:16:24 Rather than rejecting him, Wetmore offered what Harvey called a course in practical banking, teaching him about the proper financial ratios and management.
    0:16:28 Then, remarkably, Wetmore lent him $10,000.
    0:16:31 The lesson here is bounce, don’t break.
    0:16:36 The first no is rarely the end of the line. Learn, adapt, and try again.
    0:16:43 Harvey’s relationship with Wetmore evolved from lender to mentor, transforming both the business and Harvey himself.
    0:16:53 The connection proved so valuable that even after becoming an industrial titan, Harvey continued seeking Wetmore’s counsel whenever he was in Chicago.
    0:16:58 With financing secured, they purchased the factory, but a competitive threat immediately emerged.
    0:17:05 A rival company introduced a purpose-built wheel for rubber tires that made Harvey’s retrofitting method look primitive by comparison.
    0:17:12 Harvey faced the classic entrepreneur’s dilemma, fight a technically superior competitor or find another path.
    0:17:20 Rather than battling uphill, he pursued a counterintuitive strategy, proposing a merger to his competitor with a simple, powerful argument.
    0:17:24 If the two of us kept in the field, neither would make any money.
    0:17:31 The consolidation succeeded, therefore they became the dominant player in Chicago’s buggy tire market.
    0:17:38 This market position attracted the attention of a consolidated company, a trust actively acquiring rubber businesses nationwide.
    0:17:50 After careful negotiation, Harvey and his partner sold for $1,254,000, an amount Harvey described as something more than four times what our business was worth, not counting its goodwill.
    0:17:57 His personal share came to $45,000 in cash, considerably more money than I had thought was in the world for me.
    0:18:04 Picture Harvey in this moment, the farm boy who weathered multiple failures, now holding more cash than he’d imagined ever possible.
    0:18:10 Most people would have considered this the happy ending, goal achieved, financial security obtained.
    0:18:11 But Harvey wasn’t most people.
    0:18:13 In fact, he was just getting started.
    0:18:21 With characteristic prudence, he invested $20,000 in a mortgage for steady income and kept $25,000 liquid for his next venture.
    0:18:26 In just four years, a $1,000 investment had grown 45-fold.
    0:18:30 Though the acquiring company offered him a position, Harvey soon resigned.
    0:18:32 As he put it, “I wanted to be out for myself.”
    0:18:39 The wealth hadn’t changed, his fundamental desire for independence and the chance to build something truly his own.
    0:18:44 With newfound wealth in hand, Harvey faced the classic entrepreneur’s question, “What’s next?”
    0:18:48 The carriage industry held little appeal for his uncle’s business collapsed.
    0:18:54 I had no hankering after the carriage business he rode for it to become one of keen competition in cheap models.
    0:18:57 But what about the emerging automobile industry?
    0:19:02 Surprisingly, Harvey didn’t see gasoline-powered cars as the obvious future.
    0:19:06 The few automobiles on the American roads seem like expensive curiosities.
    0:19:10 Not exactly toys, but certainly not commercial products.
    0:19:13 Of course, that’s how all innovation starts.
    0:19:14 Just look at AI today.
    0:19:17 It really went mainstream with DALI.
    0:19:20 And all you could do is make these silly little images.
    0:19:21 And people laughed.
    0:19:24 And now, just a few years later, it’s taking over jobs.
    0:19:31 Harvey, like many of us, was so focused on the present that he’d walked past the automotive history being made without recognizing it.
    0:19:37 He later admitted, “I do not recall ever seeing Henry Ford’s car about the streets of Detroit.
    0:19:40 And I have no recollection of having seen Mr. Ford.
    0:19:43 Although probably we passed many times on the street.
    0:19:48 For the Detroit Edison Company where he worked was close to my Detroit office.”
    0:19:51 Instead, Harvey believed electric vehicles would dominate.
    0:20:00 noting, “I had sold many tires to the Woods Motor Vehicle Company in Chicago, which was one of the first companies to get out an electric carriage.
    0:20:04 We all thought of electricity as the coming motive power for everything.”
    0:20:09 The man who would later partner with Henry Ford was betting on the wrong technology.
    0:20:14 But amid this uncertainty, Harvey made a profound insight that would define as success.
    0:20:19 Rather than betting on which transportation technology would win, he bet on what wouldn’t change.
    0:20:22 “I believe thoroughly in rubber tires,” he wrote.
    0:20:27 “They made riding so much easier that they appeared to me to be a necessity.”
    0:20:32 While working briefly for a Chicago tire company, Harvey grew dissatisfied with their pricing policies.
    0:20:35 Therefore, he resigned and attempted to start his own venture.
    0:20:45 When disagreements with bankers over factory locations derailed his plan, Harvey redirected to Akron, Ohio, the established center of America’s rubber industry.
    0:20:55 There, after managing a tire department for another company, Harvey encountered the invention that would transform his trajectory and the future of American transportation.
    0:21:01 In Akron, Harvey encountered an invention that addressed the tire industry’s fundamental challenge.
    0:21:10 James Swinehart, a former school teacher turned carpenter, had developed an innovative fastening method that solved a persistent problem.
    0:21:15 The prime difficulty in the whole tire trade was fastening the tires to the rims, Harvey explained.
    0:21:19 The clincher principle was popular for a time, but it was not entirely satisfactory.
    0:21:26 Swinehart’s solution used cross wires embedded in the tire base, secured with retaining wires.
    0:21:33 A simple but elegant fix that worked particularly well for larger tires where other approaches failed completely.
    0:21:37 On July 26, 1900, Harvey and Swinehart struck a deal.
    0:21:39 They would launch with $50,000 in capital.
    0:21:48 Harvey investing $10,000 cash plus a business option valued at $15,000, while Swinehart contributed $10,000 and his patent.
    0:21:51 The Firestone Tire and Rubber Company was born.
    0:21:56 Harvey became treasurer and general manager rather than president, explaining,
    0:21:58 “I have never cared much about titles.
    0:22:02 It did not bother me who had the title so long as I ran the company.”
    0:22:07 This focus on substance over status would define his leadership style.
    0:22:13 The established Akron rubber companies barely noticed this upstart, but their indifference created opportunity.
    0:22:22 For two years, Firestone operated as a middleman, buying tires from established manufacturers and adding their patented fastening device.
    0:22:26 Sales grew rapidly, but profits remained elusive.
    0:22:31 Losing money is not pleasant, but every business must at times lose money.
    0:22:37 Losing money is really serious if you do not know why you are losing, or if you do know why and cannot help yourself.
    0:22:40 It was very plain to me why we were losing money.
    0:22:44 We were losing money because we couldn’t control the cost of our tires, Harvey realized.
    0:22:51 They had the best fastening device, but couldn’t price competitively while buying tires from the very companies they competed against.
    0:22:55 The solution was clear but daunting: vertical integration.
    0:23:00 They needed their own manufacturing facility, therefore they needed more capital again.
    0:23:03 Harvey knew this fundraising round would determine their fate.
    0:23:13 Instead of approaching many small investors, he targeted Will Christie, the most influential man in Akron, applying a principle he’d refined through experience.
    0:23:25 A great many salesmen make the mistake of thinking that pestering a man is the same as selling him, and they get their prospects into such a state of exasperation that they would not buy a gold dollar from them at 50% off.
    0:23:27 Just getting to a man is not enough.
    0:23:29 It is when and how you get to him.
    0:23:38 Harvey tracked Christie’s vacation plans, boarded a train to California, checked into the same hotel, and then, quite accidentally, bumped into him at breakfast.
    0:23:41 The staged coincidence worked perfectly.
    0:23:48 By the meal’s end, Harvey had secured $10,000 in investment, which eventually grew to $50,000 with Christie becoming company president.
    0:23:53 With funding secured, Harvey found an abandoned foundry and furnished it frugally.
    0:23:56 We bought everything at the second-hand price.
    0:24:02 You might almost say that we furnished the factory with junk, but it was junk which, with repairs, served our purpose very well.
    0:24:10 Harvey embodied the hands-on founder, simultaneously serving as factory superintendent, office manager, and head of sales.
    0:24:16 By 1903, sales reached $230,000, more than double their previous year.
    0:24:24 But the five-second moment that validated their strategy came with the balance sheet, their first-ever profit of $8,503.
    0:24:31 Despite this long-awaited success, Harvey refused to declare dividends, choosing instead to reinforce their financial position.
    0:24:36 We wanted to save as much as possible for a still-further enlargement of the factory.
    0:24:38 The lesson here is instructive.
    0:24:44 While many companies would have taken the surplus and declared a dividend, Harvey wanted to position the company for the future.
    0:24:53 The cycle of financial discipline begun on Benjamin Firestone’s farm was now powering the early stages of what would become an industrial empire.
    0:24:56 Success brought its own challenges.
    0:25:06 As manufacturers rather than resellers, they faced hostility from established rubber companies who had once welcomed them as customers, but now viewed them as direct competitors.
    0:25:09 Harvey confronted a classic business dilemma.
    0:25:15 Will you cut your quality, reduce prices, and meet competition, or will you try to sell at your present price?
    0:25:18 Either obvious approach meant certain failure.
    0:25:25 Lower prices would erase their hard-won profitability, but they lacked the scale economies to compete at the same price point as industry giants.
    0:25:27 They needed a third option.
    0:25:30 Therefore, innovation became their only path forward.
    0:25:33 Harvey understood a fundamental business truth.
    0:25:39 There is no real profit in high prices because high prices automatically cut down volume.
    0:25:46 But the only possible way to lower prices and still keep business is to save in the cost of manufacturing by improved processes.
    0:25:50 The opportunity lurked in a problem hiding in plain sight.
    0:26:00 The carriage tire trade lacked standardization, forcing dealers to stock hundreds of tire sizes, a massive inventory burden consuming both space and capital.
    0:26:05 What if they could create a standardized product that solved this inventory nightmare?
    0:26:12 George Luddington, a Firestone employee, proposed creating tires in continuous lengths that could be cut to size as needed.
    0:26:16 The concept was elegantly simple, but technically challenging.
    0:26:19 All previous attempts had failed during the rubber curing process.
    0:26:26 Rather than dismissing the idea, Harvey partnered directly with Luddington, working alongside him to solve the problem.
    0:26:31 This wasn’t an executive dictating from above, but a problem solver in the trenches.
    0:26:35 The resulting roll tire transformed the industry.
    0:26:41 Dealers could serve customers with a fraction of previous inventory and Firestone escaped the price war trap.
    0:26:47 As Harvey noted with understated pride, that invention took us completely out of competition.
    0:26:53 This focus on solving genuine problems extended beyond product innovation to customer relationships.
    0:27:00 When Cuban distributor Jose Alvarez complained about defective tires and refused payment, Harvey didn’t argue by mail.
    0:27:03 He sent his representative to Havana immediately with new equipment.
    0:27:07 Carcuff, the Firestone representative, discovered the true issue:
    0:27:11 incorrectly mounted tires due to misunderstood instructions.
    0:27:16 After proper installation, Alvarez insisted on testing the tires himself.
    0:27:25 Imagine this: Alvarez hitches his best horses to a carriage with Carcuff trembling beside him, then drives wildly through Havana,
    0:27:31 turning out of car tracks at full speed and dashing around corners on two wheels like a madman.
    0:27:36 This dramatic demonstration transformed a potential disaster into a triumph.
    0:27:44 Alvarez not only paid in full, but requested an exclusive representation contract, becoming Firestone’s largest single customer for years.
    0:27:50 The lesson is powerful: solving problems at their source builds trust that advertising dollars can’t buy.
    0:27:55 While the customer was wrong, Firestone sent solutions instead of arguments.
    0:28:02 The relationship became so solid that when competitors later tried selling similar tires in Cuba without a license,
    0:28:06 Alvarez reportedly had them jailed until they agreed to stop.
    0:28:11 By refusing the false choice between competing on price or premium positioning,
    0:28:14 Harvey created his own category through innovation,
    0:28:18 a strategy that would repeatedly save the company in the decades ahead.
    0:28:25 While Firestone was thriving with solid rubber tires, a technological revolution loomed ahead.
    0:28:30 Gasoline-powered automobiles required pneumatic tires, air-filled cushions,
    0:28:35 that fundamentally differed from the solid tires that had built Firestone’s company to date.
    0:28:41 Even worse, this new technology was controlled by an entrenched monopoly hostile to newcomers.
    0:28:45 Harvey faced the innovator’s dilemma in its purest form.
    0:28:48 The numbers told a compelling story of success.
    0:28:56 1904 sales had doubled to $460,000, while profit surged nearly ninefold to $71,000.
    0:28:59 Everything pointed to doubling down on what was working.
    0:29:03 But Harvey looked beyond the present numbers to future trends.
    0:29:07 If I read the signs correctly, solid tires would soon be a minor product.
    0:29:12 Most executives would celebrate their success and expand their profitable solid tire business.
    0:29:14 Harvey instead wrote,
    0:29:18 “No business can succeed unless it is constantly revising its product,
    0:29:23 not only to meet the actual demands of today, but also the potential demands of tomorrow.”
    0:29:28 This vision triggered internal conflict so severe that one major shareholder disagreed so vehemently
    0:29:30 that Harvey bought out his stock entirely.
    0:29:34 The future belonged to pneumatic tires, therefore the company needed to adapt
    0:29:36 despite knowing nothing about manufacturing them.
    0:29:40 In addition, the vehicle tire industry operated as a closed cartel.
    0:29:47 The G&J Clincher Tire Association controlled the basic patent and ran a rigid monopoly dictating
    0:29:54 who could manufacture tires, imposing production quotas, and fixing prices across the entire industry.
    0:29:58 Each licensed manufacturer received a designated market percentage
    0:30:01 with excess profits surrendered back to the pool.
    0:30:02 As Harvey noted,
    0:30:04 if these patents held,
    0:30:07 it would have kept the motor industry in the pleasure and sporting class
    0:30:09 until the monopoly had run its course.
    0:30:12 The new age of transport would have been delayed.
    0:30:16 When Harvey approached the association for a license, they flatly refused.
    0:30:19 They didn’t want another competitor diluting their shares.
    0:30:22 True to form, Harvey bounced but didn’t break.
    0:30:27 He began searching for an alternative method of fastening pneumatic tires to rims
    0:30:29 that wouldn’t violate the Clincher patent.
    0:30:32 He discovered a crude but promising approach,
    0:30:37 essentially what would become the straight side tire of today with rim flanges bolted together.
    0:30:39 As Harvey reflected,
    0:30:44 It is a curious coincidence that both the side wire solid tire and the straight side pneumatic tire
    0:30:48 proved to be the only methods for fastening on the heavy tires that were to come.
    0:30:51 But I was forced, as an outsider, into both of them.
    0:30:56 His observation contains a crucial lesson for entrepreneurs and innovators.
    0:31:02 There is always a better way of doing everything than the way which is standard at the moment.
    0:31:06 It is a good thing for a man to be pushed into finding that better way.
    0:31:10 Starting with nothing, Harvey hired a single pneumatic tire maker,
    0:31:13 tucked him into a corner of their shop, and began hand-building tires.
    0:31:19 With no automobile to test them on, he purchased one from New York and had it shipped to Ohio.
    0:31:23 There, they retrofitted the wheels with custom rims and flanges,
    0:31:26 a process filled with unanticipated obstacles.
    0:31:30 Their first road test became an exercise in perseverance.
    0:31:34 Setting out for Harvey’s childhood home 60 miles away,
    0:31:39 what should have been a few hours journey stretched into seven hours of frustration.
    0:31:44 Every few feet, at least that is how it now seems, we had a blowout, he recalled.
    0:31:48 Seven hours of repeated failure would discourage most entrepreneurs,
    0:31:52 but Harvey spent a full year refining both tires and rims until they worked properly.
    0:31:54 Then came an even greater barrier.
    0:31:58 Every automobile in America had been fitted for clincher tires.
    0:32:03 To sell even one set of straight side tires, Firestone would need to convince automobile owners
    0:32:06 that his product justified completely changing their vehicle’s rims,
    0:32:12 dramatically increasing the price while locking them into Firestone as their only tire supplier.
    0:32:15 It was the definition of a hard sell.
    0:32:19 More expensive, riskier, and requiring commitment to an unproven product.
    0:32:21 The question hung in the air.
    0:32:25 How could a small company with a non-standard product possibly break through?
    0:32:30 Just when Firestone’s vehicle tire initiative seemed destined to remain a small experiment,
    0:32:32 opportunity arrived unexpectedly.
    0:32:38 In 1905, Harvey learned that Henry Ford planned to build 2,000 cars priced at $500 each.
    0:32:43 Vehicles meant for ordinary Americans, not just wealthy enthusiasts.
    0:32:47 If these cars shipped with Firestone’s straight side rims instead of clincher rims,
    0:32:50 Harvey would instantly gain 2,000 captive customers.
    0:32:54 There would be no need to convince individual owners to change their rims.
    0:32:56 They’d come equipped from the factory.
    0:32:59 Realizing this, Harvey immediately traveled to Detroit.
    0:33:04 The clincher tire monopoly had quoted Ford $70 per set.
    0:33:08 Therefore, Firestone offered $55, still enough for a healthy profit,
    0:33:12 but a significant saving for Ford’s cost-sensitive manufacturing.
    0:33:18 This first meeting between these future industrial titans revealed their shared outsider status.
    0:33:21 Ford battled patents monopolizing automobile manufacturing,
    0:33:24 while Firestone fought the clincher tire association.
    0:33:29 Both men believed in making their products accessible to average Americans, not just the wealthy.
    0:33:34 If your tire proves to be what you think it is, then we’ll use it, said Ford.
    0:33:41 But true to his meticulous nature, he insisted on 60 days of rigorous road testing before accepting.
    0:33:44 The tires passed Ford’s demanding tests.
    0:33:50 Harvey got an order for 2,000 sets, a potential breakthrough moment, but elation quickly gave way to panic.
    0:33:57 His pneumatic tire department consisted of exactly one person, and they had made only a few tires.
    0:33:59 Now they needed to rapidly scale up.
    0:34:05 Harvey now faced organizing an entire production division, sourcing materials, manufacturing rims,
    0:34:07 and financing this operation overnight.
    0:34:12 He borrowed $5,000 to start, but immediately hit obstacles.
    0:34:17 The handmade rim flanges used in testing proved too expensive and weak for mass production.
    0:34:22 The local company contracted to produce them, quoted $20 per set, but couldn’t meet quality standards.
    0:34:29 Harvey scrambled to find another manufacturer who could deliver superior rims at prices that preserve their profit margins.
    0:34:33 Just as production momentum built, disaster struck.
    0:34:38 After completing 300 tires, representing over $10,000 in borrowed money,
    0:34:42 Ford announced the new model would be delayed for months.
    0:34:49 With commitments for tire parts already totaling another $25,000, Firestone faced financial catastrophe.
    0:34:54 They needed cash from the initial deliveries to repay what they’d already spent.
    0:35:02 Though the company’s 1905 profits reached $122,000, their rapidly expanding business demanded every dollar be reinvested.
    0:35:09 Sales had doubled to $770,000, and their workforce had grown from 12 to 130 employees.
    0:35:16 As Harvey explained with characteristic candor, our profits were book profits, not cash profits.
    0:35:24 The Ford partnership that seemed like salvation now threatened to sink the company before it could deliver a single tire.
    0:35:29 With the Ford order delayed and cash dwindling, Harvey walked the financial tightrope.
    0:35:35 He renewed notes, sold additional stock, and managed cash flow with surgical precision,
    0:35:40 all while facing skepticism from bankers who viewed automobiles as a passing novelty.
    0:35:45 Ironically, this banking skepticism proved beneficial in the long run.
    0:35:50 It is a fortunate thing for the industry that it was not favored by the bankers, Harvey reflected,
    0:35:57 else it would have been financed by bond issues, and there have been several periods when these bond issues might have been foreclosed,
    0:36:00 which would have set back the industry for a number of years.
    0:36:08 The automotive revolution would be built not on debt, but on the audacity of entrepreneurs willing to stake everything on their vision.
    0:36:17 When Ford finally began taking deliveries in 1906, the tires exceeded expectations: large, tough, and durable.
    0:36:21 This established a partnership that would shape both companies for decades.
    0:36:29 As Harvey noted, working with Ford provided steady pressure for higher service and lower prices that prevented complacency.
    0:36:34 Anyone who does business with Mr. Ford never gets a chance to rest and enjoy honors.
    0:36:37 The pressure for better methods is continuous.
    0:36:39 Success revealed yet another challenge.
    0:36:46 Ford customers could only use Firestone’s straight-side tires, but Firestone lacked nationwide distribution.
    0:36:51 People hesitated to buy cars that might not have replacement tires available when needed.
    0:36:56 Ford delivered a clear ultimatum: Firestone would need to make standard clincher tires as well.
    0:37:01 Harvey reluctantly returned to the tire monopoly, renewing his license application.
    0:37:04 The association president once again politely declined.
    0:37:08 The moment stretched into silence as Harvey considered his options.
    0:37:10 Then, with quiet determination:
    0:37:15 If you will not give me a license, then I will go right ahead and make clincher tires without a license.
    0:37:18 And that’s exactly what he did.
    0:37:23 Facing inevitable legal battle against the tire monopoly, Harvey wrote:
    0:37:27 I was mentally, if not financially, prepared for a long fight.
    0:37:31 He took inspiration from Ford’s ongoing battle against the Selden patent,
    0:37:36 a sweeping claim that essentially demanded royalties on all gasoline-powered automobiles.
    0:37:42 When the Selden group threatened to prosecute every Ford car owner for patent violation,
    0:37:46 Ford boldly offered indemnity bonds to each customer.
    0:37:50 Hardly anyone requested them, confirming what Harvey observed:
    0:37:53 The public always roots for the underdog.
    0:37:55 Ford eventually won his case on appeal,
    0:38:01 famously testifying that George Selden has never advanced the automobile industry in a single particular,
    0:38:06 and it would perhaps be further advanced than it is now if he had never been born.
    0:38:09 For Harvey, something unexpected happened.
    0:38:12 The legal notice he braced for never arrived.
    0:38:17 The clincher tire association had become distracted by another infringement case.
    0:38:21 One they ultimately lost when the courts declared their patent invalid.
    0:38:25 Their monopoly collapsed overnight, freeing the entire industry.
    0:38:30 Though, as Harvey wryly noted, another monopoly was shortly to take its place.
    0:38:34 The birth of transformative industries often follows this pattern.
    0:38:37 Pioneers create genuine innovations,
    0:38:42 then opportunists build legal barriers around them, protecting incumbents.
    0:38:48 Edison and Ford, both friends of Harvey, believed that inventors rarely benefited from patent laws.
    0:38:53 The real profits, they argued, flowed to capitalists who controlled the legal machinery.
    0:39:00 Yet inventors like James Dyson in episode 220 demonstrate why some protection remains essential.
    0:39:04 Without it, what incentive exists to invest years perfecting a breakthrough?
    0:39:09 This tension between monopolistic control that stifles progress and legitimate protection
    0:39:13 that rewards innovation remains unresolved a century later.
    0:39:20 The story’s irony is that Harvey, forced outside the patent system, created superior alternatives that might otherwise never have existed.
    0:39:25 Sometimes the greatest innovation happens not because of the system, but despite it.
    0:39:28 1906 marked a turning point for Firestone.
    0:39:32 With Ford as their largest customer, sales hit the million-dollar mark.
    0:39:35 But, as always, success brought complications.
    0:39:40 Despite this milestone, profits actually declined slightly from the previous year.
    0:39:44 And shareholders who had patiently waited began demanding dividends.
    0:39:50 Harvey was left with a choice between satisfying investors in the short term or reinvesting for the long term.
    0:40:00 He crafted a careful compromise, issuing $100,000 in additional stock and declaring modest dividends that preserved cash while placating early investors.
    0:40:05 This balancing act revealed Harvey’s fundamental philosophy about ownership.
    0:40:13 I then and always have regarded the stock of our company as something to buy and hold and not something to speculate in.
    0:40:20 The moment that officers or directors of a company begin to speculate in its stock, the ruin of the company is not far away.
    0:40:25 For it is impossible to serve both the company and the stock market.
    0:40:30 As the industry matured, Harvey observed a subtle but profound shift.
    0:40:35 Fewer people were in the automobile game and more in the automobile business.
    0:40:41 What had started as a novelty for enthusiasts was becoming an essential tool of modern life.
    0:40:44 Driven largely by Ford’s increasingly affordable models.
    0:40:47 But tire manufacturing remained surprisingly primitive.
    0:40:50 It was still more art than science.
    0:40:55 No company could guarantee specific mileage because none had mastered consistent quality.
    0:41:00 Production relied on rule of thumb methods rather than scientific principles.
    0:41:07 Even the raw materials were wildly inconsistent, with rubber from Brazil varying dramatically between shipments.
    0:41:14 Harvey realized that to grow beyond their current position, Firestone needed to transform tire making from craft to science.
    0:41:19 This meant establishing something most smaller manufacturers considered a luxury.
    0:41:20 A laboratory.
    0:41:23 I did not know how really important a laboratory was, he admitted.
    0:41:30 And already having four or five places for every dollar that came in, I had no inclination to look for new ways of spending money.
    0:41:35 Nevertheless, he started modestly, partitioning off a small section of the shop floor.
    0:41:41 This humble beginning opened Harvey’s eyes to what science in manufacturing means.
    0:41:45 And the lab gradually evolved into a powerful technical center.
    0:41:47 Years later, he would declare,
    0:41:52 “I would almost as soon try to make tires without rubber as to try to make them without a chemist.”
    0:41:59 The pattern continued when another industry cartel, the United Rim Company, refused to work with Firestone.
    0:42:04 Rather than capitulating, Harvey launched his own Rim manufacturing division.
    0:42:09 When denied access to established groups, he consistently created alternatives that proved superior.
    0:42:13 “I wanted to keep out of all price fixing or royalty combinations,” he explained.
    0:42:16 “They did not impress me as being good business.”
    0:42:21 Was this moral stance genuine or merely the rationalization of an outsider?
    0:42:29 “The evidence suggests both Harvey and Henry Ford shared a fundamental business philosophy: high volume at low prices.”
    0:42:35 Their vision of making automobiles available to everyone through mass production wasn’t just rhetoric.
    0:42:38 It shaped their operational decisions daily.
    0:42:41 Far from resenting his exclusion from industry cartels,
    0:42:46 Harvey had discovered that constraints often revealed opportunities invisible to insiders.
    0:42:53 Being forced outside standard practices repeatedly led him to innovations that ultimately proved superior to existing methods.
    0:42:56 What’s instructive here is counterintuitive.
    0:42:59 While we all want to be welcome into the established order,
    0:43:03 often being shunned from it forces you to find another better way.
    0:43:09 This ability to adapt and turn constraints into advantages would soon be tested on a much larger scale.
    0:43:17 Firestone had developed a philosophy on business planning that balanced preparation with flexibility.
    0:43:21 He said the biggest thing in business is to be working and planning ahead.
    0:43:28 Planning ahead for production, for sales, for new developments in the art, for money, for sources of supply.
    0:43:32 Yet he also recognized the danger of rigidity.
    0:43:35 A too rigid plan may be worse than no plan at all.
    0:43:39 This balanced approach would soon face its ultimate test.
    0:43:43 In 1907, just as Firestone was experiencing tremendous growth,
    0:43:46 the Knickerbocker Trust Company in New York suddenly failed,
    0:43:50 triggering a financial panic that spread like wildfire.
    0:43:52 Harvey was in New York when the crisis erupted.
    0:43:58 He immediately telephoned the factory to halt all operations until he could assess the situation.
    0:44:06 The financial world transformed overnight as money vanished all at once and clearing house certificates had to take the place of currency.
    0:44:12 When he approached his bank for additional credit against his established $60,000 line,
    0:44:21 they not only refused, but they demanded he reduce his $20,000 note by at least $5,000 when it came due in November.
    0:44:29 At that moment, with the entire financial system seizing up, most companies either froze in panic or desperately sought concessions.
    0:44:31 Harvey took a different approach.
    0:44:37 When a carload of rubber arrived in Akron with payment due, he simply told the truth to his supplier.
    0:44:38 He couldn’t pay immediately.
    0:44:41 The response revealed how universal the crisis was.
    0:44:44 “Unload it and use it and pay for it when you can.
    0:44:45 We’re all in the same boat.”
    0:44:47 Then came the defining moment.
    0:44:51 When his bank note came due, Firestone didn’t just reduce it as requested.
    0:44:54 He paid it in full and immediately closed his account.
    0:45:00 It was a bold statement of independence from a bank that had shown little faith during difficult times.
    0:45:02 Firestone understood a key lesson.
    0:45:06 A good partner reveals themselves more in the bad times than the good times.
    0:45:10 The panic subsided almost as quickly as it erupted.
    0:45:17 And as Harvey noted with characteristic understatement, it left us in better condition than we ever were.
    0:45:24 By 1910, sales had soared to $5 million, with profits exceeding $1.3 million.
    0:45:29 What’s instructive here is how Firestone positioned himself before the crisis struck.
    0:45:32 He wasn’t predicting how the future would play out.
    0:45:35 He was just positioning for multiple possible futures.
    0:45:42 While others scrambled for survival during the panic, Harvey had maintained sufficient reserves to not only weather the storm, but capitalize on it.
    0:45:46 His father’s lesson about keeping a surplus proved crucial once again.
    0:45:48 Positioning is leverage.
    0:45:52 When everyone else is desperate, the person with options holds all the power.
    0:45:57 John D. Rockefeller said, “The best feed during the depressions.”
    0:46:04 By 1910, Firestone Tire Company had exploded from 12 employees to 1,000 in just eight years.
    0:46:09 This growth created a management challenge that forced Harvey to confront a fundamental question:
    0:46:13 How could he maintain control without becoming a bottleneck?
    0:46:17 The business, he wrote, was already too large for me to look after alone.
    0:46:22 And yet, I did not believe, and I never have believed in what’s called delegation, he reflected.
    0:46:25 His leadership philosophy was refreshingly direct.
    0:46:29 If anything in the business is wrong, the fault is squarely with management.
    0:46:30 The fault is mine.
    0:46:33 That is my conception of business.
    0:46:35 This is the OG founder’s mode.
    0:46:40 Harvey’s management style remained stubbornly focused on simplicity.
    0:46:44 He tackled one task at a time and avoided hasty decisions.
    0:46:49 Rather than writing memos, he called people directly or spoke to them by phone, noting that
    0:46:52 the writing of letters can be a great time waster.
    0:46:56 One can only imagine what he’d say about today’s email culture.
    0:47:01 Even his approach to financial planning resisted unnecessary complexity.
    0:47:05 While maintaining an official 12-month budget for the board, he recognized its limitations.
    0:47:10 If it were possible to plan for a year ahead, then there would be no need for judgment or management.
    0:47:14 Any question that came up could be settled by referring to the plan.
    0:47:19 Instead, he operated on a four-month cycle that aligned with rubber purchasing periods.
    0:47:25 This skepticism towards rigid planning reflected his deeper desire to separate fact from fiction.
    0:47:29 I want to know when I am guessing and when I’m dealing with facts.
    0:47:38 But Harvey’s most transformative contribution came from ruthlessly applying two deceptively simple questions to every operation.
    0:47:39 Is it necessary?
    0:47:41 And can it be simplified?
    0:47:48 These questions revealed that many established practices were merely traditions masquerading as requirements.
    0:47:54 Consider the industry-wide belief that rubber required lengthy aging in warehouses before use.
    0:48:01 When Harvey questioned this expensive and time-consuming practice, no one could explain why it was necessary.
    0:48:04 He suggested bypassing it as an experiment.
    0:48:10 The results, the unaged tires, performed just as well, saving the company millions of dollars.
    0:48:17 Someone back in the past must have laid down the rule that rubber had to age, he observed, and everyone else had followed it, without question.
    0:48:22 This relentless questioning transformed operations throughout the company.
    0:48:25 Manufacturing turnover dropped from 60 to 15 days.
    0:48:31 Defects plummeted while output increased, all while using less factory space.
    0:48:38 As the company expanded nationally, Harvey initially appointed independent distributors with exclusive territories.
    0:48:45 But by 1913, he realized many distributors lacked his and Ford’s vision for the automotive future.
    0:48:53 Therefore, he slashed the network and established company-owned branches to directly control both product and service.
    0:48:59 The growth eventually led to what seemed like an inevitable milestone: the National Sales Convention.
    0:49:11 “At the time of our first convention,” he wrote, “we could not afford to spend that money, but also we thought we could not afford not to have a convention, else our men in the field might think we were not worth working for.”
    0:49:15 The first modest gathering of 20 people proved genuinely valuable.
    0:49:20 Distributors witnessed tire manufacturing firsthand and met the leadership team.
    0:49:23 But success bred excess.
    0:49:35 One successful convention spawned specialized events for every type of employee, with elaborate productions, photographers, fancy booklets, and what Harvey called “manufactured enthusiasm.”
    0:49:45 This organizational bloat reached its absurd peak with Milestones, a legitimate general interest magazine featuring famous writers and expensive cover art.
    0:49:52 Though it cost 20 cents per copy to produce, dealers bought it for 5 cents, and circulation reached 1 million copies.
    0:49:57 As Harley dryly noted, “As advertising, it was worth to us exactly nothing.”
    0:50:03 The wake-up call came when Harvey discovered salespeople boasting about selling marketing materials rather than tires.
    0:50:09 Upon learning, a whole department existed solely to bill advertising materials.
    0:50:16 He asked the crucial question, “Are we in the business of selling tires, or are we publishers and sellers of advertising?”
    0:50:26 He answered by immediately killing both the magazine and the entire advertising billing department, refocusing the sales team on the core mission selling tires.
    0:50:34 What’s instructive here is how growth naturally creates complexity that quietly erodes focus and takes on a life of its own.
    0:50:50 Even with a leader as vigilant as Harvey, organizational bloat crept in convention upon convention, departments upon departments, costs upon costs, all seemingly reasonable in isolation but collectively diverting resources from the core business.
    0:50:56 Nobody can maintain the focus of a company like its CEO, especially the founder.
    0:51:07 The remedy wasn’t more sophisticated systems or additional oversight, but rather returning to the foundational questions, “Is it necessary? Can it be simplified?”
    0:51:15 These questions cut through the organizational inertia that transformed successful companies into bureaucratic zombies.
    0:51:23 The greatest advantage often comes from not working harder within complexity, but from the clarity to recognize and eliminate it.
    0:51:27 Remember, simplicity scales, fancy fails.
    0:51:32 As World War I approached, the Firestone Tire Company was expanding rapidly.
    0:51:46 Their factories nearly tripled in size within five years, including a facility dedicated exclusively to producing a single tire size, an early application of Harvey’s simplification philosophy that mirrored Ford’s own manufacturing focus.
    0:51:52 When America entered World War I in 1917, production priorities shifted dramatically.
    0:51:57 Nearly all output diverted to government contracts, manufacturing tires for military vehicles and trucks.
    0:52:03 But this wartime pressure revealed an opportunity that would transform American transportation forever.
    0:52:12 Before the war, Harvey wrote, “Comparatively few automobiles were used for business and the truck had not established itself as an economical form of transportation.
    0:52:16 Long hauls by trucks were unknown, excepting as stunts.
    0:52:17 The war changed all that.
    0:52:19 The war was fought with trucks.”
    0:52:24 While most saw only wartime disruption, Harvey spotted a solution to a critical infrastructure problem.
    0:52:31 America’s railroads had become hopelessly bottlenecked with military shipments threatening to strangle the domestic economy.
    0:52:38 In 1918, with the railroads clogged with government freight, I started the ship-by-truck movement, Harvey explained.
    0:52:40 His insight was simple but revolutionary.
    0:52:43 Trucks could complement rail service perfectly.
    0:52:54 Railroads excelled at moving large volumes over long distances, but trucks offered superior flexibility for shorter hauls, where loading, unloading, and switching rail cars wasted precious time.
    0:53:03 Picture America’s transportation system in 1918, a nation built around railroads suddenly found its arteries clogged during wartime.
    0:53:09 The economy needed an alternative and Harvey provided it through a campaign that was both visionary and pragmatic.
    0:53:17 Firestone trucks emblazoned with ship-by-truck Firestone banners toured the country as moving billboards.
    0:53:25 Harvey authored influential articles declaring “ship-by-truck” as the traffic motto of today and the future.
    0:53:34 He established ship-by-truck clubs among freight operators nationwide and created early freight brokerages that connected shippers with truck owners looking for loads.
    0:53:37 The timing couldn’t have been more perfect.
    0:53:44 Henry Ford had just introduced the Model TT in 1917, America’s first mass-produced one-ton truck.
    0:53:51 As Harvey drummed up demand for trucking services, Ford supplied affordable vehicles, many riding on Firestone tires.
    0:53:56 Their complementary visions created a multiplier effect that transformed American logistics.
    0:54:03 Registered trucks in the United States soared from 215,000 in 1916 to over 1 million by 1920.
    0:54:09 What’s instructive is how Harvey consistently positioned himself at the intersection of major trends.
    0:54:14 Rather than just selling tires, he created entire ecosystems that expanded his market.
    0:54:17 The ship-by-truck movement wasn’t merely clever marketing.
    0:54:22 It was infrastructure development that benefited both the nation and Firestone’s bottom line.
    0:54:33 By catching the right wave of transportation evolution, Harvey transformed his company from a mere supplier into an essential catalyst for America’s economic modernization.
    0:54:37 Then came the boom, the biggest boom the country has ever known, Firestone recalled.
    0:54:40 Although keep in mind these words were written in the mid-1920s.
    0:54:46 During 1919, we produced more than 4 million tires and made a profit of more than $9 million.
    0:54:49 We could not keep up with demand.
    0:54:54 The railroads remained congested and dealers were willing to pay premiums simply to secure deliveries.
    0:54:58 Prices did not matter, he noted, delivery was the thing.
    0:55:01 Success masked a dangerous delusion.
    0:55:12 Firestone’s Akron headquarters sprouted an elaborate hierarchy: East, West, and South divisions, each with their own managers, sub-managers, and accounting departments.
    0:55:19 This complexity multiplied at every branch, as each location developed many empires of specialized assistants.
    0:55:24 The sales force ballooned to a thousand people while paperwork multiplied even faster.
    0:55:28 Years later, Harvey was refreshingly honest about this period.
    0:55:31 I do not know where this organization bug came from.
    0:55:35 But like the flu, it hit nearly everyone in the country.
    0:55:39 I am free to confess what it did to us, for it is over with and we are immune.
    0:55:41 Here’s the dangerous part.
    0:55:43 All this organizational bloat seemed to be working.
    0:55:45 Sales kept growing.
    0:55:49 Therefore, everyone assumed their elaborate systems were brilliant and necessary.
    0:55:57 Harvey later realized they would have shown as startling an increase had we abolished our whole sales force, closed all our branches and dealers,
    0:56:04 and just sent out our tires and freight cars to be thrown off on sidings and taken away by clamoring buyers.
    0:56:07 They were succeeding despite their organization, not because of it.
    0:56:13 The post-war boom had papered over fundamental inefficiencies that would soon be brutally exposed.
    0:56:17 The prosperity of 1919 bred dangerous complacency.
    0:56:27 As Harvey observed, in 1919 to 1920, the presidents and other high officers of companies began to get the idea that they needed rest and recreation and plenty of it.
    0:56:35 An executive felt embarrassed if discovered within 1,000 miles of his job, for of course a good executive always delegated his duties.
    0:56:40 Harvey had rented a house in England for summer 1920, but something was nagging at him.
    0:56:45 Despite record profits and insatiable demand, he sensed the boom couldn’t last.
    0:56:54 In May, at business’s peak, he gathered 800 foremen at his family farm with a prescient warning, “Be prepared to slow down.”
    0:56:56 Then he sailed for Europe anyway.
    0:57:00 By this time, Firestone had accumulated massive financial exposure.
    0:57:06 $35 million in borrowed money and unprecedented long-term contracts for raw materials.
    0:57:13 The word had gone around in the tire industry that the man who could get fabric would get the business, Harvey explained.
    0:57:16 We had never made long contracts ahead for fabric.
    0:57:19 But that year, we made several three-year contracts.
    0:57:21 And of course, at high prices.
    0:57:23 Everything was at high prices.
    0:57:27 Sales held strong through June, but July brought the first cracks.
    0:57:32 Inventory began accumulating while Harvey received increasingly urgent cables from Europe.
    0:57:39 Sales were slowing, factories ran at full capacity, contracted materials kept arriving, and cash was evaporating.
    0:57:47 Initially, Harvey stayed put, reasoning, it would be a good thing to have a little vacation before confronting the inevitable crisis.
    0:57:50 But a final desperate cable forced his hand.
    0:57:52 Sales had stopped completely.
    0:57:57 Borrowing capacity was exhausted, and bills were coming due with no means to pay them.
    0:58:00 Harvey cut short his vacation and took the next steamer home.
    0:58:05 Company officers met him at the dock with what he described as doleful faces.
    0:58:08 Over lunch, they painted a grim picture.
    0:58:10 $43 million in debt.
    0:58:11 No willing banks.
    0:58:13 Factories producing tires nobody wanted.
    0:58:17 And contracted materials arriving they couldn’t pay for.
    0:58:19 The executives saw no way forward.
    0:58:20 It was over.
    0:58:21 Or so they thought.
    0:58:27 Arriving in Akron on Friday morning, Harvey surveyed the crisis and made a characteristic decision.
    0:58:30 I will not tackle this job until Monday.
    0:58:33 He retreated to his family homestead for solitary reflection.
    0:58:35 By Saturday, his mind was clear.
    0:58:40 He summoned the assistant sales manager to arrange Monday meetings with key sales personnel.
    0:58:42 Their reports were unanimous.
    0:58:43 There is no business.
    0:58:48 The dealers are not only stocked, but also demoralized and will not buy.
    0:58:52 Without hesitation, Harvey took direct control, telling the sales manager to take a vacation
    0:58:54 while he personally ran the department.
    0:58:57 Here’s where most executives would have panicked.
    0:58:59 But Harvey found the crisis energizing.
    0:59:02 The situation did not frighten me.
    0:59:04 It put new life into me.
    0:59:07 I saw the opportunity to do more business than we had ever done.
    0:59:09 His diagnosis was simple.
    0:59:13 The public still needed tires, but they are not going to buy at present prices.
    0:59:15 His solution shocked everyone.
    0:59:18 Slash prices by 25% across the board.
    0:59:21 We are in the business of making and selling tires.
    0:59:24 The factory here is piled to the roof with unsold tires.
    0:59:26 All the branches are full of tires.
    0:59:28 And so are all your dealers.
    0:59:30 Our tires have to be turned into cash.
    0:59:33 His sales team couldn’t comprehend such drastic action.
    0:59:37 Some argued for modest 10 to 15% reductions.
    0:59:38 Harvey stood firm.
    0:59:43 Not revealing he’d actually considered cutting prices by 33 and one third percent.
    0:59:46 A small reduction would not give the smash we had to have.
    0:59:48 The big dramatic play.
    0:59:52 Those who couldn’t embrace the strategy had to be let out.
    0:59:55 This was no time for half-hearted work.
    0:59:58 Implementation matched the strategy’s boldness.
    1:00:01 Harvey personally addressed dealer meetings nationwide.
    1:00:11 The company bought full-page newspaper ads and hung enormous red banners proclaiming Firestone tires 25% discount on dealer shops across America.
    1:00:14 It was a fire sale for the first time in our history.
    1:00:17 We thrust aside all our dignity and customs.
    1:00:20 We plastered the country with our slogan.
    1:00:25 Competitors initially held their prices, giving Firestone crucial market exclusivity.
    1:00:29 Our competitors fought us for about a month, as I thought they would.
    1:00:31 Then they trailed after us with cuts.
    1:00:33 But I only needed that month’s start.
    1:00:35 The gamble worked brilliantly.
    1:00:41 In September and October 1920 alone, Firestone sold $18 million worth of tires
    1:00:46 and reduced debt from nearly $44 million to just over $31 million.
    1:00:50 What’s instructive here is Harvey’s counterintuitive response to the crisis.
    1:00:55 While his executives saw only disaster, he recognized opportunity disguised as catastrophe.
    1:01:07 Most leaders facing such circumstances either freeze in analysis paralysis or make incremental adjustments that preserve dignity but fail to match the problem’s magnitude.
    1:01:09 Harvey chose the third path.
    1:01:15 Dramatic action that seemed reckless but was actually precisely calibrated to market conditions.
    1:01:23 His willingness to thrust aside dignity and act decisively when competitors hesitated created the opening he needed.
    1:01:27 Sometimes the best strategy isn’t the most sophisticated one.
    1:01:31 It’s the one bold enough to cut through the noise and force immediate market response.
    1:01:36 The other thing that’s interesting here to me is that he got rid of people who were only half-hearted.
    1:01:42 He put the sales manager on vacation and took his job, removed salespeople that wouldn’t get on board.
    1:01:45 As he said, it was no time for half-hearted work.
    1:01:47 The bold price cuts were just the beginning.
    1:01:55 The crisis forced Harvey to confront the organizational bloat that had metastasized during the boom years and he responded with surgical precision.
    1:01:59 The advertising department slashed from 105 people to seven.
    1:02:05 The elaborate divisional structure completely scrapped with all branches now reporting directly to Harvey.
    1:02:15 Each location was stripped to its essentials, just a sales manager and office manager with the sales manager expected to actively sell rather than supervise.
    1:02:21 For every position, Harvey asked one brutal question: Can we get along without this job?
    1:02:25 By 1921, the sales force had been cut by 75%.
    1:02:29 Those who remained faced intense pressure and lower salaries.
    1:02:35 He was deliberately filtering for people who could stand the gaffe and these were the only men we wanted.
    1:02:38 Manufacturing had spawned similar excesses.
    1:02:45 Vice presidents, department heads, and multiple management layers generating an avalanche of memos, reports, and meetings.
    1:02:48 Harvey later recalled with dark humor:
    1:02:55 We wrote so many notes that the vice presidents and their assistants and their assistants often used to get a day or two behind in the reading of them.
    1:03:00 And we had to devise a bright red interoffice telegram for really urgent business.
    1:03:03 The crisis prompted radical simplification.
    1:03:05 The charts went out the window.
    1:03:07 We abolished offices and departments.
    1:03:10 We called for all the forms that were in use.
    1:03:16 The statistics department shrank from 35 people to three while maintaining access to essential information.
    1:03:19 The office force dropped from 1,000 to 800.
    1:03:22 Recovery proved slow and painful.
    1:03:26 Profits for 1921 totaled less than $1 million.
    1:03:31 But through relentless discipline, Harvey achieved what had seemed impossible.
    1:03:37 By October 31st, 1924, the company did not owe a dollar to any bank.
    1:03:41 Reflecting on this period, Harvey distilled the experience into enduring wisdom.
    1:03:53 By hammering on economies, by pressing sales and qualities, and by never fooling ourselves as to where we stood, we had wiped out an indebtedness which at one time was thought to be crushing.
    1:04:02 What’s instructive here is how the crisis revealed what was actually necessary versus what merely felt important during prosperous times.
    1:04:08 When survival was at stake, Harvey discovered that most of the organizational complexity they’d built was theater.
    1:04:11 Impressive looking, but fundamentally useless.
    1:04:14 As I like to say, simple scales and fancy fails.
    1:04:20 Elaborate systems often collapse under pressure, while simple, focused operations prove anti-fragile.
    1:04:24 Sometimes you need a crisis to show you what really matters.
    1:04:27 Success sows the seeds of its own destruction.
    1:04:37 Harvey’s autobiography ends in the mid-1920s with a fascinating reflection on why he kept working despite having already made his fortune.
    1:04:53 There is a notion, he wrote, that if a man has established a business and accumulated a certain competence and then keeps on working, it is only because he is greedy and wants more and more money and that eventually he just becomes a slave, a slave to money.
    1:04:59 Harvey completely rejected this view after 25 years of building his company, he had no plans to stop.
    1:05:08 He didn’t care whether he was the slave or the master of that business because, as he wrote, the job is worth doing as either master or servant.
    1:05:15 This mindset explains why Harvey handled the 1920 crisis so differently from his panicked executives.
    1:05:22 The bold 25% price cut reflected his genuine belief that challenges make businesses worthwhile.
    1:05:31 As he put it, the very worries and insistent demands on one’s mentality and physique are a joy for their tests and challenges.
    1:05:38 This reminds me of Brad Jacobs and his mentor and the conversation they had around problems.
    1:05:40 Business is just a series of problems.
    1:05:41 They’re just opportunities.
    1:05:43 You better get used to it.
    1:05:46 For Harvey, business wasn’t a game to be won or a science to be mastered.
    1:05:48 It was something more fundamental.
    1:05:52 You couldn’t build it and walk away because no business will run itself.
    1:05:58 That’s why he demolished elaborate management structures the moment they stopped serving their purpose.
    1:06:02 Money mattered, certainly, but his actions revealed deeper motivations.
    1:06:09 When he personally took over sales during the crisis, slash prices, and cut organizational fat, he was fighting for something beyond wealth.
    1:06:11 He was fighting for the work itself.
    1:06:23 He maintained a practical view of profits, deliberately causing a business to operate without profits through some foggy concept of benevolence is only another way of destroying the service of that business.
    1:06:29 This clear-eyed approach helped him navigate both boom and bust with equal effectiveness.
    1:06:35 What’s instructive here is Harvey’s understanding that meaningful work provides its own compensation beyond money.
    1:06:44 People need to be a part of something larger than themselves and find genuine satisfaction in solving problems, building systems, and creating value.
    1:06:49 It turns out these remain engaging regardless of financial position.
    1:06:56 The best founders aren’t motivated by money, but rather the reward of building something that matters with the people they love.
    1:07:06 Beyond balance sheets and profit margins, Harvey was driven by something deeper, business as a school of experience that provided unparalleled opportunities for growth.
    1:07:16 What truly satisfied him was the greatest pleasure is in doing something to help others to help themselves, not through charity, but through genuine opportunities for independence.
    1:07:24 His ship-by-truck movement exemplified this philosophy, opening doors for countless entrepreneurs in trucking and transportation.
    1:07:30 Even during brutal cost-cutting, he was fighting to save the company that provided thousands of livelihoods.
    1:07:32 I like people, Harvey wrote.
    1:07:37 And business brings one in close contact with a never-ending stream of people.
    1:07:45 This human connection shaped his leadership style, personally hitting the road during crisis instead of hiding beneath memos and management layers.
    1:07:57 What ultimately sustained Harvey was the supreme satisfaction of accomplishment, of planning to do something and carrying through those plans against all obstacles to a final accomplishment.
    1:08:12 The obstacles had been formidable, launching against established competitors, pivoting from carriage to automobile to tires, pioneering truck tires, surviving financial booms and collapses, and building an international enterprise.
    1:08:20 Harvey stepped down as president in 1932, turning over operations to his son while remaining chairman until his death in 1938.
    1:08:32 By then, the company he’d started with 12 employees commanded 25% of the entire U.S. tire market, with sales exceeding 156 million.
    1:08:38 Beyond business success, Harvey became legendary for his friendships with Henry Ford and Thomas Edison.
    1:08:47 Their famous vagabonds camping trips captured America’s imagination, symbolizing the nation’s transformation into the automobile age.
    1:08:56 After Harvey’s death, Firestone remained in family hands for decades, playing a crucial role during World War II and expanding globally through the post-war boom.
    1:09:02 Though Bridgestone acquired the company in 1988, the Firestone brand endures today.
    1:09:06 Harvey’s core business philosophy remains strikingly relevant.
    1:09:09 Capital isn’t that important in business.
    1:09:11 Experience isn’t that important.
    1:09:12 You can get both.
    1:09:14 What is important is ideas.
    1:09:21 I would add, and determination, and persistence, and all the things that we talk about on the Outliers series.
    1:09:30 His emphasis on innovation over resources, people over systems, and integrity as the keystone of business continues resonating today.
    1:09:36 What’s most instructive about Harvey’s legacy isn’t the size of the empire he built, but how he built it.
    1:09:45 Through relentless questioning of assumptions, maintaining financial discipline during both boom and bust, and never losing sight of the human element in business.
    1:09:55 He proved that sustainable success comes from not following industry conventions, but from having the courage to find better ways when established paths don’t serve your vision.
    1:10:08 His story reminds us all that the most powerful competitive advantage often lies not in what you know, but in your willingness to challenge what everyone else assumes to be true.
    1:10:16 Okay, let’s dive into the reflections and afterthoughts, and I have a few comments before we get to the lessons that we can take away from Harvey.
    1:10:19 Well, what an amazing entrepreneur he was.
    1:10:20 What a force.
    1:10:33 I first came across the book, Men in Rubber, I think it was about 10 years ago, and I picked it up just randomly at a bookstore, and I was so surprised by the amount of wisdom in this book that I started buying copies for all my friends.
    1:10:38 And at one point, I think I probably owned about five or 10% of the inventory in this book.
    1:10:42 You could only get it used, and it was becoming increasingly hard to find.
    1:10:47 So I wanted to make this book easier for everyone to get their hands on, so we republished it.
    1:10:58 You can go on Amazon now and look up Men in Rubber, Harvey Firestone, and you can get a copy in hardcover, in softcover, Audible, and in Kindle.
    1:11:05 And we wanted that because we just wanted everybody in the world to have access to this information, so I hope you enjoy the book.
    1:11:13 So there’s an interesting anecdote in the book about Henry Ford that I think is worth highlighting, and I’m going to read you a direct excerpt here.
    1:11:17 It’s commonly imagined that Mr. Ford arrives at his decisions quickly.
    1:11:22 Nothing could be farther from the fact he reaches his decisions slowly and alone.
    1:11:33 He does not jump at anything, and so when the time comes for execution, everything moves with marvelous rapidity because everything has been previously thought through and planned.
    1:11:40 He has had the time to do this thinking and planning because he has used his time himself instead of permitting others to use it for him.
    1:11:49 And he is certain that plans will be executed for him because he knows how to let men go when they grow too rich and lazy to execute.
    1:11:58 There’s a lot of wisdom in that, and the two most profound sort of lessons in that excerpt are one, thinking through things slowly and taking control of your time.
    1:12:09 And the second is a bit ruthless but obvious too, which is you need to learn to let people go when they, and quote, unquote, become too rich and lazy to execute.
    1:12:14 And I think that’s really interesting, especially in the time that we’re in today of unparalleled AI transition.
    1:12:19 And a lot of people are going to struggle because the easy parts of your job no longer exist.
    1:12:29 Another excerpt from the book that I wanted to work in, and I think highlights a valuable lesson, but I couldn’t find a really good way to do it, was, I’m going to read you the excerpt.
    1:12:35 “Quick decisions that have not behind them a long train of thought are exceedingly dangerous.
    1:12:41 Personally, I do not want to have around me the kind of man who can give me an instant decision on anything that I may bring up.
    1:12:49 For if he has not had the opportunity to give the question serious thought, then he is only guessing, and I can do my own guessing.”
    1:12:52 And that excerpt, a couple things I want to point out there.
    1:12:53 One, I like that.
    1:12:56 He wanted to be surrounded by people who have thought.
    1:13:02 The second thing I want to say is the book was published in 1926, so keep that in mind with some of these excerpts.
    1:13:11 The language about men, you know, there’s some other a little bit scandalous language in the book itself, but for the time, it was sort of in line.
    1:13:16 And I didn’t make any effort to edit any of that when we republished it.
    1:13:25 The other thing I want to point out just before we get to the lessons is that parts of this episode are entirely read by AI, an AI version of me.
    1:13:28 And I’m playing around with AI a lot.
    1:13:29 And I’m so curious.
    1:13:32 It allows me to do things that I can’t otherwise do.
    1:13:35 And I’m wondering, you know, what you think of that.
    1:13:39 If you actually identified the paragraphs or sections that are AI based, send me an email.
    1:13:42 And hopefully you like it.
    1:13:45 It allows me to do more and scale better.
    1:13:48 And I’m going to increasingly play around with it.
    1:13:50 And yeah.
    1:13:51 Okay.
    1:13:53 Let’s dive into the lessons here.
    1:13:55 So Harvey was a force.
    1:13:57 This book is packed with wisdom.
    1:14:02 I got 14 lessons as I was rereading this book and doing this episode.
    1:14:05 So the first is a taste for salt water.
    1:14:08 Most people quit when things get uncomfortable.
    1:14:10 Harvey thrived on challenges.
    1:14:16 When faced with a $43 million debt crisis in 1920, he said the situation did not frighten me.
    1:14:18 It put new life into me.
    1:14:21 Well, as executives panicked, he saw opportunity.
    1:14:24 Excellent isn’t about avoiding difficulty.
    1:14:31 It’s about developing a perverse appreciation for discomfort that reveals who you really are.
    1:14:33 Two, obsess over inputs.
    1:14:39 Harvey’s father taught him that a fine crop one year was more or less a fortunate accident.
    1:14:43 Instead of chasing results, Harvey focused on controlling what he could.
    1:14:49 Maintaining surplus, inventory, questioning every process and building systematic advantages.
    1:14:51 Results are lagging indicators.
    1:14:55 The only thing you can control is the process.
    1:14:57 Three, high agency.
    1:15:03 When industry cartels repeatedly excluded Harvey from tire associations and rim companies,
    1:15:05 he didn’t just accept defeat.
    1:15:07 He created superior alternatives.
    1:15:13 There is always a better way of doing everything than the way which is standard at the moment.
    1:15:17 It is a good thing for a man to be pushed into finding that better way.
    1:15:23 High agency means treating every no as research, not rejection.
    1:15:27 Create what you’re denied access to.
    1:15:29 Four, the courage to close doors.
    1:15:39 Harvey could have stayed in the profitable solid tire business but recognized that solid tires would soon be a minor product long before that was conventional wisdom.
    1:15:45 Despite the internal resistance that was so strong that he had to buy out a major shareholder.
    1:15:47 He pivoted to the tires we know today.
    1:15:51 Sometimes you have to kill good options to pursue great ones.
    1:15:53 Bias toward action.
    1:15:59 When the 1920 crisis hit, Harvey didn’t form committees or hire consultants.
    1:16:05 He took the next steamer home, personally ran sales, and implemented a 25% cut within days.
    1:16:10 A small reduction would not give the smash we had to have the big dramatic play.
    1:16:15 Speed beats perfection when conditions demand decisive action.
    1:16:17 Six, find the lever.
    1:16:23 Rather than competing directly with established tire companies, Harvey solved the industry’s inventory nightmare with roll tires.
    1:16:25 The dealers could cut to size.
    1:16:34 This innovation took us completely out of competition by eliminating the constraint that everyone else just accepted as permanent.
    1:16:38 Seven, out think, don’t just out work.
    1:16:44 Harvey’s two questions, is it necessary and can it be simplified, transformed operations throughout Firestone.
    1:16:50 When he questioned the industry belief that rubber needed aging, nobody could explain why.
    1:16:53 Eliminating this unnecessary step saved millions.
    1:17:00 The greatest advantage often comes not from working harder within complexity, but finding the clarity to recognize and eliminating it.
    1:17:03 Eight, bounce, don’t break.
    1:17:06 Every rejection became Harvey’s competitive advantage.
    1:17:11 Excluded from the clincher tire association, he developed straight sided tires.
    1:17:14 Refused by the rim company, he started his own manufacturing.
    1:17:18 Each setback revealed opportunities invisible to insiders.
    1:17:21 Nine, positioning is leverage.
    1:17:28 Harvey’s father taught him that a surplus was the greatest aid to business judgment and the key to being master of your own circumstances.
    1:17:34 Harvey applied this principle during the 1907 panic, maintaining reserves and a margin of safety.
    1:17:39 While his competitors scrambled to save their businesses, Harvey aggressively expanded.
    1:17:42 Ten, win by not losing.
    1:17:49 Harvey avoided the too obvious responses to competitive pressure, cutting quality or cutting prices without operational changes.
    1:17:52 Instead, he innovated his way out of the trap.
    1:17:58 Success often comes not from brilliance, but from disciplined avoidance of stupidity.
    1:18:03 As I like to say, avoiding stupidity is easier than seeking brilliance.
    1:18:06 11, always be unforced.
    1:18:08 Harvey refused to make decisions from weakness.
    1:18:13 During the 1920s crisis, he told his team, “I will not tackle this job until Monday.”
    1:18:16 And retreated to think clearly.
    1:18:20 Even under extreme pressure, he acted from choice, not from panic.
    1:18:22 Only move when you choose to.
    1:18:26 12, never delegate core responsibilities.
    1:18:32 While Firestone grew his company to thousands of employees, he maintained personal control over critical functions.
    1:18:37 During crisis, he didn’t rely on managers, but took direct command of sales.
    1:18:38 His philosophy was clear.
    1:18:42 If anything in the business is wrong, the fault is squarely with management.
    1:18:43 The fault is mind.
    1:18:47 True leadership means accepting ultimate responsibility.
    1:18:52 13, simple scales, fancy fails.
    1:19:00 During the boom, Firestone developed elaborate hierarchies, specialized conventions, and even published a million circulation magazine.
    1:19:02 The crisis revealed this was all theater.
    1:19:03 Harvey’s two questions.
    1:19:04 Is it necessary?
    1:19:06 And can it be simplified?
    1:19:13 Cut through organizational bloat that transforms successful companies into bureaucratic zombies.
    1:19:17 And finally, 14, catch the right wave.
    1:19:20 Harvey positioned himself at the intersection of major trends.
    1:19:21 The shift to automobiles.
    1:19:22 The rise of trucking.
    1:19:26 The need for transportation alternatives during World War I.
    1:19:34 Rather than predicting the future, he positioned himself for multiple possible futures and rode the waves that materialized.
    1:19:38 I hope you learned as much as I did through listening to this episode.
    1:19:40 This man was a fascinating guy.
    1:19:43 And I appreciate you listening to the outlier series.
    1:19:53 Thanks for listening and learning with us.
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    1:20:01 I hope you enjoyed my reflections at the end of this episode.
    1:20:03 That’s normally reserved for members.
    1:20:07 But with this outlier series, I wanted to make them available to everyone.
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    1:20:35 And if you really like us, sharing with a friend is the best way to grow this special series.
    1:20:36 Until next time.

    Most people fear a $43 million debt. Harvey Firestone called it “invigorating.” When his company faced collapse in 1920 and his executives panicked, Firestone seized control. He fired the sales manager, slashed prices 25%, and personally ran the sales department. It worked—not because he managed through fear, but through clarity.  

    Firestone was the founder of the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company—an outsider who built one of America’s iconic industrial empires by doing the opposite of what everyone else did. This episode isn’t about tires. It’s about how Firestone quietly built one of the great businesses of the 20th century by asking two deceptively simple questions: Is it necessary? Can it be simplified? 

    This episode breaks down the invisible principles behind Firestone’s success: positioning over talent, inputs over outcomes, discipline over drama. If you lead a team or simply want to lead yourself better, this story is a masterclass in building enduring advantages.  

    This episode is for informational purposes only and is based on Men and Rubber: The Story of Business by Harvey Firestone. 

    Check out highlights from these books in our repository, and find key lessons from Firestone here—⁠⁠⁠https://fs.blog/knowledge-project-podcast/outliers-harvey-firestone/

    (03:00) PART 1: The Best Businessman I Ever Knew
    (06:50) The Vanilla Extract Lesson
    (10:23) When Premium Doesn’t Matter

    (12:05) PART 2: Right Beneath the Wheels
    (14:21) The Back of an Envelope
    (16:36) If Two of Us Stay, Neither Makes Money
    (18:39) Betting on what Doesn’t Change
    (20:55) The Accidental Breakfast
    (24:53) The Third Option

    (28:19) PART 3: The Innovators Dilemma: Pneumatic Tires
    (32:24) The Ford Connection: A Partnership of Outsiders
    (35:23) Navigating the Crisis
    (37:17) The Underdog’s Advantage
    (39:24) The Million Dollar Milestone
    (43:10) Weathering the Panic of 1907
    (45:55) The Simplicity Imperative

    (51:25) PART 4: The Ship-by-Truck Revolution
    (54:31) The Boom That Hid Everything
    (56:11) The 25% Solution
    (01:01:42) Cutting to the Bone

    (01:04:25) PART 5: Why He Never Stopped
    (01:06:54) The Human Element
    (01:08:09) The Legacy

    (01:10:05) Reflections, afterthoughts, and lessons

    Upgrade—If you want to hear my thoughts and reflections at the end of all episodes, join our membership: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠fs.blog/membership⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ and get your own private feed.

    Newsletter—The Brain Food newsletter delivers actionable insights and thoughtful ideas every Sunday. It takes 5 minutes to read, and it’s completely free. Learn more and sign up at ⁠⁠⁠fs.blog/newsletter

    Follow Shane on X at: x.com/ShaneAParrish

    Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

  • Raging Moderates: Trump’s Trade War in Limbo

    Scott and Jessica unpack the recent court rulings on the legality of Trump’s emergency tariff powers, and look ahead to the possible changes coming to the big, beautiful budget reconciliation bill in the Senate. Plus, they discuss the administration’s ongoing fight with elite universities, Elon Musk’s farewell to Washington, and whether or not we want to go back to 1993.

    Follow Jessica Tarlov,@JessicaTarlov

    Follow Prof G, @profgalloway

    Follow Raging Moderates, @RagingModeratesPod

    Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

  • Microsoft VP Explains AI PCs + Satya Nadella on Healthcare AI

    AI transcript
    0:00:06 we’ve entered a world where our computers are now being designed from the ground up
    0:00:12 specifically for AI. Companies like Microsoft are building computers with special chips in them
    0:00:18 that serve the sole purpose of running AI. So in this episode, I want to demystify the world of AI
    0:00:24 powered computers. And to help us understand it all, I’ve invited Pavan Devaleri from Microsoft
    0:00:29 to the show. He’s the corporate vice president of Windows and devices and is right at the
    0:00:35 forefront of these incredible developments. We’ll dive into topics like privacy, especially with
    0:00:40 features like recall, which automatically takes screenshots of your computer. We’ll talk about
    0:00:46 how these new AI chips are making AI more accessible and affordable to everyone. And we’ll get a glimpse
    0:00:52 into what PCs might be capable of just five years from now. And trust me, it’s moving faster than you
    0:00:58 think. Also, while I was at Microsoft, I was given the opportunity to ask Satya Nadella, the CEO of
    0:01:05 Microsoft. Just one question. And at the end of this episode, I’m going to share that question and his
    0:01:11 response to it. So definitely stick around for that. But let’s go ahead and get right to it and dive into
    0:01:13 my conversation with Pavan Devaleri.
    0:01:21 Cutting your sales cycle in half sounds pretty impossible. But that’s exactly what Sandler training
    0:01:27 did with HubSpot. They used Breeze, HubSpot’s AI tools to tailor every customer interaction without losing
    0:01:35 their personal touch. And the results were pretty incredible. Click-through rates jumped 25%. And get this,
    0:01:42 qualified leads quadrupled. Who doesn’t want that? People spent three times longer on their landing pages.
    0:01:48 It’s incredible. Go to HubSpot.com to see how Breeze can help your business grow.
    0:01:57 So, the next PC that people might buy, it might have an AI processor in it, the new NPUs.
    0:01:57 Yes.
    0:02:02 I’m curious, what sort of things that somebody that just uses it for maybe email and Netflix,
    0:02:06 like what sort of benefits are they going to get by having an NPU in their computer?
    0:02:11 It’s a great question. I think neural processing units are going to be, I think, a third processor
    0:02:18 inside your computer. Just like we have CPUs and GPUs. I think NPUs will get added to that mix. And
    0:02:25 primarily because NPUs will give you a lot more access to running AI efficiently on your device.
    0:02:29 And our goal very much is to have these AI capabilities become available broadly to both
    0:02:35 consumers and commercial customers and really build a platform where developers can build on top of it as
    0:02:39 well. And I think it’ll show up in a couple of different ways. First, your own Windows device
    0:02:45 experiences, whether it is something as simple as getting settings to be simpler and easier to use,
    0:02:49 whether it is how you search for your files and folders in the operating system,
    0:02:54 or whether it is how apps on top of Windows are built, will all change, I think, going forward.
    0:02:58 I think at the end of the day, the goal is for those devices to become more simple, more intuitive,
    0:03:04 become more thoughtful in terms of completing tasks and activities on your behalf. And at the end of
    0:03:08 the day, just accelerating, I think, what you can find ways to make happen on your computer.
    0:03:13 Right. Very cool. I know some of the stuff that has been teased has been, you know,
    0:03:17 obviously NPUs. You can start to run AI locally on the device.
    0:03:17 Yes.
    0:03:21 And so I imagine, you know, people who are just using it for things like email and stuff like that.
    0:03:24 Yeah. I mean, even email should get simpler for you, right?
    0:03:27 Some of the kind of summarization that you can do that goes through the cloud now,
    0:03:28 now we can do it locally.
    0:03:32 That’s correct. Yeah. And you see this with features that we have on Copilot Plus PCs right now, right?
    0:03:36 We have this idea of click-to-do, which gives you a one-click moment where we have understanding
    0:03:42 of screen and context. And when you click write, we open up a variety of tools, kind of like your email
    0:03:47 example. Just the ability to write, summarize, understand content, I think will become a lot more
    0:03:52 pervasive. Certainly with emails, you might be offline, you might have encrypted content that
    0:03:56 you only want to see summarized locally. The fact that those skills can become proactive on your behalf
    0:04:01 are things I think customers and consumers will see on a broad basis going forward.
    0:04:07 Definitely. Can I ask you the difference between, you know, we have CPUs, GPUs, NPUs, maybe?
    0:04:07 Yeah.
    0:04:11 For the laymen that don’t know, like, the difference between them, you know, me, I don’t
    0:04:15 really totally know the difference. Can you help me understand the difference between all
    0:04:15 three of them?
    0:04:18 Yeah. You know, I think most of the world, you know, has built applications and devices and
    0:04:23 experiences that utilize the CPU. Over the last couple of decades, GPUs have become really
    0:04:29 important, especially when it comes for gaming, you know, using high-resolution displays, for CAD,
    0:04:35 you know, type workloads where visualization is important. And I think the value of the NPUs, essentially
    0:04:40 for client devices, for laptops and battery-powered devices, is to be able to give you the ability
    0:04:46 to accelerate the ability to run these models and sort of lower the footprint and tax of
    0:04:50 those models running on your device. And at the end of the day, we expect these NPUs will
    0:04:55 make it just easier and lower cost for you to have models running on your behalf on a pervasive
    0:04:56 basis inside the device.
    0:05:01 Right, right. And so the NPU, it doesn’t necessarily mean that you don’t need a GPU anymore, right?
    0:05:05 So you’re going to still have an NPU and a GPU, which is something we were talking about a little
    0:05:11 bit last night, is you might be able to offload the sort of video processing to the GPU and still be
    0:05:12 able to do things with AI using the NPU.
    0:05:18 Bingo. I think NPUs will be a complement to GPUs and CPUs. And I think the reason why NPUs are useful is
    0:05:23 because they’re very efficient, Matt, when it comes to energy efficiency and battery life. And so you can run,
    0:05:27 you know, pretty powerful models, pretty capable models, but you don’t need the gigantic footprint of,
    0:05:33 you know, thermals and battery life and heat sinks and all the stuff you’d expect for running a large
    0:05:38 model. These NPUs really just get efficient in terms of running that model for you. The beauty with that is
    0:05:42 concurrency. So you can have your apps, all the apps that you know and love today doing all the things that
    0:05:47 they do and add new AI capabilities to those things and have those AIs, you know, be offloaded onto the NPU.
    0:05:53 Not bogging down the GPU to do them. Correct. And, you know, another thing is, so I got a chance to
    0:05:57 sort of check out the Applied Science Lab. It was great to have you. Yeah. One of the things you guys
    0:06:03 talked about during the tour was that having this NPU really sort of democratizes AI. And I think that’s
    0:06:08 a big concern, right, is people feel like, well, maybe only AI is going to be for people that have
    0:06:13 a lot of money and, you know, the haves and haves not with AI. And it sounds like these NPUs are a little
    0:06:19 bit less expensive to produce than GPUs. So maybe you can talk into the sort of like economics of that a little bit.
    0:06:25 NPUs are more purpose-built for running AI models and workloads. And by virtue of being more purpose-built,
    0:06:31 they’re inherently more efficient by way of the size and cost associated with building those NPUs. Right.
    0:06:36 So the benefit for us there is we think we can deliver the NPU and the performant nature of the NPU
    0:06:41 more broadly across devices, across a variety of devices and endpoints. In fact, we ourselves have started to do that with
    0:06:47 Copilot plus PCs. Last year, when we introduced those Copilot plus PCs, we initially targeted a set of customers
    0:06:51 that were more premium devices and, you know, prosumers. And this year now, we’re able to offer
    0:06:56 those same class of NPU capabilities to a much broader footprint of devices and added, you know,
    0:07:01 more mainstream price points. And it’s very much happening because NPUs scale better with price because
    0:07:06 they have the ability to be focused on running AI compute and then be efficient and performant in that space.
    0:07:10 And so our idea very much, especially with Windows, is to be able to bring the breadth of these features
    0:07:14 and capabilities to the broad base of our Windows consumers, you know, globally. And having, you know,
    0:07:20 price performance be great, have performance per watt be great is important for us. And NPUs are our
    0:07:24 vehicle for making that come to life. Yeah, yeah. I noticed too, one of the things they showed us was
    0:07:31 that they pointed like a temperature gun, like a FLIR kind of thing at the two computers. And one was
    0:07:36 running the NPU and it was like 70 degrees. And then the other one, it was pointed at, it was like 113 degrees.
    0:07:41 So that’s pretty crazy. Yeah. And I think it speaks to the fact that they’re just more efficient. Right.
    0:07:46 And because they’re more efficient, they consume less energy, they generate less heat,
    0:07:51 they give you a longer battery life, they give all of those attributes a lower price. And so we look
    0:07:55 at them as a vehicle for them, you know, getting runway and scale with these devices. Right, right.
    0:07:59 I want to talk about Recall real quick. When I first saw the announcement of Recall,
    0:08:01 was it billed last year that they announced it for the first time? It was, yeah.
    0:08:05 I thought that was like the coolest thing, basically, like having this, the whole history
    0:08:10 of what was I looking at yesterday? And you can go back and find it. But I know that there was some
    0:08:14 sort of privacy concerns and things that popped up around it that sort of freaked people out a little
    0:08:19 bit. Yeah. So I’m curious, how has Recall evolved since then? Yeah, it’s a great question. We think of
    0:08:24 Recall as one of several places where we think about the capabilities in the operating system evolving.
    0:08:28 That capability and feature set, you know, surfaces and manifests itself in a variety of different ways.
    0:08:34 Recall is one of them. Like we talked about earlier, search is another great one, for example. Click
    0:08:39 to do is another experience. Camera stacks, audio stacks, paint having, you know, new capabilities,
    0:08:43 photos being able to relight themselves. So AI is going to show up on the device and in the operating
    0:08:48 system in a variety of different ways. Right. Recall was a great learning experience for us
    0:08:53 in terms of understanding our customer needs and expectations, but we have privacy and them feeling
    0:08:58 like they were in control. And it was a good experience for us to make sure the development process of
    0:09:02 Windows allowed us to make sure we were taking advantage of those points of feedback. Right.
    0:09:06 Which is exactly what we did. We had a several set of, you know, private release previews with
    0:09:12 customers. We got great feedback through it and we’ve now successfully GA’d the product. And the early
    0:09:16 signals we’re seeing so far is there’s a set of customers who opt into the device experience and it
    0:09:21 really helps them kind of get into the flow of finding and searching and reliving points and times and
    0:09:26 really augmenting their memory in a digital context. And we’re looking forward to the continued evolution
    0:09:30 of that feature. Right. Right. So it’s not turned on by default on computers. Right. So like if you get a
    0:09:36 new AI PC, it’s not. Right. You have to actually opt in. Right. Yes. As opposed to opt out. And also you
    0:09:40 guys aren’t sending anything to the cloud. Right. It’s all staying right on the PC. Yeah. You nailed it.
    0:09:45 That is a couple of important points. First, it is an opt-in experience. And after you opt-in, there are a variety of features in
    0:09:49 the use of the product that are user defined and controlled. And so you have the ability to define
    0:09:54 what you would like your recall experience to be. And then very importantly, the models and the data
    0:09:58 stay local on the device. Right. And they’re all, they’re using the new NPU process. They’re using the
    0:10:02 NPU, the models running on the NPU. Very cool. That’s right. So I want to look into the future a little
    0:10:08 bit too. So five years from now. Yeah. What do you think we’ll be able to do with PCs that we can’t do today?
    0:10:12 You know, we think about this quite a bit on the Windows team. And I feel like we make plans and what’s
    0:10:15 surprising with the plans is the rate at which they are changing. Right. Right.
    0:10:20 In some ways it is happening faster than we anticipated. What I think at the end of the day,
    0:10:25 I think a core element of the Windows proposition is to make sure we’re in the business of empowering
    0:10:31 our customers and consumers and developers and commercial, you know, information workers to be
    0:10:35 able to do more with their computers, with their PCs and with Windows. I think that will be more so true
    0:10:40 five years from now than today. By way of actual features and experiences, you know, I think we see a
    0:10:45 world where Windows makes this evolution to the, you know, being an agentic OS very much like we talked
    0:10:51 about at Build with the agentic evolution of the web itself. And I think that evolution of the OS itself
    0:10:56 will be a platform construct. We ourselves will build a bunch of new experiences where you have models and
    0:11:01 agents and capabilities running inside Windows in itself. And I think it’ll also be a world where
    0:11:05 developers will be incented to build a bunch of new applications and experiences. Apps that you know and
    0:11:09 love today will extend themselves with new capabilities. And the net new apps are going
    0:11:13 to show up in the ecosystem that use things like model context protocol, for example, to be able
    0:11:18 to talk across applications and talk to the OS in ways, quite frankly, we have probably not imagined yet.
    0:11:22 Yeah, yeah. That’s kind of exciting in itself. It’s funny because I constantly try to make
    0:11:25 predictions of where I think things are going. And I’m like, yeah, that’s probably three years out. And then
    0:11:30 it happens three months later. That’s right. It’s kind of amazing. Yeah. One real example of that for us is the
    0:11:35 performance and capability of these models are running on the NPUs. A year ago, we were kind
    0:11:39 of wondering if we would have, you know, a billion parameter model run on the edge. And what we were
    0:11:46 talking about earlier was we just last week had a 14 billion parameter model that has reasoning capability
    0:11:50 running fully offloader to NPUs. And so what that means for a developer, what that means for the
    0:11:55 Windows experience, I think super exciting for one, and it’s happening at a faster rate than we probably
    0:12:01 could have imagined. Yeah, yeah. Is there any sort of misconceptions that you hear around like the AI PCs
    0:12:06 that you want to sort of lay to rest? You know, I think the biggest thing is customers just knowing
    0:12:13 that AI PCs are a full stack experience from the hardware, the device itself, they deliver great fundamentals
    0:12:19 in terms of battery life and security and performance. And then all of that ladders up to serving a capability
    0:12:25 or a platform that in turn has great AI experiences, I think is probably the most important things for
    0:12:30 people to know. And so when you’re in your journey of having your next PC, you should expect this device
    0:12:36 to be just a great device, you know, daily use. And also a durable construct in terms of future experiences
    0:12:41 that are going to get unlocked, taking advantage of the platform. Right. So when it comes to AI right now,
    0:12:45 it feels like we’re in this world where like everything is just like super fast. And it feels
    0:12:50 like, you know, companies are sort of motivated to ship things really fast. How does Microsoft see
    0:12:55 balancing, trying to keep shipping new features and keeping people sort of impressed with, you know,
    0:13:01 the privacy security, the kinds of concerns people have? I think you nailed it. I think balance is the key
    0:13:06 for us. And so in Windows for us, I think of it in a couple of different vectors for sure as a team that builds
    0:13:12 products. We have a variety of mechanisms today for making sure we have active listening systems
    0:13:17 across our ecosystem. And so we build a lot of these features using release previews in Windows where
    0:13:21 we get feedback from insiders, we get feedback from the developer community, we get feedback from the
    0:13:26 industry writ large, quite frankly. And so that’s one important aspect of our product development system
    0:13:31 in Windows in itself that allows us to make sure we’re getting rich, robust feedback at the scale of
    0:13:35 Windows. That’s one important piece, Matt. The second thing, kind of like with DMCP work that is
    0:13:39 happening in Windows. It is happening quickly. For sure we are in a world the rate at which the
    0:13:44 industry is evolving. In that example, the fact that the Windows team is a part of building these
    0:13:49 new technologies, building these new standards, building protocols, allows us to go at day one,
    0:13:53 build these capabilities into the base technologies in a way that will serve Windows customers in the
    0:13:59 long arc of time in itself, I think. And the third one, I think, is some of this is an ecosystem
    0:14:03 exercise where we will deliver some of these experiences for sure. And a lot of this is others who are going to
    0:14:08 build on top of Windows and us getting signals from them on what they are seeing from their customers
    0:14:12 and making sure we’re setting them up for success. So opportunity in multiple vectors and we have a
    0:14:16 variety of tools in the toolkit to make sure we’re delivering meaningful value at the end of the day.
    0:14:21 Very cool. Well, this is my last question. It’s sort of a two-part question. What’s something that
    0:14:24 excites you about what AI can do today? And what’s something that excites you about what we’ll be able
    0:14:31 to do with AI in the near future? That’s a great question. The things that I get excited about with AI today,
    0:14:37 personally, which I found quite remarkable, is the ability for us to do things like deep research and
    0:14:44 analyst work on the M365 co-pilot. It’s a capability that is an asynchronous task. It takes a while to
    0:14:48 kind of run through. It requires a reasonable amount of domain knowledge. It requires an understanding of
    0:14:53 your corporate environment and understanding of your team or your discipline or your department. And I’m
    0:14:59 very excited with the quality of work that comes out of these high-performing agents that are running in
    0:15:03 the Microsoft co-pilot environment, the M365 co-pilot environment. So that was the thing that I think
    0:15:08 a year ago, to your point earlier, I don’t think I would imagine it’s simply just possible. And now we’re
    0:15:13 getting to a place where they’re becoming a part of our collective team’s workflow when we do analysis,
    0:15:18 when we do reports, when we synthesize feedback, when we make preparations for what future roadmaps are going
    0:15:23 to look like. So that’s the thing that I’m kind of amazed with, quite frankly. And your second question,
    0:15:27 you know, what’s coming down the pipe, what’s going to be kind of exciting? I think the singular thing I’m
    0:15:33 excited about is what I consider to be sort of this 10x thing, where we have an unlock of what is possible
    0:15:36 on the edge. I think you’ll be living in a world where the devices are going to get more performant.
    0:15:41 We in Windows are spending a lot of time making sure the software tool chains and the run times and
    0:15:45 environments for these models are getting more performant. I’m excited that the models themselves are
    0:15:49 getting better, like adding reasoning on the edge as an example. And I’m also super grateful that we
    0:15:54 have a set of class of developers who are building on top of these. And so I’m just excited that, you know,
    0:15:59 for years we would invest in how much more experience and value can we get. And Kevin talked about, you
    0:16:05 know, I was primarily relying on Moore’s law, that’s all we had. And now I think you have these compounding
    0:16:09 effects of innovations happening across the entire, you know, device edge client computing stack that will
    0:16:13 just unlock, I think, new things that are possible for customers. Amazing. Well, thank you so much for
    0:16:17 spending the time. I appreciate it. Thank you. Thank you for having us. Lovely to be here and
    0:16:19 build with you. Yeah, awesome. Thanks. Thank you.
    0:16:26 Hey, we’ll be right back to the show. But first, I want to tell you about another podcast I know you’re
    0:16:31 going to love. It’s called Marketing Against the Grain. It’s hosted by Kip Bodner and Kieran Flanagan,
    0:16:36 and it’s brought to you by the HubSpot Podcast Network, the audio destination for business professionals.
    0:16:41 If you want to know what’s happening now in marketing, especially how to use AI marketing,
    0:16:47 this is the podcast for you. Kip and Kieran share their marketing expertise, unfiltered in the details,
    0:16:52 the truth, and like nobody else will tell it to you. They recently had a great episode called
    0:16:59 Using ChatTBT03 to Plan our 2025 marketing campaign. It was full of like actual insights as well as just
    0:17:06 things I had not thought of about how to apply AI to marketing. I highly suggest you check it out.
    0:17:11 Listen to Marketing Against the Grain wherever you get your podcasts.
    0:17:19 All right. I mentioned in the intro that I had the opportunity to ask Satya Nadella just one question.
    0:17:26 And what I wanted to know from him is, what does AI look like that could truly change the world?
    0:17:33 So here’s the exact question I asked. If you can design an AI system that would fundamentally change
    0:17:40 society beyond just answering questions and generating art, what would it look like and what risk and
    0:17:46 responsibilities come with it? That was the exact question. And here was Satya’s response.
    0:17:53 I would say the thing that I’m most inspired by was one of the demos I showed even today is in healthcare,
    0:18:02 right? Because I feel like what touches all of us is this challenge of can we improve care and reduce
    0:18:09 cost? So if there was one place where I would say this agentic AI has to make a real difference would be
    0:18:14 take one of the challenges that we have as a society and go at it. And I think we’re at the
    0:18:19 verge of it. Like what Stanford University was able to do by just essentially for something so high
    0:18:27 stakes, like the tumor board meeting, and orchestrate all these agents and then ultimately empower the
    0:18:33 caregivers there, right? The doctors, the nurses, all the specialists to be able to have a more successful
    0:18:39 tumor board meeting and then improve care. That to me is where I think these systems are built
    0:18:44 and then made available can make a huge difference. Awesome. Amazing. I really appreciate the time.
    0:18:45 Thank you.

    Episode 61: What will the next generation of AI-powered PCs mean for your everyday computing—and how will features like on-device AI, privacy controls, and new processors transform our digital lives? Matt Wolfe (https://x.com/mreflow) is  joined by Pavan Davuluri (https://x.com/pavandavuluri), Corporate Vice President of Windows and Devices at Microsoft, who’s leading the charge on bringing AI to mainstream computers.

    In this episode of The Next Wave, Matt dives deep with Pavan into the world of AI PCs, exploring how specialized hardware like NPUs (Neural Processing Units) make AI more accessible and affordable. They break down the difference between CPUs, GPUs, and NPUs, and discuss game-changing Windows features like Recall—digging into the privacy safeguards and how AI can now run locally on your device. Plus, you’ll hear Satya Nadella (https://x.com/satyanadella), Microsoft’s CEO, share his vision for how agentic AI could revolutionize healthcare and what the future holds for AI-powered Windows experiences.

    Check out The Next Wave YouTube Channel if you want to see Matt and Nathan on screen: https://lnk.to/thenextwavepd

    Show Notes:

    • (00:00) NPUs: The Third Processor Revolution

    • (05:41) NPU Efficiency in AI Devices

    • (09:31) Windows Empowering Users Faster

    • (13:00) Evolving Windows Ecosystem Opportunities

    • (13:49) AI Enhancing M365 Copilot Research

    • (15:43) Satya Nadella On AI and Healthcare

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  • Marc Andreessen: What We Got Right—and Wrong—About the Future of Tech

    AI transcript
    0:00:05 First one is folding chairs. We have about 20 LPs to start in our little conference area with our flat panel TV on the wall.
    0:00:07 It’s grown to be a somewhat larger production.
    0:00:09 It’s like a process of falling up the stairs.
    0:00:14 Just when you think you’ve got it and figured it out, some weird issue pops up and you’ve got some new thing to prove.
    0:00:19 Every one of these companies that end up being a global world beater always has one of these stories of the path not taken.
    0:00:27 Today’s conversation is with Marc Andreessen, one of the rare people who’s helped shape both the Internet’s past and its future.
    0:00:38 We reflect on the firm’s earliest days from folding chairs and a flat screen in a small office in 2010 to what’s now a multi-stage, multi-sector platform backing the next wave of generational companies.
    0:00:51 Marc shares what it was like raising Fund One in the shadow of the 2008 financial crisis, why scale became a strategic asset and venture, and how software is eating the world evolves into a much broader and deeper investment thesis.
    0:01:04 We also talk about the shift from generalist investors to vertical experts and how A16Z’s Little Tech Agenda is reframing policy conversations around innovation, AI, and American dynamism.
    0:01:06 Let’s get into it.
    0:01:22 As a reminder, the content here is for informational purposes only, should not be taken as legal, business, tax, or investment advice, or be used to evaluate any investment or security, and is not directed at any investors or potential investors in any A16Z fund.
    0:01:28 Please note that A16Z and its affiliates may also maintain investments in the companies discussed in this podcast.
    0:01:35 For more details, including a link to our investments, please see A16Z.com forward slash disclosures.
    0:01:47 So, the firm was started, we raised the first fund in 2009, which was in the depths of the stock market crash after the height of the financial crisis of 2008.
    0:01:51 So, we had the first LP meeting in 2010, so this is number 15 or something.
    0:01:53 Yeah, the first one was folding shares, about 20 LPs to start.
    0:01:54 Wow.
    0:01:58 Folding shares in our office, in our little conference area, with our flat panel TV on the wall.
    0:02:00 And actually, some of the same people are still with us.
    0:02:02 A bunch of our original LPs are still here.
    0:02:04 And then, yeah, it’s grown to be a somewhat larger production.
    0:02:06 And take us to some of the first LP.
    0:02:10 They must have been true believers at the time, not just because of the strategy, but because of market timing.
    0:02:12 Take us a little bit back, what that was like.
    0:02:19 So, the thing to remember is the dot-com boom bubble was sort of 95 to 2000, although it has its own ups and downs even during that period that got forgotten later.
    0:02:22 But in 2000, of course, catastrophic crash.
    0:02:24 And then it took three or four years to dig out of the dot-com crash.
    0:02:27 And so, it was like 2003, 2004 before anything really started to happen.
    0:02:34 And then immediately what happened was any sign of anything working in tech was immediately viewed by just screams in the press of just bubble 2.0, bubble 2.0.
    0:02:36 It was just like, it’s all happening again.
    0:02:37 These crazy idiots are back at it again.
    0:02:39 Then everything’s going to come crashing down.
    0:02:41 There were two big M&A events in, I think, 2005.
    0:02:43 Yahoo bought Flickr and Delicious.
    0:02:46 So, did Yahoo buy them both, I think, or something?
    0:02:48 And they were like $25 million tickets each.
    0:02:50 And literally, the press just like bananas.
    0:02:51 You know, Facebook was getting started.
    0:02:52 Social media is a joke.
    0:02:53 What did your cat have for breakfast?
    0:02:54 Nobody cares.
    0:02:55 How are they going to make money?
    0:02:56 How are they going to make money?
    0:02:56 They’ll never make money.
    0:03:00 And so, it was just this like wall of negativity heading into 2008.
    0:03:01 And then the financial crisis happens.
    0:03:03 And just like everything just gets like completely devastated.
    0:03:06 Everybody’s flat on their back in the financial investment world.
    0:03:12 And so, Ben and I, in March of 2009, decided it’s a perfect time to go start a venture capital firm, which was an absolutely unique view at the time.
    0:03:15 There were only two venture capital funds raised in all of 2009.
    0:03:16 It was us and a New Coastal Ventures Fund.
    0:03:19 And Vinod, of course, was one of the legends of venture capital.
    0:03:20 So, he was able to do that.
    0:03:23 But we were the only other literally venture fund raised that year.
    0:03:25 And at one point, were you considering starting another company together?
    0:03:27 Or were you like, hey, we really want to support entrepreneurs.
    0:03:28 This is the company.
    0:03:29 Yeah, we were done.
    0:03:30 We had started multiple companies.
    0:03:31 And so, we were done.
    0:03:32 We completed that part of life’s journey.
    0:03:34 And so, then we decided to start a firm.
    0:03:37 We met some people who were really nice to us and really helped us kind of get underway.
    0:03:39 And then we started meeting the LPs.
    0:03:45 We’ll get to the evolution of firm, but just because you mentioned it, the Zuckerberg acquisition story, you, of course, have been on the board of Facebook for a long time.
    0:03:48 Take us back to that memory and your conversations with Mark.
    0:03:49 And what was your perspective at the time?
    0:03:50 Yeah, I mean, this has been chronicled over the years.
    0:03:55 But basically, what happened was, it wasn’t negativity at that time of like, this technology is evil and it’s going to destroy the world.
    0:03:57 The negativity was, this technology is absolutely useless.
    0:04:00 Absolutely useless, has no point, has no purpose.
    0:04:00 It’s a joke.
    0:04:02 It’s a farce, basically.
    0:04:04 And like it, as you said, never make any money.
    0:04:07 And that was just kind of the uniform public conversation around it at the time.
    0:04:10 And so, Facebook took off and they had ad revenue early on.
    0:04:11 But early on, it was like remnant ad revenue.
    0:04:12 They didn’t have targeted ads yet.
    0:04:17 So, the early ad revenue at Facebook literally was selling remnant banner ads from the Bing ad network.
    0:04:19 And so, it was like these super low CPMs.
    0:04:22 And, you know, Mark always had this theory of how he could turn it into a big thing.
    0:04:24 But, you know, he just set this wall of negativity.
    0:04:26 And then he just at that time had a lot of people around him.
    0:04:33 I mean, it had been a fast rush from 2004 to 2008 to get to the point where all of a sudden they’re starting to get offers in the hundreds of millions of dollars.
    0:04:35 And was this after a down round or before the down round?
    0:04:37 The Microsoft down round was after that.
    0:04:39 Because that was after the $15 billion round.
    0:04:40 It was like a down round.
    0:04:41 So, that was a couple years later.
    0:04:43 But, you know, I remember Yahoo at the time.
    0:04:45 Yahoo was doing a turnaround under Terry Semmel at the time.
    0:04:49 And Terry correctly figured out that, yeah, Facebook was a property that they should buy.
    0:04:51 And so, they actually struck a deal.
    0:04:54 I don’t know if it got literally signed or verbally agreed to, but they structured a deal.
    0:04:55 It was a billion dollar takeout.
    0:04:56 It was an agreement to do a billion dollar takeout.
    0:04:57 And then the financial crisis hit.
    0:04:59 Advertising immediately collapsed.
    0:05:02 Because advertising is the first thing that gets cut in a recession.
    0:05:06 And Yahoo came back and essentially renegotiated the deal, tried to lower the price.
    0:05:11 And that gave Mark basically the, I don’t know, cover kind of wherewithal to be able to walk away from the deal.
    0:05:12 Wow.
    0:05:15 But look, at the very least, strongly considering it at the billion dollar level.
    0:05:19 And again, it’s just like at the time, it was just like a spectacular home run for a company growing that fast.
    0:05:24 Started in a dorm four years earlier during a time when, again, this stuff was all just viewed as a complete joke.
    0:05:33 The sort of ultimate kind of thing in the story is a few years later, somehow, I don’t know how, but somehow the internal Yahoo deck on the acquisition got leaked and got published.
    0:05:39 So Yahoo’s internal analysis of Facebook at that time and Yahoo people were bullish on the company, which is why they offered to buy it.
    0:05:43 But they and everybody else radically underestimated the future growth of the company.
    0:05:46 Like it’s just like this incredible low bound kind of estimate.
    0:05:49 And then not only did Facebook grow really fast, but they figured out targeted advertising.
    0:05:55 And then, by the way, they went through the exact same crisis again, basically, after they went public in 2012.
    0:05:58 They went public right as the transition from desktop to mobile was happening.
    0:05:59 That was really when the iPhone was getting critical mass.
    0:06:00 Right. Fascinating.
    0:06:06 And there was just this wall, again, in the press, this wall of negativity, which is, I mean, you read the articles at the time,
    0:06:12 and they were just like, this is going to destroy Facebook because everybody knows that Internet ads are based on the amount of screen real estate that you can sell.
    0:06:14 Like the ad rates literally are the number of pixels on the screen.
    0:06:20 And therefore, logically, because mobile screens are much smaller than desktop screens, the ad rates are going to shrink.
    0:06:20 And that’s going to be it.
    0:06:22 And the stock came out and shit the bed right out of the gate.
    0:06:27 And it was literally this argument of the mobile ad opportunity was much less than the desktop ad opportunity.
    0:06:33 And what we know now today, right, is that mobile meant people were going to use this stuff far more all day long.
    0:06:33 Usage went way up.
    0:06:35 And then we learned that the targeting works, right?
    0:06:40 And everybody knows today it’s sort of obvious that a company like Facebook is a trove of personal data that you can target ads against.
    0:06:43 But at the time, it was not something that people believed would be the case.
    0:06:47 I often describe these companies, even the ones that kind of from the outside look like they’re just like up and to the right the whole time.
    0:06:50 I always describe it as it’s like a process of falling up the stairs.
    0:06:50 Yeah.
    0:06:51 Right.
    0:06:58 Because it’s just when you think you’ve got everything figured out, like some weird issue basically pops up and you’ve got some new thing to prove and you’ve got some other thing.
    0:07:02 And Mark’s one of the best who’s ever lived at being able to work his way through every single thing that’s come along.
    0:07:06 It’s funny that we went from mobile ads won’t work to organizations.
    0:07:10 You know, Tristan Harris dedicated to stopping ads from working too well, basically.
    0:07:12 He does work so well.
    0:07:14 We have an epidemic of sort of people using it so much.
    0:07:15 It’s just so fun.
    0:07:16 I would even heighten that.
    0:07:19 Within four years, it went from the ads don’t work at all to they are literally mind control.
    0:07:20 Right.
    0:07:21 They are literally mind control.
    0:07:22 Right.
    0:07:23 And, you know, this political ad specifically.
    0:07:29 And they can literally like put the whammy on people to vote for candidates who nobody would ever vote for had they not been mind controlled.
    0:07:29 Exactly.
    0:07:30 Right.
    0:07:30 By the Facebook algorithm.
    0:07:36 And the whole thing the whole time was so weird because it’s like, wow, like if the mind control works so well, like why don’t we have triple the ad rates on selling toothpaste?
    0:07:38 Why does it only work for Trump?
    0:07:38 Yeah, exactly.
    0:07:41 A few hundred thousand dollars can shift a whole entire election.
    0:07:41 Yeah, right.
    0:07:42 Exactly.
    0:07:42 That’s the thing.
    0:07:43 The Russians can spend.
    0:07:48 By the way, I think the result of it was I think it was a result of $80,000 of ad spend on the Russians in the relevant period of the election.
    0:07:50 It was like a total of like 140,000.
    0:07:52 But during the actual run of the election, it was $80,000.
    0:07:57 And so the theory was $80,000 of ads channeled into this magic mind control device.
    0:07:58 About bang for the buck.
    0:07:58 Yeah.
    0:08:01 That literally swung an election that Hillary Clinton spent $3 billion on.
    0:08:02 Right.
    0:08:04 And the whole time we’re just sitting there.
    0:08:06 I’m just sitting there just like I can’t even believe.
    0:08:07 Like it doesn’t make any sense.
    0:08:10 I went to Hillary’s first big speech after she lost at Stanford.
    0:08:15 And she literally said on stage, Donald Trump is only president today because Vladimir Putin hacked Facebook.
    0:08:18 And I’m like, Vladimir Putin hacked Facebook?
    0:08:20 What the F are you talking about?
    0:08:24 Anyway, and so literally it went from 2008 to this is useless to 2012.
    0:08:26 This is still useless.
    0:08:30 However, it does get some credit for the Arab Spring, right, and for getting Obama elected.
    0:08:35 And there were lots of headlines at that time of social media saves democracy because of the Arab Spring.
    0:08:37 And then to 2016, it’s the evil mind controlling death machine.
    0:08:44 It just, it turned out that the method that was supposedly used by the Russians slash, you know, the Trump campaign to do the mind control, you know, basically like that method.
    0:08:46 I mean, we now know basically it never worked.
    0:08:50 Like the whole psychometric thing that they were doing, the Cambridge Analytica was supposedly doing.
    0:08:51 It’s not something people do today.
    0:08:55 Like this is the other part of the narrative you’re told to believe is it was magic mind control, but only for that election.
    0:08:56 And then nobody ever tried it again.
    0:08:57 Yeah, exactly.
    0:09:01 It’s fascinating to imagine sort of alternative tech history.
    0:09:03 Like what if Yahoo had actually been able to buy Facebook?
    0:09:05 Obviously, there would have been a massive blow for Facebook.
    0:09:08 But sometimes it works the other way of maybe Snap should have sold to Facebook.
    0:09:09 Maybe it would have been better for everyone else.
    0:09:11 It’s just fascinating to explore sort of tech alternative.
    0:09:24 In my view, it’s so hard to redo the counterfactuals because this is like the classic debate of sort of historians, which is like how much has history guided like these big impersonal trends, you know, these big kind of impersonal forces, these tides or waves that swamp everything versus how much is based on sort of individual action.
    0:09:26 And I just think these things are so contingent.
    0:09:28 I have endless stories like Netscape.
    0:09:28 We almost bought Yahoo.
    0:09:31 There was like a bit-ass spread between $3 million and $5 million.
    0:09:31 Oh, my God.
    0:09:33 Yahoo almost bought Google.
    0:09:35 And there was a very low price deal at the time.
    0:09:37 Netflix almost sold a blockbuster early on.
    0:09:38 Yeah.
    0:09:42 Every one of these companies that end up being a global world beater always has one of these stories of the path not taken.
    0:09:42 And so.
    0:09:44 Uber and Lyft almost merged at one point.
    0:09:45 Yeah, exactly.
    0:09:49 And so my view, just having been through it, I mean, look, the forces means something.
    0:09:50 Like the smartphone was going to happen.
    0:09:52 There were going to be killer apps on the phone.
    0:09:54 There was going to be something like this.
    0:09:55 Somebody was going to do it.
    0:09:58 And like had, I don’t know, in the counterfactual Facebook sold Yahoo and Yahoo let it languish.
    0:10:00 Somebody else probably would have figured it out.
    0:10:02 But in a sense, some of these things were bound to happen.
    0:10:07 But the specific companies involved is just that there are so many kind of twists and turns.
    0:10:07 Yeah.
    0:10:11 It’s so contingent on very specific people doing very specific things at each point.
    0:10:12 Totally.
    0:10:16 That I think it’s just, it’s extremely sensitive to the micro level decisions that are made along the way.
    0:10:16 Yeah.
    0:10:20 Speaking of twists and turns, let’s go back to the firm because the first fund is $300 million, correct?
    0:10:23 And we didn’t have a sense for how big it would become.
    0:10:25 But you wrote Software Zating the World.
    0:10:28 So you had a sort of hypothesis that these companies were going to get bigger.
    0:10:29 There’s going to be more of them.
    0:10:34 Take us through when you realized that scale was going to be a strategic asset for venture
    0:10:36 and that the future of venture was going to look like this barbell.
    0:10:36 Yeah.
    0:10:41 So I actually remember a conversation with John Doerr in the mid-90s because KP was an investor in Netscape at the time.
    0:10:44 You know, when I was young, basically the model was very straightforward at the time,
    0:10:46 which was basically series A, series B.
    0:10:49 And there wasn’t even really seed that much in the mid-90s.
    0:10:52 It was mostly you just raised like a venture A round, which would be like a $3 or $4 or $5 million round,
    0:10:54 maybe $6 or $7 if you were super ambitious.
    0:10:56 And then there’d be like a B round of 20 or 30.
    0:10:59 And then there was what was called the mezzanine round, which was the C round.
    0:11:00 And that basically is the pre-IPO round.
    0:11:04 And so you kind of raise a total of three rounds and maybe $30 or $40 million.
    0:11:05 And then you go public.
    0:11:07 And then if you needed money, you would go public.
    0:11:09 Basically, there were no follow-on rounds after the C round.
    0:11:10 And so you would go public.
    0:11:17 And you could go public in those days at like, it was sort of $50 million in revenue and then a 10x revenue multiple meant a $500 million market cap was the bar to go public.
    0:11:23 By the way, as an example, Amazon went public in 97 and I think it was $400 million valuation.
    0:11:24 So right in line with that model.
    0:11:25 Netscape was similar in 95.
    0:11:28 And so venture had this very specific role.
    0:11:32 But what was becoming clear even in the 90s that actually, I think it was a conversation John and I had about Cisco originally,
    0:11:34 which is just like some of these companies are really going to rip.
    0:11:35 They’re really going to run.
    0:11:38 At the time, it was like they’re going to run to $100 billion, which at the time was like the big ceiling.
    0:11:41 It’s just like, all right, like all of a sudden the venture B round looks great.
    0:11:43 All of a sudden, by the way, the mezzanine round looks great.
    0:11:45 Like maybe the VCs should basically just keep re-upping.
    0:11:46 Yeah.
    0:11:47 Is it a mistake?
    0:11:53 If you can make as much absolute money investing $50 million in Cisco at their Series C as you could five in their Series A.
    0:11:53 Right.
    0:11:57 In those days, it was like a big statement to say maybe the venture firms should do that.
    0:12:00 And then, of course, what’s become clear since then is the ceiling isn’t $100 billion.
    0:12:01 It’s much larger than that.
    0:12:01 Yeah.
    0:12:02 It’s much higher than that.
    0:12:04 And that’s just a consequence of tech proliferating.
    0:12:06 It’s becoming more important.
    0:12:07 So anyway, so we had that sense.
    0:12:08 And some of that had started.
    0:12:10 And Facebook actually was raising larger rounds by that point.
    0:12:11 Yeah.
    0:12:11 You know, DST.
    0:12:15 DST kind of redefines growth investing when they did the Facebook round.
    0:12:19 So basically, this idea of sort of venture growth investing was starting to really materialize.
    0:12:21 And so we did define the firm right up front.
    0:12:22 We said we want to be stage agnostic.
    0:12:24 We want to be seed venture and growth.
    0:12:25 That was in the original pitch deck.
    0:12:29 It wasn’t enough money to do a lot of growth investing, but we could start to get underway.
    0:12:32 Basically, this is our argument to the LPs was, look, it’s not about being in a certain stage.
    0:12:34 It’s about the total aggregate opportunity.
    0:12:39 If you’re going to get into one of these world-beating companies, you can still do it at the B, C, or D, and you’ll still have venture scale returns.
    0:12:42 And so, yeah, we defined that right up front.
    0:12:49 And when did we figure out, because our approach of sort of specialized funds is different than some of these other partnerships that, hey, we’re just all generalists.
    0:12:50 We’re a small team.
    0:12:51 We all do everything.
    0:12:52 When did that model originate?
    0:12:53 What was that journey like?
    0:12:54 Yeah.
    0:12:54 So, we started that way.
    0:12:56 So, we started as generalists.
    0:12:59 And Ben and I had both worked in both consumer and enterprise, which are kind of the two big categories.
    0:13:03 At the time, it was basically consumer software VC, enterprise software VC, and then sort of biohealth tech.
    0:13:09 The older venture firms actually did both what they called digital or IT investing, software investing, and then they also did biotech.
    0:13:15 And actually, a lot of those firms, they got, like, internal divorces and spun their groups off because those industries at the time were going in different directions.
    0:13:17 But Ben and I had done consumer and enterprise.
    0:13:21 And so, you know, we just said, look, we’ll just be a generalist firm, sort of modeled after the benchmark model.
    0:13:32 And a big part of this is just industry evolution, which is around the time we started the firm, it was also the time that I would say the tech industry fundamentally changed from primarily building tools to actually going, like, directly into industry.
    0:13:34 So, we call it full-stack companies.
    0:13:43 And so, I think the reason the generalist model worked well for as long as it did is because, like, fundamentally, a database company, a router company, a word processor company, an operating systems company, like, they’re all fundamentally tools.
    0:13:48 And so, they’re different if they sell to consumer or enterprise, but, you know, a router is a piece of software in a box.
    0:13:52 Chips are a little different, but a database and an operating system are similar.
    0:13:56 The technical challenges, the form of the company, the organizational model for the company is similar.
    0:14:02 Word processors and video games at the time both got 50 bucks, both sold in a box on retail store shelves, you know, kind of similar.
    0:14:05 And so, the generalist model, I think, worked really well when the industry was that earlier model.
    0:14:12 And then 2009-2010 was a pivot, we now know, which was the rise of Uber and Lyft, the rise of Airbnb, the rise of Tesla, the rise of SpaceX.
    0:14:19 The world-beating companies of the 2010s in many cases were companies that were full-stack, direct insertion and markets.
    0:14:25 And then we, therefore, started investing in the, you know, everything from these e-commerce marketplaces to these new kinds of defense companies.
    0:14:30 And then we decided to take on biotech because we thought biotech was becoming much more based on software and IT and data and AI.
    0:14:39 And then basically what we realized is, okay, the generalist model doesn’t work anymore because each of those things now is actually a very deep domain in and of itself, right, with like very specific domain knowledge.
    0:14:46 And then the specific problem that a generalist has is that a generalist can sense heat, but a generalist has a very hard time getting into the specifics.
    0:14:54 And the reason the specifics really matter is because so much of venture, because the way venture works is if you invest in one company in a space, you can’t invest in the other.
    0:14:59 So, if you pick the space correctly and invest in the wrong company, you’re screwed, right, because you can’t fix your mistake.
    0:15:02 You can’t then invest in a successful company because of the conflict issue.
    0:15:12 And so, what we realized was the thing that was becoming very important in this new world was understanding deep in the vertical what was going on, specifically for the purpose of being able to tell which company was actually the one that was most likely to win.
    0:15:16 And that’s just really hard to do if you don’t have domain knowledge.
    0:15:18 And so, that catalyzed us to verticalize.
    0:15:19 And then we did that in two steps.
    0:15:22 We did a partial verticalization early, probably, I don’t know, 2013 or something.
    0:15:25 And then by 2017, I think we did the full, you know, the one we have now.
    0:15:29 It’s fascinating because 15, 20 years ago, things like Y Combinator were getting off the ground.
    0:15:31 And you were this yourself.
    0:15:39 People said there was an arbitrage around young technical founders and this idea that you could teach them the business elements and they could be successful.
    0:15:41 You don’t need to go to MBA to be a successful founder.
    0:15:42 That’s accurate.
    0:15:50 And yet, today, maybe there’s a similar arbitrage around domain experts where the tech has gotten easier and it’s easier to get sort of things off the ground.
    0:15:55 And domain expertise values more and distribution is valued more maybe than it was 15 years ago.
    0:15:57 And maybe that’s true on the founder’s side and on the investor’s side.
    0:16:00 Yeah, although at least until now, I think the question is whether AI is going to change this.
    0:16:04 But at least until now, it still was the case the founders also needed to be very deep in the tech.
    0:16:07 And even the founders that would go out and there was this wave of like design founders, right?
    0:16:09 And it’s like, okay, that’s great.
    0:16:09 The design founders are great.
    0:16:12 It just turns out the successful design founders are also very strong technologists.
    0:16:12 Right.
    0:16:16 And they maybe pretended sometimes that they weren’t because they wanted the design cred.
    0:16:18 But like it turned out, they were actually very deep and substantive.
    0:16:18 Yeah, interested.
    0:16:20 Yeah, these are Ben Silberman and Brian Chesky.
    0:16:23 These guys are like top end technical founders in addition to being great designers.
    0:16:27 And so, yeah, like I would argue, there’s really no escape from deep domain knowledge.
    0:16:35 To your point, I think the question is, okay, if AI makes deep domain knowledge distantly accessible to anybody, you know, if you have 03 deep research or it’s equivalent at your fingertips.
    0:16:40 And if you’re a generalist or a person wearing many hats, like can AI give you the depth when you need it?
    0:16:41 And I don’t know.
    0:16:43 I’m excited to see people try that.
    0:16:44 Yeah.
    0:16:48 It’s a little bit like the debate happening around coding right now, which is, okay, is vibe coding a substitute for like actual coding?
    0:16:48 Right.
    0:16:53 And sitting here today, like vibe coding is like super exciting for casual development.
    0:16:59 But at least right now, all of the really sharp technologists I know don’t think that you can vibe code a top end like software company today.
    0:17:03 But like the coding capabilities of these models are getting really good.
    0:17:05 And so the agents are starting to work.
    0:17:10 And so, you know, the sort of famous Dilbert, which is Dilbert’s boss pitches Dilbert on, they’re going to go start a company together.
    0:17:13 And the boss is like, I’m going to bring the idea and be the manager and you’re going to do the coding.
    0:17:15 And Dilbert’s like, and so what you’re saying is you’re going to contribute nothing.
    0:17:16 Right.
    0:17:23 And so does the existence of like really state of the art AI coding actually change that to Dilbert’s boss all of a sudden can have the AI write the code?
    0:17:24 Yeah.
    0:17:26 And then you get these very entertaining thought experiments.
    0:17:27 Are agents going to get really good writing code?
    0:17:31 And then are you going to be able to have a non-technical person supervising a thousand AI coders?
    0:17:32 Yeah.
    0:17:32 Right.
    0:17:36 And outracing a top end technical person who’s supervising a hundred great coders.
    0:17:36 Right.
    0:17:37 It’s possible.
    0:17:37 We’ll see.
    0:17:39 It’s the era of the ideas guy.
    0:17:39 Yeah.
    0:17:40 Yeah.
    0:17:43 I want to talk about areas where we’ve chosen to play and areas where we haven’t chosen to play.
    0:17:45 So let’s look at internationally.
    0:17:50 We talked about how we pressionally didn’t enter China in ways that other firms did.
    0:17:52 We’re a U.S. firm, American dynamism.
    0:17:58 Europe, when it’s not shooting itself in the foot regulation wise, they’re increasing their defense spend.
    0:17:59 Could you imagine Europe dynamism?
    0:18:07 How have we thought about, and I know there’s big things on the horizon, which we can’t exactly get into right now, but how have we thought about internationally, historically, and how do you think about it going forward?
    0:18:09 The good news is, look, the world is globalizing.
    0:18:11 There’s incredible activity and interest all over the world.
    0:18:13 Like everywhere we go, people want to talk about tech.
    0:18:14 They want to learn about tech.
    0:18:20 Ben saw this more than me, but like when Ben wrote his book and went on a tour, it didn’t matter what country he went to, thousands of kids show up and they want to learn how to do this.
    0:18:26 And look, the internet had a big impact there, which is every kid anywhere in the world now can watch Peter Thiel talks and our podcast and everything else.
    0:18:31 And so I would say global knowledge is way up, global enthusiasm is way up, relevance to societies is way up.
    0:18:33 As you mentioned, like defense, Europe needs to rearm.
    0:18:37 Presumably, they’d be better off rearming with the new systems as opposed to the old systems.
    0:18:40 Drones forms instead of aircraft carriers, right?
    0:18:40 That kind of thing.
    0:18:41 We’ll see.
    0:18:44 And then just the reality, there’s just smart people all over the place.
    0:18:45 And so there’s human capital everywhere.
    0:18:50 I think historians will look back and they’ll just say, wow, the 21st century is really primitive society.
    0:18:54 They had all these smart people all over the world and they never figured out how to actually utilize them, right?
    0:18:56 They never figured out how to identify them and use them.
    0:19:00 And so the startup process is a way to especially get smart young people to do ambitious things.
    0:19:02 So that’s great.
    0:19:02 It’s all fantastic.
    0:19:06 Against that is just this incredible drag by bad governments and bad policies.
    0:19:13 As you mentioned, Europe, you’re persistent shooting itself, not just in the foot, but in the other foot and in the ankle and in the knee and in the gut.
    0:19:18 And they’re just on this absolute frenzy to regulate and kill tech in Europe, the UK.
    0:19:19 And they’re proud of it.
    0:19:19 And they’re proud of it.
    0:19:20 Like they’re very proud of it.
    0:19:25 Yes, the actual European line now is we quote, this is in the FT, this is an actual quote from a European senior politician.
    0:19:30 We know we cannot be the global leader in tech innovation, so therefore we will be the global leader in tech regulation.
    0:19:39 And so you just imagine being like a German or French tech founder and reading that, just being like, oh, God, to get to the U.S. embassy and apply for a visa as fast as possible, right?
    0:19:40 And in fact, that’s what’s happened.
    0:19:44 As a consequence, a lot of these really curious, bright people basically end up moving to the U.S.
    0:19:47 And so we’ve been an enormous beneficiary as a country and as a firm of that.
    0:19:49 And so that remains a really big challenge.
    0:19:55 It’s interesting to watch in the U.K. right now because I thought under the previous government they were going to become enlightened and bring in.
    0:19:56 And they did the opposite.
    0:19:58 Like they tried to ban AI and they said they were going to liberalize crypto.
    0:19:59 They never did.
    0:20:01 But the new government, they say they’re going to open up some of this stuff.
    0:20:03 They still want to keep all the regulations.
    0:20:04 But they say that they want economic growth.
    0:20:06 So we’ll see the defense stuff.
    0:20:06 Yeah.
    0:20:07 I mean, there’s already a dispute.
    0:20:09 This is just in the headlines.
    0:20:09 There’s already a dispute.
    0:20:15 If Europe cranks their defense spending up to 5% of GDP, which they’re supposed to, will they buy any of that from U.S.?
    0:20:17 Will it only be purchased from indigenous European defense vendors?
    0:20:19 So it’s already becoming part of the whole trade war.
    0:20:20 Yeah.
    0:20:26 I mean, look, I think most of the state of the world is very, at least for what we do, it’s high caliber people being held back by being in bad systems.
    0:20:26 Yeah.
    0:20:31 And what is our criteria for opening up offices in other places more generally?
    0:20:31 Yeah.
    0:20:35 So basically there’s two kinds of activities that make sense for a firm like us to do internationally, I think.
    0:20:36 Maybe three.
    0:20:38 One is just sales is the crude term.
    0:20:40 We dress it up with fancy words.
    0:20:40 Business development.
    0:20:41 Yeah.
    0:20:41 Go to market.
    0:20:43 A lot of the market is global for all of our companies.
    0:20:46 And so helping our companies succeed and build up businesses globally.
    0:20:47 And we’ve been doing that from the beginning.
    0:20:49 And that’s always an important thing.
    0:20:50 Two is investing.
    0:20:51 And look, we’ve invested.
    0:20:53 We’ve always been, I would say, other than China.
    0:20:55 Generally, we’ve been open investing in many places in the world.
    0:20:57 And we have investments in a lot of places.
    0:20:58 Very recently, a withdrawal in France.
    0:20:59 Yeah, exactly.
    0:21:02 But we’ve made investments in the past in Vietnam and lots of other interesting places.
    0:21:03 We’ll go where the flow is.
    0:21:13 You know, having said that, again, just because of this kind of political dynamic has just been striking over the last 30 years, how many great founders who could have stayed in country X and started a company there have just moved to the U.S. instead.
    0:21:13 Yeah.
    0:21:19 And so we just, from a practical standpoint, have tended to emphasize U.S. investing because we figure we’ll get most of the best of the global founders anyway.
    0:21:19 Yeah.
    0:21:23 And then maybe the third thing, we’re not really active on this right now, but we’re very active now in U.S. policy.
    0:21:26 But, you know, there are these policy issues all over the world.
    0:21:32 Do we need to go get more, insert ourselves more into God help us European politics or whatever?
    0:21:34 And then there’s a question, you know, can we, as Americans, are we allowed to?
    0:21:35 Yeah.
    0:21:37 Well, I know we’ve only done this sort of kicking and screaming.
    0:21:39 This was not our intent, even on the U.S. side.
    0:21:45 But talk a little bit about how just a little tech concept, is this sort of different from big tech, sort of emerged in our thinking.
    0:21:46 Yeah.
    0:21:49 So basically, this also goes right back to this thing of the tech industry kind of changing around 2010.
    0:22:00 So in the era between, call it 1950 to 2010, when the industry was in what was called tool phase, chips and word processors and routers and spreadsheets and things like that, startup tech particularly was never really a salient political topic.
    0:22:03 Really, the only time I would ever enter politics really was with antitrust.
    0:22:03 Yeah.
    0:22:13 And so it was like a really big deal in the 90s when the government dug into Microsoft because that case was a big deal, but also because it was a very rare case of the government actually caring about tech and wanting to become involved.
    0:22:17 And so there was sort of a state of sort of, I would say, I don’t know, benign neglect or something up until 2010.
    0:22:21 And by the way, in both directions, like the Valley companies never thought it was important to go to D.C.
    0:22:23 The D.C. companies didn’t really think the Valley companies mattered.
    0:22:27 And then, yeah, that all started changing in around, I don’t know, probably 2012, 2013.
    0:22:32 You had this sort of increasing political, I would call, I don’t know, energizing happening just, you know, in general.
    0:22:38 And you started getting this anti-tech narrative, started getting more political, got wrapped up in the Occupy Wall Street 1% thing.
    0:22:40 And one of these tech people is just as bad as the finance people.
    0:22:44 The FT just ran a big story saying the tech people are now definitively worse than the finance people.
    0:22:46 I read this story twice and I still don’t understand it.
    0:22:50 But the gist of it was something like at least the finance people you can have dinner with and it’s fun.
    0:22:50 Right.
    0:22:52 Whereas the tech people are just like all.
    0:22:56 Or sometimes they say at least the finance people know that they’re money motivated or something, whereas the tech people have the delusion.
    0:22:58 Yeah, they’re saying sanctimonious and insufferable, which, you know.
    0:23:00 Sometimes.
    0:23:01 Maybe there’s a little bit of truth to that.
    0:23:03 But yeah, it started to kind of energize then.
    0:23:06 And then really, you know, the takeoff was 2015, 2016.
    0:23:07 And it was really Trump.
    0:23:12 It was really Trump’s nomination and election that really radicalized a pretty big block of political actors in the country against tech.
    0:23:18 And then, by the way, the way I would describe the last decade is the left got like super angry at tech because of Trump and because of inequality and all these other things.
    0:23:22 And then the right got super mad at tech because the right thought the tech was all on the left.
    0:23:22 Yeah.
    0:23:23 Right.
    0:23:27 And so we’d go talk to Republicans and they would basically say, yeah, we agree with you, but like you’re all Democrats.
    0:23:29 So, you know, F off.
    0:23:30 Yeah.
    0:23:31 They thought it was very entertaining.
    0:23:33 Social media was the tip of the spear of that for about five years.
    0:23:40 And then in the last five years, crypto became incredibly politicized and the U.S. government basically launched a full-on war against it, tried to kill it.
    0:23:45 And then AI got just like incredibly politicized starting basically right around 2021, 2022.
    0:23:48 And the government was moving in very hard on AI.
    0:23:52 And for us, it was the combination of crypto and AI that got us like extremely alarmed.
    0:23:54 And so we decided we had to become involved.
    0:24:02 But like I said, there’s specific point issues in both of those domains, but there’s just this general kind of thing, which is like, all right, we always wanted to build things that matter.
    0:24:03 It turns out these things matter.
    0:24:09 And as a consequence, like we’re either going to show up and explain ourselves or other people who hate us are going to describe us.
    0:24:13 And so what we’ve done is we’ve generalized that idea out into what we call the little tech agenda.
    0:24:13 Yeah.
    0:24:15 And the first part of that is the little tech.
    0:24:18 And we say little tech specifically is differentiated from big tech.
    0:24:19 I like that it creates a cleavage.
    0:24:20 Yeah, that’s right.
    0:24:21 That was another thing we discovered.
    0:24:26 That was a result of kind of our early interactions like four or five years ago in D.C., which is just, they were just like, well, tech is tech.
    0:24:27 You know, just meet with them on behalf of startups.
    0:24:29 And they start yelling at us about Google or something.
    0:24:30 And it’s like, we’re not here representing Google.
    0:24:31 And it’s like, that’s tech.
    0:24:33 And by the way, it was a startup 20 years ago.
    0:24:33 Right.
    0:24:37 And we’re just like, well, look, Google, they have 10,000 players and policy people and compliance people.
    0:24:38 Like, they’ve got their own.
    0:24:38 Right.
    0:24:39 They can carry their own water.
    0:24:40 That’s not what we’re here for.
    0:24:46 And in fact, a lot of what the venture ecosystem does is it funds competitors to big tech.
    0:24:47 Yeah, we’re disrupting big tech.
    0:24:55 And this is the story I always tell in D.C., which is 100% true, which is the caricature of this sort of reckless Silicon Valley, is that we’re starting companies that go disrupt whatever, health care or something.
    0:24:58 I said, most of what our founders are trying to disrupt is big tech.
    0:24:58 Yeah.
    0:25:04 And I said, frankly, big tech companies, I would say they have a love-hate, we like them, but they have a love-hate relationship with us because we’re the escape hatch.
    0:25:09 If there’s somebody at a big tech company that basically gets frustrated, they come to us to raise money to start a company to compete with their former employer.
    0:25:10 Right.
    0:25:13 And so big tech is not always in favor of us.
    0:25:16 And then look, big tech, they just have become very big companies and they have their own agendas.
    0:25:22 And a lot of big companies over time try to form cartel, basically, structures to prevent new competitors and startups from emerging.
    0:25:26 And so we just noticed in more and more cases, there was a divergence of interests.
    0:25:28 That actually turned out to help a lot the minute we figured that out.
    0:25:30 And then we sort of coined this little tech thing and kind of ran with it.
    0:25:34 Like immediately, that was like the icebreaker because everybody in D.C. hates big tech.
    0:25:35 They only agree on two things.
    0:25:36 They only agree on big tech and China.
    0:25:39 This is the only two things they agree on, but they really agree on those things.
    0:25:41 And a big tech, they just all hate big tech.
    0:25:44 And so the minute we say we’re not here on behalf of big tech, we’re on behalf of little tech.
    0:25:46 And in fact, our companies attack big tech.
    0:25:47 We get like these huge smiles.
    0:25:48 Totally, yeah.
    0:25:50 They’re like, oh, wow, tech startups are actually good, right?
    0:25:51 It’s actually, this is actually exciting.
    0:25:51 Yeah.
    0:25:52 So that’s a little tech side.
    0:25:55 And then the agenda side is, it’s essentially freedom to innovate, right?
    0:25:55 Right.
    0:26:03 So ability for companies in new fields that are not completely yet well understood that lawmakers of the past did not anticipate that they should actually be able to operate.
    0:26:07 And then the other maybe important thing is we’re not like lobbying for no regulation, right?
    0:26:13 So sometimes we get tagged by, you know, we’re these crazy libertarians and we want these companies to just run wild and like commit fraud and do all this crazy stuff.
    0:26:15 And that’s not what we’re pushing for.
    0:26:15 We want clarity.
    0:26:16 We want clarity.
    0:26:16 We want clarity.
    0:26:17 We want clarity.
    0:26:18 We want clear guidelines.
    0:26:19 We want sensible rules.
    0:26:22 We always tell these people like consumer protection regulation, go crazy.
    0:26:24 Like 100%, no problem.
    0:26:25 That’s all good.
    0:26:27 In fact, we want that because we want our companies to be compliant.
    0:26:29 We certainly don’t want our companies committing fraud.
    0:26:35 By the way, the other thing we don’t want is we don’t want our compliant companies competing with non-compliant companies that aren’t getting regulated or prosecuted.
    0:26:35 Yeah.
    0:26:39 We are advocating on behalf of regulation as often as we’re doing anything else.
    0:26:39 Yeah.
    0:26:40 You know, it’s funny.
    0:26:52 On Twitter, there was this sort of Paul Graham Palantir dust up the other week, which I thought was just pretty symbolic or emblematic, not to pick on Paul, but it was sort of like older Silicon Valley versus newer Silicon Valley or just like how the space has changed.
    0:26:54 You know, Palantir has to work with the government.
    0:26:55 They’re building hard tech.
    0:26:58 It’s not just sort of put something up and talk to customers right away.
    0:27:01 And Paul Graham has been in England for quite a bit.
    0:27:03 You know, YC is still innovating, doing fantastic things.
    0:27:11 But I just thought that was such a fascinating example of how Silicon Valley is evolving, which is just new kinds of companies, new kinds of go-to-markets, new kinds of sort of ethos.
    0:27:11 That’s right.
    0:27:14 And so the specific dust up, I think, was over Palantir working with ICE.
    0:27:15 Yes.
    0:27:16 The U.S. government immigration agency.
    0:27:18 So this is a generational change.
    0:27:19 I think this is a very deep and profound change.
    0:27:31 And there’s a generational aspect of this, which is basically, so the U.S. tech industry and startup industry in Silicon Valley were basically deeply intertwined with the defense and intelligence, the sort of deep state defense and intelligence agencies in particular, the federal government.
    0:27:36 Really, if you go all the way back, Steve Blank has these incredible videos, essays where he goes through all this all the way back.
    0:27:38 Silicon Valley actually started in like the 1920s.
    0:27:39 And it was like defense tech in the 1920s.
    0:27:45 It was like radar, right, and like early missile guidance systems and avionic systems and things like that in like the 20s and 30s.
    0:27:51 And then from that time through to like basically the 1960s, it was just assumed that there was this very deep relationship.
    0:27:56 And, you know, this whole war, and of course, industry and government have to work together to build all these systems to defeat the Soviets.
    0:28:03 One of the first computers literally was called SAGE, which was a U.S. government project, a giant mainframe computer for missile early warning systems.
    0:28:08 So it was just assumed that this was all kind of hand in hand, and then really what happened was it was Vietnam.
    0:28:16 So Vietnam was the first modern war where you had this massive protest movement, and then the college campuses went wild with this anti-war movement and all that stuff.
    0:28:26 And what happened, if you talk to people who were involved back then, basically what happened was the leading edge American universities that did science and technology were doing military science and technology, and many of them just stopped.
    0:28:33 So like Stanford, there’s this thing called Stanford Research Institute, SRI, that’s actually no longer associated with Stanford because it’s the remnants of what used to be Stanford’s military R&D.
    0:28:36 MIT had something similar with the Lincoln Lab.
    0:28:42 And so that created a culture, and the Valley was always been a mix of right and left wing, but, you know, the hippie anti-war movement, a lot of it was in California.
    0:28:43 Right.
    0:28:45 A lot of it was at Stanford and Berkeley specifically.
    0:28:48 And so there was just this mood shift, I guess.
    0:28:49 We have the vibe shift now.
    0:28:52 So in those days, it was like probably the groove shift like that, right?
    0:28:53 So it’s called the groove shift.
    0:28:56 So the groove shift 50 years ago was no more work with the military.
    0:28:57 No more—U.S. government is evil.
    0:29:07 The U.S. government is an evil, colonial, oppressive power wreaking havoc overseas, and it would be better to have, like, disarmament and basically pacifism, and the U.S. should sort of give up all these foreign engagements.
    0:29:10 And that was a very hot, very hot political topic because the Soviet Union was still up and running.
    0:29:15 But anyway, as a result, like a lot of these universities—and then as a result, a lot of the companies just basically disengaged.
    0:29:16 They just weren’t willing to do that.
    0:29:19 Another topic that became very hot at the time was ROTC recruiting.
    0:29:25 So the military used to just actively recruit for new officers on these campuses, and a lot of these colleges outlawed that 50 years ago.
    0:29:28 Anyway, so I would say Paul is a very bright guy.
    0:29:34 Paul is from that era, not the Vietnam era, but, like, the arc that followed, like, in the 80s and 90s when it was just universally assumed.
    0:29:34 Right.
    0:29:39 That, of course, you don’t try to enable the military industrial complex defense agencies.
    0:29:41 I never really felt that way, and I don’t know.
    0:29:43 Maybe it’s just—I don’t know where I grew up or whatever, but I never really felt that way.
    0:29:45 But I knew I was swimming in those waters for a long time.
    0:29:48 My company, Netscape, was always very active with defense and intelligence.
    0:29:49 We always leaned hard into it.
    0:29:53 It’s the only real thing that you’re—Alex Scarf, I think, is a national hero.
    0:29:56 The one thing when he does is he sees Palantir as the first company that’s ever done this.
    0:30:00 And I’m like, no, no, we were doing it 10 years earlier, but that’s okay.
    0:30:01 He gets tons of credit.
    0:30:08 And so anyway, so I would say Paul represents that, call it, I don’t know, neo-hippie 80s and 90s phase, where it’s just clearly you don’t do this.
    0:30:12 And then to your point, now the Vive Shift is now more recently with, you know, Palantir and Andrel.
    0:30:17 And again, to give Alex Karp huge credit, give, you know, Ryan Schiff and Palmer Luckey huge credit.
    0:30:19 Peter, you know, these guys really led the way on this.
    0:30:22 And so, yeah, of course you work with them because, number one, you’re a business and they’re a customer,
    0:30:26 and you shouldn’t be, like, sitting there as, like, moral judge for, like, every single customer.
    0:30:26 Yeah.
    0:30:30 Because how are you going to do business if you’re just sitting there having these moral conversations all day long?
    0:30:33 And then number two, it’s like, all right, these national missions actually matter, right?
    0:30:41 And the border one is very inflammatory, but I should say most people in the history of civilization have thought that borders are an important and valid thing going back many thousands of years.
    0:30:45 And then, yeah, I mean, is the world a safer place because the U.S. is in it versus not?
    0:30:47 And because the U.S. military is strong versus weak?
    0:30:50 And do we want to protect ourselves against terror attacks?
    0:30:50 Yeah.
    0:30:53 So I think there’s a lot of us that are like, oh, clearly we want to do those things.
    0:30:56 I’m encouraged by it because I think things are headed in the right direction according to what I want.
    0:31:00 But I also recognize that these are serious underlying moral, philosophical, ethical questions.
    0:31:02 And I, like, I don’t question Paul’s intent.
    0:31:06 I think when he says those things, he’s operating out of a very strong sense of ethics and morals.
    0:31:06 Right.
    0:31:07 Totally.
    0:31:09 I disagree with him.
    0:31:09 Yes.
    0:31:13 Software has eaten the world and it didn’t stop at social networks or marketplaces, right?
    0:31:15 It got into, or internet marketplaces, it got into everything.
    0:31:15 Yeah.
    0:31:19 And in fact, what happens, if you go to D.C. and if you talk to people who run the defense intelligence agencies in D.C.,
    0:31:23 almost every topic that they talk about or think about has a major tech component to it.
    0:31:23 Yeah.
    0:31:25 Like almost every single one.
    0:31:29 Just the Ukrainian battlefield is a completely new kind of battlefield because of all this new drone technology.
    0:31:30 Right.
    0:31:30 And all these things.
    0:31:36 That’s basically true for, like, every area of, basically, national geopolitical policy has a big tech component to it.
    0:31:37 Right.
    0:31:39 And of course, my approach is, obviously, we should be in the middle of that.
    0:31:42 And obviously, we should be investing against that and trying to help those things happen.
    0:31:44 But I understand why people get uncomfortable with it.
    0:31:44 Yeah.
    0:31:46 That’s a perfect place to wrap our conversation at OP Summit.
    0:31:47 Mark, thanks so much.
    0:31:47 Thank you, Eric.
    0:31:52 Thanks for listening to the A16Z podcast.
    0:31:58 If you enjoyed the episode, let us know by leaving a review at ratethispodcast.com slash A16Z.
    0:32:00 We’ve got more great conversations coming your way.
    0:32:01 See you next time.
    0:32:36 Thank you.

    What does it take to build a venture firm from scratch—and scale it across multiple waves of technological and cultural change?

    In this special episode recorded at the a16z LP Summit, Marc Andreessen joins Erik Torenberg for a conversation on the origins and evolution of Andreessen Horowitz. From raising Fund I during the depths of the 2008 financial crisis to shaping the firm’s multistage, multi-sector strategy, Marc reflects on how the firm was built—and rebuilt—as the tech landscape shifted.

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  • Krista Williams & Lindsey Simcik: When Friendship Is a Business Superpower | Entrepreneurship | E353

    AI transcript
    0:00:03 How did being an entrepreneur, like, change you on your journey?
    0:00:04 Being an entrepreneur is not easy.
    0:00:06 The entrepreneur has a different type of mindset.
    0:00:09 The number one thing that you can remember and accept in life
    0:00:12 is that your friendships are going to change, and that’s okay.
    0:00:14 We started recording on our closet floors.
    0:00:17 It was not perfect. It was not organized.
    0:00:19 It was a mess, but it felt so right.
    0:00:22 So if we had waited to start until we got a studio,
    0:00:25 had the business all set up and the strategy right,
    0:00:26 like, we would have never started.
    0:00:27 A lot of people want to be an entrepreneur
    0:00:29 for the idea of what being an entrepreneur
    0:00:32 is, they kind of see what’s happening online on social media.
    0:00:34 They’re like, oh, you work from home,
    0:00:36 or you work on the beach, or it’s sexy.
    0:00:38 It’s not like that.
    0:00:42 Why do you feel like most of these business marriages don’t work?
    0:00:44 If we just love each other, this will be fine, right?
    0:00:46 But then you get into the marriage, and you’re like,
    0:00:47 oh, this is a lot of work.
    0:00:49 The most important thing that people need to look for
    0:00:52 in relationship for entrepreneurs is
    0:00:55 when we first started, I was so insecure about it.
    0:00:58 But I think what I realized was that as an entrepreneur,
    0:01:01 you’re meant to, if I know if I can make this much here,
    0:01:03 if you give me 40 hours a week, like, watch me.
    0:01:06 Like, there’s no limits how much money I can make.
    0:01:08 If you guys go do your own things,
    0:01:10 do you get jealous or competitive ever?
    0:01:12 It’s all going to come out right now.
    0:01:31 Young and Profiters, welcome back to the show.
    0:01:34 Today, we’ve got an in-person episode
    0:01:37 with Krista Williams and Lindsay Simczyk,
    0:01:39 who are the hosts of the Almost 30 podcast.
    0:01:42 Now, this is a podcast that they started nine years ago
    0:01:44 on their closet floor.
    0:01:47 Now, it’s one of the top podcasts in the world.
    0:01:49 They’ve got a thriving online community.
    0:01:52 They’ve got so many different revenue streams.
    0:01:54 They’ve built an incredible business around their podcast.
    0:01:56 So in this episode, we’re going to talk all about that.
    0:01:58 We’re going to talk about career pivots,
    0:02:01 the pivotal period of your Saturn return
    0:02:04 right before your 30s, and how you can navigate that.
    0:02:06 We’re also going to talk about relationships,
    0:02:09 work marriages, and so much more.
    0:02:10 We get really deep in this conversation.
    0:02:12 I think you guys are going to love it.
    0:02:14 Without further delay, here’s my conversation
    0:02:15 with Krista and Lindsay.
    0:02:18 Welcome to Young and Profiting Podcast, Krista and Lindsay.
    0:02:19 Thank you.
    0:02:21 We’re so excited to have you guys.
    0:02:21 So excited.
    0:02:24 So as I was researching for this interview,
    0:02:27 I found out that you guys say that you’re in a marriage.
    0:02:30 And you guys recently joined the App Media Network.
    0:02:32 You know that I also have a business partner, Jason.
    0:02:34 I always feel like we’re married,
    0:02:37 even though we’re not romantically married.
    0:02:40 But talk to me about why you guys call yourself a marriage
    0:02:42 and what does that really entail?
    0:02:46 When you’re in business with your best friend, especially,
    0:02:50 there are so many layers to the dynamic.
    0:02:52 And in a marriage, as you know, when you get married,
    0:02:57 you share finances, you share just deep growth
    0:02:59 and learning in all aspects of your life.
    0:03:01 And when you become entrepreneurs as best friends,
    0:03:05 you start to share finances first and foremost.
    0:03:07 And then you get into the deep work
    0:03:11 of becoming confident, successful entrepreneurs,
    0:03:16 which requires you to really look at every aspect of yourself
    0:03:19 and every aspect of how you are in a relationship.
    0:03:22 So Krista and I have been through therapy.
    0:03:23 Oh my gosh.
    0:03:24 Through coaching.
    0:03:29 We have had really, really hard conversations about finances,
    0:03:31 about our vision for the future,
    0:03:34 about what’s working and what’s not working.
    0:03:39 And so there have been many times where like the lines are blurred.
    0:03:42 I’m like, I kind of want to be more of your friend right now.
    0:03:43 Yeah.
    0:03:44 But we’re in a business conversation.
    0:03:45 Yeah.
    0:03:45 And vice versa.
    0:03:50 So it’s been something we always have to actively participate in
    0:03:51 and actively work on.
    0:03:52 Yeah.
    0:03:53 If you think about our marriage,
    0:03:55 almost 30 is our baby.
    0:03:55 Yeah.
    0:03:56 So with parents,
    0:03:59 sometimes we prioritize almost 30,
    0:04:00 our baby over our relationship.
    0:04:04 And so we’re more in that role of the parents of our baby
    0:04:05 than we are as friends.
    0:04:08 And so it’s sometimes felt like we’ve lost sight of friendship
    0:04:09 because we’re so focused on the business
    0:04:11 and the growth of the business.
    0:04:13 And we also have to focus on aligning our dreams
    0:04:14 and visions for the future.
    0:04:14 Yeah.
    0:04:15 In a marriage,
    0:04:17 you have to continue to come back to like,
    0:04:17 where are we going?
    0:04:18 How are you feeling?
    0:04:19 Where are we going?
    0:04:21 And we have to do that all the time.
    0:04:22 So whenever people want to start businesses
    0:04:23 with their best friends,
    0:04:26 I’m always hesitant to tell them to do so
    0:04:30 because most of the time it fails when people do that.
    0:04:31 And we’ve been really lucky.
    0:04:32 We put in the work during the process
    0:04:35 and it’s been the most beautiful relationship of my life,
    0:04:36 but it’s not easy.
    0:04:37 Wow.
    0:04:39 I love that you guys are sharing this with us
    0:04:40 because it’s so interesting.
    0:04:44 Why do you feel like most of these business marriages
    0:04:47 with your best friends don’t work?
    0:04:48 What makes you guys work?
    0:04:50 So I think for most of us,
    0:04:52 the ideas that we were told about marriage
    0:04:54 were from Disney movies,
    0:04:54 were from media,
    0:04:56 were these ideas of marriage and relationships
    0:04:59 that are not actually real or supportive
    0:05:00 of healthy dynamics and relationships.
    0:05:01 You know,
    0:05:04 we could essentially be in an unhealthy marriage forever,
    0:05:05 she and I.
    0:05:06 But what we want for our lives
    0:05:07 is to be happy,
    0:05:08 to be fulfilled,
    0:05:09 to do something great.
    0:05:11 So now we came into our relationship,
    0:05:12 our marriage,
    0:05:14 with the idea of marriage being something
    0:05:14 where you sacrifice,
    0:05:16 you’re not in alignment,
    0:05:17 you don’t speak your truth,
    0:05:19 you don’t ask for what you want,
    0:05:21 you don’t create something amazing.
    0:05:23 And so a lot of people go in with that thought,
    0:05:25 like this will just work without work.
    0:05:26 Yeah.
    0:05:27 I went into my previous marriage,
    0:05:28 I was married,
    0:05:29 and I kind of had that idea,
    0:05:31 if we just love each other,
    0:05:32 this will be fine, right?
    0:05:33 But then you get into the marriage,
    0:05:33 and you’re like,
    0:05:35 oh, this is a lot of work,
    0:05:36 a lot of checking in with myself,
    0:05:37 checking in with you,
    0:05:39 realigning our values.
    0:05:41 And so if you go into a business partnership
    0:05:44 without checking in on the relationship,
    0:05:45 checking in on the values,
    0:05:47 checking in on the direction of where you’re going,
    0:05:48 it’s not going to work.
    0:05:49 Something’s going to happen,
    0:05:50 you’re going to build up resentment,
    0:05:53 and you’re probably going to end up breaking up.
    0:05:54 I think the most important thing
    0:05:55 that people need to look for
    0:05:57 in relationship for entrepreneurs
    0:05:59 is being able to communicate.
    0:06:00 Just like a marriage,
    0:06:01 the number one thing in relationship
    0:06:02 is communication.
    0:06:04 You need to be talking about
    0:06:04 how you’re feeling,
    0:06:05 what’s coming up for you,
    0:06:06 what you want,
    0:06:07 where you want to go,
    0:06:08 what works for you,
    0:06:09 what doesn’t work for you.
    0:06:11 And we’ve really focused on our communication
    0:06:13 and communicating respectfully
    0:06:15 and with love and with intention.
    0:06:16 And that’s been the biggest thing
    0:06:17 that’s really kept us together.
    0:06:19 That’s so interesting.
    0:06:20 Talk to me about the communicating
    0:06:22 with love and respect.
    0:06:24 So if you guys are having a disagreement,
    0:06:25 how do you guys approach it?
    0:06:28 Yeah, we coined this phrase
    0:06:29 called clearing conversations.
    0:06:32 So this practice where
    0:06:34 there’s usually something funky in the air.
    0:06:36 We’re kind of feeling like something is off
    0:06:39 and we will schedule a walk.
    0:06:40 And a walk,
    0:06:42 because I think sitting down
    0:06:42 across from each other,
    0:06:43 staring into each other’s eyes
    0:06:45 can be very intense
    0:06:48 and kind of activate the body
    0:06:51 in a way that doesn’t really support honesty
    0:06:53 and flow in a conversation.
    0:06:55 So oftentimes we’ll go on a walk.
    0:06:56 We’re moving our bodies.
    0:06:58 We’re next to each other
    0:07:00 and we’re able to look at each other,
    0:07:01 but also like give each other a break.
    0:07:05 And our intention in these clearing conversations
    0:07:07 is to bring truth and respect,
    0:07:09 to be a great listener
    0:07:13 and really have it be an experience
    0:07:14 of us against the problem
    0:07:16 rather than Krista’s the issue.
    0:07:17 We got to get to the bottom of it.
    0:07:19 And that’s really helped us
    0:07:21 because we all have egos.
    0:07:22 It’s a thing.
    0:07:24 And so when you approach a problem,
    0:07:25 it’s easy to be like,
    0:07:27 you know, you did this to me
    0:07:29 and you made me feel this way.
    0:07:30 But in these clearing conversations,
    0:07:33 we are very intentional to use I statements.
    0:07:34 The story I’m telling myself
    0:07:36 is that you don’t care
    0:07:38 about this part of the business
    0:07:40 and I have to take it all on by myself.
    0:07:42 And in sharing these I statements,
    0:07:45 I’m able to see under the hood
    0:07:48 of like what’s been turning in Krista’s mind.
    0:07:50 And then I’m able to say,
    0:07:52 oh, wow, if I believe that,
    0:07:53 I would be feeling that way too.
    0:07:56 And it just gives us an opportunity
    0:07:57 to not only share our experience,
    0:07:58 but then to listen.
    0:08:00 You know, I think both of us
    0:08:01 are really great listeners
    0:08:02 and we listen with our heart
    0:08:04 rather than our minds
    0:08:05 thinking of what to say next.
    0:08:07 So the clearing conversation,
    0:08:09 I think, is essential for any friendship,
    0:08:10 any business partnership,
    0:08:13 any marriage as a standard in a relationship.
    0:08:16 So I got a chance to get to know you guys
    0:08:17 because we were doing negotiations
    0:08:18 for Yap Media.
    0:08:20 You just joined my network,
    0:08:21 which is just so exciting.
    0:08:21 We’re so excited.
    0:08:24 And it seems like you guys
    0:08:25 wear totally different hats.
    0:08:27 Like I remember at one point,
    0:08:28 Lindsay was like,
    0:08:30 I’m going to handle the contract stuff
    0:08:31 and you have your own stuff
    0:08:32 that you’re handling.
    0:08:32 So talk to us about
    0:08:34 how you divide the labor
    0:08:35 and how you think of that
    0:08:36 with your company.
    0:08:37 Yeah, I think getting clarity on that
    0:08:38 is really important
    0:08:40 for any business in general
    0:08:42 and for really any business partners,
    0:08:42 especially.
    0:08:43 For us,
    0:08:45 the way that we delegated roles
    0:08:46 happened naturally,
    0:08:48 but happened very early on.
    0:08:49 So my experience was in the corporate.
    0:08:51 I worked in finance management consulting
    0:08:53 and I actually was doing
    0:08:55 some brand deals on the side
    0:08:56 as a blogger.
    0:08:58 And Lindsay was an actress.
    0:08:59 She worked at SoulCycle.
    0:09:00 She was an amazing performer.
    0:09:01 She knew a lot about production.
    0:09:02 She knew a lot about performance.
    0:09:04 She brought a lot to the table
    0:09:05 from the aspects of the business
    0:09:06 of creativity
    0:09:08 that I didn’t really have access to.
    0:09:09 So early on,
    0:09:09 I was like,
    0:09:10 I’m going to take on more
    0:09:11 of the business strategic part
    0:09:13 because that’s where I was living before.
    0:09:14 So I actually had it backwards.
    0:09:15 You’re part of the business.
    0:09:15 Got it.
    0:09:15 Okay.
    0:09:17 And then Lindsay brought
    0:09:18 more of the creativity.
    0:09:20 So when we started building the business,
    0:09:23 it was like both of us working together
    0:09:23 and then we saw
    0:09:25 where we were fitting naturally
    0:09:26 and we claimed the domains.
    0:09:27 And over the years,
    0:09:29 we had to reclaim domains
    0:09:29 of where we are
    0:09:30 and where we work
    0:09:32 because we were trying to overlap
    0:09:33 for quite a bit
    0:09:34 and that doesn’t really support us.
    0:09:34 You know,
    0:09:35 it doesn’t really help for us
    0:09:37 to both be two cooks in the kitchen.
    0:09:39 So I’m more strategy.
    0:09:40 I’m more of the partnerships.
    0:09:42 I’m more of the overall ideas
    0:09:42 that we have
    0:09:43 that move the business forward.
    0:09:44 And Lindsay is so helpful
    0:09:45 with the creativity.
    0:09:46 She’s so helpful
    0:09:48 with the relationship with the team.
    0:09:50 She’s a great communicator with the team.
    0:09:51 So there’s just stuff
    0:09:52 that she’s naturally good at
    0:09:53 that she brings to the business.
    0:09:53 Yeah.
    0:09:54 Do you guys,
    0:09:56 have you ever heard of Mind Pump,
    0:09:56 the podcast?
    0:09:57 Yes, of course.
    0:09:57 Okay.
    0:09:59 So Adam Schaefer came on my show.
    0:09:59 Love them.
    0:10:00 And it’s four guys
    0:10:01 that talk about fitness,
    0:10:02 health.
    0:10:03 And he was telling me
    0:10:05 that they’re invested
    0:10:07 in all of their businesses together
    0:10:08 outside of just the podcast.
    0:10:11 So they all invest in real estate,
    0:10:11 stocks.
    0:10:13 One of them wrote a book.
    0:10:14 They all get royalties
    0:10:16 even though they did nothing for the book.
    0:10:17 And they’re just embedded
    0:10:18 in business together
    0:10:20 no matter what the endeavor is.
    0:10:22 So how do you guys look at it?
    0:10:24 I saw you have like a new YouTube channel.
    0:10:26 If you guys go do your own things,
    0:10:27 how do you think about it?
    0:10:29 And do you get jealous
    0:10:30 or competitive ever?
    0:10:32 It’s all going to come out right now.
    0:10:33 I know, honestly.
    0:10:35 You know, I’ve been thinking about this.
    0:10:38 Well, I think what’s so interesting,
    0:10:40 you know, when we started almost 30,
    0:10:40 we were going through
    0:10:42 a very specific time in our life
    0:10:43 and the show has evolved
    0:10:44 as we have evolved.
    0:10:46 And I think with that evolution too
    0:10:49 comes our own very unique gifts
    0:10:51 and how they want to be expressed
    0:10:51 in the world.
    0:10:54 So Krista has an incredibly successful
    0:10:55 coaching business,
    0:10:56 retreat business,
    0:10:58 and so many of her gifts
    0:11:00 that could not be truly fully expressed
    0:11:01 in Almost 30
    0:11:02 are now being expressed
    0:11:03 through those businesses.
    0:11:05 And I’m exploring this new season
    0:11:07 of my life of motherhood
    0:11:08 and what that might look like
    0:11:10 in a community and brand sense.
    0:11:11 So thankfully,
    0:11:13 we’ve always just been
    0:11:14 very, very supportive of the other.
    0:11:17 I think where the conversation
    0:11:18 comes in between us is,
    0:11:20 okay, we’re in a season right now,
    0:11:21 currently in real time
    0:11:24 of being very full on with the book
    0:11:24 and Almost 30.
    0:11:26 And candidly,
    0:11:27 I don’t have a lot of energy
    0:11:29 to pour into New Mom on the Block
    0:11:30 or anything like that.
    0:11:33 And so we’ve had moments
    0:11:34 where we’re like,
    0:11:35 okay, we’re deciding to be full on.
    0:11:36 We’re going to kind of pull back
    0:11:38 on our other things a little bit
    0:11:40 and just really be focused here.
    0:11:42 And I think that’s important
    0:11:43 and important to share
    0:11:45 what’s tough about this
    0:11:46 and what you’re struggling with
    0:11:47 in your own lanes
    0:11:48 of your own business.
    0:11:50 Because I think we can create stories
    0:11:51 in our heads
    0:11:53 about do they want to like
    0:11:54 go pursue that fully
    0:11:56 and like what’s going to happen
    0:11:57 with Almost 30
    0:11:57 or, you know,
    0:11:59 there’s just a lot of stories
    0:12:00 we can create
    0:12:01 or meaning that we can make
    0:12:02 out of something
    0:12:03 that is not really true.
    0:12:04 So again,
    0:12:05 it all comes back
    0:12:06 to that communication.
    0:12:07 Yeah, and I feel like it would
    0:12:08 only benefit the business.
    0:12:10 You know, her succeeding
    0:12:11 or me succeeding
    0:12:12 is only benefits our business
    0:12:13 that we have together.
    0:12:14 But I think what’s been
    0:12:15 really beautiful about the way
    0:12:16 that we’ve evolved
    0:12:18 is we’ve always been like sovereign.
    0:12:19 You know, I think early on
    0:12:20 we were just doing
    0:12:21 everything together.
    0:12:23 We were so just embedded
    0:12:23 in one another
    0:12:25 and we kind of had moments
    0:12:25 where we’re like,
    0:12:27 okay, we are aware
    0:12:28 that this could be for a season.
    0:12:29 This could be for a time period
    0:12:30 in our life.
    0:12:31 We don’t want to be
    0:12:32 so naive to think
    0:12:33 that we’re going to want
    0:12:34 to be in business
    0:12:36 and financial business together
    0:12:37 for the rest of our lives.
    0:12:38 So investing in each other’s
    0:12:39 businesses in that way,
    0:12:40 we have put money
    0:12:41 into things together.
    0:12:42 We have made investments
    0:12:43 in businesses together
    0:12:45 that are longstanding.
    0:12:45 But it’s like,
    0:12:48 I don’t think for me personally
    0:12:49 it feels truthful for me
    0:12:50 to be embedded
    0:12:51 with one person forever
    0:12:53 financially or dream-wise.
    0:12:54 I just like to do
    0:12:55 a lot of things.
    0:12:55 I like to create
    0:12:56 a lot of different things.
    0:12:57 I like to be my own person.
    0:12:58 I never want to be
    0:12:59 boxed in anywhere.
    0:13:01 So that type of business model
    0:13:02 wouldn’t really feel good for me.
    0:13:04 But Almost 30 has helped us
    0:13:05 as a foundation
    0:13:07 show us what we’re good at
    0:13:08 and show us what our audience
    0:13:08 wants more of.
    0:13:09 For motherhood,
    0:13:11 obviously they’re going to see her.
    0:13:12 She’s an amazing mother.
    0:13:13 She’s built an amazing family
    0:13:14 around that.
    0:13:15 So they want more from her
    0:13:15 in that.
    0:13:16 So she’s like,
    0:13:16 okay, cool.
    0:13:18 I’m noticing this thing
    0:13:19 that Almost 30 is providing for me.
    0:13:20 What can I do more of in that?
    0:13:21 Yeah.
    0:13:22 For me, it’s the coaching and retreats.
    0:13:23 How can I build more of this?
    0:13:25 And so it just allows us
    0:13:26 to be more robust
    0:13:26 of who we are
    0:13:27 and evolve in the business
    0:13:29 and pour more into the business
    0:13:30 because we’re happier.
    0:13:30 Yeah.
    0:13:31 You know, if you’re kind of just
    0:13:32 looking to the business
    0:13:34 to feed and satisfy
    0:13:35 every one of your creative needs
    0:13:36 or pursuits,
    0:13:38 that doesn’t feel true for me.
    0:13:40 I think having creativity spark
    0:13:40 and then going
    0:13:42 where it needs to go
    0:13:43 is what I like to do instead.
    0:13:44 I like that you guys
    0:13:45 are doing your own things
    0:13:47 outside of just Almost 30
    0:13:48 because you have been doing this
    0:13:49 for what, nine years now?
    0:13:52 Has there ever been a moment
    0:13:53 where you’re like,
    0:13:54 I just don’t think
    0:13:55 we can do this anymore?
    0:13:56 Was there ever like
    0:13:57 a struggling point?
    0:13:59 Because I know in entrepreneurship
    0:14:00 around the seven-year mark
    0:14:01 gets really tough.
    0:14:03 Did you guys have a tough moment?
    0:14:04 You know what’s funny
    0:14:05 is we’ve been honest
    0:14:06 with each other
    0:14:08 about what life looks like
    0:14:08 past Almost 30,
    0:14:10 but we’ve never had a moment
    0:14:11 where we fought
    0:14:12 or something happened
    0:14:13 where we wanted
    0:14:14 to throw in the towel.
    0:14:15 Like we’ve always been
    0:14:16 very conscious
    0:14:17 about where this process is
    0:14:17 and thankfully
    0:14:18 we have a book coming out.
    0:14:20 So like the book feels
    0:14:21 like such a beautiful rounding
    0:14:22 of the 10 years
    0:14:23 we’ve been doing this.
    0:14:25 It’s like all of our life’s work.
    0:14:26 So we’ve really trusted that
    0:14:28 and I think it’s normal
    0:14:29 to feel like quitting,
    0:14:30 but it’s actually just weird.
    0:14:32 I think that’s what happens for me
    0:14:34 when I’m expressing myself creatively
    0:14:36 in other aspects of my life
    0:14:36 and I’m not holding
    0:14:37 this relationship
    0:14:38 to be the only thing
    0:14:39 that sustains me.
    0:14:41 It’s just like romantic relationships.
    0:14:42 If she’s supposed
    0:14:43 to be everything to me,
    0:14:44 if Almost 30 is supposed
    0:14:45 to be everything to me,
    0:14:46 I’m not going to be satisfied.
    0:14:46 Yeah.
    0:14:47 I need other things.
    0:14:48 I need other people.
    0:14:49 I need other creative outlets
    0:14:51 and because we’ve both done that,
    0:14:52 we both feel satisfied
    0:14:52 and we come back
    0:14:53 to the relationship
    0:14:54 excited to be here.
    0:14:55 Yeah.
    0:14:56 So let’s talk about
    0:14:57 how Almost 30 started
    0:14:58 because I think
    0:15:00 there’s a lot of life lessons
    0:15:00 that we can learn
    0:15:01 in that in itself.
    0:15:03 So tell me about
    0:15:04 how you guys first met
    0:15:05 and came up with the idea
    0:15:06 to start the podcast.
    0:15:06 Yeah.
    0:15:08 So we crossed paths
    0:15:09 at around 27.
    0:15:11 In our late 20s,
    0:15:12 we were going through it.
    0:15:14 The story goes
    0:15:16 that a mutual friend of ours
    0:15:17 introduced Krista and I
    0:15:18 because Krista wanted
    0:15:19 to audition for SoulCycle.
    0:15:23 SoulCycle was a very popular
    0:15:24 trendy workout at the time.
    0:15:25 I was an instructor
    0:15:27 and we got connected
    0:15:29 and I remember the day
    0:15:30 we scheduled a FaceTime.
    0:15:31 Krista scheduled a FaceTime
    0:15:33 and said,
    0:15:33 you know,
    0:15:34 I want to audition
    0:15:35 for SoulCycle.
    0:15:36 I would love to
    0:15:37 just pick your brain,
    0:15:38 understand the process
    0:15:40 and I was happy to do it.
    0:15:42 I was really loving
    0:15:43 my time at Soul
    0:15:45 and just for anyone
    0:15:46 to want to do it,
    0:15:46 I was like,
    0:15:46 yeah,
    0:15:47 it’s amazing.
    0:15:48 Let’s do this.
    0:15:49 So when we had our FaceTime,
    0:15:50 I was like,
    0:15:50 she’s cool.
    0:15:52 Like this felt natural.
    0:15:53 This felt like flow,
    0:15:54 you know,
    0:15:55 and that didn’t happen for me.
    0:15:57 And so we stayed in touch
    0:15:59 and through her process
    0:15:59 of auditioning,
    0:16:01 she didn’t end up getting it,
    0:16:01 but it connected us.
    0:16:03 And then eventually
    0:16:03 she moved to LA
    0:16:05 where we could see
    0:16:06 more of each other
    0:16:08 and really understand
    0:16:09 on a deeper level
    0:16:10 what each other
    0:16:11 was going through.
    0:16:11 And it was a lot.
    0:16:13 We were having
    0:16:14 relationship reckonings.
    0:16:16 We were at war
    0:16:16 with our bodies
    0:16:17 in different ways.
    0:16:18 We were running ourselves
    0:16:19 into the ground.
    0:16:21 We were individuating
    0:16:22 from our family
    0:16:24 and some of our friend groups
    0:16:25 that we no longer
    0:16:26 really felt aligned with.
    0:16:28 It was this upheaval
    0:16:30 that felt like
    0:16:31 everything was crumbling,
    0:16:32 to be honest with you.
    0:16:34 And a lot of people
    0:16:34 go through this
    0:16:35 in their late 20s.
    0:16:36 We wrote a book about it.
    0:16:37 It’s no joke.
    0:16:39 And what we found
    0:16:39 in our friendship
    0:16:40 was this comfort
    0:16:42 and just this healing
    0:16:42 and being able
    0:16:43 to talk about it.
    0:16:45 And so Krista came to me
    0:16:46 one day.
    0:16:47 We were at Bulletproof Coffee,
    0:16:48 which is a cafe.
    0:16:49 I love day fast for you.
    0:16:51 That was one of my favorite spots
    0:16:52 that unfortunately
    0:16:53 does not exist anymore.
    0:16:54 I know.
    0:16:56 And she was like,
    0:16:56 you know,
    0:16:57 I feel like we could
    0:16:58 start a podcast
    0:16:59 talking about the things
    0:17:00 that we’ve been talking about
    0:17:02 just on a daily basis.
    0:17:02 I was like,
    0:17:03 yeah, I’m so down.
    0:17:04 I’ve always been someone
    0:17:06 that if you bring me
    0:17:06 a creative project,
    0:17:07 I’m like, let’s do it.
    0:17:09 And I never really think about
    0:17:10 if it’s going to be a thing.
    0:17:11 If it lights me up,
    0:17:12 I’m down.
    0:17:14 So we started recording
    0:17:15 on our closet floors,
    0:17:17 sometimes in Krista’s
    0:17:18 studio apartment in Venice,
    0:17:20 next to like laundry
    0:17:21 and whatever.
    0:17:22 there was no,
    0:17:23 was there a light in there?
    0:17:24 There was no oxygen.
    0:17:25 I know that.
    0:17:26 It wasn’t video back then.
    0:17:26 No.
    0:17:28 Even when I started in 2018,
    0:17:29 no video.
    0:17:29 No video,
    0:17:30 which was the dream.
    0:17:31 Yeah, it was so much better.
    0:17:33 I miss that because you just
    0:17:34 got to focus on the content.
    0:17:35 Same.
    0:17:35 Yeah.
    0:17:36 And you just get to rip.
    0:17:37 Yep.
    0:17:38 Like I really miss those days.
    0:17:41 And we were on like a $15 recorder
    0:17:42 just thinking like, okay.
    0:17:43 Sometimes we would record
    0:17:45 on the notes app on our phone.
    0:17:45 Yeah.
    0:17:46 I love that.
    0:17:47 Just have like four episodes
    0:17:48 on the notes app on our phone.
    0:17:50 I was listening the other day
    0:17:50 to like one
    0:17:51 and they were just,
    0:17:54 we’d have friends fake call in
    0:17:55 to the podcast
    0:17:56 and ask for advice.
    0:17:57 Like they’d be like someone,
    0:17:57 we’d be like,
    0:17:58 ask about this.
    0:17:59 And they’d be like,
    0:17:59 hey, I’m Lauren.
    0:18:00 I’m a listener.
    0:18:00 And they were like,
    0:18:01 not a listener.
    0:18:03 It was like someone that we paid,
    0:18:05 like the guest was like my ex
    0:18:06 and his friends.
    0:18:06 And we would just sit
    0:18:08 in these horribly sounding
    0:18:09 conference rooms
    0:18:11 with the worst sound ever,
    0:18:11 just echoing.
    0:18:13 Everyone’s all over the place.
    0:18:13 Yeah, dude.
    0:18:14 It was crazy.
    0:18:15 And just like talk.
    0:18:16 It was not perfect.
    0:18:17 It was not organized.
    0:18:18 It was very just.
    0:18:19 Mess.
    0:18:20 It was a mess,
    0:18:21 but it felt so right.
    0:18:22 We were just moving.
    0:18:24 We were being moved
    0:18:27 by the experience itself.
    0:18:28 So if we had waited,
    0:18:30 we had waited to start
    0:18:31 until we got a studio
    0:18:31 and like,
    0:18:32 you know,
    0:18:33 had the business all set up
    0:18:34 and the strategy right,
    0:18:36 we would have never started.
    0:18:36 Yeah.
    0:18:38 And so as we took action,
    0:18:39 that moved us.
    0:18:39 We were like,
    0:18:40 oh, this feels good
    0:18:41 or oh, this doesn’t feel good.
    0:18:42 Then we took another step.
    0:18:44 So it was really imperative
    0:18:45 that we started
    0:18:46 before we were ready.
    0:18:46 Yeah.
    0:18:48 Because we got so much intel.
    0:18:50 And in 2016,
    0:18:51 September 2016,
    0:18:52 we launched the podcast.
    0:18:53 Amazing.
    0:18:54 It is very different
    0:18:55 than it is today,
    0:18:57 but that’s the story of things.
    0:18:58 People don’t realize
    0:19:00 that you can just evolve over time.
    0:19:02 Like my podcast cover
    0:19:03 has changed 10 times.
    0:19:04 Oh, I want to see that.
    0:19:05 Oh my gosh.
    0:19:06 What was the worst?
    0:19:07 I used to have like
    0:19:08 these cartoons of me.
    0:19:09 We did.
    0:19:12 We had two seasons of cartoons.
    0:19:13 Yeah.
    0:19:13 Two cartoons.
    0:19:15 The one was like creepy.
    0:19:15 Yeah.
    0:19:16 One was like alien.
    0:19:17 I don’t even know.
    0:19:18 Because those were hot
    0:19:18 back in the day.
    0:19:20 Those were real innovative.
    0:19:21 Oh my gosh.
    0:19:23 Your cartoon was probably so cute.
    0:19:24 It was cute.
    0:19:24 But like, yeah,
    0:19:27 I had crazy colors at one point.
    0:19:28 Even the topic evolved.
    0:19:29 It went from careers
    0:19:30 to entrepreneurship.
    0:19:32 And your story reminds me
    0:19:32 of Jenna Kutcher,
    0:19:34 who’s also in my network.
    0:19:35 She started her podcast
    0:19:36 in her car.
    0:19:36 Yes.
    0:19:38 Because it was the only quiet place
    0:19:39 because she had dogs
    0:19:40 and they would bark in the house.
    0:19:41 So she used to record
    0:19:43 her episodes in her car
    0:19:45 with her Apple iPods.
    0:19:46 Yeah.
    0:19:47 Same with you guys.
    0:19:49 One of the top female podcasters
    0:19:50 in the world now.
    0:19:51 And you guys started
    0:19:51 in your closet.
    0:19:52 Right?
    0:19:54 So you can evolve over time.
    0:19:55 It doesn’t have to be perfect.
    0:19:56 You don’t need perfect equipment
    0:19:58 or even a perfect idea.
    0:19:59 I think that’s what
    0:20:01 when I work with women
    0:20:02 or any business owners,
    0:20:03 I’m oftentimes
    0:20:04 when they’re showing me
    0:20:05 everything that they’re like,
    0:20:06 here’s my Pinterest board.
    0:20:08 I’ve got the Instagram handle.
    0:20:09 I’ve got this.
    0:20:10 And they’ve got all the aesthetic.
    0:20:10 And I’m like,
    0:20:11 I love you girlies.
    0:20:13 But oftentimes that’s procrastination
    0:20:14 for actually doing the thing.
    0:20:15 And I’m like,
    0:20:16 you can have the full package,
    0:20:18 the perfect package.
    0:20:19 But if you don’t have the audience,
    0:20:20 if you don’t have the consumer,
    0:20:21 like what are we even doing here?
    0:20:21 Yeah.
    0:20:23 And I think I’m always someone
    0:20:24 that’s a fan of building,
    0:20:25 building it well
    0:20:26 and getting the reactions
    0:20:27 from people.
    0:20:27 Because you’re like,
    0:20:28 okay, what do people,
    0:20:29 I’m going to build it.
    0:20:30 What do you guys feel about this?
    0:20:31 Okay, cool.
    0:20:31 We’re going to go here.
    0:20:32 We’re going to go here.
    0:20:33 Like on the beginning
    0:20:34 of the business,
    0:20:35 people wanted to be in person.
    0:20:36 So we went on tour.
    0:20:38 We did live in-person events.
    0:20:39 And then we like evolved from there.
    0:20:41 And so rather than just staying in your house
    0:20:42 and building something,
    0:20:45 how can you really bring it out into the world
    0:20:46 and be with it as it’s evolving
    0:20:47 and be okay with that process?
    0:20:48 Get your reps in.
    0:20:49 Yes.
    0:20:51 So you guys were working full-time jobs
    0:20:53 when you started the podcast.
    0:20:55 How did you balance your time
    0:20:56 and what advice do you have
    0:20:57 for other people
    0:20:59 who want to start a side hustle podcast,
    0:20:59 whatever it is,
    0:21:00 while they’re working?
    0:21:02 I have so much respect and love.
    0:21:03 So for anyone,
    0:21:04 this is me talking to you,
    0:21:05 I love you so much
    0:21:06 that’s working a full-time job
    0:21:08 and wanting to pursue your passion
    0:21:08 and your business
    0:21:10 and that thing that you’re doing.
    0:21:12 Because for me and most of my life
    0:21:13 in the corporate world,
    0:21:15 I had this burning sensation
    0:21:16 and desire to do something with my life,
    0:21:17 to be creative,
    0:21:18 to create,
    0:21:20 to be my own boss,
    0:21:22 to live a life that felt different,
    0:21:23 that felt different
    0:21:24 than the corporate life was giving me.
    0:21:27 And so when I moved to Los Angeles,
    0:21:29 I had quit to pursue blogging full-time.
    0:21:30 So I was like,
    0:21:32 I’m going to be a blogger full-time.
    0:21:33 I had no plan,
    0:21:34 no purpose.
    0:21:35 I wasn’t making money.
    0:21:37 And that,
    0:21:38 obviously,
    0:21:39 you don’t start making money
    0:21:39 from not making money.
    0:21:42 So I had to get a serving job.
    0:21:43 I was babysitting.
    0:21:43 I was nannying.
    0:21:45 I was doing odds and ends jobs
    0:21:46 at like 80 hours a week.
    0:21:47 I was like,
    0:21:47 okay,
    0:21:49 I can’t do 80 hours a week
    0:21:50 and make so little.
    0:21:51 So I was like,
    0:21:51 I have to go back
    0:21:52 to the corporate world.
    0:21:54 I failed at being a blogger.
    0:21:55 I failed at doing entrepreneurship.
    0:21:57 And I was really bummed.
    0:21:58 And it took me a long time
    0:21:59 to find another job.
    0:22:00 I’d been in debt
    0:22:00 at that point.
    0:22:02 But I was like,
    0:22:02 okay,
    0:22:02 let’s do this.
    0:22:04 So I got back to working
    0:22:04 in the corporate world.
    0:22:05 That’s when I met Lindsay
    0:22:08 at that beginning of that point.
    0:22:09 And it was beautiful
    0:22:09 because that job
    0:22:10 in the corporate world
    0:22:11 that I worked
    0:22:12 in digital marketing
    0:22:14 not only supported me financially,
    0:22:15 but supported me
    0:22:15 in learning skills
    0:22:16 that I could apply
    0:22:17 to almost 30.
    0:22:19 but just really was something
    0:22:20 that I’m so grateful for.
    0:22:21 I don’t think I showed up
    0:22:22 as the best employee.
    0:22:23 I wasn’t someone
    0:22:24 that I don’t think
    0:22:25 you’d want to hire
    0:22:26 because I was so obsessed
    0:22:27 with almost 30.
    0:22:27 Yeah.
    0:22:29 But it was such a beautiful aspect
    0:22:29 of what we did.
    0:22:30 But what we would do
    0:22:31 is in the morning,
    0:22:32 Lindsay and I would talk
    0:22:33 on my way to work
    0:22:34 to downtown Alain Traffic.
    0:22:35 We’d plan for the day.
    0:22:36 We’d talk about things
    0:22:37 that were going on,
    0:22:37 social media,
    0:22:39 planning for the podcast.
    0:22:40 At my lunch break,
    0:22:41 I would answer
    0:22:42 almost 30 emails.
    0:22:43 I would do almost 30 social.
    0:22:45 We would figure out
    0:22:46 what we were doing with guests.
    0:22:47 At the end of the day,
    0:22:48 either she and I
    0:22:48 would meet and record
    0:22:50 or we would do something
    0:22:50 related to the podcast.
    0:22:52 So it was really something
    0:22:52 that on the weekends,
    0:22:53 during the week,
    0:22:55 we were just fully immersed
    0:22:56 and focused in the business.
    0:22:57 And it was just giving us
    0:22:57 so much life.
    0:22:59 Like it was just feeding us
    0:22:59 in this way
    0:23:01 that I had never been fed before.
    0:23:02 So while I was definitely
    0:23:04 burning myself out
    0:23:05 and I wasn’t very healthy
    0:23:06 at that point,
    0:23:07 it just felt really right
    0:23:08 and it felt really good.
    0:23:09 And it was sustaining me
    0:23:10 in a way,
    0:23:11 in a purpose way
    0:23:12 that I wanted so badly
    0:23:13 to be sustained in.
    0:23:14 So even though
    0:23:16 I was just going so hard,
    0:23:17 I felt this feeling
    0:23:18 that I hadn’t felt ever.
    0:23:20 And I felt this drive
    0:23:20 to purpose
    0:23:21 that just felt
    0:23:23 and moved me
    0:23:24 in a way I hadn’t been.
    0:23:26 Sometimes you need
    0:23:26 to sacrifice
    0:23:28 and work really hard
    0:23:29 and it’s just for a season.
    0:23:30 Yes.
    0:23:31 I also started my podcast
    0:23:32 as a side hustle.
    0:23:33 So I was working
    0:23:34 two years in corporate
    0:23:35 while starting this podcast.
    0:23:36 I started my company
    0:23:38 as a side hustle
    0:23:39 and I didn’t quit my job.
    0:23:40 I had 30 employees
    0:23:41 all around the world
    0:23:42 and I still
    0:23:43 didn’t quit my job.
    0:23:43 Wow.
    0:23:44 It was during COVID
    0:23:46 so I got away with a lot.
    0:23:47 So it was like
    0:23:48 the summer of COVID,
    0:23:49 the first summer
    0:23:51 and I just built this business.
    0:23:51 I was making over
    0:23:52 six figures a month
    0:23:53 in my agency,
    0:23:55 my social agency at first
    0:23:57 and I still was nervous
    0:23:59 to be an entrepreneur again.
    0:23:59 Wow.
    0:24:00 So I didn’t quit my job
    0:24:01 until I was like
    0:24:03 really knew
    0:24:04 that I was going to be safe
    0:24:04 and that everything
    0:24:05 would be okay.
    0:24:07 When did you guys feel like,
    0:24:08 oh my gosh,
    0:24:09 we don’t need to work
    0:24:10 full-time jobs anymore.
    0:24:12 this has really taken off.
    0:24:13 When was that moment
    0:24:14 for you guys?
    0:24:15 For two years,
    0:24:16 we juggled our full-time jobs
    0:24:18 with Building Almost 30
    0:24:20 and in the beginning,
    0:24:21 Krista had these existing
    0:24:22 relationships with brands
    0:24:23 because of her blog,
    0:24:24 which was amazing
    0:24:25 and really taught us
    0:24:27 how to build
    0:24:28 a working relationship
    0:24:29 with a brand
    0:24:31 and really make it personal
    0:24:32 and I don’t think
    0:24:33 that exists as much
    0:24:34 in podcasting anymore
    0:24:36 but it was a beautiful time
    0:24:37 where we could talk
    0:24:37 to a brand
    0:24:38 and say,
    0:24:39 what are your goals?
    0:24:40 How can we help you
    0:24:41 with your goals
    0:24:43 and really make it collaborative
    0:24:45 and so after two years
    0:24:47 of being in that flow,
    0:24:48 we were able
    0:24:50 to sustain ourselves.
    0:24:51 It was scary
    0:24:52 definitely to quit.
    0:24:53 I think you quit in June,
    0:24:54 I quit in December.
    0:24:55 So six months later,
    0:24:56 I quit
    0:24:59 and we had a team
    0:24:59 to sustain.
    0:25:01 These are things
    0:25:02 that we definitely
    0:25:03 had to plan for
    0:25:05 and we would tell
    0:25:07 anyone who’s building
    0:25:09 a business on the side
    0:25:10 that not to take the leap,
    0:25:12 not to just do it
    0:25:13 without understanding
    0:25:14 the financial consequences
    0:25:16 or the risk
    0:25:18 because if you are
    0:25:20 focused on surviving
    0:25:23 and like making money
    0:25:24 to support your team
    0:25:25 or the resources,
    0:25:27 then you’re probably
    0:25:28 not going to be creating
    0:25:30 in a way that feels
    0:25:31 really in flow
    0:25:32 or aligned
    0:25:33 because you’re coming
    0:25:35 from that place of fear.
    0:25:35 Yeah, yeah.
    0:25:37 So it was important for us.
    0:25:38 I think when I first quit
    0:25:38 my job to pursue
    0:25:39 blogging full-time,
    0:25:41 I just thought it was like cute.
    0:25:41 I was like,
    0:25:42 oh, I’m just going to see
    0:25:43 what happens.
    0:25:44 I’m going to see
    0:25:45 where the universe meets me.
    0:25:47 And then in the second part,
    0:25:47 I was like,
    0:25:48 you know what’s cute?
    0:25:48 Forecasting.
    0:25:50 And like seeing
    0:25:51 how much revenue
    0:25:52 we have coming in
    0:25:53 for the next six months
    0:25:53 and seeing how much
    0:25:54 we’re spending
    0:25:55 and seeing how much
    0:25:55 I need to earn
    0:25:56 to feel good
    0:25:56 and seeing how much
    0:25:57 you need to earn.
    0:25:57 It’s like,
    0:25:59 I think it really asked
    0:26:00 and called for me
    0:26:01 to step into a new level
    0:26:02 of truth
    0:26:03 and a new level
    0:26:04 of clarity
    0:26:05 that I didn’t really
    0:26:06 give myself before.
    0:26:06 With money,
    0:26:07 I was just,
    0:26:08 I didn’t want to look at it.
    0:26:09 And now I was like,
    0:26:10 how can I really see clearly
    0:26:11 what we’re doing
    0:26:13 and how we want to do this
    0:26:14 and how we want to live?
    0:26:15 Because if you want to plan,
    0:26:16 you have to be able
    0:26:17 to be with money
    0:26:18 in a way that’s neutral,
    0:26:19 be in a money
    0:26:20 in a way that’s loving,
    0:26:21 be with money
    0:26:22 in a way that’s supportive
    0:26:23 of your goals.
    0:26:24 And I think my reframe
    0:26:25 of that of being like,
    0:26:26 this money is what’s
    0:26:27 going to sustain my life.
    0:26:28 How can I look at it
    0:26:29 with respect
    0:26:30 and get really clear
    0:26:32 about what’s going on
    0:26:32 rather than just
    0:26:33 putting it to the wind?
    0:26:34 Yeah.
    0:26:35 But there was one moment
    0:26:35 I remember
    0:26:37 we were in our full-time jobs.
    0:26:38 We got asked to speak
    0:26:39 at this event
    0:26:40 and we hosted the event
    0:26:41 the full day.
    0:26:42 And I remember
    0:26:42 the amount
    0:26:43 that they paid us
    0:26:45 to speak at one session
    0:26:45 was the same
    0:26:47 as my bi-weekly paycheck.
    0:26:48 And I was like,
    0:26:49 in this one hour,
    0:26:50 I was myself.
    0:26:51 I had so much fun.
    0:26:52 I didn’t have to put on.
    0:26:53 I wasn’t faking it.
    0:26:54 And in the corporate world,
    0:26:55 I felt like I was faking it.
    0:26:56 I felt like I was putting
    0:26:57 on a mask every day.
    0:26:58 I felt like I had to be
    0:26:59 someone I wasn’t.
    0:27:00 And I was like,
    0:27:01 I know if I can make
    0:27:01 this much here,
    0:27:04 if you give me 40 hours a week,
    0:27:04 watch me.
    0:27:05 There’s no limits
    0:27:06 how much money I can make.
    0:27:08 And so that moment
    0:27:09 for me was like the unlock
    0:27:09 where I was like,
    0:27:10 no, it’s time.
    0:27:11 I love that.
    0:27:13 What was your moment?
    0:27:14 For me?
    0:27:15 Yeah, when you were like,
    0:27:15 it’s time.
    0:27:17 I remember that I found out
    0:27:18 I was going to be
    0:27:19 on the cover
    0:27:20 of Podcast Magazine.
    0:27:22 It was January 2021.
    0:27:24 And I was like,
    0:27:25 oh my God,
    0:27:27 people know me so much
    0:27:27 in my podcast
    0:27:28 that they want me
    0:27:29 to be on the cover
    0:27:30 of Podcast Magazine.
    0:27:31 And I was like,
    0:27:32 I have all these employees.
    0:27:34 The other moment was
    0:27:36 I hired my first U.S.
    0:27:37 full-time employee
    0:27:39 and she quit her job
    0:27:40 to work for me.
    0:27:41 And I was like,
    0:27:42 I got to at least
    0:27:43 quit my job now.
    0:27:43 Yeah.
    0:27:45 like I can’t have
    0:27:46 a full-time.
    0:27:46 Yeah.
    0:27:49 So it was an amazing moment.
    0:27:49 Being an entrepreneur
    0:27:50 is so awesome.
    0:27:51 But to your point,
    0:27:53 knowing that you can
    0:27:54 actually sustain yourself
    0:27:56 and not just like
    0:27:57 jumping out the window.
    0:27:59 And sometimes that takes
    0:28:00 a season of sacrifice
    0:28:01 and a season of just
    0:28:03 waking up super early
    0:28:04 and working late nights.
    0:28:06 And then you’ll be safe.
    0:28:08 And to your point,
    0:28:08 be able to create
    0:28:10 without all this stress
    0:28:12 because you’re living
    0:28:13 paycheck to paycheck.
    0:28:14 Now, you guys have done
    0:28:16 an incredible job
    0:28:18 growing a loyal audience.
    0:28:18 Like it’s not normal
    0:28:20 to achieve the type of success
    0:28:21 that you guys have achieved
    0:28:22 in podcasting.
    0:28:24 So how do you think
    0:28:25 about your audience?
    0:28:26 I think we’ve aligned
    0:28:27 this community
    0:28:29 because we were able
    0:28:31 to be so open
    0:28:32 from the get.
    0:28:32 You know,
    0:28:33 we were ourselves
    0:28:35 probably to a fault
    0:28:36 if you listen back
    0:28:36 to old episodes.
    0:28:38 But I don’t think
    0:28:39 a lot of people
    0:28:39 were doing that
    0:28:40 back then
    0:28:42 in the podcasting space.
    0:28:43 And especially
    0:28:45 speaking to women
    0:28:46 our age
    0:28:47 who were just going
    0:28:48 through so much
    0:28:48 and feeling alone.
    0:28:49 You know,
    0:28:50 I think we were speaking
    0:28:52 to that experience.
    0:28:52 We were speaking
    0:28:53 to the highs
    0:28:54 and the lows
    0:28:55 and to give them
    0:28:56 the resources
    0:28:58 and the confidence
    0:29:00 to take the next step forward
    0:29:00 I think was
    0:29:02 probably more powerful
    0:29:03 than we could ever
    0:29:04 truly comprehend.
    0:29:06 And what we found
    0:29:06 was that
    0:29:07 our ability
    0:29:09 to be more
    0:29:10 than a podcast
    0:29:12 was very important
    0:29:13 in our growth.
    0:29:14 So what that looked like
    0:29:16 was hosting events
    0:29:17 early on
    0:29:17 and saying,
    0:29:18 hey,
    0:29:18 we’re going to be
    0:29:19 hosting an event
    0:29:20 at the SoulCycle
    0:29:21 in Santa Monica.
    0:29:22 We want all of our
    0:29:24 listeners in the local area
    0:29:25 to come.
    0:29:26 We would sell it out.
    0:29:28 We would hang out afterwards.
    0:29:30 And slowly but surely
    0:29:31 this in-person effect,
    0:29:33 we started to understand
    0:29:34 the power of it.
    0:29:35 We were able
    0:29:36 to hear their stories.
    0:29:36 We were able
    0:29:37 to hug them.
    0:29:38 We were able
    0:29:40 to really understand
    0:29:41 the impact of the show
    0:29:42 and that would
    0:29:43 then influence the show.
    0:29:44 So they’ve always
    0:29:45 been a part
    0:29:47 of our success
    0:29:48 and not in that
    0:29:48 literal sense of,
    0:29:49 yeah,
    0:29:49 they’re our listeners.
    0:29:50 They’re the numbers.
    0:29:51 But it’s more so
    0:29:52 they’ve influenced
    0:29:53 the type of content
    0:29:53 that we create.
    0:29:54 They influence
    0:29:55 our next decision
    0:29:57 and what we want
    0:29:58 to provide for them.
    0:30:00 So they have been integral
    0:30:01 and I think they feel that.
    0:30:02 I think they feel that
    0:30:03 in the way that we talk
    0:30:04 to them on the show,
    0:30:05 in our content.
    0:30:07 Do you think the events
    0:30:08 help spread word of mouth?
    0:30:09 Because I feel like
    0:30:11 there’s so much connection
    0:30:12 even with me
    0:30:13 when I do webinars
    0:30:15 and even though
    0:30:15 it’s virtual,
    0:30:17 I feel like I get super fans
    0:30:18 so I couldn’t even imagine
    0:30:20 if I had my listeners
    0:30:21 in a live event.
    0:30:22 The best.
    0:30:23 So do you feel like
    0:30:24 that really helped
    0:30:24 you guys grow
    0:30:25 in the beginning?
    0:30:26 I think, you know,
    0:30:26 people,
    0:30:27 it’s not like we were
    0:30:28 the first people to tour
    0:30:29 but like it was just
    0:30:31 in 2016, 2017, 2018.
    0:30:32 It was just a different world.
    0:30:33 Yeah.
    0:30:33 It’s like podcasting
    0:30:34 really from 2020
    0:30:36 has started to become
    0:30:36 what it is.
    0:30:36 Yeah.
    0:30:37 It’s more like show-based.
    0:30:38 It’s more touring.
    0:30:39 Yeah.
    0:30:39 And so we were touring
    0:30:41 just in this really native way.
    0:30:43 Like it was a world tour
    0:30:44 but it was just super native.
    0:30:45 We’d bring on guests.
    0:30:46 We’d talk to people in person
    0:30:48 and having that in-person connection
    0:30:50 was so instrumental.
    0:30:51 Not only because
    0:30:52 we could learn from them
    0:30:53 and be with them
    0:30:53 and listen to them
    0:30:55 but it was also like
    0:30:56 created this social media moment
    0:30:59 online that was growing us
    0:30:59 in a way,
    0:31:00 in a marketing way
    0:31:01 that I don’t think
    0:31:02 we would have had before.
    0:31:04 It was creating this moment
    0:31:05 for people that were almost 30
    0:31:06 that were struggling
    0:31:07 that were like having their time.
    0:31:08 So I think that was
    0:31:09 instrumental to our growth.
    0:31:11 I think what we did there
    0:31:13 is what I always say
    0:31:14 with audience growth
    0:31:15 is you always want to lead
    0:31:15 and listen.
    0:31:17 So we led by being like
    0:31:17 you know what,
    0:31:18 we’re going to go on tour
    0:31:19 and then we listened to them
    0:31:20 like what do you guys
    0:31:21 want to see from us?
    0:31:22 What do you want more of?
    0:31:23 You can’t be fully listening
    0:31:24 all the time to your audience
    0:31:25 because then you’re not
    0:31:26 who you are.
    0:31:27 The reason why your audience
    0:31:27 is with you
    0:31:28 is because you’re a leader
    0:31:29 and you are someone
    0:31:31 that is leading in culture.
    0:31:32 You’re leading in
    0:31:33 whatever it is
    0:31:34 that you’re an expert in
    0:31:35 but you do have to listen to them
    0:31:37 because they’re incredibly important.
    0:31:38 They are the reason
    0:31:39 why you exist
    0:31:40 and why you are
    0:31:40 making money
    0:31:41 in the way that you are.
    0:31:43 So it’s such a balance
    0:31:44 of just finding that balance
    0:31:45 between leading and listening
    0:31:46 with your audience
    0:31:47 so that you can stay
    0:31:47 in your sovereignty
    0:31:48 and who you are
    0:31:49 but also really connect with them
    0:31:50 in a real and genuine way.
    0:31:52 Yeah, fam.
    0:31:54 When I was building this business
    0:31:55 one bad hire
    0:31:56 set us back weeks
    0:31:57 even months
    0:31:58 and cost way more
    0:31:59 than just money.
    0:32:00 Finding the right people fast
    0:32:01 isn’t just helpful.
    0:32:02 Indeed is essential
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    0:32:05 and that’s where Indeed comes in.
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    0:32:39 on candidates
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    0:32:41 and when I first
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    0:33:22 Hey Yap fam
    0:33:24 in today’s fast-moving world
    0:33:26 your team needs to stay connected
    0:33:26 to your customers.
    0:33:28 As my business started to grow
    0:33:29 staying on top of
    0:33:30 all of our customer calls
    0:33:31 and messages
    0:33:32 got really chaotic.
    0:33:34 We had missed voicemails
    0:33:34 scattered threads
    0:33:35 and clunky systems
    0:33:37 that slowed everything down.
    0:33:39 That’s why having a modern
    0:33:39 flexible
    0:33:40 reliable phone system
    0:33:42 isn’t optional in 2025.
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    0:33:45 Enter OpenPhone.
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    0:33:54 two phones
    0:33:56 or using an archaic
    0:33:56 landline.
    0:33:57 With OpenPhone
    0:33:58 your team can share
    0:33:59 one number
    0:33:59 and collaborate
    0:34:01 on customer calls
    0:34:01 and texts
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    0:34:24 a one-person operation
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    0:34:55 Hey Yap Gang.
    0:34:56 This podcast started
    0:34:57 as a side hustle.
    0:34:59 A late night labor
    0:34:59 of love fueled
    0:35:00 by a dream
    0:35:01 to share stories,
    0:35:01 lessons,
    0:35:02 and real experiences
    0:35:03 with other entrepreneurs.
    0:35:05 Back then it was just
    0:35:06 me, a mic,
    0:35:06 and a mission.
    0:35:08 Taking your business
    0:35:08 to the next level
    0:35:09 is a dream
    0:35:10 that a lot of us share.
    0:35:11 But too often
    0:35:12 it just remains a dream.
    0:35:13 We hold ourselves
    0:35:14 back thinking
    0:35:15 what if I don’t
    0:35:15 have the skills?
    0:35:16 What if I can’t
    0:35:17 do it alone?
    0:35:19 Turn those what ifs
    0:35:20 into why nots
    0:35:20 and help your business
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    0:35:34 Worried you don’t
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    0:36:33 I got a chance
    0:36:35 to interview Mel Robbins
    0:36:35 in person
    0:36:36 a few months ago
    0:36:37 and she does
    0:36:39 this incredible job
    0:36:40 of making it seem
    0:36:41 on her podcast
    0:36:41 that she’s only
    0:36:43 speaking to one person
    0:36:44 and she’s always
    0:36:45 telling her listeners,
    0:36:46 I love you,
    0:36:48 you’re my friend.
    0:36:50 She really cares
    0:36:51 about simplicity
    0:36:52 and she says that
    0:36:53 if you try to act
    0:36:54 too complex
    0:36:55 or intellectual,
    0:36:56 you come off
    0:36:56 as elitist
    0:36:57 and superior.
    0:36:59 So she tries to make
    0:36:59 everything like
    0:37:00 really simple
    0:37:01 with her audience.
    0:37:02 Is there anything
    0:37:04 in terms of
    0:37:05 the way that you speak
    0:37:06 to your audience
    0:37:07 that you guys
    0:37:08 are really intentional about?
    0:37:10 Yeah, I love that.
    0:37:11 I feel like we learned
    0:37:12 so much from that.
    0:37:13 There’s just small indicators
    0:37:14 that she does
    0:37:15 that creates that intimacy
    0:37:16 with people
    0:37:16 and she’s amazing,
    0:37:17 friend of the pod,
    0:37:19 just an incredible speaker
    0:37:19 in that way
    0:37:20 and she finds her lane
    0:37:21 and just really knows it.
    0:37:21 It’s like,
    0:37:22 how can I make this
    0:37:23 simple, clear,
    0:37:24 relatable for people
    0:37:25 that’s also impactful?
    0:37:26 But for me,
    0:37:27 that’s not my style.
    0:37:29 I’m like so out there
    0:37:30 mentally in the way
    0:37:31 that I think.
    0:37:32 I think when people
    0:37:33 can find their lane
    0:37:34 of what’s working for them
    0:37:36 and really lean in on that
    0:37:38 and really dial in on that,
    0:37:39 that’s what people should do
    0:37:40 instead of trying
    0:37:41 to be other people.
    0:37:42 But I think there’s
    0:37:42 such a beauty
    0:37:43 to the simplicity.
    0:37:44 But I think what’s worked
    0:37:45 for us is really staying
    0:37:46 authentic to who we are.
    0:37:47 You know,
    0:37:47 in the moments
    0:37:48 where I was going
    0:37:48 through my divorce
    0:37:49 or in the moments
    0:37:50 where we were really struggling
    0:37:51 with various aspects
    0:37:52 of our lives
    0:37:53 and even in our relationship,
    0:37:54 we’ve been really honest
    0:37:55 about it.
    0:37:56 And there’s a magnetism
    0:37:57 to authenticity
    0:37:58 because you don’t know
    0:37:58 what’s going to happen next.
    0:37:59 You know it’s true.
    0:38:00 There’s this energy
    0:38:01 around it of truth,
    0:38:03 of happening in the moment,
    0:38:03 of relatability,
    0:38:04 of curiosity,
    0:38:05 of intention.
    0:38:07 And I think it’s us
    0:38:07 just staying
    0:38:09 as authentic as we can
    0:38:09 to who we are
    0:38:10 in the moment
    0:38:11 and hoping that
    0:38:13 people can really see
    0:38:15 themselves in us
    0:38:15 and our struggle
    0:38:16 and what we’re going through
    0:38:18 and find relatability
    0:38:19 in it and find inspiration
    0:38:19 where they can,
    0:38:21 but overall feel less alone.
    0:38:23 So something that happens
    0:38:23 to me,
    0:38:25 which I think we probably
    0:38:25 have in common,
    0:38:27 is my show name
    0:38:29 will sometimes cause confusion
    0:38:30 with my audience.
    0:38:31 So people will be like,
    0:38:32 Don’t get me started.
    0:38:33 I’m too old
    0:38:34 to listen to Young and Profiting.
    0:38:35 And I’m like,
    0:38:36 no, we’ve got listeners
    0:38:37 of all ages.
    0:38:38 It’s just Young at Heart.
    0:38:39 And I have to kind of explain
    0:38:40 or even guests will be like,
    0:38:41 well, I’m not young.
    0:38:42 And I’m like,
    0:38:43 if you’ve seen
    0:38:44 any of my shows,
    0:38:46 almost nobody is
    0:38:47 like under 40 years old
    0:38:48 who I interview,
    0:38:49 you know?
    0:38:50 So it’s not really
    0:38:51 about being young,
    0:38:52 but sometimes I’m like,
    0:38:53 oh man,
    0:38:54 I think my name
    0:38:55 is holding me back
    0:38:56 or is turning people off.
    0:38:57 And I often think
    0:38:58 about rebranding.
    0:39:00 Have you guys thought
    0:39:01 about that at all?
    0:39:01 Especially as you
    0:39:02 are getting older
    0:39:04 or your audience,
    0:39:04 do you worry
    0:39:05 that they’re not evolving
    0:39:06 with you?
    0:39:06 Or like,
    0:39:07 talk to me about that.
    0:39:07 Yeah, I mean,
    0:39:09 it’s the most common question
    0:39:09 that we get.
    0:39:10 Yeah.
    0:39:11 What’s your podcast?
    0:39:11 I’m like,
    0:39:13 I’m almost 50.
    0:39:13 What about me?
    0:39:15 I’m almost 50.
    0:39:16 Everyone thinks
    0:39:17 they’re just as clever
    0:39:19 each time they say
    0:39:20 So we have to laugh.
    0:39:21 We have to laugh
    0:39:22 as if it’s the first time
    0:39:22 we’re hearing it.
    0:39:23 And also I bought every domain
    0:39:23 that’s almost 40.
    0:39:25 Every domain,
    0:39:25 almost 40,
    0:39:26 almost 40.
    0:39:27 Every single one.
    0:39:27 Oh, I love that.
    0:39:28 I love that.
    0:39:30 I’m a domain jerk.
    0:39:32 It’s like my pastime.
    0:39:33 I think we obviously
    0:39:34 did not think about it
    0:39:35 when we named the show
    0:39:36 that it would be
    0:39:38 as successful as it is
    0:39:39 and live the life
    0:39:39 that it’s lived.
    0:39:41 But like you,
    0:39:42 we’ve just thought about it
    0:39:44 as this is such a metaphor.
    0:39:45 You know,
    0:39:46 we’re all almost something.
    0:39:47 And that period
    0:39:48 of being almost 30
    0:39:51 is a foundational time
    0:39:52 to just build
    0:39:53 your relationship
    0:39:54 with change
    0:39:55 in a really healthy way.
    0:39:56 So you don’t have
    0:39:57 to be almost 30
    0:39:58 to listen to almost 30.
    0:39:59 But I think
    0:40:01 it is such a potent time
    0:40:02 that I hope that,
    0:40:03 especially in talking
    0:40:04 about the book now,
    0:40:05 like people will think
    0:40:06 about that time
    0:40:07 even if they’ve already
    0:40:08 been through it.
    0:40:10 and see it as such
    0:40:12 an impactful reckoning
    0:40:13 in the grand scheme
    0:40:14 of their life.
    0:40:15 But yeah,
    0:40:16 we’ve had moments
    0:40:16 where we’re like,
    0:40:17 should we rename it?
    0:40:18 Should we totally rebrand it?
    0:40:19 What do you think about it?
    0:40:20 I think about it all the time.
    0:40:21 Yeah, what’s your yes
    0:40:21 and what’s your no?
    0:40:23 I think that I will rebrand
    0:40:24 my podcast
    0:40:26 in the next year and a half.
    0:40:26 Cool.
    0:40:26 Probably,
    0:40:27 even though so many
    0:40:28 know the name,
    0:40:29 but now Yap
    0:40:30 has kind of taken over
    0:40:31 and I feel like
    0:40:32 I could just call it
    0:40:32 Yap with Hala.
    0:40:33 Oh my gosh,
    0:40:34 that’s true, Yap.
    0:40:35 And then that’s it,
    0:40:35 you know?
    0:40:37 So I think I’m slowly
    0:40:38 rebranding Yap.
    0:40:39 So like our logo
    0:40:41 used to say Young and Profiting
    0:40:42 now it just says Yap Media.
    0:40:43 Totally.
    0:40:44 So kind of rebranding to that.
    0:40:46 I could see you guys rebranding.
    0:40:46 I know.
    0:40:48 You’re allowed to evolve.
    0:40:48 Yeah, totally.
    0:40:49 It’s been for 10 years,
    0:40:49 you know?
    0:40:50 It’s like the two things.
    0:40:50 It’s like,
    0:40:52 and this is what’s hard
    0:40:52 as an entrepreneur.
    0:40:52 You’re like,
    0:40:53 okay, we have almost 30.
    0:40:54 There’s a whole audience
    0:40:55 of people to serve.
    0:40:56 Do we want to serve
    0:40:57 the almost 30 audience forever
    0:40:58 with the tools,
    0:40:58 research,
    0:40:59 insights,
    0:41:00 support
    0:41:01 for this pivotal time period,
    0:41:02 you know,
    0:41:03 that we talk about in our book
    0:41:04 and that we experienced ourselves?
    0:41:05 Or is it something
    0:41:06 that we do kind of try
    0:41:08 to reach a new audience
    0:41:09 with a different name change
    0:41:10 and it’s tough?
    0:41:11 I don’t know
    0:41:12 if it’s reaching a new audience.
    0:41:13 I think it’s allowing your audience
    0:41:15 maybe to grow with you guys.
    0:41:15 Yeah.
    0:41:17 Because do you feel like
    0:41:19 you’re getting new audience people
    0:41:20 like in and out?
    0:41:21 Or do you feel like
    0:41:22 they’re just growing with you?
    0:41:23 I don’t know.
    0:41:24 I think it’s both.
    0:41:24 Yeah.
    0:41:25 You know,
    0:41:25 I think,
    0:41:27 I think especially with the book,
    0:41:28 we’re going to get that
    0:41:29 in flux of like
    0:41:30 definitely kind of new,
    0:41:32 actual almost 30s
    0:41:34 people going through that time.
    0:41:35 But people have grown with us.
    0:41:35 I mean,
    0:41:36 we hear all the time,
    0:41:37 I’ve been with you
    0:41:38 since the beginning
    0:41:39 and they’ve been through
    0:41:40 so much with us.
    0:41:40 So it’s both.
    0:41:41 Well,
    0:41:43 I feel like with podcasting,
    0:41:44 you can definitely speak
    0:41:45 to a range of people.
    0:41:46 So I feel like it’s safe
    0:41:47 to say that you guys
    0:41:48 would be able to cater
    0:41:49 to people who are
    0:41:50 in their mid-20s
    0:41:52 till their early 60s
    0:41:53 and still be relevant,
    0:41:53 right?
    0:41:54 Yeah.
    0:41:55 The broader,
    0:41:55 the better in my opinion.
    0:41:56 When I have a man
    0:41:58 DM me that listens to the pod,
    0:41:59 like I’ll have 50
    0:42:00 that are like,
    0:42:00 what’s your outfit
    0:42:01 or what are you wearing?
    0:42:02 And I’m like,
    0:42:02 ignore.
    0:42:02 And then a man,
    0:42:03 I’m like,
    0:42:04 I really love that
    0:42:05 relationship episode.
    0:42:07 I will spend my whole day
    0:42:09 like just like
    0:42:10 when the unexpected people listen,
    0:42:11 it’s just my dream.
    0:42:12 I’m like,
    0:42:12 oh,
    0:42:13 this is my like.
    0:42:13 And like you,
    0:42:14 we have an age range.
    0:42:15 Totally.
    0:42:17 You definitely have an age range.
    0:42:17 I’m sure.
    0:42:17 Well,
    0:42:18 you guys have done
    0:42:18 such a great job.
    0:42:20 So speaking of almost 30,
    0:42:21 you’ve got this new book
    0:42:22 coming out,
    0:42:23 which I loved.
    0:42:24 Thank you for giving me
    0:42:25 a copy of it.
    0:42:27 So what was the idea
    0:42:28 behind this book?
    0:42:29 What did you want to share
    0:42:29 with the world?
    0:42:31 I think we wanted to first
    0:42:33 culminate and put together
    0:42:34 everything that we’ve learned
    0:42:35 in the process
    0:42:36 of the rock bottom
    0:42:37 that we started at,
    0:42:38 where we met,
    0:42:39 and to building two
    0:42:40 sovereign,
    0:42:41 amazing lives that we love.
    0:42:43 In your late 20s,
    0:42:44 it’s such a pivotal portal
    0:42:44 in time.
    0:42:46 And we realized that
    0:42:47 you’re not lost,
    0:42:48 you’re just becoming.
    0:42:49 And that in the process
    0:42:50 of this growth
    0:42:52 and transformation period,
    0:42:53 how can we approach it
    0:42:54 with excitement
    0:42:55 and with looking forward
    0:42:56 to the change
    0:42:57 and transformation?
    0:42:58 And I think if I would have
    0:42:59 had everything in this book
    0:43:00 when I was struggling
    0:43:01 so much with my mental health
    0:43:02 in my late 20s,
    0:43:03 I would have been
    0:43:04 so much happier.
    0:43:06 I’d be so much further in life.
    0:43:07 And I would have felt
    0:43:08 so much more at peace.
    0:43:10 That age in your 20s
    0:43:11 is unhappier
    0:43:12 and more anxious
    0:43:13 and depressed than ever.
    0:43:14 People are struggling
    0:43:15 more with their mental health
    0:43:16 than ever before.
    0:43:17 People are feeling
    0:43:17 more lonely.
    0:43:18 And our goal
    0:43:19 is to help people
    0:43:20 feel less alone
    0:43:20 in their process
    0:43:21 of awakening.
    0:43:22 And so in the book,
    0:43:23 we talk about
    0:43:24 how to support yourself
    0:43:25 through times of change
    0:43:26 and transformation.
    0:43:28 And we have research
    0:43:29 from studies.
    0:43:29 We have guests
    0:43:30 that we had on the show
    0:43:31 sharing insights
    0:43:32 and inspiration.
    0:43:34 And it’s just the guidebook
    0:43:34 for anyone going
    0:43:35 through their process.
    0:43:35 Yeah.
    0:43:36 You guys talk about
    0:43:37 this concept
    0:43:39 called Saturn Return.
    0:43:40 Now, this is a very
    0:43:41 like nerdy
    0:43:42 entrepreneurship show.
    0:43:43 We usually don’t get
    0:43:44 too like spiritual
    0:43:45 or into astrology.
    0:43:47 But I was telling you guys,
    0:43:47 I want my listeners
    0:43:48 to learn something new.
    0:43:49 I never knew about this.
    0:43:50 So talk to us
    0:43:51 about Saturn Return.
    0:43:52 Yeah.
    0:43:53 So when we learned about this,
    0:43:54 I mean, it unlocked everything.
    0:43:54 We were like,
    0:43:56 wait, actually, what?
    0:43:57 We were going through that
    0:43:58 and everyone does.
    0:43:59 So the Saturn Return
    0:44:02 is an astrological transit
    0:44:03 that happens for everyone
    0:44:05 where Saturn comes back
    0:44:06 to the place in your chart
    0:44:07 it was when you were born.
    0:44:09 And Saturn is the planet,
    0:44:10 think of it as like the dad,
    0:44:12 comes in and is like,
    0:44:12 yo,
    0:44:14 this is not working.
    0:44:16 This is not aligned.
    0:44:17 We got to look at this.
    0:44:18 We have to be truthful
    0:44:19 and honest about this
    0:44:20 and make changes.
    0:44:22 And it can feel
    0:44:23 like your life
    0:44:24 is falling apart.
    0:44:25 It can feel like
    0:44:26 everything you’ve known
    0:44:26 to be true
    0:44:28 is actually coming up
    0:44:29 for questioning
    0:44:31 in a really big way.
    0:44:32 So whether it’s your career,
    0:44:33 your relationships,
    0:44:34 your relationship with yourself,
    0:44:35 where you want to live,
    0:44:36 what you want to do,
    0:44:37 what your purpose is,
    0:44:39 it’s a very existential
    0:44:41 crisis type season.
    0:44:45 But it is also probably
    0:44:47 your greatest opportunity
    0:44:48 yet in your life
    0:44:51 to get to know yourself
    0:44:52 in a way that will be
    0:44:53 a foundation
    0:44:54 for the rest of your life.
    0:44:57 So for Krista and I,
    0:44:58 we had themes of
    0:44:59 relationships come up
    0:45:00 where I was going through
    0:45:02 a really intense breakup
    0:45:03 and I thought I was
    0:45:04 going to marry this person.
    0:45:05 I thought I would be married
    0:45:06 by the time I was 27,
    0:45:07 have kids by the time
    0:45:08 I was 29,
    0:45:09 and then we’d walk off
    0:45:10 into the sunset,
    0:45:10 whatever.
    0:45:12 And that didn’t happen.
    0:45:13 I was like,
    0:45:14 wait, so now what?
    0:45:15 You know,
    0:45:16 who am I then?
    0:45:17 Who am I without him?
    0:45:19 Who am I if this isn’t the plan?
    0:45:21 But I think what Saturn
    0:45:22 has the opportunity
    0:45:23 to show you
    0:45:24 is that,
    0:45:24 yeah,
    0:45:25 we can have a plan
    0:45:27 based on how we grew up
    0:45:28 and all the things,
    0:45:30 but there is
    0:45:32 a much more expansive
    0:45:35 plan and life for you
    0:45:37 if you lean into the unknown.
    0:45:38 So, you know,
    0:45:39 it’s a practice.
    0:45:40 It’s a practice
    0:45:42 to be able to have faith
    0:45:43 in something
    0:45:45 that you don’t know
    0:45:46 what the next step is,
    0:45:47 but I think Saturn
    0:45:49 will really teach you
    0:45:50 that that is the way,
    0:45:51 you know,
    0:45:52 that is truly the way.
    0:45:53 And that’s something
    0:45:54 that just happens
    0:45:56 every 28, 29 years,
    0:45:57 so it’s like
    0:45:59 just a few pivotal points
    0:46:00 in your life.
    0:46:00 Yeah.
    0:46:01 Maybe just like two or three.
    0:46:02 Hopefully three.
    0:46:02 Yeah.
    0:46:03 Hopefully three times
    0:46:05 if you live along that.
    0:46:05 Yeah, Brian Johnson,
    0:46:06 you’re four.
    0:46:07 I’m kind of like sad
    0:46:08 that I missed mine
    0:46:09 and I didn’t know about it.
    0:46:10 I wonder what was happening
    0:46:11 when you were 27 to 30.
    0:46:13 I shut down my blog
    0:46:14 and got my MBA
    0:46:15 and went into corporate.
    0:46:15 There you go.
    0:46:16 Because I felt like
    0:46:17 I needed to grow up.
    0:46:18 I felt like,
    0:46:19 oh, I needed to grow up.
    0:46:20 Yeah.
    0:46:20 I need to like
    0:46:22 take care of myself.
    0:46:22 Yep.
    0:46:23 No more games.
    0:46:24 Your prefrontal cortex is also
    0:46:26 coming online during that time.
    0:46:26 So your prefrontal cortex
    0:46:28 is actually responsible
    0:46:29 for you making decisions like that
    0:46:30 where you’re like,
    0:46:31 I’m going to be more thoughtful.
    0:46:32 I’m going to be more strategic.
    0:46:34 I’m going to be more diplomatic
    0:46:35 about how I’m spending my time.
    0:46:37 So it’s not only like
    0:46:38 the Saturn return period,
    0:46:39 but there’s a lot of brain development
    0:46:40 that’s happening
    0:46:42 that changes how you operate
    0:46:43 with life in the world
    0:46:44 where you’re like,
    0:46:44 okay,
    0:46:46 now with my prefrontal cortex online
    0:46:47 and becoming conscious,
    0:46:49 how am I going to approach relationships?
    0:46:50 Yeah.
    0:46:52 How am I going to approach my career?
    0:46:53 How am I going to approach my friendships?
    0:46:55 And there’s just so much change happening
    0:46:59 that it’s just can feel like a washing machine
    0:47:01 if you’re not really being mindful of it.
    0:47:02 And if you don’t have the permission
    0:47:04 to see it as an opportunity
    0:47:05 to lead you to a better life.
    0:47:05 Yeah.
    0:47:07 You were just talking about friendships.
    0:47:08 And I know in your book,
    0:47:09 you talk a lot about
    0:47:10 making sure you’ve got
    0:47:12 the right people around you.
    0:47:14 Talk to us about your advice
    0:47:14 related to that.
    0:47:15 Yeah.
    0:47:16 I think especially for entrepreneurs,
    0:47:17 I mean,
    0:47:18 the entrepreneur journey,
    0:47:20 you in my perspective,
    0:47:21 and this could be wrong.
    0:47:22 So I was in corporate
    0:47:23 and being an entrepreneur,
    0:47:25 the entrepreneur has a different type of mindset.
    0:47:27 You have a different type of set of values
    0:47:28 and priorities.
    0:47:30 And so it can be hard actually
    0:47:30 as an entrepreneur
    0:47:31 to relate to people
    0:47:32 in the corporate world,
    0:47:32 I think.
    0:47:35 So just thinking about that
    0:47:36 for your entrepreneur audience,
    0:47:38 just really understanding
    0:47:38 that your friendships
    0:47:39 are going to change.
    0:47:41 I think the number one thing
    0:47:41 that you can remember
    0:47:42 and accept in life
    0:47:43 is that your friendships
    0:47:44 are going to change
    0:47:45 and that’s okay.
    0:47:46 I think for me for so long,
    0:47:48 I felt so much shame
    0:47:49 that I didn’t have
    0:47:50 the same four girlfriends
    0:47:52 that I grew up with
    0:47:54 and it wasn’t Sex and the City
    0:47:55 and it wasn’t Girls
    0:47:57 and it wasn’t like every movie
    0:47:57 that I saw
    0:47:59 where everyone was best friends
    0:48:00 with the same people
    0:48:01 for their entire lives.
    0:48:02 I had friends come in and out,
    0:48:03 I had changes,
    0:48:04 I had transitions
    0:48:06 and that actually was a good thing.
    0:48:07 That was showing
    0:48:08 how I was changing,
    0:48:09 how I was evolving,
    0:48:10 how I was prioritizing
    0:48:11 different things
    0:48:12 like not drinking
    0:48:12 or partying
    0:48:14 or my business
    0:48:14 or spirituality.
    0:48:16 And so accepting
    0:48:16 that friendships
    0:48:17 will change
    0:48:18 is number one.
    0:48:19 I think number two,
    0:48:20 seeing friendships
    0:48:21 as a vehicle
    0:48:21 for your growth
    0:48:22 just as deep
    0:48:24 as your romantic relationships
    0:48:24 is huge.
    0:48:26 My romantic relationships
    0:48:28 have been so powerful for me
    0:48:29 but my friendships
    0:48:30 have been such a place
    0:48:31 for growth
    0:48:32 and support
    0:48:32 and love
    0:48:34 and now I see
    0:48:34 my friendships
    0:48:35 as equal
    0:48:36 to my romantic relationships.
    0:48:38 They really see me,
    0:48:38 they hear me,
    0:48:39 they’ve been with me
    0:48:41 and women especially
    0:48:42 in women relationships.
    0:48:43 the way that we can see
    0:48:44 and support one another
    0:48:46 is just next level.
    0:48:46 Yeah.
    0:48:47 I love that you’re saying that
    0:48:48 because I know that
    0:48:49 in my 20s
    0:48:50 when I was in relationships,
    0:48:52 I’d be the type of girl
    0:48:52 that would be
    0:48:54 not prioritizing my friendships.
    0:48:56 I would just get sucked
    0:48:57 into my relationship.
    0:48:59 I’m sorry I’m with him.
    0:49:00 We all have to do that.
    0:49:00 Like I can’t do that,
    0:49:01 you know,
    0:49:01 and then you lose
    0:49:02 your friendships,
    0:49:03 then you break up
    0:49:04 and then you realize
    0:49:04 like oh crap.
    0:49:05 Yes.
    0:49:07 I did not do a good job
    0:49:08 being a good friend
    0:49:09 and now I don’t have
    0:49:10 any friends
    0:49:11 because I was prioritizing
    0:49:11 my boyfriend
    0:49:13 and all this kind of stuff
    0:49:14 and now I look at
    0:49:16 my girlfriend relationships
    0:49:17 as actually sometimes
    0:49:18 more important
    0:49:20 than my romantic relationships
    0:49:21 because they’ll be with me
    0:49:22 no matter what.
    0:49:23 They’re not going to go
    0:49:24 fall in love
    0:49:25 with somebody else.
    0:49:28 They can’t cheat though.
    0:49:28 They’ll hang out
    0:49:29 with the other girlfriend.
    0:49:30 You’re like what are you guys doing?
    0:49:31 I’ll never forget that.
    0:49:32 My mom after getting divorced
    0:49:33 she was like
    0:49:34 you don’t never lose
    0:49:34 your girlfriends.
    0:49:35 she’s like your girlfriends
    0:49:36 are just so important
    0:49:38 and you know I love men so much
    0:49:39 but the texture and richness
    0:49:40 of my life
    0:49:42 has been so benefited
    0:49:44 by deep female friendships
    0:49:45 and relationships
    0:49:46 and being an entrepreneur
    0:49:47 is not easy.
    0:49:48 You meet up against
    0:49:49 limiting beliefs
    0:49:50 and mindset
    0:49:51 like setbacks
    0:49:52 all of the time.
    0:49:53 You have fear,
    0:49:54 you have overwhelm,
    0:49:55 you have stress,
    0:49:55 you’re putting yourselves
    0:49:56 out there,
    0:49:58 you’re doing cringe things
    0:49:59 and so to have cheerleaders
    0:50:00 in your corner
    0:50:01 or have people
    0:50:02 that really see you
    0:50:02 and support you
    0:50:04 has kept me going.
    0:50:05 100% of the way.
    0:50:06 And I think
    0:50:07 in the Saturn return period
    0:50:08 for those friendships
    0:50:11 that are for that lifetime vibe
    0:50:13 they require that update
    0:50:14 you know
    0:50:14 because you’re kind of
    0:50:15 working on like
    0:50:16 old patterns
    0:50:17 you’re working on
    0:50:19 old everything
    0:50:21 and so if you feel
    0:50:21 like you’re changing
    0:50:23 most likely your friend
    0:50:24 is changing too
    0:50:25 but you both are holding on
    0:50:25 to how the friendship
    0:50:26 has always been.
    0:50:27 So I think
    0:50:28 with a select few
    0:50:29 in my life
    0:50:29 I’ve had to
    0:50:31 just have like
    0:50:32 a come to Jesus
    0:50:33 moment of like
    0:50:33 hey this is actually
    0:50:34 what’s important
    0:50:34 to me right now
    0:50:35 or this is what
    0:50:37 I have capacity for
    0:50:38 because sometimes
    0:50:39 for example
    0:50:39 in friendships
    0:50:40 you don’t see
    0:50:41 each other as much
    0:50:42 maybe because
    0:50:43 you’ve gotten married
    0:50:44 or maybe you’ve moved
    0:50:45 maybe you don’t
    0:50:46 touch bases often
    0:50:47 and we can make
    0:50:47 so much meaning
    0:50:48 out of that
    0:50:49 and so if you have
    0:50:49 a conversation
    0:50:50 where it’s like
    0:50:50 listen
    0:50:51 I would love
    0:50:52 for when we connect
    0:50:53 it’s just really quality
    0:50:54 and we’re able
    0:50:55 to be really present
    0:50:57 I think
    0:50:58 that is super
    0:50:59 super important
    0:50:59 because
    0:51:01 I don’t know
    0:51:01 about you
    0:51:02 but anytime
    0:51:03 I would change
    0:51:04 within a romantic
    0:51:04 relationship
    0:51:06 my then boyfriend
    0:51:06 would be like
    0:51:08 man you’ve changed
    0:51:08 you know
    0:51:08 would have such
    0:51:09 a problem
    0:51:10 with change
    0:51:13 and then with
    0:51:13 friendships
    0:51:14 I always felt like
    0:51:14 oh gosh
    0:51:16 I can’t change
    0:51:16 because then
    0:51:17 they’re going to
    0:51:18 feel a type of way
    0:51:18 so I’m just giving
    0:51:19 people permission
    0:51:20 to change within
    0:51:21 their relationships
    0:51:22 and have actual
    0:51:24 conversations about it
    0:51:25 I think is really important
    0:51:26 for everybody
    0:51:27 tuning in
    0:51:27 whether they’re a man
    0:51:28 I actually have a lot
    0:51:29 of male listeners
    0:51:31 so whether they’re
    0:51:32 men
    0:51:32 women
    0:51:34 if they’re thinking
    0:51:35 about a career change
    0:51:37 a career pivot
    0:51:37 how should they
    0:51:38 think about it
    0:51:39 I think
    0:51:40 that rumbling
    0:51:42 happens for a lot
    0:51:42 of people
    0:51:43 where like
    0:51:44 you are at
    0:51:44 a job
    0:51:44 that you’ve been
    0:51:45 at for a while
    0:51:45 maybe
    0:51:46 most likely
    0:51:47 you’re really good
    0:51:48 at what you do
    0:51:49 you get rewarded
    0:51:50 for that
    0:51:50 you are maybe
    0:51:51 on a path
    0:51:52 where you have
    0:51:53 an upward trajectory
    0:51:54 but there’s
    0:51:55 something within you
    0:51:56 that just says
    0:51:57 I think there’s
    0:51:57 something more
    0:51:58 and I think
    0:51:59 I want to pursue
    0:51:59 something else
    0:52:00 or you know
    0:52:01 something else
    0:52:01 does light me up
    0:52:02 and I would love
    0:52:02 to see what
    0:52:03 would happen
    0:52:04 and so
    0:52:05 I think
    0:52:06 first of all
    0:52:07 you have to get
    0:52:07 really clear
    0:52:08 about that
    0:52:09 is there
    0:52:10 is there an opportunity
    0:52:11 to pivot
    0:52:13 within the actual
    0:52:14 company
    0:52:15 that you’re in
    0:52:15 because it’s maybe
    0:52:16 just a feeling
    0:52:17 of what you’re doing
    0:52:18 is it no longer
    0:52:18 aligned
    0:52:19 is there another
    0:52:20 position at the company
    0:52:22 if it’s a bit
    0:52:23 more than that
    0:52:23 and you actually
    0:52:24 want to pursue
    0:52:25 something else
    0:52:26 which we both
    0:52:26 have done
    0:52:27 many times over
    0:52:28 I think it’s
    0:52:29 getting clear
    0:52:30 about how do
    0:52:30 I want to feel
    0:52:31 on a day-to-day basis
    0:52:33 what really
    0:52:34 lights me up
    0:52:34 asking those
    0:52:36 questions
    0:52:37 about the feeling
    0:52:38 part of it
    0:52:39 logistics will come in
    0:52:40 but I had to
    0:52:41 get clear
    0:52:42 that what was
    0:52:43 moving me
    0:52:44 in that direction
    0:52:45 came from like
    0:52:46 this place
    0:52:46 rather than
    0:52:47 the overanalyzing
    0:52:48 of everything
    0:52:49 if that makes sense
    0:52:52 so when I pivoted
    0:52:52 for example
    0:52:53 from pursuing
    0:52:55 my acting career
    0:52:56 to the podcast
    0:52:57 I had to make
    0:52:58 a conscious pivot
    0:53:00 I could no longer
    0:53:01 do both
    0:53:02 and I think
    0:53:02 for me
    0:53:03 the question
    0:53:03 was how do
    0:53:04 you want to
    0:53:04 feel on a
    0:53:05 day-to-day basis
    0:53:06 and I wanted
    0:53:06 to feel like
    0:53:07 I was creating
    0:53:09 I was creating
    0:53:10 literally something
    0:53:11 but also my future
    0:53:12 and with acting
    0:53:12 I was waiting
    0:53:13 to be chosen
    0:53:15 so it made it
    0:53:15 so clear
    0:53:16 that that pivot
    0:53:18 was right for me
    0:53:19 to completely
    0:53:19 let go of
    0:53:20 the acting
    0:53:21 and pursue
    0:53:22 the podcast
    0:53:23 full-time
    0:53:23 and let that go
    0:53:24 something that
    0:53:24 you just said
    0:53:25 like really
    0:53:25 spoke to me
    0:53:26 the fact that
    0:53:26 you were basically
    0:53:27 saying I’m in
    0:53:28 control now
    0:53:29 I’m not going
    0:53:30 to wait to get
    0:53:30 chosen
    0:53:31 and I feel
    0:53:31 like with
    0:53:32 entrepreneurship
    0:53:32 that is
    0:53:34 such an amazing
    0:53:34 part of
    0:53:35 entrepreneurship
    0:53:35 that you get
    0:53:36 to control
    0:53:36 your life
    0:53:37 I dealt
    0:53:38 with like a lot
    0:53:38 of rejection
    0:53:39 I was rejected
    0:53:40 by radio
    0:53:41 and TV
    0:53:42 and satellite
    0:53:42 radio
    0:53:42 and then I
    0:53:43 started my podcast
    0:53:45 and did great
    0:53:45 you know
    0:53:47 and so I’d love
    0:53:47 and so I’d love
    0:53:48 to hear from you
    0:53:49 of how did
    0:53:49 being an entrepreneur
    0:53:51 change you
    0:53:52 mentally
    0:53:53 spiritually
    0:53:54 how did it
    0:53:55 change you
    0:53:55 on your journey
    0:53:57 it helped me
    0:53:57 become more
    0:53:58 of who I came
    0:53:58 here to be
    0:53:59 to be honest
    0:53:59 it gave me
    0:54:01 the tools
    0:54:01 it gave me
    0:54:02 the friction
    0:54:02 it gave me
    0:54:03 the feedback
    0:54:04 to allow me
    0:54:04 to be who
    0:54:05 I came here
    0:54:05 to be
    0:54:06 and that was
    0:54:06 someone that’s
    0:54:07 using her voice
    0:54:08 someone that’s
    0:54:08 standing in her
    0:54:09 power
    0:54:09 someone that knows
    0:54:10 what she wants
    0:54:11 someone that’s
    0:54:12 clear on where
    0:54:12 she’s going
    0:54:14 and someone that
    0:54:15 has to meet
    0:54:16 every growth edge
    0:54:17 I feel like
    0:54:18 in the corporate
    0:54:18 world
    0:54:19 I was just
    0:54:20 spending a lot
    0:54:20 of my time
    0:54:21 and my energy
    0:54:21 towards someone
    0:54:22 else’s vision
    0:54:23 that I didn’t
    0:54:24 really even align
    0:54:24 with in the first
    0:54:24 place
    0:54:26 and I was there
    0:54:26 for money
    0:54:27 probably out of
    0:54:28 fear of not
    0:54:28 having money
    0:54:29 or not having
    0:54:29 purpose
    0:54:30 and when you’re
    0:54:31 an entrepreneur
    0:54:32 you’re putting
    0:54:32 all your eggs
    0:54:32 in your own
    0:54:33 basket I guess
    0:54:34 and I feel like
    0:54:35 it’s really just
    0:54:36 helped develop me
    0:54:37 as a better person
    0:54:38 because the more
    0:54:39 clear I am
    0:54:40 with my relationships
    0:54:41 within business
    0:54:42 within my
    0:54:43 personal life
    0:54:44 the more
    0:54:45 business I’ll get
    0:54:45 the more
    0:54:46 business will grow
    0:54:47 and it’s been
    0:54:48 so powerful
    0:54:48 you know I
    0:54:49 couldn’t see my
    0:54:50 life being any
    0:54:50 other way
    0:54:51 but self-led
    0:54:52 and self-made
    0:54:53 through entrepreneurship
    0:54:54 and I’m so glad
    0:54:55 for it
    0:54:56 what about you
    0:54:56 Lindsay
    0:54:58 to be honest
    0:54:58 when we first
    0:54:59 started I was
    0:55:00 so insecure
    0:55:00 about it
    0:55:01 because I
    0:55:01 didn’t have
    0:55:01 a corporate
    0:55:02 background
    0:55:03 I came from
    0:55:05 being my own
    0:55:05 I suppose
    0:55:06 entrepreneur
    0:55:07 in my acting
    0:55:08 life where
    0:55:08 even though I
    0:55:09 was waiting
    0:55:09 to be chosen
    0:55:11 I was having
    0:55:13 to self-motivate
    0:55:13 every day
    0:55:14 to go on
    0:55:15 auditions
    0:55:16 to meet
    0:55:16 agents
    0:55:17 meet casting
    0:55:18 directors
    0:55:18 so I had
    0:55:19 that experience
    0:55:20 within me
    0:55:20 as far as
    0:55:21 entrepreneurship
    0:55:22 goes but
    0:55:23 when it came
    0:55:23 to the business
    0:55:25 side I just
    0:55:26 felt so insecure
    0:55:27 but I think
    0:55:28 what I realized
    0:55:29 was that as
    0:55:29 an entrepreneur
    0:55:30 you’re meant
    0:55:32 to really
    0:55:33 double down
    0:55:34 on your gifts
    0:55:34 you know
    0:55:35 and you will
    0:55:36 learn everything
    0:55:37 else along the
    0:55:38 way you know
    0:55:38 I’ve learned
    0:55:38 so much
    0:55:39 about business
    0:55:40 and just
    0:55:40 doing it
    0:55:41 and making
    0:55:41 mistakes
    0:55:41 and learning
    0:55:42 from Krista
    0:55:44 so it’s
    0:55:44 been really
    0:55:45 important for
    0:55:46 me to
    0:55:47 acknowledge
    0:55:48 the insecurities
    0:55:48 around what
    0:55:49 I don’t
    0:55:49 know
    0:55:51 but actually
    0:55:51 that’s not
    0:55:52 where my
    0:55:53 focus is
    0:55:53 meant to go
    0:55:53 you know
    0:55:54 my focus
    0:55:54 is meant
    0:55:55 to double
    0:55:55 down on
    0:55:56 what I’m
    0:55:56 really good
    0:55:57 at and
    0:55:58 really step
    0:55:58 in there
    0:55:59 because especially
    0:55:59 in a partnership
    0:56:00 you know
    0:56:01 we’ve come
    0:56:02 together so well
    0:56:02 like a puzzle
    0:56:03 where like
    0:56:04 my strengths
    0:56:05 are something
    0:56:05 that fit
    0:56:06 perfectly
    0:56:06 in the puzzle
    0:56:07 and then Krista
    0:56:08 fills in her
    0:56:08 strengths
    0:56:08 where I’m
    0:56:09 kind of
    0:56:09 like lacking
    0:56:10 so it’s
    0:56:11 it’s been
    0:56:11 really really
    0:56:12 beautiful
    0:56:12 but entrepreneurship
    0:56:14 has given me
    0:56:15 just a lot
    0:56:15 of confidence
    0:56:17 in every aspect
    0:56:17 of my life
    0:56:18 you know
    0:56:18 I think
    0:56:19 when I
    0:56:20 think about
    0:56:22 starting over
    0:56:23 in any way
    0:56:24 I think about
    0:56:25 almost 30
    0:56:25 you know
    0:56:26 I just always
    0:56:27 reference that
    0:56:27 experience
    0:56:28 of just
    0:56:29 building something
    0:56:29 from
    0:56:30 nothing
    0:56:31 building it
    0:56:32 from an
    0:56:32 idea
    0:56:33 and I’m
    0:56:33 like
    0:56:34 oh yeah
    0:56:34 I can
    0:56:35 do this
    0:56:35 yeah
    0:56:35 you know
    0:56:36 it’s like
    0:56:37 it really
    0:56:38 adds to
    0:56:39 that well
    0:56:40 of confidence
    0:56:41 that you have
    0:56:41 for the rest
    0:56:42 of your life
    0:56:43 I love that
    0:56:44 so one of my
    0:56:44 last questions
    0:56:45 for you guys
    0:56:46 if somebody
    0:56:47 is almost
    0:56:48 an entrepreneur
    0:56:50 they have the
    0:56:50 idea of becoming
    0:56:51 an entrepreneur
    0:56:52 they’re in this
    0:56:52 transition period
    0:56:53 they might be
    0:56:53 working a corporate
    0:56:54 job
    0:56:56 what is your
    0:56:57 advice to how
    0:56:57 they should
    0:56:58 treat this period
    0:56:59 and their
    0:56:59 next steps
    0:57:01 this is my
    0:57:02 personal belief
    0:57:03 but I feel like
    0:57:03 a lot of people
    0:57:04 want to be an
    0:57:04 entrepreneur
    0:57:05 for the idea
    0:57:06 of what being
    0:57:06 an entrepreneur
    0:57:07 is
    0:57:08 they kind of
    0:57:08 see what’s
    0:57:09 happening online
    0:57:09 on social media
    0:57:10 they’re like
    0:57:10 oh you work
    0:57:11 from home
    0:57:11 or you work
    0:57:12 on the beach
    0:57:13 or it’s sexy
    0:57:14 like there’s a lot
    0:57:15 of entrepreneurship
    0:57:15 I think especially
    0:57:16 too earlier
    0:57:18 in the previous
    0:57:18 times that was
    0:57:19 like girl bossy
    0:57:20 and made everything
    0:57:21 really really sexy
    0:57:22 and fun
    0:57:23 and like really
    0:57:23 instagrammy
    0:57:24 and marketing
    0:57:25 and it’s not
    0:57:26 like that
    0:57:26 it’s the most
    0:57:27 challenging thing
    0:57:28 that you’ll do
    0:57:28 and it has
    0:57:29 made me
    0:57:30 so insecure
    0:57:31 at times
    0:57:31 and so low
    0:57:32 at times
    0:57:32 and so unsure
    0:57:33 of myself
    0:57:34 at times
    0:57:35 but it’s also
    0:57:36 been so powerful
    0:57:37 so I would check
    0:57:37 first what is
    0:57:38 the actual desire
    0:57:39 because I think
    0:57:39 entrepreneurship
    0:57:40 doesn’t happen
    0:57:41 I think your
    0:57:41 creativity
    0:57:42 and your idea
    0:57:42 happens
    0:57:43 I think you
    0:57:44 build what
    0:57:44 you want
    0:57:44 to do
    0:57:45 you become
    0:57:45 who you want
    0:57:46 to be
    0:57:46 you create
    0:57:46 what you’re
    0:57:47 here to do
    0:57:48 and then you
    0:57:48 become an
    0:57:48 entrepreneur
    0:57:49 so I think
    0:57:50 it should be
    0:57:50 led by something
    0:57:51 that comes
    0:57:51 internally
    0:57:52 like something
    0:57:53 that you feel
    0:57:53 like has to
    0:57:54 exist in the
    0:57:54 world
    0:57:55 so I think
    0:57:56 waiting until
    0:57:56 you have that
    0:57:57 calling
    0:57:58 that like desire
    0:57:59 that you feel
    0:57:59 it in your gut
    0:58:00 yes you’re like
    0:58:01 this needs to exist
    0:58:02 I need to create
    0:58:03 this thing
    0:58:03 because it doesn’t
    0:58:05 exist and I feel
    0:58:05 like my life
    0:58:06 sucks without it
    0:58:07 my life isn’t as
    0:58:08 good without it
    0:58:08 so I think
    0:58:09 waiting until
    0:58:10 you’re so called
    0:58:11 that the things
    0:58:11 that come up
    0:58:13 and the how
    0:58:13 of it all
    0:58:14 just goes away
    0:58:15 so when your why
    0:58:16 is so strong
    0:58:17 your how
    0:58:18 just it doesn’t
    0:58:18 even matter
    0:58:19 how it happens
    0:58:20 like our passion
    0:58:21 and obsession
    0:58:22 with our connection
    0:58:23 and really
    0:58:24 finding this
    0:58:25 reason to help
    0:58:25 people feel less
    0:58:27 alone drove us
    0:58:28 to like stay up
    0:58:28 late at night
    0:58:29 invest money
    0:58:30 and take the
    0:58:31 risk and so
    0:58:32 what I would say
    0:58:33 is find that
    0:58:33 thing or wait
    0:58:34 for that thing
    0:58:35 or look intently
    0:58:36 at the world
    0:58:37 a little differently
    0:58:37 with a different
    0:58:38 lens to see
    0:58:39 what is needed
    0:58:40 and then create
    0:58:41 that
    0:58:42 any thoughts
    0:58:43 yeah I think
    0:58:44 I mean your
    0:58:45 business that you
    0:58:45 start will be
    0:58:46 your mirror
    0:58:47 and so it’s
    0:58:48 I think imperative
    0:58:49 from the get
    0:58:49 to understand that
    0:58:50 this will bring
    0:58:50 up a lot
    0:58:51 about you
    0:58:52 and what you
    0:58:53 are bringing
    0:58:54 to the table
    0:58:55 and so for me
    0:58:56 it’s about having
    0:58:57 a therapist
    0:58:57 you know having
    0:58:59 like resources
    0:59:00 and tools
    0:59:01 so that I can
    0:59:01 come to each
    0:59:03 moment as aware
    0:59:03 and as conscious
    0:59:04 as possible
    0:59:05 it’s not always
    0:59:05 going to be perfect
    0:59:08 but how you do
    0:59:08 one thing is how
    0:59:09 you do everything
    0:59:10 and I think
    0:59:10 with a business
    0:59:12 for me it was
    0:59:13 showing me
    0:59:14 where I could
    0:59:14 really step
    0:59:15 into my worth
    0:59:16 it was showing
    0:59:16 me you know
    0:59:17 how I could
    0:59:17 become a better
    0:59:18 communicator
    0:59:19 in all aspects
    0:59:20 of my life
    0:59:21 so I think
    0:59:22 to be prepared
    0:59:23 for that
    0:59:23 and maybe even
    0:59:24 set yourself up
    0:59:26 by having a coach
    0:59:26 or a therapist
    0:59:27 from the get
    0:59:28 I know it’s an
    0:59:28 investment
    0:59:29 but it’s the most
    0:59:30 worthwhile investment
    0:59:31 I’ve ever made
    0:59:32 and helps me
    0:59:33 both in business
    0:59:34 and personal
    0:59:34 yeah
    0:59:35 it’s a good one
    0:59:35 what would you say
    0:59:37 so somebody’s
    0:59:38 about to become
    0:59:38 an entrepreneur
    0:59:39 I really like
    0:59:40 your advice
    0:59:41 of why are you
    0:59:42 doing this
    0:59:43 is it because
    0:59:44 you just want
    0:59:44 to make money
    0:59:45 is it because
    0:59:46 you feel like
    0:59:47 being an entrepreneur
    0:59:48 has some clout
    0:59:48 with it
    0:59:49 I feel like
    0:59:50 you need to
    0:59:51 really understand
    0:59:51 if you have
    0:59:53 a good business
    0:59:53 idea
    0:59:54 so like for me
    0:59:55 the big thing
    0:59:55 is can you
    0:59:56 make money
    0:59:58 can you get
    0:59:58 customers
    1:00:00 will people
    1:00:01 pay for this
    1:00:01 thing
    1:00:01 because a lot
    1:00:01 of people
    1:00:02 have these ideas
    1:00:03 that nobody
    1:00:03 wants
    1:00:04 and I see
    1:00:05 that time
    1:00:05 and time
    1:00:05 again
    1:00:06 I remember
    1:00:06 one time
    1:00:08 somebody was
    1:00:08 like on a
    1:00:09 webinar with
    1:00:09 me
    1:00:09 and she was
    1:00:10 talking about
    1:00:11 how she’s
    1:00:12 like building
    1:00:12 an app
    1:00:14 something about
    1:00:14 like naming
    1:00:15 your star
    1:00:16 sign
    1:00:16 or something
    1:00:17 like this
    1:00:17 and it was
    1:00:18 such like a
    1:00:19 far out there
    1:00:19 idea
    1:00:20 maybe it’s
    1:00:20 because I’m
    1:00:21 not into
    1:00:21 astrology
    1:00:22 or whatever
    1:00:22 it is
    1:00:23 but to me
    1:00:24 I was like
    1:00:24 okay
    1:00:25 is that
    1:00:25 something
    1:00:26 that you
    1:00:26 want
    1:00:26 or that
    1:00:27 other people
    1:00:28 want
    1:00:29 and so
    1:00:29 for me
    1:00:29 it’s about
    1:00:30 channeling
    1:00:31 demand
    1:00:32 not trying
    1:00:33 to create
    1:00:33 demand
    1:00:33 so find
    1:00:34 something
    1:00:34 that people
    1:00:35 already have
    1:00:35 a problem
    1:00:35 with
    1:00:36 like in
    1:00:36 a lot
    1:00:36 of people
    1:00:38 and a
    1:00:38 problem
    1:00:39 where you
    1:00:40 know how
    1:00:41 to find
    1:00:41 these people
    1:00:42 like they
    1:00:43 label themselves
    1:00:43 something
    1:00:44 they’re all
    1:00:45 hanging out
    1:00:45 in the same
    1:00:46 places
    1:00:46 they have
    1:00:46 the same
    1:00:47 titles
    1:00:47 they’ve
    1:00:48 gone to
    1:00:48 the same
    1:00:49 schools
    1:00:49 or they
    1:00:49 work at
    1:00:49 the same
    1:00:50 places
    1:00:51 because then
    1:00:52 your job
    1:00:52 is easy
    1:00:53 you just
    1:00:53 find those
    1:00:54 people that
    1:00:54 have that
    1:00:54 problem
    1:00:55 and you
    1:00:55 sell to
    1:00:55 them
    1:00:56 but I
    1:00:57 find time
    1:00:57 and time
    1:00:57 again
    1:00:58 people have
    1:00:59 solutions
    1:00:59 to problems
    1:00:59 that don’t
    1:01:00 exist
    1:01:01 or you
    1:01:02 can’t find
    1:01:02 any customers
    1:01:03 so I
    1:01:04 just feel
    1:01:04 like you
    1:01:04 have to
    1:01:05 know
    1:01:05 that your
    1:01:05 customers
    1:01:06 exist
    1:01:06 and that
    1:01:07 they actually
    1:01:07 have a
    1:01:08 problem
    1:01:08 that they’re
    1:01:09 willing to
    1:01:09 spend
    1:01:10 their money
    1:01:10 on
    1:01:12 and this
    1:01:12 solution
    1:01:13 also has
    1:01:13 to somehow
    1:01:14 increase
    1:01:14 their status
    1:01:16 in some
    1:01:16 way
    1:01:17 you know
    1:01:17 because people
    1:01:18 just buy
    1:01:19 based on
    1:01:20 increasing
    1:01:21 their status
    1:01:21 whatever it
    1:01:21 is
    1:01:22 they make
    1:01:23 every decision
    1:01:24 based on
    1:01:25 if it’s going
    1:01:25 to increase
    1:01:25 my status
    1:01:26 or not
    1:01:26 so is it
    1:01:26 going to
    1:01:27 improve
    1:01:28 my wealth
    1:01:28 are people
    1:01:28 are people
    1:01:29 going to
    1:01:29 think
    1:01:30 more
    1:01:30 highly
    1:01:30 of me
    1:01:31 if I
    1:01:31 have
    1:01:31 this
    1:01:31 thing
    1:01:32 or if I
    1:01:32 fix
    1:01:32 this
    1:01:33 problem
    1:01:33 right
    1:01:34 so it’s
    1:01:35 all based
    1:01:35 on status
    1:01:36 so it’s
    1:01:36 how does
    1:01:37 it impact
    1:01:37 their status
    1:01:38 wow
    1:01:39 you know
    1:01:41 people are
    1:01:41 great
    1:01:41 I just
    1:01:42 sometimes
    1:01:42 they’re like
    1:01:42 wow
    1:01:43 we’re doing
    1:01:44 that
    1:01:45 you know
    1:01:45 I do
    1:01:45 that
    1:01:45 of course
    1:01:46 I’m doing
    1:01:46 stuff like
    1:01:47 that
    1:01:47 but it’s
    1:01:47 like
    1:01:47 beauty
    1:01:48 it’s
    1:01:48 health
    1:01:49 exactly
    1:01:52 this episode
    1:01:52 of Young
    1:01:53 and Profiting
    1:01:53 podcast
    1:01:54 is brought
    1:01:54 to you
    1:01:54 by
    1:01:55 Mercury
    1:01:56 the modern
    1:01:56 business
    1:01:56 banking
    1:01:57 experience
    1:01:57 that
    1:01:57 brands
    1:01:58 like
    1:01:58 mine
    1:01:58 use
    1:01:59 to
    1:01:59 manage
    1:01:59 their
    1:02:00 finances
    1:02:01 I’ve
    1:02:01 got a
    1:02:01 confession
    1:02:02 to make
    1:02:02 I used
    1:02:03 to dread
    1:02:03 logging
    1:02:04 into my
    1:02:04 old
    1:02:05 business
    1:02:05 bank
    1:02:05 account
    1:02:06 the
    1:02:06 interface
    1:02:07 looked
    1:02:07 like
    1:02:07 it
    1:02:07 hadn’t
    1:02:08 been
    1:02:08 updated
    1:02:08 since
    1:02:09 2003
    1:02:10 I tried
    1:02:11 to transfer
    1:02:11 funds
    1:02:12 and somehow
    1:02:12 ended up
    1:02:13 needing
    1:02:13 to call
    1:02:14 customer
    1:02:14 support
    1:02:15 just to
    1:02:15 move
    1:02:15 money
    1:02:16 between
    1:02:16 my
    1:02:16 accounts
    1:02:17 that’s
    1:02:17 not
    1:02:17 ideal
    1:02:18 when you’re
    1:02:18 running
    1:02:19 a fast
    1:02:19 paced
    1:02:20 business
    1:02:20 and
    1:02:20 that’s
    1:02:21 why
    1:02:21 I
    1:02:21 made
    1:02:21 the
    1:02:22 entire
    1:02:22 company
    1:02:23 switch
    1:02:23 to
    1:02:24 Mercury
    1:02:24 that’s
    1:02:24 right
    1:02:24 all
    1:02:24 of
    1:02:25 our
    1:02:25 accounts
    1:02:25 credit
    1:02:26 cards
    1:02:26 it’s
    1:02:26 all
    1:02:27 on
    1:02:27 Mercury
    1:02:27 now
    1:02:28 it’s
    1:02:28 our
    1:02:28 go-to
    1:02:29 banking
    1:02:29 product
    1:02:29 and
    1:02:29 it’s
    1:02:30 also
    1:02:30 the
    1:02:30 go-to
    1:02:30 banking
    1:02:31 product
    1:02:31 for
    1:02:31 over
    1:02:32 200,000
    1:02:33 startups
    1:02:34 small
    1:02:34 businesses
    1:02:34 and
    1:02:35 e-commerce
    1:02:35 brands
    1:02:36 it’s
    1:02:36 designed
    1:02:37 with a
    1:02:37 sleek
    1:02:37 interface
    1:02:38 and
    1:02:38 transparent
    1:02:39 pricing
    1:02:39 there’s
    1:02:39 no
    1:02:39 hidden
    1:02:40 fees
    1:02:40 so
    1:02:40 it
    1:02:41 makes
    1:02:41 it
    1:02:41 simple
    1:02:41 to
    1:02:42 manage
    1:02:42 your
    1:02:42 banking
    1:02:43 capital
    1:02:50 plus enjoy
    1:02:50 free
    1:02:51 domestic
    1:02:51 and
    1:02:52 international
    1:02:52 USD
    1:02:53 wire
    1:02:53 transfers
    1:02:54 you can
    1:02:54 also
    1:02:54 get
    1:02:55 instant
    1:02:55 access
    1:02:55 to
    1:02:56 virtual
    1:02:56 cards
    1:02:56 that
    1:02:56 you can
    1:02:57 track
    1:02:57 and
    1:02:57 lock
    1:02:58 to
    1:02:58 specific
    1:02:59 merchants
    1:02:59 earning
    1:03:00 you
    1:03:01 1.5%
    1:03:01 cash back
    1:03:02 on
    1:03:02 every
    1:03:02 single
    1:03:03 purchase
    1:03:04 Mercury
    1:03:05 streamlines
    1:03:05 your banking
    1:03:06 and finances
    1:03:06 in one
    1:03:07 place
    1:03:07 so you
    1:03:07 can
    1:03:08 focus
    1:03:08 on
    1:03:08 growing
    1:03:08 your
    1:03:09 online
    1:03:09 business
    1:03:10 deposit
    1:03:11 $5,000
    1:03:12 or spend
    1:03:13 $5,000
    1:03:14 using your
    1:03:14 Mercury
    1:03:15 credit card
    1:03:15 within the
    1:03:16 first 90
    1:03:16 days
    1:03:16 to
    1:03:16 earn
    1:03:17 $250
    1:03:18 or
    1:03:18 do
    1:03:19 both
    1:03:19 for
    1:03:19 $500
    1:03:20 in
    1:03:20 total
    1:03:21 rewards
    1:03:21 learn
    1:03:22 more
    1:03:22 at
    1:03:23 mercury.com
    1:03:24 slash
    1:03:24 profiting
    1:03:25 that’s
    1:03:26 mercury.com
    1:03:26 slash
    1:03:27 profiting
    1:03:27 mercury
    1:03:28 is a
    1:03:28 financial
    1:03:29 technology
    1:03:29 company
    1:03:30 not an
    1:03:30 FDIC
    1:03:31 insured
    1:03:31 bank
    1:03:32 banking
    1:03:32 services
    1:03:33 provided
    1:03:33 by
    1:03:33 choice
    1:03:34 financial
    1:03:34 group
    1:03:34 column
    1:03:35 NA
    1:03:35 and
    1:03:35 evolve
    1:03:35 bank
    1:03:35 and
    1:03:36 trust
    1:03:36 members
    1:03:37 FDIC
    1:03:38 working
    1:03:38 capital
    1:03:38 loans
    1:03:39 provided
    1:03:39 by
    1:03:39 mercury
    1:03:40 lending
    1:03:41 LLC
    1:03:42 yeah fam
    1:03:42 I want
    1:03:43 the attention
    1:03:43 of all
    1:03:43 you
    1:03:44 renters
    1:03:44 out there
    1:03:44 and I
    1:03:45 know
    1:03:45 there’s
    1:03:45 a lot
    1:03:46 of us
    1:03:47 there is
    1:03:47 a platform
    1:03:48 called
    1:03:48 built
    1:03:49 where you
    1:03:49 can pay
    1:03:49 your rent
    1:03:50 through this
    1:03:50 platform
    1:03:51 I’ve been
    1:03:51 using it
    1:03:51 for over
    1:03:52 a year
    1:03:52 and you
    1:03:53 can earn
    1:03:53 your favorite
    1:03:54 airline miles
    1:03:55 and hotel
    1:03:55 points just
    1:03:56 by paying
    1:03:56 your rent
    1:03:57 on time
    1:03:57 I of course
    1:03:58 always pay
    1:03:58 my rent
    1:03:59 on time
    1:04:00 and as a
    1:04:00 result
    1:04:01 I accumulated
    1:04:01 a lot
    1:04:01 of points
    1:04:02 so much
    1:04:02 so that
    1:04:02 I’m going
    1:04:03 on a trip
    1:04:04 to Tulum
    1:04:04 for my
    1:04:05 birthday
    1:04:05 with my
    1:04:06 friends
    1:04:06 and I
    1:04:06 was able
    1:04:06 to pay
    1:04:06 for my
    1:04:07 hotel
    1:04:07 and my
    1:04:08 airline
    1:04:08 flight
    1:04:08 by using
    1:04:09 built
    1:04:10 sounds
    1:04:10 too good
    1:04:10 to be
    1:04:10 true
    1:04:11 let me
    1:04:11 explain
    1:04:12 there’s
    1:04:12 no cost
    1:04:13 to join
    1:04:13 and just
    1:04:14 by paying
    1:04:14 your rent
    1:04:15 you’ll unlock
    1:04:15 flexible points
    1:04:16 that can be
    1:04:16 transferred to
    1:04:17 your favorite
    1:04:17 hotels or
    1:04:18 airlines
    1:04:19 it could even
    1:04:19 be transferred
    1:04:20 to a future
    1:04:20 rent payment
    1:04:21 your next
    1:04:21 lift ride
    1:04:22 and so much
    1:04:22 more
    1:04:23 when you pay
    1:04:24 your rent
    1:04:24 through built
    1:04:24 you unlock
    1:04:25 two powerful
    1:04:26 benefits
    1:04:27 number one
    1:04:27 you earn
    1:04:27 one of the
    1:04:28 industry’s
    1:04:29 most valuable
    1:04:29 points on
    1:04:29 rent
    1:04:30 every single
    1:04:30 month
    1:04:31 no matter
    1:04:31 where you
    1:04:32 live or
    1:04:32 who your
    1:04:33 landlord is
    1:04:33 it doesn’t
    1:04:33 matter
    1:04:34 your rent
    1:04:34 now works
    1:04:35 for you
    1:04:36 second
    1:04:36 you gain
    1:04:37 access to
    1:04:37 exclusive
    1:04:37 neighborhood
    1:04:38 benefits
    1:04:38 in your
    1:04:39 city
    1:04:39 built
    1:04:40 neighborhood
    1:04:40 benefits
    1:04:41 are things
    1:04:41 like extra
    1:04:42 points on
    1:04:42 dining out
    1:04:43 complimentary
    1:04:44 post-workout
    1:04:44 shakes
    1:04:45 free mats
    1:04:45 or towels
    1:04:46 at your
    1:04:46 favorite
    1:04:46 fitness
    1:04:47 studios
    1:04:47 and unique
    1:04:48 experiences
    1:04:48 that only
    1:04:49 built
    1:04:49 members
    1:04:50 can access
    1:04:50 when you’re
    1:04:51 ready to
    1:04:51 travel
    1:04:51 built
    1:04:52 points
    1:04:52 can be
    1:04:52 converted
    1:04:53 to your
    1:04:53 favorite
    1:04:53 miles
    1:04:54 and hotel
    1:04:54 points
    1:04:54 around the
    1:04:55 world
    1:04:55 meaning
    1:04:56 your rent
    1:04:56 can literally
    1:04:57 take you
    1:04:57 places
    1:04:58 get your
    1:04:58 next vacation
    1:04:59 for free
    1:05:00 just by paying
    1:05:00 your rent
    1:05:01 so my
    1:05:02 question is
    1:05:02 what are you
    1:05:03 waiting for
    1:05:03 you’re already
    1:05:04 paying your
    1:05:04 rent
    1:05:05 start using
    1:05:05 built
    1:05:05 today
    1:05:06 and take
    1:05:06 advantage
    1:05:06 of your
    1:05:07 neighborhood
    1:05:07 benefits
    1:05:07 by going
    1:05:08 to join
    1:05:08 built
    1:05:09 dot com
    1:05:09 slash
    1:05:09 profiting
    1:05:10 that’s
    1:05:12 j-o-i-n-b-i-l-t
    1:05:12 dot com
    1:05:13 slash
    1:05:13 profiting
    1:05:13 again
    1:05:14 join
    1:05:14 built
    1:05:15 dot com
    1:05:15 slash
    1:05:15 profiting
    1:05:16 and make
    1:05:17 sure you
    1:05:17 use our
    1:05:18 url
    1:05:18 so they
    1:05:19 know that
    1:05:19 we sent
    1:05:19 you
    1:05:19 that’s
    1:05:20 join
    1:05:20 built
    1:05:20 dot com
    1:05:20 slash
    1:05:21 profiting
    1:05:21 to sign
    1:05:22 up for
    1:05:22 built
    1:05:22 today
    1:05:24 okay so my
    1:05:25 last question
    1:05:25 that I ask
    1:05:25 all of my
    1:05:26 guests
    1:05:27 you can
    1:05:27 just answer
    1:05:28 from your
    1:05:28 heart
    1:05:33 young
    1:05:33 and
    1:05:33 profiter’s
    1:05:34 can do
    1:05:34 today
    1:05:35 to become
    1:05:35 more
    1:05:36 profitable
    1:05:36 let’s go
    1:05:37 with the
    1:05:37 business
    1:05:37 mind
    1:05:38 first
    1:05:39 I think
    1:05:40 to become
    1:05:40 more
    1:05:40 profitable
    1:05:41 a book
    1:05:41 that I
    1:05:42 love
    1:05:42 that I
    1:05:42 recommend
    1:05:43 is called
    1:05:44 a happy
    1:05:44 pocket full
    1:05:45 of money
    1:05:45 have you read
    1:05:46 that
    1:05:47 it’s really
    1:05:47 really good
    1:05:48 about the
    1:05:48 relationship
    1:05:49 you can
    1:05:49 have to
    1:05:49 money
    1:05:50 and the
    1:05:50 energetics
    1:05:51 of money
    1:05:52 and it’s
    1:05:52 been
    1:05:52 incredibly
    1:05:53 profound
    1:05:54 and transformative
    1:05:54 for me
    1:05:54 I think
    1:05:55 when you
    1:05:56 think about
    1:05:56 becoming
    1:05:56 more
    1:05:57 profitable
    1:05:57 there’s
    1:05:57 so many
    1:05:57 different
    1:05:58 aspects
    1:05:58 of it
    1:05:58 related
    1:05:59 to your
    1:05:59 business
    1:05:59 but if
    1:05:59 the
    1:06:00 foundational
    1:06:01 relationship
    1:06:01 you have
    1:06:01 to the
    1:06:02 energetics
    1:06:02 of money
    1:06:03 isn’t there
    1:06:03 you’re never
    1:06:04 going to become
    1:06:05 more profitable
    1:06:05 so getting
    1:06:06 your relationship
    1:06:07 right
    1:06:07 the energetic
    1:06:08 frequency
    1:06:09 and the
    1:06:09 connection
    1:06:09 you have
    1:06:10 with money
    1:06:10 is going
    1:06:11 to be
    1:06:11 incredibly
    1:06:11 helpful
    1:06:12 when I
    1:06:12 could
    1:06:13 finally
    1:06:13 meet
    1:06:13 money
    1:06:14 and
    1:06:14 respect
    1:06:15 and love
    1:06:15 money
    1:06:15 in the way
    1:06:16 that I do
    1:06:16 I’m so
    1:06:17 grateful
    1:06:17 for the way
    1:06:18 money moves
    1:06:18 in my
    1:06:18 life
    1:06:19 I’m so
    1:06:19 grateful
    1:06:20 for the
    1:06:20 way
    1:06:20 money
    1:06:21 gives me
    1:06:21 freedom
    1:06:21 for the
    1:06:22 way
    1:06:22 money
    1:06:23 supports
    1:06:23 my
    1:06:23 health
    1:06:23 for the
    1:06:24 way
    1:06:24 money
    1:06:24 supports
    1:06:25 my
    1:06:26 family
    1:06:26 like
    1:06:27 I have
    1:06:27 so much
    1:06:28 respect
    1:06:29 and love
    1:06:29 for money
    1:06:29 so money
    1:06:30 loves to
    1:06:30 work with
    1:06:30 me
    1:06:31 money
    1:06:31 loves
    1:06:31 to be
    1:06:31 around
    1:06:32 me
    1:06:32 money
    1:06:32 loves
    1:06:32 to hang
    1:06:33 out
    1:06:33 with me
    1:06:33 money
    1:06:33 loves
    1:06:34 to move
    1:06:34 through
    1:06:34 me
    1:06:35 and once
    1:06:35 you can
    1:06:35 have
    1:06:36 that
    1:06:36 you can
    1:06:36 really
    1:06:36 see
    1:06:37 how money
    1:06:37 can move
    1:06:37 more
    1:06:37 in your
    1:06:38 business
    1:06:38 can we
    1:06:39 actually
    1:06:39 stick
    1:06:40 on this
    1:06:41 I feel
    1:06:42 like I
    1:06:42 have
    1:06:43 an
    1:06:43 incredible
    1:06:44 relationship
    1:06:44 with
    1:06:44 money
    1:06:45 sometimes
    1:06:46 I wonder
    1:06:46 I’m like
    1:06:47 how do
    1:06:47 people
    1:06:47 not make
    1:06:48 money
    1:06:48 like
    1:06:49 I feel
    1:06:49 like I
    1:06:49 just
    1:06:50 attract
    1:06:51 money
    1:06:51 left
    1:06:51 and right
    1:06:52 right
    1:06:52 like
    1:06:52 where do
    1:06:53 you think
    1:06:53 that comes
    1:06:53 from
    1:06:55 my dad
    1:06:55 was a
    1:06:55 surgeon
    1:06:56 cool
    1:06:56 but he
    1:06:57 grew up
    1:06:57 super
    1:06:58 poor
    1:06:58 so my
    1:06:59 dad
    1:06:59 grew up
    1:06:59 in
    1:07:00 I’m
    1:07:00 Palestinian
    1:07:01 so he
    1:07:01 grew up
    1:07:02 with no
    1:07:02 running
    1:07:02 water
    1:07:03 he was
    1:07:04 dirt
    1:07:04 poor
    1:07:04 he became
    1:07:05 a
    1:07:05 surgeon
    1:07:05 and then
    1:07:06 when I
    1:07:06 was
    1:07:07 growing up
    1:07:07 he never
    1:07:08 wanted me
    1:07:08 to feel
    1:07:08 like
    1:07:09 money
    1:07:09 was an
    1:07:10 obstacle
    1:07:10 because
    1:07:10 it was
    1:07:11 for him
    1:07:12 so like
    1:07:13 if I
    1:07:13 wanted to
    1:07:13 buy
    1:07:14 anything
    1:07:14 I remember
    1:07:15 one time
    1:07:15 he bought
    1:07:15 me like
    1:07:16 a thousand
    1:07:16 dollar
    1:07:17 Furby
    1:07:17 you know
    1:07:17 like
    1:07:18 QVC
    1:07:19 when it was
    1:07:19 really popular
    1:07:21 you know
    1:07:22 and he spent
    1:07:23 a thousand
    1:07:23 dollars to
    1:07:23 get me
    1:07:24 this Furby
    1:07:25 his phrase
    1:07:25 was
    1:07:26 if something
    1:07:26 was a hundred
    1:07:26 dollars
    1:07:27 he’d be like
    1:07:27 oh that’s
    1:07:27 free
    1:07:28 I’m obsessed
    1:07:29 and he would
    1:07:30 always just
    1:07:30 tell me
    1:07:31 that’s free
    1:07:32 that’s free
    1:07:32 okay dad
    1:07:33 can I have
    1:07:33 this money
    1:07:33 oh sure
    1:07:34 no problem
    1:07:35 so he made
    1:07:36 me feel
    1:07:36 like money
    1:07:37 was just
    1:07:38 so easy
    1:07:39 and so
    1:07:39 my whole
    1:07:40 life
    1:07:40 I just
    1:07:40 thought
    1:07:41 money
    1:07:41 is easy
    1:07:43 and now
    1:07:43 I just
    1:07:44 make a lot
    1:07:45 of money
    1:07:46 all the time
    1:07:46 you know
    1:07:47 like we just
    1:07:47 like have
    1:07:48 these huge
    1:07:48 deals
    1:07:48 and then
    1:07:49 sometimes
    1:07:49 I think
    1:07:50 when people
    1:07:50 like make
    1:07:51 such little
    1:07:51 money
    1:07:51 I’m like
    1:07:52 how
    1:07:52 how are they
    1:07:53 making such
    1:07:53 little money
    1:07:54 you know
    1:07:56 so I have
    1:07:56 a really good
    1:07:57 but I have
    1:07:58 bad relationships
    1:07:59 with other
    1:07:59 things
    1:08:00 you know
    1:08:00 what I’m
    1:08:00 saying
    1:08:01 so like
    1:08:01 money
    1:08:01 just happens
    1:08:02 to be good
    1:08:02 for me
    1:08:02 but talk
    1:08:03 to me
    1:08:03 about
    1:08:03 your
    1:08:04 relationship
    1:08:04 with money
    1:08:05 and I
    1:08:06 think a lot
    1:08:06 of people
    1:08:06 have
    1:08:07 things
    1:08:08 with money
    1:08:08 in terms
    1:08:08 of their
    1:08:09 beliefs
    1:08:09 oh yeah
    1:08:10 I mean
    1:08:11 it’s so much
    1:08:12 it’s the hierarchy
    1:08:13 of money
    1:08:13 money means
    1:08:14 worth
    1:08:14 money means
    1:08:15 safety
    1:08:15 money means
    1:08:16 security
    1:08:17 money means
    1:08:17 you’re bad
    1:08:18 like if we look
    1:08:18 at the media
    1:08:19 programming
    1:08:20 a lot of the
    1:08:20 media programming
    1:08:21 the villains
    1:08:21 are rich
    1:08:22 so we have
    1:08:23 this idea
    1:08:24 that having
    1:08:24 money is bad
    1:08:25 Jesus had
    1:08:25 no money
    1:08:26 you know
    1:08:26 like the
    1:08:27 gurus
    1:08:27 and the saints
    1:08:28 and the cultural
    1:08:29 leaders from a
    1:08:29 religious perspective
    1:08:30 were usually poor
    1:08:31 so we have
    1:08:32 this embedded
    1:08:33 idea around
    1:08:33 money and
    1:08:34 the relationship
    1:08:34 to money
    1:08:35 in our lives
    1:08:36 and I think
    1:08:37 so many of us
    1:08:38 have grown up
    1:08:38 with money
    1:08:38 is shameful
    1:08:39 you don’t talk
    1:08:39 about it
    1:08:40 you don’t talk
    1:08:40 about money
    1:08:40 you don’t talk
    1:08:41 about sex
    1:08:41 you don’t talk
    1:08:42 about religion
    1:08:43 so not only
    1:08:43 are we not
    1:08:44 talking about it
    1:08:44 but we’re living
    1:08:45 in a society
    1:08:46 that’s telling
    1:08:46 us that money
    1:08:47 is bad
    1:08:47 but yet all
    1:08:47 the people
    1:08:48 at the top
    1:08:48 are figuring
    1:08:49 out ways
    1:08:49 to get money
    1:08:50 so I think
    1:08:51 when we can
    1:08:51 really take
    1:08:52 our power
    1:08:52 back and have
    1:08:53 a beautiful
    1:08:53 relationship
    1:08:54 with money
    1:08:54 money actually
    1:08:55 isn’t anything
    1:08:55 it’s like
    1:08:56 paper
    1:08:56 yeah
    1:08:57 so we’re
    1:08:57 actually
    1:08:57 placing
    1:08:58 all this
    1:08:58 energy
    1:08:59 and value
    1:09:00 and thought
    1:09:00 and meaning
    1:09:01 to paper
    1:09:02 so like
    1:09:02 how are we
    1:09:03 can we take
    1:09:03 the power
    1:09:04 back and be
    1:09:04 like this
    1:09:05 is a tool
    1:09:05 for me
    1:09:06 to live
    1:09:06 my life
    1:09:07 in the way
    1:09:07 that I
    1:09:07 want
    1:09:07 this is
    1:09:08 something
    1:09:08 I deserve
    1:09:08 this is
    1:09:09 something
    1:09:09 that I
    1:09:09 can move
    1:09:10 through me
    1:09:11 energetically
    1:09:12 and become
    1:09:12 something
    1:09:12 that can
    1:09:13 be supportive
    1:09:14 of the life
    1:09:14 that I want
    1:09:15 and I think
    1:09:15 so many
    1:09:16 people
    1:09:17 take what
    1:09:17 they learned
    1:09:18 or did
    1:09:18 not learn
    1:09:19 when they
    1:09:19 were younger
    1:09:20 from their
    1:09:20 parents
    1:09:23 and use
    1:09:23 it as like
    1:09:24 an excuse
    1:09:25 not to
    1:09:25 rewrite their
    1:09:26 relationship
    1:09:26 with money
    1:09:27 so it’s like
    1:09:27 my parents
    1:09:28 never taught
    1:09:28 me about
    1:09:29 this is
    1:09:29 something
    1:09:30 I’ve done
    1:09:30 my parents
    1:09:35 never taught
    1:09:36 me about
    1:09:37 balancing
    1:09:38 my checkbook
    1:09:38 or like
    1:09:39 how to
    1:09:39 manage
    1:09:40 money
    1:09:40 or how
    1:09:40 to invest
    1:09:41 or how
    1:09:42 to work
    1:09:42 with a
    1:09:43 credit card
    1:09:43 like
    1:09:43 never
    1:09:44 none
    1:09:44 of that
    1:09:45 and there
    1:09:45 was always
    1:09:46 stress
    1:09:46 around
    1:09:46 money
    1:09:47 there
    1:09:47 was
    1:09:47 always
    1:09:48 fights
    1:09:49 were
    1:09:49 started
    1:09:49 over
    1:09:49 money
    1:09:50 always
    1:09:51 so I
    1:09:52 really had
    1:09:52 this
    1:09:53 stiff arm
    1:09:54 approach
    1:09:54 to money
    1:09:54 where I’m
    1:09:54 like
    1:09:55 money’s
    1:09:56 over here
    1:09:56 I don’t
    1:09:56 really want
    1:09:57 to look
    1:09:57 at it
    1:09:57 I don’t
    1:09:58 really want
    1:09:58 to talk
    1:09:58 about it
    1:09:59 I’ve
    1:09:59 had
    1:10:00 very
    1:10:00 very
    1:10:01 abundant
    1:10:01 times
    1:10:02 in my
    1:10:02 life
    1:10:02 and
    1:10:03 usually
    1:10:03 that’s
    1:10:04 because
    1:10:05 I am
    1:10:05 not
    1:10:05 connecting
    1:10:06 money
    1:10:06 to my
    1:10:07 worth
    1:10:07 and I
    1:10:07 am
    1:10:07 just
    1:10:08 living
    1:10:08 in a
    1:10:08 way
    1:10:09 that’s
    1:10:09 like
    1:10:10 incredibly
    1:10:10 aligned
    1:10:10 I’m
    1:10:10 using
    1:10:11 my
    1:10:11 gifts
    1:10:11 and that’s
    1:10:12 usually
    1:10:12 when I
    1:10:13 have a lot
    1:10:13 of money
    1:10:14 coming in
    1:10:15 but any
    1:10:16 period of
    1:10:16 time
    1:10:17 where I’ve
    1:10:18 literally
    1:10:19 held money
    1:10:20 as I’m
    1:10:20 going to
    1:10:21 feel okay
    1:10:21 today
    1:10:22 if I have
    1:10:22 this amount
    1:10:22 in my
    1:10:23 bank account
    1:10:24 it’s
    1:10:25 evaded me
    1:10:27 at all costs
    1:10:27 so it’s just
    1:10:28 really interesting
    1:10:28 like Krista
    1:10:29 said the
    1:10:29 relationship
    1:10:30 with money
    1:10:30 on an
    1:10:30 energetic
    1:10:31 level I
    1:10:31 think is
    1:10:31 important
    1:10:32 but also
    1:10:33 looking at
    1:10:33 where did
    1:10:34 your money
    1:10:34 story come
    1:10:35 from
    1:10:35 you know
    1:10:36 just being
    1:10:36 really
    1:10:36 honest
    1:10:37 about it
    1:10:37 and knowing
    1:10:37 that you
    1:10:38 can rewrite
    1:10:38 it
    1:10:39 right now
    1:10:40 in this
    1:10:40 moment
    1:10:40 you can
    1:10:40 start
    1:10:41 rewriting
    1:10:41 it
    1:10:42 you don’t
    1:10:42 have
    1:10:42 the
    1:10:43 scarlet
    1:10:43 letter
    1:10:44 on you
    1:10:44 for the
    1:10:44 rest
    1:10:44 of your
    1:10:45 life
    1:10:45 you can
    1:10:46 absolutely
    1:10:46 rewrite
    1:10:47 this
    1:10:47 and I
    1:10:47 think
    1:10:48 for me
    1:10:48 it helped
    1:10:49 to understand
    1:10:49 why my
    1:10:49 parents
    1:10:50 had the
    1:10:50 beliefs
    1:10:50 that they
    1:10:50 did
    1:10:51 I
    1:10:51 just
    1:10:51 had
    1:10:51 more
    1:10:52 compassion
    1:10:52 I
    1:10:52 didn’t
    1:10:52 have
    1:10:52 as
    1:10:53 much
    1:10:53 resentment
    1:10:53 towards
    1:10:54 them
    1:10:54 yeah
    1:10:55 so
    1:10:55 yeah
    1:10:55 I
    1:10:56 just
    1:10:56 think
    1:10:56 it’s
    1:10:56 so
    1:10:57 important
    1:10:57 that we
    1:10:57 kind
    1:10:57 of
    1:10:58 detangle
    1:10:58 that
    1:10:58 before
    1:10:58 we
    1:10:59 yeah
    1:10:59 we
    1:10:59 talk
    1:10:59 about
    1:11:00 that
    1:11:00 in the
    1:11:00 book
    1:11:00 because
    1:11:01 I
    1:11:01 mean
    1:11:01 especially
    1:11:01 in your
    1:11:01 late
    1:11:02 20s
    1:11:02 like
    1:11:03 60%
    1:11:03 of
    1:11:04 people
    1:11:04 have
    1:11:04 student
    1:11:04 debt
    1:11:05 you
    1:11:05 start
    1:11:05 to
    1:11:06 make
    1:11:06 more
    1:11:06 money
    1:11:06 in your
    1:11:07 late
    1:11:07 20s
    1:11:07 you’re
    1:11:08 changing
    1:11:08 jobs
    1:11:08 like
    1:11:09 a lot
    1:11:09 of
    1:11:09 people
    1:11:09 are
    1:11:09 getting
    1:11:09 married
    1:11:10 for the
    1:11:10 first
    1:11:10 time
    1:11:10 they’re
    1:11:10 having
    1:11:11 children
    1:11:11 so
    1:11:11 there’s
    1:11:11 so
    1:11:12 many
    1:11:12 different
    1:11:12 financial
    1:11:13 things
    1:11:13 that are
    1:11:14 happening
    1:11:14 to people
    1:11:14 during
    1:11:15 that
    1:11:15 time
    1:11:15 so
    1:11:16 I
    1:11:16 think
    1:11:16 for me
    1:11:17 the rebel
    1:11:17 part
    1:11:17 of me
    1:11:18 is always
    1:11:18 like
    1:11:18 I
    1:11:18 just
    1:11:18 want
    1:11:18 to
    1:11:19 somehow
    1:11:19 take
    1:11:19 the
    1:11:19 power
    1:11:20 back
    1:11:20 from
    1:11:20 the
    1:11:20 system
    1:11:21 and
    1:11:21 figure
    1:11:21 out
    1:11:22 how
    1:11:22 to
    1:11:23 live
    1:11:23 my
    1:11:23 life
    1:11:24 outside
    1:11:24 of it
    1:11:24 live
    1:11:24 my
    1:11:24 life
    1:11:25 freely
    1:11:25 and
    1:11:25 it
    1:11:26 doesn’t
    1:11:26 mean
    1:11:26 I’m
    1:11:26 buying
    1:11:27 a
    1:11:27 yacht
    1:11:27 or
    1:11:27 a
    1:11:27 private
    1:11:28 jet
    1:11:28 it
    1:11:28 means
    1:11:29 I’m
    1:11:29 living
    1:11:30 in a
    1:11:30 way
    1:11:30 that
    1:11:30 feels
    1:11:31 luxurious
    1:11:31 and
    1:11:31 free
    1:11:31 to
    1:11:32 me
    1:11:32 that
    1:11:33 feels
    1:11:33 expansive
    1:11:33 to
    1:11:33 me
    1:11:34 and
    1:11:34 I
    1:11:34 want
    1:11:34 that
    1:11:34 for
    1:11:34 everyone
    1:11:35 like
    1:11:35 we
    1:11:35 all
    1:11:36 humans
    1:11:36 deserve
    1:11:36 that
    1:11:36 and
    1:11:36 the
    1:11:37 more
    1:11:37 we
    1:11:37 can
    1:11:37 break
    1:11:37 outside
    1:11:38 of the
    1:11:38 systems
    1:11:38 that
    1:11:38 we’re
    1:11:39 in
    1:11:39 and
    1:11:39 really
    1:11:40 see
    1:11:40 first of
    1:11:40 our
    1:11:41 inherent
    1:11:41 worth
    1:11:41 for
    1:11:41 money
    1:11:42 then
    1:11:42 money
    1:11:42 comes
    1:11:43 to
    1:11:43 us
    1:11:43 like
    1:11:43 what
    1:11:43 you
    1:11:44 have
    1:11:44 already
    1:11:45 I love
    1:11:45 that
    1:11:46 I love
    1:11:46 your dad
    1:11:47 yeah
    1:11:47 my dad
    1:11:47 was
    1:11:47 awesome
    1:11:48 he’s also
    1:11:48 really
    1:11:49 generous
    1:11:49 so
    1:11:50 taught me
    1:11:51 that too
    1:11:51 like he would
    1:11:52 spend all his
    1:11:52 money just
    1:11:53 sending kids
    1:11:54 to college
    1:11:54 like
    1:11:55 there you go
    1:11:55 you know
    1:11:55 what I mean
    1:11:56 so I got
    1:11:57 both being
    1:11:58 super generous
    1:11:58 and then
    1:11:59 getting the money
    1:12:00 that is so
    1:12:01 beautiful
    1:12:02 how about you
    1:12:02 what is one
    1:12:03 actionable thing
    1:12:04 our young
    1:12:05 and profiters
    1:12:05 can do to
    1:12:06 become more
    1:12:06 profitable
    1:12:07 tomorrow
    1:12:08 oh boy
    1:12:09 I think it’s
    1:12:10 about relationships
    1:12:11 so in terms
    1:12:11 of your
    1:12:12 audience
    1:12:12 your customer
    1:12:13 like how
    1:12:13 can you
    1:12:15 become
    1:12:16 even more
    1:12:16 human
    1:12:17 with them
    1:12:18 even more
    1:12:18 connected
    1:12:19 to them
    1:12:19 and oftentimes
    1:12:20 that means
    1:12:21 vulnerability
    1:12:22 from you
    1:12:23 as the
    1:12:23 founder
    1:12:24 or more
    1:12:24 vulnerability
    1:12:25 in the
    1:12:25 intention
    1:12:26 or the
    1:12:27 process
    1:12:28 in creating
    1:12:28 the product
    1:12:29 it could
    1:12:30 come in
    1:12:30 different
    1:12:30 forms
    1:12:31 but I
    1:12:31 think
    1:12:31 that
    1:12:32 vulnerable
    1:12:32 storytelling
    1:12:34 and that
    1:12:34 honesty
    1:12:35 is something
    1:12:35 that
    1:12:37 differentiates
    1:12:37 you
    1:12:37 and I
    1:12:38 think
    1:12:38 really
    1:12:39 makes
    1:12:39 people
    1:12:40 buy in
    1:12:40 you know
    1:12:41 they want
    1:12:41 to support
    1:12:41 a brand
    1:12:42 or a product
    1:12:43 that has
    1:12:43 a story
    1:12:43 I do
    1:12:44 I just
    1:12:44 think
    1:12:45 in this
    1:12:45 day and age
    1:12:45 there’s so
    1:12:46 many things
    1:12:46 that we
    1:12:46 can buy
    1:12:47 there’s so
    1:12:47 many things
    1:12:48 we can
    1:12:48 invest
    1:12:48 in
    1:12:48 and it’s
    1:12:49 like
    1:12:49 at a
    1:12:50 point
    1:12:50 it just
    1:12:50 kind of
    1:12:51 hurts
    1:12:51 you’re
    1:12:51 just
    1:12:51 like
    1:12:52 okay
    1:12:52 there’s
    1:12:52 just so
    1:12:53 much
    1:12:53 stuff
    1:12:54 but when
    1:12:55 I
    1:12:55 find a
    1:12:59 and so
    1:12:59 moving
    1:13:00 I’m like
    1:13:00 I want
    1:13:01 to support
    1:13:01 that
    1:13:01 let me
    1:13:02 put my
    1:13:02 dollars
    1:13:02 there
    1:13:04 so I
    1:13:04 think
    1:13:04 bringing
    1:13:05 in
    1:13:05 more
    1:13:06 storytelling
    1:13:06 about
    1:13:07 your
    1:13:07 story
    1:13:08 or
    1:13:08 just
    1:13:08 the
    1:13:09 path
    1:13:09 of
    1:13:09 creating
    1:13:09 this
    1:13:10 product
    1:13:11 I
    1:13:11 think
    1:13:11 could be
    1:13:11 really
    1:13:12 profound
    1:13:13 something
    1:13:13 that you
    1:13:14 said
    1:13:14 really
    1:13:15 spoke
    1:13:15 to me
    1:13:16 and that
    1:13:16 was
    1:13:16 caring
    1:13:17 about
    1:13:17 your
    1:13:17 customers
    1:13:18 I don’t
    1:13:18 remember
    1:13:18 who told
    1:13:19 me
    1:13:19 this
    1:13:19 but
    1:13:19 they
    1:13:19 were
    1:13:19 saying
    1:13:20 you’ve
    1:13:20 got to
    1:13:21 love
    1:13:21 your
    1:13:21 customers
    1:13:23 because
    1:13:24 if you
    1:13:24 love
    1:13:24 them
    1:13:24 they’ll
    1:13:25 feel
    1:13:25 that
    1:13:25 love
    1:13:26 and
    1:13:26 people
    1:13:27 refer
    1:13:28 something
    1:13:28 based
    1:13:29 on
    1:13:30 what
    1:13:30 it’s
    1:13:30 going
    1:13:30 to
    1:13:30 make
    1:13:31 them
    1:13:32 look
    1:13:32 like
    1:13:33 they’ll
    1:13:33 refer
    1:13:33 you
    1:13:34 and
    1:13:34 put
    1:13:35 their
    1:13:35 own
    1:13:35 brand
    1:13:36 reputation
    1:13:36 on
    1:13:36 the
    1:13:36 line
    1:13:36 and
    1:13:37 they’ll
    1:13:37 only
    1:13:37 do
    1:13:38 that
    1:13:38 if
    1:13:38 they
    1:13:39 feel
    1:13:39 like
    1:13:40 they
    1:13:40 love
    1:13:40 you
    1:13:40 so
    1:13:41 much
    1:13:41 that
    1:13:41 they’re
    1:13:42 willing
    1:13:42 to
    1:13:42 put
    1:13:42 their
    1:13:43 reputation
    1:13:43 on
    1:13:43 the
    1:13:43 line
    1:13:44 and
    1:13:44 they’ll
    1:13:45 only
    1:13:45 feel
    1:13:45 that
    1:13:45 way
    1:13:46 if
    1:13:46 you
    1:13:46 actually
    1:13:47 love
    1:13:47 and
    1:13:47 really
    1:13:48 care
    1:13:48 about
    1:13:48 your
    1:13:49 clients
    1:13:50 you know
    1:13:50 what I
    1:13:50 mean
    1:13:51 so you
    1:13:51 really
    1:13:51 need
    1:13:51 to
    1:13:52 care
    1:13:52 about
    1:13:52 your
    1:13:53 clients
    1:13:53 love
    1:13:53 your
    1:13:53 clients
    1:13:53 think
    1:13:54 about
    1:13:54 them
    1:13:54 how
    1:13:54 can
    1:13:54 you
    1:13:54 do
    1:13:55 the
    1:13:55 best
    1:13:55 job
    1:13:56 possible
    1:13:56 no
    1:13:56 matter
    1:13:56 what
    1:13:56 you
    1:13:57 sell
    1:13:57 or
    1:13:57 what
    1:13:57 you
    1:13:57 do
    1:13:58 right
    1:13:59 yeah
    1:13:59 okay
    1:14:00 last
    1:14:00 question
    1:14:01 okay
    1:14:02 this
    1:14:02 is
    1:14:02 really
    1:14:03 fun
    1:14:04 you’re
    1:14:04 in a
    1:14:05 little
    1:14:05 portal
    1:14:05 I
    1:14:05 know
    1:14:08 okay
    1:14:09 what
    1:14:09 is
    1:14:09 your
    1:14:09 secret
    1:14:09 to
    1:14:10 profiting
    1:14:10 in
    1:14:11 life
    1:14:11 and
    1:14:11 this
    1:14:11 can
    1:14:11 go
    1:14:11 beyond
    1:14:12 business
    1:14:13 prayer
    1:14:13 and
    1:14:14 God
    1:14:15 that’s
    1:14:15 just
    1:14:15 my
    1:14:16 vibe
    1:14:16 I
    1:14:16 feel
    1:14:17 like
    1:14:18 having
    1:14:18 a
    1:14:18 spiritual
    1:14:19 foundation
    1:14:19 or
    1:14:19 having
    1:14:19 a
    1:14:20 foundation
    1:14:20 of
    1:14:21 like
    1:14:21 an
    1:14:21 anchor
    1:14:22 point
    1:14:23 for
    1:14:23 my
    1:14:23 life
    1:14:24 has
    1:14:24 just
    1:14:24 been
    1:14:26 exponentially
    1:14:26 beneficial
    1:14:27 to all
    1:14:27 my
    1:14:27 relationships
    1:14:28 to
    1:14:28 the
    1:14:28 way
    1:14:28 that
    1:14:28 I
    1:14:29 move
    1:14:29 to
    1:14:29 what
    1:14:29 I
    1:14:30 prioritize
    1:14:30 to
    1:14:31 what
    1:14:31 I
    1:14:31 want
    1:14:31 to
    1:14:31 create
    1:14:32 and
    1:14:32 I
    1:14:32 feel
    1:14:33 like
    1:14:33 you
    1:14:33 know
    1:14:33 it
    1:14:33 might
    1:14:33 not
    1:14:34 be
    1:14:34 for
    1:14:34 everyone
    1:14:34 but
    1:14:35 for
    1:14:35 me
    1:14:35 it’s
    1:14:35 been
    1:14:36 what’s
    1:14:36 really
    1:14:37 given
    1:14:37 me
    1:14:37 abundance
    1:14:38 in
    1:14:38 ways
    1:14:39 that
    1:14:39 are
    1:14:39 not
    1:14:39 just
    1:14:40 financial
    1:14:40 but
    1:14:41 spiritual
    1:14:42 and
    1:14:42 meaningful
    1:14:42 in
    1:14:43 my
    1:14:43 life
    1:14:43 yeah
    1:14:44 were you
    1:14:45 always
    1:14:45 religious
    1:14:46 so
    1:14:46 I
    1:14:46 grew up
    1:14:47 catholic
    1:14:47 I
    1:14:47 grew up
    1:14:47 in
    1:14:47 a
    1:14:47 small
    1:14:48 town
    1:14:48 in
    1:14:48 Ohio
    1:14:48 and
    1:14:48 so
    1:14:49 it
    1:14:49 was
    1:14:49 very
    1:14:49 religious
    1:14:50 it’s
    1:14:50 very
    1:14:51 conservative
    1:14:52 and
    1:14:52 I
    1:14:53 kind
    1:14:53 of
    1:14:53 lost
    1:14:53 my
    1:14:54 way
    1:14:54 you
    1:14:54 know
    1:14:54 I
    1:14:55 was
    1:14:55 like
    1:14:55 nihilistic
    1:14:56 for a
    1:14:56 while
    1:14:56 I
    1:14:56 was
    1:14:57 like
    1:14:57 just
    1:14:58 figuring
    1:14:58 things
    1:14:58 out
    1:14:59 and
    1:14:59 I
    1:14:59 kind
    1:15:00 of
    1:15:00 refound
    1:15:00 my
    1:15:01 faith
    1:15:02 in
    1:15:02 the
    1:15:02 past
    1:15:03 couple
    1:15:04 years
    1:15:04 probably
    1:15:04 five
    1:15:05 six
    1:15:05 seven
    1:15:05 years
    1:15:06 and
    1:15:06 it
    1:15:06 doesn’t
    1:15:07 mean
    1:15:07 that
    1:15:07 it’s
    1:15:08 religiously
    1:15:08 attached
    1:15:09 or
    1:15:09 connotated
    1:15:10 I
    1:15:10 wouldn’t
    1:15:10 say
    1:15:10 that
    1:15:11 I’m
    1:15:11 attached
    1:15:11 to
    1:15:11 any
    1:15:12 religion
    1:15:12 but
    1:15:12 it’s
    1:15:13 something
    1:15:13 that
    1:15:13 feels
    1:15:13 like
    1:15:14 really
    1:15:15 perfect
    1:15:15 for my
    1:15:16 algorithm
    1:15:16 perfect
    1:15:16 for my
    1:15:17 type
    1:15:17 of
    1:15:17 spirituality
    1:15:18 and
    1:15:18 the
    1:15:18 way
    1:15:18 that
    1:15:18 I
    1:15:18 move
    1:15:19 but
    1:15:19 yeah
    1:15:19 I
    1:15:20 grew
    1:15:20 up
    1:15:20 religious
    1:15:20 and
    1:15:20 had
    1:15:20 to
    1:15:21 re-find
    1:15:21 it
    1:15:22 I’m
    1:15:22 asking
    1:15:22 personally
    1:15:23 because
    1:15:24 I’m
    1:15:24 not
    1:15:24 connected
    1:15:25 to
    1:15:25 any
    1:15:25 religion
    1:15:26 but
    1:15:26 I
    1:15:27 always
    1:15:27 think
    1:15:27 oh my
    1:15:28 gosh
    1:15:28 I
    1:15:28 really
    1:15:28 want
    1:15:28 to
    1:15:29 have
    1:15:30 religion
    1:15:30 so
    1:15:30 what
    1:15:30 did
    1:15:30 you
    1:15:30 do
    1:15:30 to
    1:15:31 get
    1:15:31 connected
    1:15:31 to
    1:15:31 your
    1:15:32 spirituality
    1:15:32 so
    1:15:34 I
    1:15:35 think
    1:15:35 I
    1:15:35 had
    1:15:35 a
    1:15:35 rock
    1:15:36 bottom
    1:15:36 humbling
    1:15:37 event
    1:15:37 I
    1:15:38 think
    1:15:38 Lindsay
    1:15:38 and I
    1:15:39 both
    1:15:39 had
    1:15:39 this
    1:15:39 moment
    1:15:39 of
    1:15:40 humbling
    1:15:40 and
    1:15:41 then
    1:15:41 we
    1:15:41 also
    1:15:41 had
    1:15:42 an
    1:15:42 amazing
    1:15:42 coach
    1:15:43 that
    1:15:43 we
    1:15:43 worked
    1:15:43 with
    1:15:44 that
    1:15:44 brought
    1:15:44 God
    1:15:45 back
    1:15:45 into
    1:15:45 our
    1:15:45 life
    1:15:45 in
    1:15:45 a
    1:15:46 way
    1:15:46 that
    1:15:47 was
    1:15:47 very
    1:15:47 offering
    1:15:48 and
    1:15:48 helped
    1:15:48 us
    1:15:49 metabolize
    1:15:49 the
    1:15:50 idea
    1:15:50 of
    1:15:51 naming
    1:15:51 the
    1:15:52 creator
    1:15:53 naming
    1:15:53 this
    1:15:53 infinite
    1:15:54 source
    1:15:54 of
    1:15:54 love
    1:15:54 and
    1:15:55 support
    1:15:55 and
    1:15:56 helping
    1:15:56 me
    1:15:57 re-approach
    1:15:57 God
    1:15:57 in a
    1:15:57 way
    1:15:58 where
    1:15:58 it
    1:15:58 wasn’t
    1:15:58 a
    1:15:58 man
    1:15:58 in
    1:15:59 the
    1:15:59 sky
    1:15:59 that
    1:15:59 was
    1:16:00 punishing
    1:16:00 me
    1:16:00 or
    1:16:01 had
    1:16:01 this
    1:16:01 idea
    1:16:01 of
    1:16:01 how
    1:16:02 I
    1:16:02 should
    1:16:02 live
    1:16:02 or
    1:16:03 hated
    1:16:03 me
    1:16:03 if
    1:16:03 I
    1:16:03 did
    1:16:04 this
    1:16:05 it
    1:16:05 was
    1:16:05 like
    1:16:06 what
    1:16:06 if
    1:16:06 there
    1:16:06 was
    1:16:06 this
    1:16:07 benevolent
    1:16:08 co-creator
    1:16:09 of life
    1:16:09 that you
    1:16:10 had
    1:16:10 that
    1:16:10 loved
    1:16:10 you
    1:16:11 endlessly
    1:16:11 and
    1:16:11 that
    1:16:11 was
    1:16:12 there
    1:16:12 for
    1:16:12 you
    1:16:12 endlessly
    1:16:13 and
    1:16:13 that
    1:16:13 was
    1:16:14 just
    1:16:14 a
    1:16:14 guiding
    1:16:15 partner
    1:16:15 for
    1:16:15 everything
    1:16:16 that
    1:16:16 you
    1:16:16 do
    1:16:16 and
    1:16:17 so
    1:16:17 there
    1:16:17 was
    1:16:18 a lot
    1:16:18 of
    1:16:18 my
    1:16:18 spiritual
    1:16:19 practice
    1:16:19 and
    1:16:20 process
    1:16:20 that
    1:16:20 kind
    1:16:20 of
    1:16:20 led
    1:16:20 to
    1:16:21 this
    1:16:21 I
    1:16:21 had
    1:16:21 done
    1:16:22 so
    1:16:22 much
    1:16:22 energy
    1:16:23 work
    1:16:23 I
    1:16:23 had
    1:16:23 done
    1:16:24 so
    1:16:24 much
    1:16:24 study
    1:16:24 of
    1:16:25 different
    1:16:25 religions
    1:16:25 and
    1:16:25 spirituality
    1:16:26 through
    1:16:26 the
    1:16:27 podcast
    1:16:27 but
    1:16:27 it
    1:16:27 was
    1:16:27 really
    1:16:28 that
    1:16:28 coach
    1:16:28 in
    1:16:28 a
    1:16:28 rock
    1:16:29 bottom
    1:16:29 moment
    1:16:39 anchor
    1:16:40 is
    1:16:40 the
    1:16:40 most
    1:16:41 supportive
    1:16:41 for
    1:16:41 me
    1:16:41 I
    1:16:42 find
    1:16:42 that
    1:16:42 almost
    1:16:43 every
    1:16:43 successful
    1:16:44 person
    1:16:44 that
    1:16:44 I
    1:16:44 meet
    1:16:45 is
    1:16:46 grounded
    1:16:46 in
    1:16:46 that
    1:16:46 way
    1:16:47 I
    1:16:47 actually
    1:16:48 that’s
    1:16:48 crazy
    1:16:48 because
    1:16:48 I’ve
    1:16:49 noticed
    1:16:49 that
    1:16:49 too
    1:16:49 the
    1:16:50 people
    1:16:50 that
    1:16:50 I
    1:16:51 see
    1:16:51 at
    1:16:51 the
    1:16:52 level
    1:16:52 that
    1:16:52 I
    1:16:52 want
    1:16:52 to
    1:16:53 be
    1:16:53 they’re
    1:16:54 anchored
    1:16:54 because
    1:16:54 you
    1:16:55 could
    1:16:55 get
    1:16:55 blown
    1:16:56 in
    1:16:56 the
    1:16:56 wind
    1:16:56 you
    1:16:56 could
    1:16:57 go
    1:16:57 fall
    1:16:57 for
    1:16:57 this
    1:16:58 fall
    1:16:58 for
    1:16:58 that
    1:16:58 fall
    1:16:59 like
    1:17:00 there’s
    1:17:00 a lot
    1:17:00 of
    1:17:01 things
    1:17:01 here
    1:17:01 that
    1:17:01 could
    1:17:02 pull
    1:17:02 you
    1:17:02 off
    1:17:02 of
    1:17:02 your
    1:17:03 path
    1:17:03 and
    1:17:03 your
    1:17:03 truth
    1:17:03 and
    1:17:04 having
    1:17:05 just
    1:17:05 something
    1:17:05 where
    1:17:05 I’m
    1:17:06 like
    1:17:06 okay
    1:17:06 what
    1:17:06 am
    1:17:07 I
    1:17:07 working
    1:17:07 towards
    1:17:08 who
    1:17:08 am
    1:17:08 I
    1:17:08 working
    1:17:09 with
    1:17:09 what
    1:17:09 are
    1:17:10 my
    1:17:10 guiding
    1:17:11 principles
    1:17:11 for
    1:17:11 how
    1:17:11 I
    1:17:11 want
    1:17:11 to
    1:17:12 live
    1:17:12 and
    1:17:12 it
    1:17:12 just
    1:17:13 helped
    1:17:13 so
    1:17:14 much
    1:17:15 yeah
    1:17:15 I
    1:17:15 have
    1:17:16 to
    1:17:16 second
    1:17:16 it
    1:17:16 I’ll
    1:17:16 be
    1:17:18 boring
    1:17:18 inside
    1:17:18 me
    1:17:18 too
    1:17:19 it’s
    1:17:19 been
    1:17:20 I
    1:17:20 had
    1:17:21 obviously
    1:17:21 a
    1:17:21 similar
    1:17:22 experience
    1:17:22 with
    1:17:22 Krista
    1:17:22 with
    1:17:22 our
    1:17:23 coach
    1:17:24 but
    1:17:24 my
    1:17:32 also
    1:17:32 brought
    1:17:33 that
    1:17:33 aspect
    1:17:33 of
    1:17:33 faith
    1:17:34 into
    1:17:34 my
    1:17:34 life
    1:17:34 and
    1:17:34 to
    1:17:34 be
    1:17:35 able
    1:17:35 to
    1:17:36 connect
    1:17:36 so
    1:17:37 intimately
    1:17:37 on
    1:17:38 faith
    1:17:38 with
    1:17:39 someone
    1:17:39 that
    1:17:39 you
    1:17:39 love
    1:17:39 in
    1:17:40 that
    1:17:40 way
    1:17:40 was
    1:17:41 something
    1:17:41 I’ve
    1:17:41 never
    1:17:42 experienced
    1:17:42 and
    1:17:43 just
    1:17:43 opens
    1:17:44 up
    1:17:44 this
    1:17:45 whole
    1:17:45 realm
    1:17:46 of
    1:17:46 possibility
    1:17:47 when
    1:17:47 it
    1:17:47 comes
    1:17:48 to
    1:17:49 yeah
    1:17:50 just
    1:17:51 being
    1:17:51 a
    1:17:51 human
    1:17:51 on
    1:17:52 earth
    1:17:52 you
    1:17:52 know
    1:17:52 it’s
    1:17:52 like
    1:17:52 we
    1:17:53 don’t
    1:17:53 have
    1:17:54 to
    1:17:54 shoulder
    1:17:55 everything
    1:17:56 you
    1:17:56 know
    1:17:56 I
    1:17:56 think
    1:17:56 that’s
    1:17:56 what
    1:17:56 I
    1:17:57 saw
    1:17:57 growing
    1:17:57 up
    1:17:57 I
    1:17:57 saw
    1:17:58 my
    1:17:58 parents
    1:17:59 shouldering
    1:17:59 everything
    1:18:00 even
    1:18:00 though
    1:18:00 my
    1:18:00 mom
    1:18:01 was
    1:18:01 spiritual
    1:18:02 like
    1:18:03 they
    1:18:03 just
    1:18:03 shouldered
    1:18:04 so
    1:18:04 much
    1:18:04 and
    1:18:05 now
    1:18:05 it’s
    1:18:06 just
    1:18:07 my
    1:18:07 greatest
    1:18:07 joy
    1:18:08 to be
    1:18:08 able
    1:18:08 to
    1:18:08 like
    1:18:09 just
    1:18:09 give
    1:18:09 things
    1:18:09 up
    1:18:09 to
    1:18:10 God
    1:18:10 and
    1:18:10 just
    1:18:10 be
    1:18:10 like
    1:18:11 I
    1:18:11 trust
    1:18:11 you
    1:18:12 you
    1:18:12 know
    1:18:12 like
    1:18:12 I
    1:18:12 don’t
    1:18:13 know
    1:18:13 what’s
    1:18:13 next
    1:18:13 I
    1:18:14 trust
    1:18:14 you
    1:18:15 and
    1:18:15 thank
    1:18:16 you
    1:18:16 and
    1:18:17 yeah
    1:18:17 there’s
    1:18:17 just
    1:18:17 this
    1:18:18 experience
    1:18:18 of
    1:18:19 gratitude
    1:18:19 in my
    1:18:19 life
    1:18:20 now
    1:18:20 that
    1:18:21 I
    1:18:21 feel
    1:18:22 so
    1:18:23 much
    1:18:23 more
    1:18:24 than
    1:18:24 I
    1:18:25 ever
    1:18:25 have
    1:18:25 before
    1:18:26 and
    1:18:26 I
    1:18:27 think
    1:18:27 that’s
    1:18:28 been
    1:18:28 the
    1:18:28 fuel
    1:18:29 because
    1:18:29 even
    1:18:29 when
    1:18:29 things
    1:18:29 are
    1:18:30 hard
    1:18:30 and
    1:18:30 I’m
    1:18:30 like
    1:18:31 man
    1:18:31 this
    1:18:31 is
    1:18:31 like
    1:18:31 a
    1:18:31 really
    1:18:32 hard
    1:18:32 season
    1:18:32 I’m
    1:18:32 always
    1:18:32 just
    1:18:33 like
    1:18:33 but
    1:18:33 I’m
    1:18:34 so
    1:18:34 grateful
    1:18:37 for
    1:18:38 this
    1:18:39 pruning
    1:18:39 season
    1:18:40 this
    1:18:40 I
    1:18:41 know
    1:18:41 you’re
    1:18:41 working
    1:18:41 on
    1:18:41 me
    1:18:42 and
    1:18:42 I
    1:18:42 trust
    1:18:43 it
    1:18:43 and
    1:18:44 so
    1:18:44 yeah
    1:18:44 I
    1:18:45 think
    1:18:45 for
    1:18:45 me
    1:18:45 someone
    1:18:45 who
    1:18:46 does
    1:18:46 take
    1:18:46 on
    1:18:46 a
    1:18:47 lot
    1:18:47 and
    1:18:47 over
    1:18:48 analyze
    1:18:48 things
    1:18:49 it’s
    1:18:49 been
    1:18:49 the
    1:18:50 greatest
    1:18:50 gift
    1:18:50 to
    1:18:50 just
    1:18:50 be
    1:18:50 like
    1:18:51 God
    1:18:51 I
    1:18:51 totally
    1:18:52 trust
    1:18:52 you
    1:18:53 that’s
    1:18:53 so
    1:18:53 beautiful
    1:18:54 you guys
    1:18:54 are
    1:18:54 inspiring
    1:18:55 me
    1:18:55 yeah
    1:18:55 and
    1:18:56 it
    1:18:56 can
    1:18:56 look
    1:18:56 like
    1:18:56 the
    1:18:56 way
    1:18:57 you
    1:18:57 want
    1:18:57 it
    1:18:57 to
    1:18:58 look
    1:18:58 you
    1:18:58 know
    1:18:58 I
    1:18:58 think
    1:18:58 we
    1:18:59 think
    1:18:59 of
    1:18:59 and
    1:19:00 honestly
    1:19:00 let’s
    1:19:00 just
    1:19:00 say
    1:19:01 we
    1:19:01 name
    1:19:02 God
    1:19:02 in
    1:19:02 the
    1:19:02 book
    1:19:03 we
    1:19:03 say
    1:19:03 God
    1:19:03 and
    1:19:04 we
    1:19:04 say
    1:19:04 like
    1:19:06 you
    1:19:06 call
    1:19:06 it
    1:19:06 whatever
    1:19:06 you
    1:19:06 want
    1:19:07 to
    1:19:07 call
    1:19:07 it
    1:19:07 but
    1:19:19 I
    1:19:19 reclaimed
    1:19:19 God
    1:19:20 in a
    1:19:20 way
    1:19:20 that
    1:19:20 feels
    1:19:20 a
    1:19:21 little
    1:19:21 rebellious
    1:19:21 to
    1:19:22 the
    1:19:22 way
    1:19:22 that
    1:19:22 I
    1:19:22 was
    1:19:23 taken
    1:19:23 away
    1:19:23 from
    1:19:23 God
    1:19:24 through
    1:19:24 religion
    1:19:25 yes
    1:19:25 do you
    1:19:25 mean
    1:19:26 like
    1:19:26 when
    1:19:26 people
    1:19:26 say
    1:19:27 source
    1:19:27 energy
    1:19:28 and
    1:19:28 stuff
    1:19:28 like
    1:19:29 that
    1:19:29 sure
    1:19:30 yeah
    1:19:30 I mean
    1:19:30 source
    1:19:31 energy
    1:19:31 works
    1:19:31 whatever
    1:19:32 works
    1:19:32 for
    1:19:32 people
    1:19:32 that
    1:19:33 gets
    1:19:33 them
    1:19:33 anchored
    1:19:34 in
    1:19:34 there
    1:19:34 for
    1:19:34 me
    1:19:35 I
    1:19:35 just
    1:19:35 felt
    1:19:35 like
    1:19:35 God
    1:19:36 was
    1:19:36 presented
    1:19:36 as
    1:19:37 something
    1:19:37 that
    1:19:38 was
    1:19:38 not
    1:19:38 loving
    1:19:38 and
    1:19:39 was
    1:19:39 not
    1:19:40 the
    1:19:40 way
    1:19:40 that
    1:19:40 I
    1:19:40 wanted
    1:19:41 and
    1:19:41 for
    1:19:41 me
    1:19:41 to
    1:19:41 be
    1:19:41 like
    1:19:42 actually
    1:19:42 it’s
    1:19:42 not
    1:19:43 that’s
    1:19:43 the
    1:19:43 church
    1:19:43 that’s
    1:19:44 man
    1:19:45 God
    1:19:45 what
    1:19:45 you’re
    1:19:45 talking
    1:19:46 about
    1:19:46 is
    1:19:46 man
    1:19:46 what
    1:19:47 my
    1:19:47 God
    1:19:47 is
    1:19:47 all
    1:19:48 loving
    1:19:48 my
    1:19:48 God
    1:19:48 is
    1:19:49 all
    1:19:49 knowing
    1:19:49 my
    1:19:49 God
    1:19:49 is
    1:19:50 with
    1:19:50 me
    1:19:50 so
    1:19:50 it’s
    1:19:50 like
    1:19:50 oh
    1:19:51 actually
    1:19:51 I
    1:19:51 just
    1:19:51 I
    1:19:52 was
    1:19:52 kind
    1:19:52 of
    1:19:52 looking
    1:19:52 at
    1:19:52 it
    1:19:53 through
    1:19:53 this
    1:19:53 religious
    1:19:53 lens
    1:19:54 that
    1:19:54 like
    1:19:54 I
    1:19:54 don’t
    1:19:55 yes
    1:19:55 and you
    1:19:55 had
    1:19:55 to
    1:19:56 unlearn
    1:19:56 that
    1:19:56 yeah
    1:19:58 how do
    1:19:58 see
    1:19:59 it
    1:20:00 that’s
    1:20:00 how
    1:20:00 I
    1:20:00 feel
    1:20:00 I
    1:20:01 feel
    1:20:01 like
    1:20:01 God
    1:20:01 is
    1:20:01 really
    1:20:02 loving
    1:20:02 I
    1:20:02 feel
    1:20:02 like
    1:20:02 there
    1:20:03 is
    1:20:03 something
    1:20:04 out
    1:20:04 there
    1:20:05 I
    1:20:05 grew
    1:20:05 up
    1:20:06 Muslim
    1:20:07 so
    1:20:08 and
    1:20:08 but
    1:20:08 I
    1:20:08 don’t
    1:20:08 feel
    1:20:09 like
    1:20:09 aligned
    1:20:10 to
    1:20:10 that
    1:20:10 religion
    1:20:10 but
    1:20:10 I
    1:20:10 think
    1:20:11 it’s
    1:20:11 primarily
    1:20:11 because
    1:20:12 I
    1:20:12 just
    1:20:12 don’t
    1:20:12 really
    1:20:13 understand
    1:20:13 Arabic
    1:20:14 yeah
    1:20:14 I
    1:20:14 didn’t
    1:20:15 understand
    1:20:16 anything
    1:20:16 yeah
    1:20:16 right
    1:20:17 and
    1:20:17 so
    1:20:17 like
    1:20:17 I
    1:20:17 always
    1:20:18 connected
    1:20:18 with
    1:20:19 Christianity
    1:20:19 more
    1:20:19 because
    1:20:19 all my
    1:20:20 boyfriends
    1:20:20 were
    1:20:21 Christian
    1:20:21 and
    1:20:21 I
    1:20:21 go
    1:20:21 to
    1:20:22 church
    1:20:22 and
    1:20:22 understand
    1:20:23 what
    1:20:23 was
    1:20:23 going
    1:20:24 on
    1:20:25 so
    1:20:25 I
    1:20:25 think
    1:20:25 it’s
    1:20:25 just
    1:20:26 more
    1:20:26 of
    1:20:26 like
    1:20:26 because
    1:20:26 it’s
    1:20:27 all
    1:20:27 the
    1:20:27 same
    1:20:27 stories
    1:20:28 it’s
    1:20:28 really
    1:20:29 really
    1:20:29 similar
    1:20:30 so
    1:20:30 I
    1:20:30 think
    1:20:30 it’s
    1:20:30 just
    1:20:31 a
    1:20:31 matter
    1:20:31 of
    1:20:31 feeling
    1:20:32 connected
    1:20:32 just
    1:20:32 because
    1:20:32 I
    1:20:50 I
    1:20:50 I’m
    1:20:50 almost
    1:20:51 Christian
    1:20:51 I
    1:20:52 know
    1:20:52 literally
    1:20:54 literally
    1:20:55 sorry
    1:20:56 mom
    1:20:57 don’t
    1:20:58 be
    1:20:58 mad
    1:20:58 yeah
    1:21:00 this
    1:21:00 is
    1:21:01 so
    1:21:01 fun
    1:21:01 guys
    1:21:01 thank
    1:21:02 you guys
    1:21:02 so much
    1:21:02 for
    1:21:03 joining
    1:21:03 us
    1:21:03 you
    1:21:03 did
    1:21:03 such
    1:21:03 a
    1:21:04 great
    1:21:04 job
    1:21:04 thank
    1:21:05 you
    1:21:06 bye
    1:21:06 guys
    1:21:06 bye
    1:21:12 well
    1:21:12 yeah
    1:21:12 gang
    1:21:13 we’re
    1:21:13 closing out
    1:21:13 today’s
    1:21:14 episode
    1:21:14 with so
    1:21:14 much
    1:21:15 to
    1:21:15 reflect
    1:21:15 on
    1:21:15 thanks
    1:21:16 to
    1:21:16 Krista
    1:21:16 and
    1:21:17 Lindsay
    1:21:17 we
    1:21:18 talked
    1:21:18 a lot
    1:21:18 about
    1:21:18 that
    1:21:19 special
    1:21:19 kind
    1:21:19 of
    1:21:20 transformation
    1:21:20 that
    1:21:20 happens
    1:21:21 when
    1:21:21 you
    1:21:21 stop
    1:21:22 waiting
    1:21:22 to
    1:21:22 be
    1:21:22 chosen
    1:21:23 and
    1:21:23 start
    1:21:23 building
    1:21:24 a
    1:21:24 future
    1:21:24 on
    1:21:24 purpose
    1:21:25 for
    1:21:25 many
    1:21:26 of
    1:21:26 us
    1:21:26 that
    1:21:26 pivot
    1:21:27 happens
    1:21:27 when
    1:21:27 we’re
    1:21:27 in
    1:21:27 our
    1:21:28 late
    1:21:28 20s
    1:21:28 or
    1:21:29 early
    1:21:29 30s
    1:21:30 that’s
    1:21:30 when
    1:21:30 for
    1:21:31 example
    1:21:31 I
    1:21:31 decided
    1:21:31 to
    1:21:32 shut
    1:21:32 down
    1:21:32 my
    1:21:32 blog
    1:21:33 get
    1:21:33 an
    1:21:33 MBA
    1:21:34 enter
    1:21:34 the
    1:21:34 corporate
    1:21:34 world
    1:21:35 and
    1:21:35 get
    1:21:35 more
    1:21:35 serious
    1:21:36 about
    1:21:36 achieving
    1:21:36 the
    1:21:37 future
    1:21:37 that
    1:21:37 I
    1:21:37 really
    1:21:38 wanted
    1:21:38 as
    1:21:39 Krista
    1:21:39 pointed
    1:21:39 out
    1:21:40 it’s
    1:21:40 not
    1:21:40 just
    1:21:40 an
    1:21:41 emotional
    1:21:41 shift
    1:21:41 that
    1:21:42 happens
    1:21:42 during
    1:21:42 those
    1:21:42 years
    1:21:43 it’s
    1:21:43 actually
    1:21:44 biological
    1:21:45 it’s
    1:21:45 our
    1:21:45 fully
    1:21:46 developed
    1:21:47 prefrontal
    1:21:47 cortex
    1:21:48 making us
    1:21:48 more strategic
    1:21:49 intentional
    1:21:50 and future
    1:21:50 focused
    1:21:51 but it
    1:21:52 still takes
    1:21:52 a lot
    1:21:52 of courage
    1:21:53 to pivot
    1:21:54 to stop
    1:21:54 waiting to be
    1:21:55 chosen
    1:21:55 and instead
    1:21:56 choose
    1:21:57 yourself
    1:21:58 Lindsay’s
    1:21:58 story about
    1:21:59 leaving acting
    1:22:00 to pursue
    1:22:00 podcasting
    1:22:01 full time
    1:22:02 reminded us
    1:22:02 that the
    1:22:03 most important
    1:22:03 question
    1:22:04 isn’t what
    1:22:04 you do
    1:22:05 but how
    1:22:05 you want
    1:22:06 to feel
    1:22:07 doing it
    1:22:07 for her
    1:22:08 the answer
    1:22:09 was simple
    1:22:09 I wanted
    1:22:10 to create
    1:22:12 striking out
    1:22:12 on your own
    1:22:13 takes time
    1:22:13 though
    1:22:13 and it
    1:22:13 can be
    1:22:14 a rough
    1:22:14 ride
    1:22:15 like Krista
    1:22:15 said
    1:22:16 being an
    1:22:16 entrepreneur
    1:22:17 or running
    1:22:17 a business
    1:22:17 can look
    1:22:18 sexy
    1:22:18 from the
    1:22:19 outside
    1:22:19 but getting
    1:22:20 started
    1:22:21 will probably
    1:22:21 be the
    1:22:21 hardest
    1:22:22 thing
    1:22:22 you ever
    1:22:22 do
    1:22:23 in your
    1:22:23 life
    1:22:24 entrepreneurship
    1:22:25 isn’t
    1:22:25 glamorous
    1:22:25 it’s
    1:22:26 hard
    1:22:26 humbling
    1:22:27 and deeply
    1:22:28 personal
    1:22:28 but when
    1:22:29 your idea
    1:22:29 is rooted
    1:22:30 in purpose
    1:22:30 and your
    1:22:31 why
    1:22:31 when you
    1:22:32 feel that
    1:22:32 something
    1:22:33 is missing
    1:22:33 from the
    1:22:33 world
    1:22:34 and you
    1:22:34 just have
    1:22:35 to create
    1:22:35 it
    1:22:36 that’s
    1:22:36 when you’re
    1:22:38 so whatever
    1:22:38 age you
    1:22:39 are right
    1:22:39 now
    1:22:39 if you’re
    1:22:40 in that
    1:22:40 in-between
    1:22:41 space
    1:22:41 between
    1:22:42 identities
    1:22:43 and careers
    1:22:44 let this
    1:22:44 episode
    1:22:44 be a
    1:22:45 reminder
    1:22:45 you don’t
    1:22:46 have to
    1:22:46 have it
    1:22:46 all figured
    1:22:47 out
    1:22:47 but you
    1:22:48 do have
    1:22:48 to listen
    1:22:48 for that
    1:22:49 internal
    1:22:49 pull
    1:22:50 and when
    1:22:50 it comes
    1:22:51 be ready
    1:22:52 to follow
    1:22:52 it
    1:22:53 thanks for
    1:22:53 listening
    1:22:53 to this
    1:22:54 episode
    1:22:54 of Young
    1:22:55 and Profiting
    1:22:55 if you
    1:22:55 learned
    1:22:56 something
    1:22:56 today
    1:22:57 and if
    1:22:57 you
    1:22:57 felt
    1:22:57 seen
    1:22:57 or
    1:22:58 inspired
    1:22:58 share
    1:22:59 this
    1:22:59 episode
    1:22:59 with
    1:22:59 somebody
    1:23:00 who
    1:23:00 needs
    1:23:00 to hear
    1:23:00 it
    1:23:01 and don’t
    1:23:01 forget
    1:23:02 to leave
    1:23:02 us a
    1:23:02 five-star
    1:23:03 review
    1:23:03 on
    1:23:03 Apple
    1:23:04 Podcasts
    1:23:04 Spotify
    1:23:05 or wherever
    1:23:05 you listen
    1:23:05 to the
    1:23:06 show
    1:23:06 your
    1:23:07 reviews
    1:23:07 help us
    1:23:07 reach
    1:23:08 more
    1:23:08 listeners
    1:23:08 who
    1:23:08 are
    1:23:08 ready
    1:23:09 to
    1:23:09 profit
    1:23:09 from
    1:23:10 powerful
    1:23:10 conversations
    1:23:11 like
    1:23:11 this
    1:23:11 one
    1:23:12 if you
    1:23:12 want to
    1:23:12 check
    1:23:13 us out
    1:23:13 on
    1:23:13 YouTube
    1:23:14 and watch
    1:23:14 our
    1:23:14 episodes
    1:23:15 on
    1:23:15 video
    1:23:16 all of
    1:23:16 our
    1:23:16 episodes
    1:23:16 are
    1:23:16 on
    1:23:17 YouTube
    1:23:17 just
    1:23:17 search
    1:23:17 Young
    1:23:18 and Profiting
    1:23:19 you can
    1:23:19 also connect
    1:23:19 with me
    1:23:20 on
    1:23:20 Instagram
    1:23:21 at
    1:23:21 Yap
    1:23:21 with
    1:23:21 Hala
    1:23:22 or LinkedIn
    1:23:22 just search
    1:23:23 for my name
    1:23:23 it’s
    1:23:24 Hala
    1:23:24 Taha
    1:23:26 and my
    1:23:26 Yap
    1:23:26 team
    1:23:26 is
    1:23:27 absolutely
    1:23:27 amazing
    1:23:28 I cannot
    1:23:28 go an
    1:23:28 episode
    1:23:29 without
    1:23:29 thanking
    1:23:29 them
    1:23:29 so
    1:23:30 thank
    1:23:30 you
    1:23:30 guys
    1:23:30 for
    1:23:30 all
    1:23:31 your
    1:23:31 hard
    1:23:31 work
    1:23:31 and

    Starting a business with your best friend might sound like a recipe for disaster to many entrepreneurs. But for Krista Williams and Lindsey Simcik, that’s exactly how their journey into entrepreneurship began. With just a $15 recorder and a tiny closet, they launched Almost 30, a podcast that quickly grew from a side hustle to a thriving business. In this episode, Krista and Lindsey reveal how they navigate their “business marriage,” scale their podcast, and achieve lasting success as both entrepreneurs and friends.

    In this episode, Hala, Krista, and Lindsey will discuss: 

    (00:00) Introduction

    (01:12) The “Business-Marriage” Dynamic in Partnerships

    (07:12) Building Healthy Communication as Entrepreneurs

    (13:45) Almost 30: Scaling a Podcast from Scratch

    (19:39) Balancing a Side Hustle With Full-Time Work

    (27:13) The Power of Community in Podcast Success

    (37:47) What Is the Saturn Return?

    (41:55) Navigating Friendships in Entrepreneurship

    (45:41) Pivoting Your Career With Purpose and Clarity

    (56:26) Shifting Your Money Mindset for Financial Freedom

    Krista Williams and Lindsey Simcik are the co-founders and co-hosts of Almost 30, a top-rated podcast focused on personal development, relationships, wellness, and spirituality. Individually, Krista leads It’s Krista, an online business with coaching services for women, while Lindsey runs New Mom on the Block, New Mom on the Block, a platform dedicated to supporting new moms on their motherhood journey. Their debut book, Almost 30, offers practical tools for navigating change with confidence.

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  • What “near death” feels like

    AI transcript
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    0:01:14 What happens when we die?
    0:01:20 I’ve always been a cold, hard materialist on this one.
    0:01:30 Our brain shuts down, consciousness fades away, and the lights go out.
    0:01:36 And beyond that, what else is there to say?
    0:01:44 I had no experience of life before I was born, and I expect to have no experience of life after I die.
    0:01:51 As best I can tell, that’s the most reasonable assumption we can make about death.
    0:01:55 But most reasonable does not mean definitely true.
    0:02:06 There’s the conventional view taken by major religions that the shape of your afterlife depends on the quality of your actual life.
    0:02:08 I have my issues with that.
    0:02:10 But it’s a widely held belief.
    0:02:16 The point, in any case, is that this is one of the oldest questions we have.
    0:02:23 Which means there are all sorts of theories about how consciousness, in some form, might survive the death of the body.
    0:02:30 However unlikely these possibilities might be, they’re not impossible.
    0:02:35 And if they’re not impossible, how seriously should we take them?
    0:02:41 I’m Sean Elling, and this is The Gray Area.
    0:02:54 Today’s guest is Sebastian Younger.
    0:03:04 He’s a former war reporter, a documentarian, and the author of several books, including his most recent one called In My Time of Dying.
    0:03:09 Younger’s not the religious or superstitious type.
    0:03:14 He’s a self-described atheist and a science-minded rationalist.
    0:03:22 And I suspect he would have given a very confident response to that question about life after death.
    0:03:25 Until the day he almost died.
    0:03:30 An experience that didn’t necessarily transform his worldview.
    0:03:33 But it did shake it up.
    0:03:42 I wouldn’t say my answer to the what happens when we die question is all that different after reading the book.
    0:03:46 But I would say that I’m less certain about it.
    0:03:48 And that’s sort of the point.
    0:04:00 Sebastian Younger, welcome to the show.
    0:04:01 Very nice to be here.
    0:04:02 Thanks for having me.
    0:04:14 Before we get to the strangeness of your near-death experience, can you just describe what happened to you the day you almost died?
    0:04:16 Just to set the scene here a little bit.
    0:04:16 Yeah.
    0:04:18 So I was 58 years old.
    0:04:20 I’ve been a lifelong athlete.
    0:04:22 My health is, like, very good.
    0:04:32 And so it never occurred to me that I would have a sudden medical issue that would send me to the ER or kill me, you know, sort of drop me in my boots, as it were.
    0:04:37 So I just had no thoughts like that about myself.
    0:04:44 And so one afternoon, it was during COVID, my family and I were living in a house in the woods in Massachusetts that has no cell phone coverage.
    0:04:46 It’s at the end of a dead-end dirt road.
    0:04:51 On the property is a cabin, no electricity or anything like that.
    0:04:54 And we went out there to spend a couple of hours.
    0:04:58 And literally, in mid-sentence, I felt this sort of bolt of pain in my abdomen.
    0:05:00 And I couldn’t make it go away.
    0:05:02 I sort of twisted and turned.
    0:05:03 I thought it was indigestion.
    0:05:06 And I stood up and almost fell over.
    0:05:07 And so I sat back down.
    0:05:09 I said to my wife, I’m going to need help.
    0:05:10 I don’t know what’s wrong.
    0:05:11 I’ve never felt anything like this.
    0:05:22 What was happening, I later found out, was that I had an undiagnosed aneurysm in my pancreatic artery, and one of several arteries that go through the pancreas.
    0:05:25 And one of them had a bulge in it from a weak spot.
    0:05:28 And aneurysms are widowmakers.
    0:05:34 I mean, they’re really, really deadly, particularly in the abdomen, because it’s hard for the doctors to find them.
    0:05:40 And if you’re stabbed in the stomach and an artery is severed, the doctors sort of know where to put their finger, as it were, to plug the leak.
    0:05:44 But if it’s just internal hemorrhage, your abdomen’s basically a big bowl of spaghetti.
    0:05:46 It’s very, very hard to find it.
    0:05:50 So I was losing probably a pint of blood every 10 or 15 minutes.
    0:05:54 And, you know, there’s like 10 pints in the human body, 10 or 12 pints.
    0:05:55 So you can do the math.
    0:05:58 And I was a one-hour drive from the nearest hospital.
    0:06:01 I was a human hourglass, basically.
    0:06:04 So by the time they got me there, I’d probably lost two-thirds of my blood.
    0:06:06 My blood pressure was 60 over 40.
    0:06:09 And I was in end-stage hemorrhagic shock.
    0:06:10 I was probably 10 minutes from dead.
    0:06:11 But I was still conscious.
    0:06:15 Blessedly, I had no idea that I was dying.
    0:06:17 I was enormously confused by what was happening.
    0:06:20 And I had no clue about the seriousness of it.
    0:06:21 60 over 40.
    0:06:24 My God, how are you even still alive at that point?
    0:06:28 That’s sort of where you cross over into a place where you can’t recover from,
    0:06:31 even if you get a massive blood transfusion, which I got.
    0:06:37 I mean, if you need that much blood, receiving that much blood causes other problems that can also kill you.
    0:06:47 So you can die in the hospital from blood loss with plenty of blood in your veins because other things happen chemically in your bloodstream that will kill you.
    0:06:47 It’s deadly.
    0:06:51 And I was sort of right on the cusp of when that could reasonably have started to happen.
    0:06:58 And I’d actually had sort of intermittent pain in my abdomen for about six months, which just being an idiot dude, I just ignored.
    0:06:59 Right.
    0:07:01 And, you know, it was bad enough to make me sit down at times.
    0:07:02 I was like, oh, what’s that?
    0:07:04 And then it would go away and I’d forget about it.
    0:07:12 And that was probably the aneurysm getting to a kind of critical point where it was starting to leak a little bit, starting to bleed a little bit or something.
    0:07:16 You know, if I’d gone to the doctor, I could have avoided a lot of drama, but I didn’t.
    0:07:21 Yeah, note to everyone in the audience, if you know something’s wrong with your body, don’t fuck around.
    0:07:22 Go get it checked out.
    0:07:25 Yeah, I mean, pain’s an indicator and persistent pain’s an indicator.
    0:07:34 And frankly, your unconscious mind, listen, you know, I’m an atheist, I’m a rationalist, I’m an anti-mystic, I hate woo-woo stuff.
    0:07:38 My dad was a physicist and an atheist, just like that’s who I am.
    0:07:42 But the unconscious mind actually has access to a lot of information about the body.
    0:07:47 It communicates with your conscious mind in these strange signals and intuitions and feelings.
    0:07:54 And one of the stranger things about this was the first time I felt this pain in my abdomen, I had this bizarre thought.
    0:07:59 I thought, huh, that’s the kind of pain where you later find out, oh my God, I have terminal cancer.
    0:08:07 Like, I immediately thought this was a mortal threat and then immediately dismissed it as, you know, listen, you just have a pain in your abdomen, like don’t worry about it.
    0:08:11 And what was the survival rate for your condition that day?
    0:08:20 The survival rate is as low as 30%, but I assume that that’s for a reasonable transport time to the hospital.
    0:08:23 It took me 90 minutes to get to a doctor.
    0:08:28 My survival chances were extremely low.
    0:08:33 The brain does such strange things in these moments.
    0:08:37 You knew on some level that something was really wrong here.
    0:08:45 But even at the hospital, you write about not having any grand thoughts about life or mortality or even about your family.
    0:08:49 You wrote, I had all the introspection of a gut shot coyote, which is a great line.
    0:08:52 But what the hell is that about?
    0:08:58 You think it’s just a kind of defense mechanism in the brain or is it just plain old fashioned shock?
    0:09:04 I was in hemorrhagic shock and deep into hypothermia, which comes with hemorrhagic shock.
    0:09:06 I was in an enormous amount of pain.
    0:09:12 So blood in your abdomen, outside of your vascular system is extremely irritating to the organs.
    0:09:15 I was in and out of consciousness, which I didn’t know.
    0:09:19 I mean, if you go in and out of consciousness, you don’t know it.
    0:09:25 You think it’s all one stream of consciousness, but actually what drops out is the parts where you’re unconscious.
    0:09:27 You have no idea you’re in and out of consciousness.
    0:09:29 So I didn’t know that about the situation.
    0:09:30 And it was belly pain.
    0:09:37 And I had this sort of distant thought, you know, it may turn out you’re going to wake up in the hospital tomorrow morning with really grim news that you have a tumor in your abdomen.
    0:09:42 And, you know, I mean, I sort of was aware that that might happen, but I didn’t know it was going down right now.
    0:09:43 Like I had no idea.
    0:09:50 And, you know, I had the level of sort of situational awareness that like someone who’s really, really drunk might have.
    0:09:53 And I was an animal, you know, pain turns you into an animal.
    0:09:54 I was an animal.
    0:09:55 I was a wounded animal.
    0:10:04 So when this happened, if your wife, Barbara, wasn’t with you, if you were out running or something like that, you’re probably dead right now.
    0:10:05 And we’re not talking.
    0:10:08 I mean, how much did that thought rack your brain in the aftermath?
    0:10:11 Oh, afterwards, I was tormented by that.
    0:10:21 I mean, any other situation, I mean, the traffic jam and the Cross Bronx Expressway, if I was on an airplane, hiking in the woods, running, I mean, anything like anything.
    0:10:23 And as it was, I barely made it.
    0:10:27 Another strange thing that I should mention about the unconscious.
    0:10:40 So two nights prior at dawn, so about 36 hours before the aneurysm ruptured, I was woken by this terrible dream, a nightmare, and it was that I was dead.
    0:10:42 Not that I was dying or going to die.
    0:10:43 I was dead.
    0:10:44 I was a spirit.
    0:10:48 And I was looking down on my family, and they were grieving.
    0:10:49 They were sobbing.
    0:10:53 And I was trying to yell to them and wave my arms, like, I’m here.
    0:10:54 It’s okay.
    0:10:54 I’m right here.
    0:10:55 It’s all right.
    0:10:56 Everything’s okay.
    0:10:59 And then I was made to understand that I had died.
    0:11:01 I was beyond their reach.
    0:11:03 And there was no going back.
    0:11:04 And this was just how it is.
    0:11:07 And I was headed out into the darkness.
    0:11:09 And I was so bereft.
    0:11:12 I was so anguished by this that it woke me up.
    0:11:13 I mean, I was just like, oh, my God.
    0:11:16 Thank God that was just a dream.
    0:11:24 As a rationalist, I have to sort of think, all right, your unconscious mind has some mechanism of knowing if there’s a mortal threat going on.
    0:11:28 And it doesn’t know how to communicate with dumbass up there who’s, you know, okay, six months of pain.
    0:11:29 He’s still not taking notice.
    0:11:31 All right, now what do we do?
    0:11:34 All right, well, let’s give him a really bad nightmare, right?
    0:11:35 Oh, he’s still not listening?
    0:11:37 Well, we tried.
    0:11:41 You know, I feel like the unconscious mind is sort of like a little bit in that place with us.
    0:11:44 Yeah, we’re about to careen into some potentially woo-woo stuff here.
    0:11:50 So let me pause, back up just a hair, and then we’ll ease into it.
    0:11:54 Because I want to actually get to the near-death experience itself.
    0:11:59 The way you write about it in the book is so unbelievably vivid.
    0:12:02 I mean, I really feel like I experienced it just reading it.
    0:12:10 There’s a moment when the surgeons and the nurses are working on you, and they’re on your right side.
    0:12:14 And then on your left side, there’s this pit of blackness.
    0:12:15 It’s scary as hell.
    0:12:23 And your father, who I think has been dead eight years at this point, appears before you or above you.
    0:12:25 Tell me about that.
    0:12:26 Right, yeah.
    0:12:32 So the doctor was busy trying to put a large-gauge needle into my jugular vein, you know, through my neck.
    0:12:34 It sounds a lot worse than it actually is.
    0:12:36 It didn’t particularly hurt.
    0:12:36 It sounds bad.
    0:12:38 It sounds bad, yeah.
    0:12:40 I mean, I think they numb you with lidocaine.
    0:12:42 So actually, I didn’t feel much except the kind of pressure.
    0:12:45 But at any rate, so they were working on that.
    0:12:51 And seeming to take a long time, and suddenly this black pit opened up underneath me that I started getting pulled into.
    0:12:55 You know, again, think of me as extremely drunk, right?
    0:12:56 Like, I’m like, whoa, what’s that?
    0:12:59 Like, it didn’t occur to me, like, black pit, that makes no sense.
    0:13:02 Like, I was like, oh, there’s the pit.
    0:13:04 Like, why am I getting pulled into it?
    0:13:12 And I didn’t know I was dying, but I sort of had this animal sense that if you—you don’t want to go into the infinitely black pit that just opened up underneath you.
    0:13:15 Like, that’s just a bad idea, and if you get sucked in there, you’re probably not coming back.
    0:13:17 Like, that was the feeling I had about it.
    0:13:18 And I started to panic.
    0:13:23 And that’s when my dead father appeared above me in this sort of energy form.
    0:13:24 It’s hard to describe.
    0:13:26 I can’t describe what it was like.
    0:13:27 I just perceived him.
    0:13:30 It’s not like there was a poster board of him floating above me.
    0:13:31 It wasn’t quite that tangible.
    0:13:35 And he was communicating this incredible benevolence and love.
    0:13:37 He’s like, listen, you don’t have to fight it.
    0:13:38 You can come with me.
    0:13:38 I’ll take care of you.
    0:13:39 It’s going to be okay.
    0:13:42 I was horrified.
    0:13:44 I was like, go with you.
    0:13:44 You’re dead.
    0:13:46 I’m not going anywhere with you.
    0:13:48 Like, what are you talking about?
    0:13:48 Get out of here.
    0:13:50 Like, I was horrified.
    0:13:54 And I said to the doctor, because I was conversant, you’ve got to hurry.
    0:13:55 You’re losing me.
    0:13:56 I’m going right now.
    0:14:00 And I didn’t know where I was going, but I was very clear I was headed out, and I did not want to.
    0:14:02 And I knew he had to hurry.
    0:14:03 So you say communicating.
    0:14:04 What does that mean?
    0:14:05 Is he actually talking to you?
    0:14:10 Is it gesturing or just a feeling or is it telepathically or what?
    0:14:12 I didn’t hear words, right?
    0:14:16 But his communication to me, I guess you would have to classify it as telepathic.
    0:14:17 But it was very specific.
    0:14:19 You don’t have to fight this.
    0:14:21 I’m here.
    0:14:21 I’ll take care of you.
    0:14:22 You can come with me.
    0:14:30 And so, you know, again, now I’m a rationalist, but I’m a rationalist with questions.
    0:14:35 Like, I’m a rationalist with a serious question of, like, what was that?
    0:14:36 Is it just neurochemistry?
    0:14:42 I mean, when I woke up the next morning in the ICU and the nurse came in, and I was in a lot of distress.
    0:14:43 I was throwing up blood.
    0:14:44 I was a freaking mess.
    0:14:45 I was still not.
    0:14:46 I could have still died at that point.
    0:14:48 I mean, I was not out of the woods at all.
    0:14:52 And the nurse came in and said, wow, congratulations, Mr. Younger.
    0:14:53 You made it.
    0:14:54 We almost lost you last night.
    0:14:55 You almost died.
    0:14:59 And when she said that, that’s when I remembered my father.
    0:15:01 I was like, oh, my God, I saw my father.
    0:15:03 And I saw the pit.
    0:15:05 And it all came rushing back to me.
    0:15:07 A rationalist with questions.
    0:15:07 I love that.
    0:15:09 That may be my religion.
    0:15:10 Yeah, right.
    0:15:11 If I have one.
    0:15:19 I mean, given what I know about your dad from this book, that he would appear to you almost like an angel.
    0:15:29 Seems like exactly the kind of thing he and you, hyper-rationalists and whatnot, would have dismissed as supernatural nonsense before this.
    0:15:33 He would have said, as I’m sort of inclined to say, but not entirely.
    0:15:37 I think he would have said, well, you know, I’m sure there’s certain neurochemical explanations.
    0:15:39 It’s the brain in distress.
    0:15:47 There’s probably all kinds of things going on neurochemically, high cortisol levels, this and that, like dopamine, whatever.
    0:15:50 I mean, you know, you can make the brain hallucinate.
    0:15:52 You can, you know, epileptics have visions.
    0:15:55 You know, I mean, there’s analogous phenomena in life with people.
    0:15:57 And so I think he probably would have ascribed it to that.
    0:16:07 And I’m inclined to as well, you know, sort of, except there’s one thing that sort of stuck in my mind that the doctors and the rationalists couldn’t quite explain.
    0:16:11 And let me just say, reiterate again, I’m an atheist.
    0:16:13 Now, I still do not believe in God.
    0:16:15 Atheist means that you do not believe in God.
    0:16:17 I do not believe in God.
    0:16:32 There’s something you describe in the book that was maybe the most holy shit moment for me.
    0:16:35 And there are several holy shit moments in this story.
    0:16:41 So a few days before your dad died of heart failure, you had an intense dream.
    0:16:43 He was in Boston.
    0:16:44 You were in New York.
    0:16:50 But you woke up in the middle of the night as though he was screaming your name from the next room.
    0:16:51 You look at the clock.
    0:16:54 And it was 3.15 a.m.
    0:17:02 And then a few hours later, your mom calls, tells you to go to Boston as soon as you can because your dad tried to throw himself out of bed in a panic.
    0:17:08 And when you asked her what time that happened, she said 3.15 a.m.
    0:17:10 I mean, come on, Sebastian.
    0:17:12 What the hell is that?
    0:17:13 That’s crazy.
    0:17:14 It is crazy.
    0:17:18 And again, the rationalist in me is like, okay, does that prove there’s a God?
    0:17:19 No, not really.
    0:17:23 It means that humans can communicate in ways that science doesn’t understand.
    0:17:25 And even communicate across distance.
    0:17:38 And there’s, at the quantum level, at the subatomic level, there actually is instantaneous communication between particles across vast distances, even across the entire universe.
    0:17:39 And that’s known to be true.
    0:17:40 And we don’t know why.
    0:17:41 We can’t explain how that works.
    0:17:43 But we know that it does work.
    0:17:48 So if that’s possible, can human minds communicate with, quote, telepathy?
    0:17:53 That seems to be something that almost everyone experiences with people they love.
    0:17:55 So to me, it stands to reason that it’s possible.
    0:18:00 Well, you talk to plenty of doctors and scientists about this.
    0:18:04 You even tried talking to some of your own doctors about your experience.
    0:18:06 What do they make of it?
    0:18:08 I’m sure they take you seriously.
    0:18:15 But how seriously do they take this story and stories like this, near-death experiences, that is?
    0:18:18 Well, it depends on the doctor who you’re talking to.
    0:18:19 It depends on the researcher.
    0:18:28 And there’s a whole body of research conducted by doctors and neurobiologists and all kinds of very accomplished, educated people.
    0:18:32 There’s a lot of documentation of what are called NDEs, near-death experiences.
    0:18:43 And sort of hovering above loved ones, as I did in my dream, or seeing a dead person show up to escort you over the threshold are very, very common for near NDEs.
    0:18:46 Now, I didn’t know this, so I wasn’t projecting something that I knew.
    0:18:55 So some researchers have concluded that this is sort of verifiable proof that there is some kind of afterlife that we don’t understand.
    0:19:02 And they do use the word afterlife, which is, of course, on a semantic level is kind of a problem, because death is the end of life.
    0:19:06 So afterlife, I don’t even know quite what that means.
    0:19:07 It’s clearly not life.
    0:19:09 But they do come to that conclusion.
    0:19:13 And then there’s a lot of other scientists and doctors, like, nonsense, it’s neurobiology.
    0:19:15 We can explain all of this.
    0:19:20 And after I came home from the hospital, it was not a sort of joyful party.
    0:19:22 I was enormously traumatized.
    0:19:27 The fact that I’d almost left my children fatherless was devastating to me.
    0:19:36 I became very sort of paranoid that now that I sort of looked over the precipice and realized that any moment of any day, you can suddenly find yourself dying.
    0:19:39 In entirely unpredictable ways.
    0:19:40 Like, that really rattled me.
    0:19:53 And then I got into this other existential bind, which was, I started to worry that maybe I had died, and that I was a ghost, and that I was sort of haunting my family, and they couldn’t see me.
    0:19:57 And I just thought they could see me and were interacting with me, but actually, I wasn’t really there.
    0:20:01 And I know that sounds totally silly, but it was a real fear.
    0:20:04 And at one point, I went to my wife, and I was like, tell me I’m here.
    0:20:07 They just tell me that I’m, you know, she said, of course you’re here.
    0:20:08 And she sort of reassured me.
    0:20:12 But in my mind, I’m like, this is exactly what a hallucination would say to you, right?
    0:20:19 Like, I was in a real, very, very difficult place, which is not uncommon for someone who survived something like this.
    0:20:27 So I started researching, and eventually I tracked down researching NDEs and quantum physics and all this stuff, trying to explain what happened to me.
    0:20:32 And Parnie was kind of rooting that maybe, wow, maybe there is an afterlife.
    0:20:34 Maybe we don’t need to be scared of death.
    0:20:37 You know, like, ooh, wow, these stories are pretty hard to refute.
    0:20:43 And then I’d read the rationalists, and I was like, oh, well, like, nice try, but this clearly is just nonsense.
    0:20:50 So I called on some colleagues of my father who were younger than him who were really fond of my dad.
    0:20:55 And I invited them for lunch, and I told them what happened to me, and I said, what do you think my dad would have thought of this?
    0:21:05 And at one point I asked, what would the odds be of my father reappearing above me, reconstituting himself on some level above me as I was dying?
    0:21:07 Are there odds for such a thing?
    0:21:11 And he said, well, this is how scientists think, right?
    0:21:13 He took me totally literally.
    0:21:14 He was like, all right, well, let’s see.
    0:21:19 He’s like, well, I would say probably about 10 to the minus 60.
    0:21:20 Very specific.
    0:21:21 Very specific.
    0:21:28 It’s a number with one chance and a number that has 60 zeros following it, roughly.
    0:21:30 I was like, what?
    0:21:31 What are you talking?
    0:21:32 How did you come to that number?
    0:21:40 He said, well, it’s roughly the odds of all the oxygen molecules converging in one corner of the room and suffocating us.
    0:21:42 The odds are not zero.
    0:21:49 They’re almost infinitely small, but they’re roughly, according to statistical mechanics, they’re roughly 1 to the minus 60.
    0:22:04 And so those are the odds of the molecules that made up your father or the subatomic particles that made up your father randomly and kind of miraculously having a sort of like reunion in the corner of the room.
    0:22:06 Like, there are numbers for this.
    0:22:11 And so at that point, I realized the infinite rationality of the scientific mind.
    0:22:19 I think when I got to that part of the book, I was reminded that I most definitely do not have the brain of a physicist, for better or worse.
    0:22:21 Yeah, for better or worse.
    0:22:28 You know, that sort of focus of thought makes human relationships hard because my father missed a lot of the sort of the human element, right?
    0:22:30 The sort of emotional element.
    0:22:38 He was a very sweet man, but very distant and had no idea how to relate to children or really had sometimes a tough time with adults.
    0:22:47 So when he appeared above me, it struck me as the most overtly loving, generous, big hearted thing he’d ever done.
    0:22:57 When we get back from the break, what can science tell us about near-death experiences?
    0:22:59 Stay with us.
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    0:24:32 Starting a business is all about turning your ideas into reality.
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    0:25:40 I’m Claire Parker.
    0:25:42 And I’m Ashley Hamilton.
    0:25:44 And this week, we’re discussing Hilaria Baldwin.
    0:25:46 Why does she have so many kids?
    0:25:50 She will not answer that question for you in a way that you want it answered,
    0:25:55 but she will respond to every single thing ever written about her in a tabloid in a deeply cryptic way.
    0:25:57 She’s taking on the tough questions like,
    0:26:00 does ADD make you speak with a Spanish accent?
    0:26:03 Does an older man guarantee happiness in a marriage?
    0:26:08 We talked to Eliza McClam and Julia Hava from Binge-topia podcast.
    0:26:11 They are Hilaria Baldwin experts,
    0:26:15 and they dove deep with us on Hilaria’s latest memoir, Manual Not Included.
    0:26:20 You can listen to new episodes of Celebrity Memoir Book Club every Tuesday on Amazon Music.
    0:26:32 Getting back to the science,
    0:26:37 Do we really understand what happens in the brain during these experiences?
    0:26:40 Does science have a firm grasp of this?
    0:26:41 Yes and no.
    0:26:44 I mean, there was a case where a man was dying.
    0:26:46 I think he’d had a stroke.
    0:26:53 And they had electrodes attached to his skull to signal different brain activity to know how to treat him.
    0:26:56 And he passed some point of no return.
    0:26:57 And the doctor said,
    0:26:58 OK, it’s OK.
    0:27:00 You can sort of turn the machines off, basically.
    0:27:03 But the sensors were still in place on his skull.
    0:27:13 And so they had the chance to watch what was happening to the brainwaves in real time as a person died.
    0:27:22 And what they found was that in the 30 seconds before and after the moment of death—and, of course, death isn’t just confined to a single moment.
    0:27:23 It’s a spectrum.
    0:27:30 But there was a surge in brain activity related to dreaming and memories and all kinds of other things.
    0:27:37 And so one of the things that might happen when people die is that they experience this sort of flood of sensations from their life.
    0:27:38 Why would they?
    0:27:39 Who knows?
    0:27:41 Like, it’s hard to come up with a sort of Darwinian reason.
    0:27:42 Like, how would that be adaptive?
    0:27:43 The person’s dying.
    0:27:45 It’s not a question of survival and procreation.
    0:27:48 And Darwinism is not concerned with emotional comfort.
    0:27:51 It doesn’t matter in those sort of Darwinian arithmetic.
    0:27:52 So it’s hard to know what to make of that.
    0:27:54 But they did have one chance to do that.
    0:27:57 Science is reductionist by design.
    0:28:09 You can study near-death experiences, and you can map the neurochemical changes, and you can give a purely materialist explanation for them.
    0:28:11 But do you think it’s wise to leave it there?
    0:28:19 Or do you think there’s something just inherently mysterious about this that we just can’t quite understand?
    0:28:23 At one point, someone said to me, you know, you couldn’t explain what happened to you in rational terms.
    0:28:27 Why didn’t you turn to mystical terms?
    0:28:32 And I said, because rational terms is what an explanation is.
    0:28:38 And the alternative is a story, right?
    0:28:43 And humans use stories to comfort themselves about things they can’t explain.
    0:28:50 I don’t choose to use the God story or the afterlife story to comfort myself about the unexplainable, which is like what’s going to happen when I die.
    0:29:01 But let me say that the one thing that really stood out, I mean, I sort of bought all the neurochemical explanations, all of the sort of hard-boiled rationalists, like we’re biological beings.
    0:29:03 When we die, that’s it.
    0:29:12 And the flurry of experiences that dying people have is just the dying brain frantically bombarding us with signals, like what’s going on?
    0:29:13 Like, stop, stop, stop, stop, stop.
    0:29:16 Like, you know, that kind of sort of neurological confusion.
    0:29:18 Except for one thing.
    0:29:20 And what I don’t understand is this.
    0:29:27 Like, if you give a room full of people LSD, we know that 100% of those people will have hallucinations.
    0:29:28 We know why.
    0:29:29 We know how that works.
    0:29:30 There’s no mystery there.
    0:29:33 You don’t need God to explain that.
    0:29:36 But they’ll all hallucinate different things, right?
    0:29:41 And what’s strange about dying is that only the dying seem to see the dead.
    0:29:45 And they do that in societies all around the world and have for ages.
    0:29:48 I mean, there’s many historical accounts of this as well.
    0:29:51 And the people who aren’t dying do not see the dead.
    0:29:55 And often the dead are unwelcome and they’re a shock.
    0:29:58 It’s not some reassuring vision of Aunt Betty, right?
    0:30:00 And it’s just like, Dad, what are you doing here?
    0:30:06 Or my mother, as she died, she saw her dead brother, who she was not on speaking terms with.
    0:30:08 And when she saw him, she was horrified.
    0:30:10 She was like, what’s he doing here?
    0:30:12 And I said, Mom, it’s your brother.
    0:30:14 I mean, I just took a guess, right?
    0:30:15 I said, Mom, it’s your brother George.
    0:30:17 You have to be nice to him.
    0:30:18 He’s come a long way to see you.
    0:30:22 And she just frowned and said, we’ll see about that.
    0:30:23 You know, she died a day later.
    0:30:26 So it’s not like these are comforting visions or in projections.
    0:30:34 And the fact that only the dying see the dead is the one thing that science can’t quite explain.
    0:30:40 It’s the one thing that really does make me wonder, you know, maybe we don’t understand everything in scientific terms.
    0:30:50 Maybe there is something missing here that is very significant about how reality works, how life and death work, what consciousness is, and ultimately what the universe is.
    0:30:54 I don’t want to fetishize doubt or make a virtue of doubt.
    0:31:02 But this is the kind of stuff that just leaves me in that same place that just the position of, man, I don’t really know.
    0:31:02 Yeah.
    0:31:04 And I’m not sure it’s knowable.
    0:31:05 And that’s okay.
    0:31:06 Yeah.
    0:31:09 I mean, like I said, some people rush in with stories to fill that gap.
    0:31:10 A lot can go wrong there.
    0:31:23 One of the theories about consciousness, a theory that Schrodinger ascribed to, who was one of the pioneers of quantum physics, is that consciousness is actually suffuses the entire universe.
    0:31:34 And there’s a kind of colossus of consciousness in the universe, which is 93 billion light years wide at the moment, just so that you understand the scale of the universe.
    0:31:43 And that our individual consciousness is sort of a very, very limited experience of the universal consciousness.
    0:31:46 It’s sort of scaled down to sort of the puny human size.
    0:31:49 But actually, there is a universal consciousness.
    0:32:01 And there’s a theory called biocentrism that this consciousness completely affects how the universe is constructed physically, that there’s a symbiotic relationship between physical reality and consciousness where they actually depend on each other.
    0:32:03 And you can’t prove it.
    0:32:04 You can’t disprove it.
    0:32:05 It’s a fascinating theory.
    0:32:09 But it’s where, for me, there’s a little bit of comfort.
    0:32:21 Like, no, I do not believe in God, and I certainly don’t believe in an afterlife where I, as Sebastian Junger, sort of continue on without the need to eat or sleep, and I can kind of float around talking to all the people I miss.
    0:32:34 But it’s possible that when we die, that the sort of quantum information that involved our identity and our consciousness is reunited with the grand consciousness, the colossus.
    0:32:40 There is something there that I find a little comforting and scientifically possible, right?
    0:32:43 It’s just we’re never going to prove it because I think we just don’t have the tools.
    0:32:49 And even to say that there’s an afterlife is not to say that there’s a God, necessarily.
    0:32:55 There could be some post-life reality that we just don’t understand or one that’s far weirder than we can imagine.
    0:33:00 But that would not mean that any of our religious stories are true.
    0:33:02 It would just mean shit’s a lot weirder than we thought.
    0:33:09 Yeah, I mean, as I say in the book, you know, our understanding of reality might be akin to a dog’s understanding of a television set.
    0:33:16 No concept that what they’re watching is a product of the screen and the wider context that produced the screen.
    0:33:21 I mean, religious people, and I, you know, I’ve obviously a number of friends who are religious.
    0:33:27 Like, when they hear this story of mine, they’re very fond of saying, so, are you still an atheist?
    0:33:29 Like, you saw your dead father while you were dying.
    0:33:30 Are you still an atheist?
    0:33:34 And, of course, my pat little answer is, look, I saw my dad, not God.
    0:33:36 Like, if I’d seen God, we might have a conversation to have.
    0:33:52 But I saw my dad, and as you point out, it’s entirely possible that there could be some kind of creator God that created biological life in the universe that when it dies, it dies absolutely and completely, and there’s no, quote, afterlife.
    0:34:01 Or there could be a post-death existence at some quantum level that we don’t and can’t understand in a completely physical universe that has no God.
    0:34:06 The two things don’t require each other, and you could have one or the other or neither or both.
    0:34:07 It’s all possible.
    0:34:18 One of the medical paradoxes here is that people who are dying experience near-total brain function collapse,
    0:34:26 and yet their awareness seems to crystallize, which seems impossible on its face.
    0:34:28 Do scientists have an explanation for this?
    0:34:32 Is it even a paradox at all, or does it just seem that way to someone on the outside who doesn’t understand it?
    0:34:34 I don’t think anyone knows.
    0:34:39 You know, ultimately, no one even knows if what we perceive during life is true.
    0:34:47 I mean, it’s known at the quantum level that observing a particle, a subatomic particle, changes its behavior.
    0:34:50 Now, of course, when you observe something, it’s a totally passive act.
    0:34:52 You’re not bombarding it with something, right?
    0:34:53 You’re just watching.
    0:35:01 If a particle, a photon, is sent through two slits in an impassable barrier, and it’s unobserved by a conscious mind,
    0:35:04 it will go through both slits simultaneously.
    0:35:09 And once you observe it, it’s forced to pick one slit.
    0:35:18 So, as the early physicists said, observation creates the reality that’s being observed, and then the snake starts to swallow its tail.
    0:35:27 And it’s been proposed that the universe is one massive wave function of all possibilities, of all things.
    0:35:39 And that the arrival of conscious thought, conscious perception, forced the entire observable universe to collapse into one single thing, which is the universe that we know.
    0:35:56 I will say this, I mean, if there is a heaven or afterlife, I don’t think it’s what most people think it is, which is a projection of our earthly wishes, and a rather transparent one at that.
    0:36:10 But it might be some bizarre quantum reality that I can’t even pretend to understand, because I don’t know the first thing about physics or quantum mechanics, other than that great line from Einstein calling it spooky action at a distance.
    0:36:12 This is sort of where you land, too, right?
    0:36:17 That reality is just very strange, and who the hell knows what’s really going on, or what’s really possible, for that matter.
    0:36:24 Yeah, I mean, at the quantum level, things happen that contradict everything we understand about the macroscopic level.
    0:36:27 So you can’t walk through two doorways at the same time.
    0:36:28 You can’t be in two places at once.
    0:36:30 But at the quantum level, you can.
    0:36:40 And so that opens the possibility of extremely strange—things that are extremely strange in the macroscopic world being absolutely ordinary in the quantum world.
    0:36:46 But the granddaddy of them all is the universe.
    0:37:01 The universe came from nothing and expanded from nothing to hundreds of millions of light years across in an amount of time that is too small to measure.
    0:37:08 So if that’s possible, and we know it’s possible because it happened, we can prove that it happened.
    0:37:10 We are proof that it happened.
    0:37:15 If that’s possible, in some ways, what isn’t possible?
    0:37:22 It’s just a question of, like, how limited our brains are, our amazing brains, but how limited are they in what we can perceive and explain?
    0:37:26 You use the phrase the other side a lot in the book.
    0:37:31 And, you know, someone was clinically dead, they glimpsed the other side, and then they came back.
    0:37:36 I mean, on some level, this is just the only language we have to describe such things.
    0:37:42 But what is your understanding of the other side as you sit here now?
    0:37:42 Is it a place?
    0:37:44 Is it more like an awareness?
    0:37:47 Or is it just neurochemicals detonating in our brains?
    0:37:57 Well, I mean, my direct experience of it was it was an infinitely black, deep pit that would swallow you and never let you back.
    0:38:01 And where you would become part of the nothingness that’s in it.
    0:38:06 Whatever you want to say about this, I did have a dream where I experienced being dead.
    0:38:08 Whatever you want to make of that, I did have that dream.
    0:38:14 And the experience of that dream, for whatever it’s worth, is that I was a spirit.
    0:38:18 I didn’t exist physically, but I existed as a collection of thoughts.
    0:38:28 And that that entity that was thinking was being pulled away from everything I knew and loved out into the nothingness forever.
    0:38:40 And there was a sense of the nothingness being an enormous circle that I was going to start sort of like proceeding around.
    0:38:42 And an infinitely huge circle.
    0:38:44 There was a sort of circularity to it.
    0:38:46 A kind of orbit to it.
    0:38:48 And I was getting pulled into this orbit of nothingness.
    0:38:51 And it made me panic, right?
    0:38:52 It was horrified.
    0:38:53 Like, there are my children.
    0:38:54 There’s my wife.
    0:38:58 So for me, the other side is nothing.
    0:39:00 I mean, it’s not like, oh, it’s the other bank of the river.
    0:39:03 You know, as the joke goes, like, how do I get to the other side of the river?
    0:39:04 You’re on the other side.
    0:39:05 It’s not like that.
    0:39:07 And that’s a kind of comforting vision.
    0:39:10 And it’s one that religions seem fond of.
    0:39:11 But it’s not at all how I see it.
    0:39:17 And, you know, if it were that way, you’d be looking at an eternity of consciousness with no escape.
    0:39:20 Which is its own hell, right?
    0:39:23 I mean, I could barely get through math class in high school.
    0:39:24 50 minutes, right?
    0:39:25 That felt like an eternity.
    0:39:28 Really, you want to be conscious for eternity with no way out?
    0:39:31 I mean, at least with life, if you need a way out, you can kill yourself.
    0:39:34 There’s no way out of an eternity of consciousness.
    0:39:38 And suppose that includes unbearable pain or grief.
    0:39:39 Suppose it’s unpleasant.
    0:39:46 People often talk about the near-death experience as though it’s a gift.
    0:39:53 To get that close to death and survive, the story goes, is supposed to bring clarity and peace or something like that.
    0:39:55 Do you find this to be true?
    0:40:01 It brought an enormous amount of trauma and anxiety and depression afterwards that I eventually worked through.
    0:40:03 And I mean work.
    0:40:05 I mean, it was work to climb out of that.
    0:40:10 The ICU nurse who told me that I’d almost died, she came back an hour later and said,
    0:40:11 How are you doing?
    0:40:13 And I said, Not that well.
    0:40:14 And she said, Try this.
    0:40:18 Instead of thinking about it like something scary, think about it like something sacred.
    0:40:20 And then she walked out.
    0:40:26 And so, you know, as an atheist, I’m happy to use the word sacred for its other wonderful meanings.
    0:40:29 You don’t need God to understand that some things are sacred.
    0:40:41 So for me, that word means what’s the information that people need to lead lives with greater dignity and courage and less pain.
    0:40:43 That’s sacred knowledge.
    0:40:47 So did I come back from that precipice with any sacred knowledge?
    0:40:51 And it took me a long time to sort of answer that question.
    0:40:54 And I read about Dostoevsky.
    0:40:57 He sort of provided the final answer in some ways for me.
    0:41:01 So when he was a young man, before he was a writer, he was a little bit of a political agitator.
    0:41:05 And this is the 1840s during the times of the Tsar and serfdom.
    0:41:13 And he and his sort of like his woke brothers were agitating for freeing the serfs, you know, much like in the United States, there was talk about fending slavery.
    0:41:20 And the Tsar didn’t take kindly to the intelligentsia talking about such nonsense.
    0:41:24 So he threw these kids in jail, but no one thought it was a particularly serious situation.
    0:41:25 Right.
    0:41:33 And then finally, they were released and, you know, they were sort of put into a wagon and they assumed they were going to be released to their families after eight months.
    0:41:45 And instead, they were driven to a city square and tied to posts and a firing squad was arrayed against them.
    0:41:52 And the rifles were leveled and the rifles were cocked and the men waited for the order to fire.
    0:42:04 And what happened, we know what Dostoevsky was thinking because a writer galloped into the square and said, the Tsar forgives them.
    0:42:06 It was all theater, but they didn’t know that, of course.
    0:42:08 The Tsar forgives them.
    0:42:10 You know, do not stand down.
    0:42:11 Like, do not kill them.
    0:42:23 So Dostoevsky, through a character that is widely thought to be a substitute for himself in a book called The Idiot, notices sunlight glinting off a roof and thinks to himself,
    0:42:24 in moments, I’m going to join the sunlight.
    0:42:26 I’ll be part of all things.
    0:42:34 And that if I should survive this somehow by some miracle, I will treat every moment as an infinity.
    0:42:38 I’ll treat every moment like the miracle that it actually is.
    0:42:50 And, of course, that’s an almost zen appreciation for reality that’s impossible to maintain while you’re changing the baby’s diapers and the smoke alarm’s going off because you burned the dinner and blah, blah, blah.
    0:42:52 Of course, we’re humans and we get sucked into our drama.
    0:43:10 But if you can have some awareness at some point that life happens only in moments and that those moments are sacred and miraculous, if you can get there once in a while, if you can understand that the sunlight glinting off the roof, that you’re part of it and it’s part of you.
    0:43:11 And one day it’s all going to be the same thing.
    0:43:16 If you can do that, you will have reached a place of real enlightenment.
    0:43:18 And I think it deepens your life.
    0:43:20 You had a great line in the book.
    0:43:28 You wrote, it’s an open question whether a full and unaverted look at death crushes the human psyche or liberates it.
    0:43:29 And it really is, isn’t it?
    0:43:35 I mean, we all know that death is inevitable and that it can come on any day.
    0:43:42 And living in constant contact with that reality is supposed to be motivation for being more present, for living in the moment, as they say.
    0:43:49 But no matter how hard we think about it, our death remains an abstraction until it arrives.
    0:43:51 And I just don’t know how you can be prepared for that.
    0:44:02 And I love what your wife, Barbara, says about that in the book to the effect of that attitude of life where you feel like you’re always at risk of losing everything.
    0:44:06 That doesn’t seem to be healthy, to be in that space all the time.
    0:44:16 That’s the needle we have to thread, is be aware of our mortality, but not taken hostage by that awareness, which is what happened to me in the immediate aftermath of almost dying.
    0:44:25 So I should say that two of the young men who were with Dostoevsky, by his account, were insane for the rest of their lives.
    0:44:27 They never psychologically recovered from the shock.
    0:44:31 Dostoevsky went in another direction.
    0:44:32 He went towards, you know, a kind of enlightenment.
    0:44:33 I don’t know.
    0:44:38 I guess never thinking about death seems as unwise as obsessing over it.
    0:44:40 So maybe there’s some sweet spot in between.
    0:44:41 That’s where we’re supposed to toggle.
    0:44:46 You know, one of the definitions of consciousness is to be able to imagine yourself in the future.
    0:44:51 Well, if you can imagine yourself in the future, you’re going to have to imagine yourself dead because that’s what the future holds.
    0:45:00 And once we’re neurologically complex enough to have that thought, it would be paralyzing for the puny efforts of our lives.
    0:45:03 If we weren’t able to use an enormous amount of denial.
    0:45:07 So we have this abstract knowledge that, you know, all is for naught, right?
    0:45:08 And we’re going to die.
    0:45:13 But we have to keep it out of our daily awareness because otherwise it would demotivate us.
    0:45:15 It would keep us apathetic and crazy.
    0:45:19 And so it’s a balancing act that the human mind does.
    0:45:34 And so the trick, I think, in terms of a kind of healthy enlightenment is to allow in that awareness of death only to the extent where it makes life seem precious, but not to the extent where it makes life seem so fleeting that why bother?
    0:45:40 And maybe that’s just our fate as finite, painfully self-aware creatures.
    0:45:43 We live, we keep rolling our boulders up the hill until the lights go out.
    0:45:47 And as Camus says, we must imagine Sisyphus happy.
    0:45:48 Oh, wonderful.
    0:45:49 I didn’t know that quote.
    0:45:50 That’s a wonderful quote.
    0:46:06 After one more short break, we talk about how confronting death changes the way you live.
    0:46:07 Stay with us.
    0:46:21 Hey, guys, it’s Andy Roddick, former world number one tennis player and now a podcaster.
    0:46:25 It’s clay season in pro tennis, and that means the French Open.
    0:46:31 On our show, Served, with me, Andy Roddick, we have wall-to-wall coverage for the entire two weeks.
    0:46:39 We kick things off with a draw special presented by Amazon Prime, breaking down both the men’s and women’s brackets, making picks, and yeah, probably getting most of them wrong.
    0:46:44 Plus, on June 3rd, my idol, Andre Agassi, is joining Served.
    0:46:45 Be sure to tune in.
    0:46:50 After that, we wrap all things French Open with a full recap show, also presented by Amazon Prime.
    0:46:51 That’s June 10th.
    0:46:57 So be sure to find the show, Served, with me, Andy Roddick, on YouTube or wherever you get your podcasts.
    0:47:06 This week on Prof G Markets, we speak with Aswath Damodaran, Professor of Finance at NYU’s Stern School of Business.
    0:47:12 He shares his take on the recent tariff turmoil and what he’s watching as we head into second quarter earnings.
    0:47:21 This is going to be a contest between market resilience and economic resilience as to whether, in fact, the markets are overestimating the resilience of the economy.
    0:47:29 And that’s what the actual numbers are going to deliver is maybe the economy and markets are a lot more resilient than we gave them credit for.
    0:47:38 In which case, we’ll come out of this year just like we came out of 2020 and 2022 with much less damage than we thought would be created.
    0:47:42 You can find that conversation exclusively on the Prof G Markets feed.
    0:48:01 You spent so much of your life taking risks, calculated risks, I would say, now that you’ve almost died, now that you’re a parent, the game has changed.
    0:48:04 I imagine the calculus for you is much different as well.
    0:48:08 Oh, I stopped war reporting after my buddy Tim was killed in 2011.
    0:48:17 I saw what his death did to everyone who loved him, and I just realized that going off to war suddenly looked like a selfish act, not a noble one.
    0:48:19 And so I stopped doing it.
    0:48:26 And then six years later, I had my first child, you know, and I’m an older dad, so I feel extremely lucky, extremely lucky to be a father.
    0:48:31 And I’m the most risk-averse person you’ll ever meet now.
    0:48:33 I won’t cross Houston Street against the walklight.
    0:48:34 I mean, you know, it’s ridiculous.
    0:48:46 Being a parent is emancipatory in the sense that you’re not living for yourself anymore, which I do believe, I’ve come to believe, is a happier, more fulfilling existence.
    0:48:54 But it makes the prospect of death even worse because of what you leave behind, because the people you love need you.
    0:48:56 That is what terrifies me.
    0:49:02 I had a recent scare with a mole, a funky-looking mole on my arm, and I was so worried about it.
    0:49:05 And my wife was like, you’re fine, you’re fine.
    0:49:10 But I mean, I was Googling, what does melanoma look like and all this shit?
    0:49:12 Oh, Bob Marley had a melanoma on his foot?
    0:49:14 Oh, shit, it can happen to him.
    0:49:17 Those are the thoughts running through my mind.
    0:49:22 Not that I would cease to be, but that my son would not have a father.
    0:49:24 And that is the most terrifying thought I’ve ever had.
    0:49:30 I talked to a fireman, a father of four, I think, a fairly young man who was trapped in a burning building.
    0:49:31 He couldn’t get out.
    0:49:33 I mean, he was so desperate.
    0:49:37 He started, it was a brick exterior wall, and he started trying to punch his way through it.
    0:49:38 He obviously couldn’t.
    0:49:41 And he finally got to a window.
    0:49:42 There was zero visibility.
    0:49:43 It was so filled with smoke.
    0:49:47 And he finally got to a window and threw himself out headfirst and survived.
    0:49:48 And another guy didn’t survive.
    0:49:53 But in those terrible moments, he kept thinking, my son’s going to grow up without a father.
    0:49:56 Once you’re a parent, like, it’s foremost in your mind.
    0:50:07 And if you’re a parent when you’re young, you know, that’s the point in your life when you’re enormously driven by your own desires and curiosity and juggling that with the responsibilities of parenthood is extremely hard.
    0:50:11 And frankly, it’s pretty easy to resent the obligations, right?
    0:50:13 I mean, I’m glad I wasn’t a parent at 25.
    0:50:15 I think I would have been a selfish parent.
    0:50:15 Same.
    0:50:18 Like, I became a parent at 55.
    0:50:21 And by that point, I didn’t interest me anymore.
    0:50:22 Like, I wanted to be a father.
    0:50:27 In that sense, as long as I live a long life, it will have been a very good choice for me.
    0:50:28 I didn’t interest me anymore.
    0:50:30 That’s a good line.
    0:50:31 I may have to steal that.
    0:50:37 There’s a beautiful passage at the end of the book that I’d like to read, if you don’t mind.
    0:50:37 Yeah.
    0:50:40 Because it feels like an appropriate way to wrap this up.
    0:50:41 So now I’m courting you.
    0:50:50 One might allow the quick thought that it is odd that so many religions, so many dying people, so many ecstatics,
    0:50:57 and so many quantum physicists, believe that death is not a final severing, but an ultimate merging.
    0:51:05 And that the reality we take to be life is, in fact, a passing distraction from something so profound, so real, so all-encompassing,
    0:51:13 that many return to their paltry bodies on the battlefield or hospital gurney, only with great reluctance and a kind of embarrassment.
    0:51:16 How can I pass up the truth for an illusion?
    0:51:18 That’s the end of the quote.
    0:51:29 What I would say to that is that there’s something in me that revolts against any ideology that thinks of life itself as an illusion.
    0:51:35 I mean, this is why I didn’t care for Christianity, the religion of my community, when I was younger.
    0:51:43 Because I didn’t like the idea that this life is some kind of way station en route to the next life, which is supposed to be the more important life.
    0:51:49 But hearing these accounts of NDEs, your account, it gives me pause.
    0:51:50 I don’t know how else to say it.
    0:51:51 I don’t know what to think.
    0:51:52 I don’t know what’s true.
    0:51:55 There’s something here, something worth taking seriously.
    0:51:56 I guess that’s all I know.
    0:51:59 I guess I’ll stop there and let you close this out with your own thoughts on that.
    0:52:00 Yeah.
    0:52:10 So I’m a journalist, and I try to keep my biases out of my work, and I do not come to assertions, to conclusions that aren’t backed up by fact.
    0:52:27 So what I found in my research is that there was an extraordinary number of people who, on the threshold of death, like I was, looked back and thought, that’s not the real thing.
    0:52:29 Life’s not the real thing.
    0:52:30 I’m entering the real thing now.
    0:52:41 And then I was surprised that there were some extremely smart people and non-religious people, like Schrodinger, like the physicists, who had a sort of similar thought.
    0:52:50 And so I put that in there not because I’m trying to convince anyone of anything, and I don’t even know what I believe particularly, but it’s good information.
    0:52:51 It’s important.
    0:52:52 It’s interesting information.
    0:53:02 It either says something profound about the human brain’s capacity for self-delusion, or it contains something profound about the nature of physical reality.
    0:53:13 And I doubt we’ll ever know which it is, but it’s important to keep both in mind and to take all the information we can from these extraordinary experiences and to take them at face value, to take them literally.
    0:53:15 Like, these people really did experience this.
    0:53:16 What does it mean?
    0:53:17 I’m going to leave it right there.
    0:53:22 Once again, the book is called In My Time of Dying.
    0:53:24 I read it cover to cover in a day.
    0:53:27 Just a sublime and honest book.
    0:53:28 I can’t recommend it enough.
    0:53:31 Sebastian Younger, this was a pleasure.
    0:53:32 Thank you.
    0:53:32 Thank you.
    0:53:34 I really enjoyed the conversation.
    0:53:46 All right.
    0:53:48 Another episode about death.
    0:53:49 How about that?
    0:53:54 As you can tell, it’s a recent favorite of mine.
    0:53:59 I just, I love the intensity of it, and I love the honesty.
    0:54:10 And for a show that prides itself on leaning into the questions and not needing final answers, this one felt pretty on brand.
    0:54:12 What did you think?
    0:54:17 You can drop us a line at TheGreyAreaAtVox.com and let us know.
    0:54:21 And if you don’t have time for that, rate, review, subscribe.
    0:54:23 That stuff really helps, and we appreciate it.
    0:54:35 This episode was produced by John Ahrens, edited by Jorge Just, engineered by Patrick Boyd, and Alex Overington wrote our theme music.
    0:54:38 New episodes of The Grey Area drop on Mondays.
    0:54:40 Listen and subscribe.
    0:54:41 New episodes of The Grey Area drop on Mondays.
    0:54:42 New episodes of The Grey Area drop on Mondays.
    0:54:43 New episodes of The Grey Area drop on Mondays.
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    0:54:44 New episodes of The Grey Area drop on Mondays.
    0:54:45 New episodes of The Grey Area drop on Mondays.
    0:54:45 New episodes of The Grey Area drop on Mondays.
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    0:54:46 New episodes of The Grey Area drop on Mondays.
    0:54:47 New episodes of The Grey Area drop on Mondays.

    Sebastian Junger came as close as you possibly can to dying. While his doctors struggled to revive him, the veteran reporter and avowed rationalist experienced things that shocked and shook him, leaving him with profound questions and unexpected revelations. In his book, In My Time of Dying, he explores the mysteries and commonalities of people’s near-death experiences.

    In this episode, which originally aired in May 2024, he joins Sean to talk about what it’s like to almost die and what quantum physics can tell us about the afterlife.

    Host: Sean Illing (⁠⁠@SeanIlling⁠⁠)

    Guest: Sebastian Junger, journalist and author of ⁠⁠In My Time of Dying: How I Came Face to Face With the Idea of an Afterlife⁠

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  • Healing From Grief & Loss | Dr. Mary-Frances O’Connor

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    0:00:05 Welcome to the Huberman Lab Podcast, where we discuss science and science-based tools for everyday life.
    0:00:15 I’m Andrew Huberman, and I’m a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford School of Medicine.
    0:00:18 My guest today is Dr. Mary Frances O’Connor.
    0:00:24 Dr. O’Connor is a professor of clinical psychology and psychiatry at the University of Arizona,
    0:00:27 where she directs the Grief, Loss, and Social Stress Laboratory.
    0:00:33 Today, we discuss the neuroscience of attachment and loss, and why grief literally feels painful in our bodies.
    0:00:38 We also discuss the very real and serious health risks to being in a state of grief.
    0:00:41 Throughout the episode, we discuss ways to navigate and recover from grief,
    0:00:48 either from the death of a person, the death of an animal, or from the loss of a relationship, job, or other role in our lives.
    0:00:54 As you’ll soon learn, Dr. O’Connor’s research is both fascinating and incredibly surprising.
    0:00:58 She discovered, for instance, that grief is best understood through the lens of human attachment,
    0:01:03 and that dopamine, a molecule that we normally hear about in the context of motivation and pleasure,
    0:01:07 creates a sense of yearning that is central to the grieving process.
    0:01:09 She explains it to effectively move through grief.
    0:01:13 We have to work with both our feelings of protest and our feelings of despair.
    0:01:20 Those two things, the feelings of protest that we refuse to let go, or our mind and body just don’t want to let go,
    0:01:25 as well as the feelings of despair that we don’t know what to do, that we feel like it’s an endless sense of loss,
    0:01:28 both of those feelings have to be acknowledged,
    0:01:34 and then we have to transmute those feelings into actions and feelings that maintain the memory of the person
    0:01:38 or role that we played in an active way, and yet move forward.
    0:01:42 By the end of today’s conversation, you’ll have a much deeper understanding of grief,
    0:01:45 something that everyone goes through at some point in their lives,
    0:01:50 not just as an emotion, but as a specific psychological and physiological process.
    0:01:53 The idea is not to intellectualize grief,
    0:01:56 but rather to better equip you to deal with it in more direct ways,
    0:02:02 so you can honor the loss more completely and be able to move forward having grown from the experience.
    0:02:07 Before we begin, I’d like to emphasize that this podcast is separate from my teaching and research roles at Stanford.
    0:02:12 It is, however, part of my desire and effort to bring zero-cost-to-consumer information about science
    0:02:14 and science-related tools to the general public.
    0:02:18 In keeping with that theme, this episode does include sponsors.
    0:02:21 And now for my discussion with Dr. Mary Frances O’Connor.
    0:02:24 Dr. Mary Frances O’Connor, welcome.
    0:02:26 It’s so lovely to be here.
    0:02:28 I’m a huge fan of your work.
    0:02:30 It’s such important work.
    0:02:33 Everybody grieves at some point.
    0:02:37 No one is immune from this process that we call grieving.
    0:02:45 And we get very mixed messages from a young age all the way up to adulthood about how best to grieve,
    0:02:47 what grieving is.
    0:02:54 And your work has really highlighted that this is a process that doesn’t always play out the same way for everybody.
    0:03:02 But if we were to try and drill into some of the core elements of grief, not to be overly reductionist,
    0:03:09 If you could highlight for us what grief really is as a process, what some of the hallmarks of grief are,
    0:03:14 perhaps some things that everyone experiences that they shouldn’t be shocked.
    0:03:22 And then we can leave into what your research has taught us about grief.
    0:03:28 I think it’s good to understand that grief is the natural response to loss.
    0:03:41 It is a natural, physical, emotional, mental reaction to the death of someone very close to us.
    0:03:53 And I think it can be helpful for people in unwinding some of these myths to think about the idea that there’s a difference between grief and grieving.
    0:04:00 So grief is that in that moment, you know, I could say, Andrew, on a scale of 1 to 10, how much grief are you feeling right now?
    0:04:05 And you would be able to tell me right now, during this wave of grief, how you’re doing.
    0:04:10 But grieving is the way that grief changes over time.
    0:04:13 As you were saying, it’s the process part.
    0:04:19 So I think of it as sort of, you know, you can imagine the stock market, right?
    0:04:21 Each day, it’s up, it’s down, it’s up, it’s down.
    0:04:23 Some days, it’s really down.
    0:04:24 Some days, it’s really up.
    0:04:30 But at the end of the year, you can still see that there’s been a trajectory, right?
    0:04:36 For the year, the stock market might actually be up, even though you had some really terrible days.
    0:04:47 I think knowing that helps us to see that grief will never go away because it is a human emotion.
    0:04:54 Whenever we’re aware, whenever we remember that our loved one is gone, we’re going to have a wave of grief.
    0:04:57 And that’s okay 25 years later.
    0:05:01 But it doesn’t mean that there hasn’t been a process of grieving.
    0:05:08 I think of grieving as a form of learning, learning how to live with the loss of this person.
    0:05:11 So I’m trying to square two things that we’ve all heard.
    0:05:15 One is that time heals all wounds.
    0:05:18 And the other is that absence makes the heart grow fonder.
    0:05:23 Part of the reason I became a biologist is because of puzzles like this.
    0:05:23 Yes.
    0:05:29 You know, you don’t have to have a particularly high IQ to realize that the world is full of contradictions.
    0:05:30 Yes.
    0:05:31 So which one is it?
    0:05:41 I think it really helps us to hone in on the idea that you can’t talk about grief without talking about love and bonding.
    0:05:48 Because unless you understand what you have, you don’t really understand the impact of its loss, right?
    0:05:55 So absence makes the heart grow fonder is a fantastic way to describe attachment, right?
    0:06:00 When you fall in love with your baby or you fall in love with the person who becomes your spouse.
    0:06:10 That bond that gets created between the two of you when you form an us, it comes with this implicit belief.
    0:06:36 And so now we have this unique and terrible circumstance of death where when we have a living loved one, the correct response to absence is to think about them more.
    0:06:41 Or to put more energy into going to find them or making more noise so they come and find you.
    0:06:56 But in death, suddenly we have this circumstance that the brain is really going to struggle to wrap itself around, which is the idea that I’m not going to find you no matter how much effort I put in.
    0:07:02 I think of this as the gone but also everlasting theory, right?
    0:07:04 So, of course, we know that they are gone.
    0:07:05 We know that they’ve died.
    0:07:14 We have a memory of being at their bedside, maybe, or getting that phone call or being at the funeral or whatever it is in our memory.
    0:07:17 We have it recorded.
    0:07:18 We know that they’re gone.
    0:07:23 But the attachment neurobiology means there’s also this implicit belief.
    0:07:26 But maybe they’re out there, right?
    0:07:30 And those two things, those two streams of information, they’re gone.
    0:07:31 They’re everlasting.
    0:07:32 Can’t both be true.
    0:07:40 And when we become aware, when we have that moment where we recognize those are in conflict, we have a wave of grief.
    0:07:46 I would like to take a quick break and acknowledge one of our sponsors, Wealthfront.
    0:07:51 I’ve been using Wealthfront for my savings and for my investing for nearly a decade, and I absolutely love it.
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    0:08:04 Since I have Wealthfront, I’ll keep that savings in my Wealthfront cash account, where I’m able to earn 4% annual percentage yield on my deposits.
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    0:08:48 There are already a million people using Wealthfront to save more, earn more, and build long-term wealth.
    0:08:51 Earn 4% APY on your cash today.
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    0:09:04 That’s Wealthfront.com slash Huberman to get started now.
    0:09:06 This has been a paid testimonial of Wealthfront.
    0:09:08 Wealthfront brokerage isn’t a bank.
    0:09:10 The APY is subject to change.
    0:09:12 For more information, see the episode description.
    0:09:15 Today’s episode is also brought to us by BetterHelp.
    0:09:21 BetterHelp offers professional therapy with a licensed therapist carried out entirely online.
    0:09:24 I’ve been doing weekly therapy for over 30 years.
    0:09:31 In fact, I consider doing regular weekly therapy just as important as getting regular exercise, which, of course, I also do every week.
    0:09:33 There are essentially three things that great therapy provides.
    0:09:40 First of all, great therapy provides a great rapport with somebody that you can trust and talk to about any and all issues with.
    0:09:45 Second of all, great therapy provides support in the form of emotional support or directed guidance.
    0:09:48 And third, expert therapy can provide useful insights.
    0:09:50 Sometimes those come from the therapist.
    0:09:52 Sometimes you realize those yourself in the course of therapy.
    0:09:55 And sometimes you arrive at those insights together.
    0:09:59 Those insights can allow you to make changes to improve your life in immeasurable ways.
    0:10:03 Not just your emotional life and your relationship life, but also your professional life.
    0:10:10 With BetterHelp, they make it very easy to find an expert therapist you resonate with and that can provide you these benefits that come through effective therapy.
    0:10:18 Interestingly, in a recent survey, 72% of BetterHelp members reported a reduction in negative symptoms as a result of their BetterHelp therapy sessions.
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    0:10:40 From what I understand about the research on stress, so much of our ability to tolerate stress is knowing that it has a defined end point.
    0:10:54 So if we look at, or if you look at from the perspective of your clinical work, because you were indeed a clinical psychologist, as well as a researcher, a psychologist slash neuroscientist, you wear many hats.
    0:10:56 Is there any evidence?
    0:11:03 Like what are the data on people that have some time to anticipate the loss of someone or a pet?
    0:11:07 Or maybe even a certain aspect of life, like a job.
    0:11:10 Like they’ve been laid off, but they get some time before their final day.
    0:11:11 Or retirement.
    0:11:12 Or retirement.
    0:11:15 Or somebody is slowly dying.
    0:11:16 Mm-hmm.
    0:11:20 Versus a sudden death, a shock, a car accident, or worse.
    0:11:26 What do the data tell us about how that grief is handled?
    0:11:33 Is it easier in some sense when you know there’s an end point because you can anticipate the end?
    0:11:35 What’s known about this?
    0:11:39 I think there’s a couple things there that I highlight.
    0:11:46 We can think about something being stressful, and we can think about grieving for it.
    0:11:49 And those might be slightly different, but we can get there.
    0:12:00 But what I would say most directly to your question is, yes, it is true that sudden losses are harder for us to learn, to understand what’s happened.
    0:12:09 Because we don’t even have sort of a conscious, you know, we’ve never run the scenario sort of through our mind.
    0:12:12 So, of course, it’s more difficult for us to now imagine it.
    0:12:15 But there’s something, there’s more to it than that.
    0:12:32 So, we do know, for example, having closure conversations with someone who’s in hospice care, these are helpful, actually, after the loss, because we can reflect on getting to say, I love you, and thank you, and I forgive you.
    0:12:35 Please forgive me to say goodbye.
    0:12:41 We know that having that conscious process is helpful later on as we’re reflecting on the loss.
    0:12:46 But I will say that it doesn’t necessarily change the attachment biology.
    0:12:51 So, the attachment is an implicit belief.
    0:12:55 It is an everlasting belief.
    0:13:02 And so, I think it is actively trying to prevent us from learning that they are gone.
    0:13:06 And so, what you see is a person, this will happen in studies.
    0:13:12 I ask a participant, you know, tell me about the death of your loved one.
    0:13:17 And they’ll tell me the story of how they were, you know, in palliative care, and they had this terminal diagnosis, and so forth.
    0:13:21 And then I’ll say, was the death sudden?
    0:13:22 And they’ll say, oh, absolutely.
    0:13:23 I had no idea.
    0:13:33 Because I think that the belief that they will always be there does not respond to logical thinking, you see.
    0:13:44 And so, you can still pick up the phone to text your loved one, even though you have known they were going to go, even though you know they’ve been gone.
    0:13:53 Because there’s a piece of your brain that is still operating under the belief, they don’t have to be in my time and space for them to exist.
    0:14:06 And so, I think in some ways, the learning might actually be, how do I transform my understanding of this relationship now that they’re not on this earthly plane?
    0:14:13 How do I understand where they are or how that makes sense?
    0:14:19 How can I have this continuing bond in my internal relationship with them, right?
    0:14:27 Maybe I still tell them about my day, or maybe I, you know, like when I see things, I think, oh, my mom would love that, right?
    0:14:30 I have this moment of connection internally with my mom.
    0:14:33 Because that internal relationship goes on.
    0:14:35 It is everlasting.
    0:14:43 At the same time that I know, oh, she’s not going to be at my wedding, or she’s not going to be at graduation, right?
    0:14:45 You can have both at the same time.
    0:14:51 I think that’s part of why grieving is so confusing and makes people feel like they’re losing their mind.
    0:14:52 Yeah.
    0:15:09 The question that immediately comes to mind is whether some people have challenges getting through the grief process because of a kind of deliberate refusal to enter this new reality.
    0:15:17 That they’re both gone and that there are elements of them that are still alive within us, as you pointed out, in the form of the attachment.
    0:15:17 Yeah.
    0:15:18 The attachment lives on.
    0:15:19 Yep.
    0:15:21 The body no longer lives on.
    0:15:22 Yes, that’s right.
    0:15:31 And, you know, it’s difficult to decide whether or not movies like Ghost, I think that was the movie, right?
    0:15:31 Yes.
    0:15:38 Where she loses her spouse or a loved one, I don’t recall if it was a spouse, and he’s essentially still there with her.
    0:15:38 That’s right.
    0:15:48 I mean, movies like that, you could imagine, are kind of a double-edged blade because on the one hand, they give people the sense that the person they miss and are so attached to is still there.
    0:15:53 But, I mean, that’s a movie where they could actually write in the image of the person.
    0:15:54 Yeah.
    0:15:57 And it creates some complications.
    0:16:03 So do people delay the grieving process?
    0:16:11 Do they protract it and just make it much harder on themselves in a kind of a stubborn refusal to, quote, unquote, let go?
    0:16:12 I could understand why that would be.
    0:16:13 I’ve been guilty of this.
    0:16:14 Yeah.
    0:16:16 In the past, is that common?
    0:16:28 I think the question is askew in the sense that there is no letting go of the attachment part.
    0:16:31 There is transforming our understanding of what that means.
    0:16:44 So for most periods of history, periods of time, cultures, we have usually a social system, often a religion, set up to explain to us, where did they go?
    0:16:45 Are they okay now?
    0:16:48 Will I ever see them again?
    0:16:56 Most of us, through most of history, have had a way to understand, ah, I can’t see them now.
    0:16:58 I will see them eventually.
    0:17:00 Dia de los muertos.
    0:17:01 I will see them once a year.
    0:17:02 Right?
    0:17:05 Or they are in heaven now.
    0:17:07 Or they’re in the pure lands.
    0:17:08 Or they’re my ancestor.
    0:17:11 There is a relationship that I can have with them.
    0:17:18 I can ask them to, you know, speak on my behalf, so to speak, right, intercessory prayers in Catholicism.
    0:17:29 So historically, we’ve had this way of understanding this internal relationship that is so real, you could put it on film.
    0:17:32 It is really happening.
    0:17:36 And they are also not present.
    0:17:46 So when I think of what it means to adjust, and I don’t think of it as recovery, I don’t think of it as letting go, I think of it as integration.
    0:17:55 When I think about those things, I think, what is my relationship, what is my internal relationship with this deceased person now?
    0:18:01 So my mother, my mother was diagnosed with stage 4 breast cancer when I was 13.
    0:18:08 And there were cancer cells in every lymph node they cut out of her, so they knew it had already migrated.
    0:18:13 And I think they told my dad that she would only live another year.
    0:18:20 She actually, her oncologist called her his first miracle.
    0:18:23 She actually lived another 13 years.
    0:18:23 Wow.
    0:18:26 Which is miraculous.
    0:18:33 But what it meant was we learned to live in this state of sort of waiting for the second shoe to drop.
    0:18:40 And I think because of that, I just became really comfortable and familiar with grief.
    0:18:46 It doesn’t bother me when my participants I’m interviewing, you know, sort of cry uncontrollably.
    0:18:47 And then they apologize.
    0:18:50 And I say, this is just what grief is.
    0:18:51 This is just how it works.
    0:19:00 And so what it means is that now I have a very different relationship with my mother than I did at 26 when she died.
    0:19:03 At 26, I was really angry with her still.
    0:19:14 Now, my friends, you know, in our 40s, suddenly my friends seemed really accepting of their mothers, like their relationships with their mothers improved.
    0:19:17 They were like, well, I understand why she did the thing she did.
    0:19:19 Or now I’m so grateful for blah, blah, blah.
    0:19:23 And I had a whole lot of grief because I didn’t get to do that.
    0:19:27 I didn’t get to have that transformation of our relationship.
    0:19:32 And then I realized, wait a minute, I can still have all those thoughts.
    0:19:36 I can look in the mirror now because I look a lot like her.
    0:19:40 I can look in the mirror now and be like, I’m doing this for you, mama.
    0:19:44 Or, you know, it’s not the way I would have done things.
    0:19:47 But I get that you had a reason.
    0:19:49 And forgive her.
    0:19:57 And doing that with the internal representation matters to how I function in my day-to-day life now.
    0:20:01 But it has nothing to do with letting go.
    0:20:02 Do you see what I mean?
    0:20:08 You can still adapt to a world where the person is gone.
    0:20:10 And that is incredibly painful.
    0:20:17 And also, they live on because they are deeply encoded in your brain.
    0:20:20 You cannot get rid of them.
    0:20:25 They are there with you, physiologically with you.
    0:20:32 And you can work with that relationship now as well so that I can spend time with my living loved ones.
    0:20:37 I don’t spend a lot of time feeling guilty about how I handled her death or something like that.
    0:20:43 I’m busy living my life now because I’ve integrated my relationship with her.
    0:20:43 Does that make sense?
    0:20:44 That makes very good sense.
    0:20:54 I’m wondering if you could touch on some of the work that you’ve done related to how grief relates to the attachment.
    0:20:57 And how attachment relates to wanting.
    0:21:05 Because you’ve made this incredible discovery that the dopamine system, which most people associate with pleasure.
    0:21:10 And thanks to the wonderful work of Anna Lemke and others, there’s been more education now.
    0:21:15 And people are more aware now of the fact that dopamine is much more about wanting than having.
    0:21:18 More about craving than delighting in.
    0:21:27 But I and I think everybody else will be kind of shocked to learn that dopamine and grief have a very close relationship.
    0:21:34 It’s the hallmark of grieving is yearning, pining, right?
    0:21:36 These are other words for wanting, aren’t they?
    0:21:48 And that dopamine, I’ve heard it described as dopamine and the reward system is really how much effort would you put in to get this thing you want, right?
    0:21:50 How much effort would you put in?
    0:21:54 How much effort would you put in to see your loved one again, right?
    0:22:02 And what that tells me, and really this came from the neuroscience.
    0:22:09 So I said earlier that you could think of stress and grief as somewhat distinct.
    0:22:15 We used to think of the loss of a loved one as sort of like, you can imagine you have a plate, right?
    0:22:17 You’ve got all the things heaped on your plate you have to deal with.
    0:22:19 You’ve got getting the kids to school.
    0:22:20 You’ve got your boss.
    0:22:21 You’ve got blah, blah, blah.
    0:22:25 And now you’ve got this another thing heaped onto your plate.
    0:22:29 You have the loss of your spouse or the loss of your sister.
    0:22:32 That is one way to think about it.
    0:22:38 And in our peripheral physiology, a lot of the ways we respond look like a stress response.
    0:22:39 So that makes sense.
    0:22:42 That was a good way to think about it in the 80s and early 90s.
    0:22:50 But the neuroimaging research, when we asked people, tell me how much you’re yearning for your loved one.
    0:22:54 And then we put them in the scanner and we showed them photos of their loved one.
    0:22:58 Compared those to them looking at a stranger.
    0:23:01 So what part is unique?
    0:23:04 Not looking at a person, but looking at your person that you’re yearning for.
    0:23:10 We saw that there was this little area deep in the brain called the nucleus accumbens.
    0:23:16 Probably from other studies, we know it’s sort of in the neighborhood called a ventral striatum sort of area.
    0:23:22 And what we saw was the more people said, I’m yearning for my loved one.
    0:23:28 There was a direct correlation with how much activity there was in the nucleus accumbens.
    0:23:31 In this reward learning area of the brain.
    0:23:41 Now, in everyone who was bereaved, regardless of how much grief severity they were having, we saw things like memory areas.
    0:23:43 Of course, they’re looking at a photo of their loved one.
    0:23:47 They’re having all sorts of memories of when the photo was taken or, you know, whatever.
    0:23:51 We had lots of emotion areas, emotion regulation areas.
    0:23:54 Even some areas that had to do with autonomic physiology regulation.
    0:24:04 But what made it so unique was this idea that yearning is something that varies among people who are grieving.
    0:24:17 And that it might be in part instantiated in this brain encoded region that says, I’m looking at this photo and what that makes me want to do is reach out for you.
    0:24:25 And I think this was a very new way to understand what is lost.
    0:24:29 It isn’t something new that’s heaped onto your plate.
    0:24:36 It’s that a part of us that was formed when you bonded has been amputated.
    0:24:40 You don’t have the resources.
    0:24:41 You can’t function in the world.
    0:24:49 You can’t walk through the grocery store without figuring out how to do that without this other person.
    0:24:57 And then, often, yearning to have them back so that you could walk through the world in the normal way again.
    0:25:01 There’s nothing wrong with yearning.
    0:25:06 It’s just that we understand better now how the brain is doing it.
    0:25:11 And I can tell you if you want, but I’ve gone on a bit here.
    0:25:11 No, please.
    0:25:13 I can tell you if you want.
    0:25:20 A lot of people did point out, wait, this is the same area of the brain that’s related to addiction.
    0:25:26 A lot of people talked about, are we addicted to our loved ones?
    0:25:30 And it took me, I never wrote about it the first in the 2008 paper.
    0:25:32 I never wrote about it that way.
    0:25:37 But I’ve come up with a better maybe way to communicate, I think, what’s going on.
    0:25:41 So I live in the desert southwest in Tucson, Arizona.
    0:25:53 And I can tell you, if you forget your water bottle and you are out on a hike and you’re halfway through, you cannot think of anything else other than water, right?
    0:25:57 You are obsessed with thinking about it, getting it, imagining it, and so forth.
    0:26:02 But no one would say you were addicted to water, right?
    0:26:06 Water is something we need.
    0:26:09 And we have a homeostatic function that says you need more of it.
    0:26:12 And then once we have it, we feel satiated, right?
    0:26:17 Yearning for a loved one is that kind of thirst.
    0:26:22 We need our attachment figures like we need food and water.
    0:26:24 They are basic to our survival.
    0:26:31 And I think we forget that in modern society where we can sort of fill in for so many needs.
    0:26:33 We need our spouse.
    0:26:37 We need our children, our parents, our siblings.
    0:26:41 And we fail to thrive when we don’t have them.
    0:26:51 And so I think the activation in that area is just the cue of you really need to reach out for this person.
    0:26:58 And the process of grieving is if I’m going to reach out, it’s going to look different than it did before.
    0:27:00 Maybe I’m going to have a conversation.
    0:27:01 Maybe I’m going to talk to my sister.
    0:27:07 But also, you have to find another way to get your attachment needs met.
    0:27:12 There has to be someone else in your life whom you would say, I will always be there for you.
    0:27:14 You will always be there for me.
    0:27:20 Because this person who’s left this earthly plane cannot be that anymore.
    0:27:22 So interesting.
    0:27:27 I loosely define addiction as a progressive narrowing of the things that bring you pleasure.
    0:27:37 And you beautifully described how on a hike in the desert southwest when you need water, the narrowing of what brings you pleasure comes down to what you need for survival.
    0:27:38 Absolutely.
    0:27:43 And presumably once you have that water, then your notion of what’s pleasurable expands again.
    0:27:43 Yes.
    0:27:50 Whereas addiction to, say, methamphetamine or to some process addiction or behavioral addiction, it really becomes like a tunnel.
    0:27:52 There’s one thing and that one thing only.
    0:27:57 And sadly, in addiction, the rewarding properties of that thing also become diminished with time.
    0:28:08 The way you describe grief as a sort of addiction-like, like the process of grieving sort of addiction-like in that sense, raises for me a question.
    0:28:15 You said that at some point in order to move through, I don’t want to say get over because you want me to get that.
    0:28:15 Integrate, maybe.
    0:28:21 To integrate the grieving process, one needs to either find a replacement attachment figure.
    0:28:28 I mean, we don’t like to think about this when we lose someone, but if it’s a spouse, sometimes people remarry or repartner and sometimes they don’t.
    0:28:31 But it’s kind of a beautiful thing really to observe that.
    0:28:38 I’ve seen that several times over when somebody repartners and they seem like that attachment need is met at least partially.
    0:28:41 It’s not the same, but it’s met differently again.
    0:28:41 Yeah.
    0:28:43 But sometimes people refuse.
    0:28:54 They hold on to the attachment or morph the attachment in a way that they are with that person forever to the exclusion of replacing that attachment figure.
    0:29:03 Are there any data that speak to which one works better or is it just kind of who you’re at and where you’re at in life?
    0:29:09 And some people are really stubborn with this aspect of the grief integration process.
    0:29:15 I think recently a lot about what is a good outcome.
    0:29:30 I’ve spent a lot of time in my career thinking what is a bad outcome when we’re grieving and how might we most help people who are not integrating this in a way that’s allowing them to restore a meaningful life.
    0:29:41 And I’ve shied away a lot from the question of what is a good outcome because I think it has a normative quality to it.
    0:29:43 But I’ve started thinking about it in a very open way.
    0:29:48 So the first thing I would say is I really don’t think of it as addiction-like.
    0:29:56 So our need for our loved ones, much like food and water, is this homeostatic process, right?
    0:30:01 You think, oh, you know, like I’m visiting you, right, for this podcast.
    0:30:07 And at some point there’s some push notification in my brain that says you should text your partner, right?
    0:30:13 And I pull out my phone and I text him and I wait for a few minutes and then he responds and I get that little, oh, he’s there.
    0:30:14 He knows where I am.
    0:30:15 We’re good.
    0:30:18 That’s not an addiction, right?
    0:30:24 That is the normal homeostatic process, just like I also got up and ate breakfast because I knew that I needed that, right?
    0:30:36 So I think with addiction the problem is those drugs of abuse override exactly these circuits that work in a homeostatic way.
    0:30:56 And by overriding them, they either pare down the number of receptors or mess with the affinity of the receptors in such a way that it really does narrow our what’s rewarding to only this drug because only this drug can powerfully overfill those receptors.
    0:31:07 And now we have a situation where only meth, right, is the thing that makes us feel better, but not quite the same with food, water, and living loved ones.
    0:31:18 So to your question of – and I think you’ve actually really hit on something that our culture is really struggling with right now.
    0:31:38 We’ve lost in our culture a lot of the grief literacy that was based around an understanding of what happens during bereavement, during mourning, that was very religiously focused, religiously oriented, right?
    0:31:44 So everything from sitting shiva to having the mass after a year, right?
    0:31:45 Or a wake.
    0:31:46 Or a wake.
    0:31:47 With the body there.
    0:31:47 With the body right there.
    0:31:48 I’ve been to a wake.
    0:31:49 People are laughing.
    0:31:51 People are telling jokes.
    0:31:52 They’re drinking.
    0:31:52 Yeah.
    0:31:55 And I remember the first time I went to a proper Irish wake.
    0:31:55 Yep.
    0:31:58 I was thinking, this is wild.
    0:31:58 Yes.
    0:32:00 I didn’t quite know how to be.
    0:32:00 Yes.
    0:32:03 And after some period of time, I caught on.
    0:32:03 Mm-hmm.
    0:32:05 And it was remarkable.
    0:32:05 Yeah.
    0:32:08 It was – it’s clearly effective.
    0:32:08 Yes.
    0:32:13 For people that adhere to the Irish wake as a –
    0:32:13 That’s right.
    0:32:15 The body is right there dead as can be.
    0:32:15 Yes.
    0:32:17 And everyone’s having a party.
    0:32:17 That’s right.
    0:32:23 With the name Mary Frances O’Connor, it will not surprise you to know that I grew up in a big Irish Catholic family.
    0:32:27 And we used to say, in the summers, we saw our cousins for weddings.
    0:32:29 And in the winter, we saw our cousins for funerals.
    0:32:30 And we had these wakes.
    0:32:39 I saw numerous deceased bodies as a child of my family members while running around playing tag with my cousins.
    0:32:50 And what that does is, it is a cultural way to say, grief happens, death happens, this is what it looks like.
    0:32:53 And you can respond in a lot of different ways.
    0:33:01 Because I will tell you, while there is drinking and playing tag, there is also a lot of crying and a lot of leaning on shoulders.
    0:33:13 It gives you some form of organization for how to understand the strong feelings that you’re having.
    0:33:23 But in a different culture, you know, they’ll hire funeral singers so that there can be singing while everyone is weeping, right?
    0:33:38 So my point here is that we stand in an unusual moment in history and culture where we don’t mostly adhere to some system for how to handle death and grief.
    0:34:00 And what it means is people are left to sort of manage those intense emotions without a lot of modeling, without a lot of philosophical understanding what’s going on, and disconnected often from their families of origin because those don’t make sense to us right now.
    0:34:10 Now, I’m not suggesting that we go back to a time when, you know, Catholicism was the way or Judaism was the only way or, you know, I’m not suggesting that.
    0:34:17 What I’m suggesting is anyone who has attachment.
    0:34:22 So this can be prairie voles, little rodents, you know, that mate for life.
    0:34:27 This can be infants, this can be good functioning human adults like you and me.
    0:34:44 When there is loss, when that attachment figure is missing and deceased, it is something our brain, our body, our mind is going to react to intensely.
    0:34:53 And without some way of understanding what is that supposed to look like and how do I manage this, we are adrift.
    0:35:09 And what it means, so John Bowlby, who really developed this theory of attachment, right, when he was looking at infants and colleagues of his were looking at animals, right, you see these invisible tethers, right?
    0:35:15 You think of, you know, think about the polar bear with the little baby polar bears, right, coming along behind.
    0:35:16 You always see the following.
    0:35:22 The following, those invisible tethers, they’re not invisible.
    0:35:38 They are in the brains of those attached animals and humans in the form of neurobiology of dopamine and oxytocin and cortisol and adrenaline and in specific brain regions with receptors.
    0:35:49 Those tethers are what are keeping us searching for mom or for baby or for spouse, right?
    0:36:00 And so left to our own devices, without any way of understanding this, all we know is we’re having these intense emotions, reactions, behaviors, thoughts.
    0:36:09 And John Bowlby divided the types of reactions that we see into two, protest and despair.
    0:36:21 Now, protest is the, you know, so let’s say you’re in the grocery store and you look down and your toddler is not next to you and you think, oh no, they’re gone.
    0:36:26 And you can even hear the embodiment of that, right?
    0:36:33 I am primed with every hormone and neurochemical to search for that child, right?
    0:36:35 You can feel that in your body.
    0:36:37 That is protest.
    0:36:39 Oh no, they’re gone?
    0:36:59 Despair, on the other hand, despair is sitting in the living room and something arrives in the mail for your spouse and you know they are never going to open it.
    0:37:06 And in that moment, you think, oh no, they are gone.
    0:37:09 And the gravity of that, right?
    0:37:11 You can feel that in your body as well.
    0:37:20 The giving up, the withdrawal, the, just the lethargy of it, right?
    0:37:24 Now, notice that the information is the same.
    0:37:30 Oh no, they’re gone is something we have to learn.
    0:37:35 And one way we learn that is protesting and trying to prove that they’re not gone.
    0:37:43 And the acknowledgement, the accepting that they are gone.
    0:37:46 Now, we don’t often think of despair as having a purpose.
    0:37:58 But what’s interesting is in this moment, despair has the function of stopping us from searching.
    0:38:02 And searching is physically very costly.
    0:38:08 The amount of energy it takes to create the blood pressure and the cortisol to reach out like that.
    0:38:11 And so that despair does actually have a function.
    0:38:19 That withdrawal is for good reason, but many people are terrified of feeling despair.
    0:38:26 Some people are terrified of feeling protest as well and just avoid any thoughts or reminders in any way.
    0:38:27 But here’s the thing.
    0:38:32 Despair isn’t the end of the story either.
    0:38:34 And this is not a stage model.
    0:38:39 These are responses we have over and over again as we’re trying to understand this new world we’re living in.
    0:38:42 But despair leaves out hope.
    0:38:45 Despair says they are really gone.
    0:38:51 And because they’re never coming back, I am going to feel like this for the rest of my life.
    0:38:54 And that’s not true either, right?
    0:38:58 We know that you can have grief.
    0:39:06 You can grow a life that restores meaning and that you do have other connections with people.
    0:39:13 I wouldn’t say replacing, but I would say adding because now you know what it means to love someone.
    0:39:18 You know what it means to forgive and all those things you learned with your loved one.
    0:39:21 You can now love others as well.
    0:39:27 Or for some people, it isn’t about creating new relationships.
    0:39:30 It’s about having a transcendent experience.
    0:39:42 Now I can love nature or I can love God because I was taught how to do it by having this connection with this one vitally important person in my life.
    0:39:46 Or even now I know how to care for myself.
    0:39:57 I know how to love and care for and forgive and appreciate myself because my loved one taught me how to do that.
    0:39:59 This is what I mean about there’s no normative outcome.
    0:40:07 Those are four very different life trajectories after the loss of someone that can all fulfill our attachment needs.
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    0:43:34 What you just said is so critically important that, if I may, I’m just going to summarize for myself and for those listening, and I’ll never pass up the opportunity to weave in a little neuroscience lesson.
    0:43:37 And since you’re a fellow neuroscientist, hopefully you’ll collaborate with me on this.
    0:43:43 So, what I heard was at least two divergent responses to grief.
    0:43:45 One is a protest.
    0:43:48 The other is a despair, broadly speaking.
    0:43:48 Yeah.
    0:43:53 In protest, it’s a no, I don’t accept.
    0:43:53 Yeah.
    0:43:56 But there’s an action step.
    0:43:56 Yes.
    0:43:58 There’s a go response.
    0:43:58 Yes.
    0:44:09 And we know in the basal ganglia, a critical structure for action generation and action suppression, we can broadly think in terms of go and no go as separate circuits, literally.
    0:44:15 So, the protest circuit is a go circuit that’s nested on this notion of hope.
    0:44:15 Yeah.
    0:44:17 That it can be resolved through action.
    0:44:18 Yeah.
    0:44:24 The despair circuit is a, oh, I can’t act on this.
    0:44:26 I can’t hand this letter to somebody.
    0:44:27 I can’t call them.
    0:44:31 I can text them, but they’re not going to see it.
    0:44:31 Right.
    0:44:37 And this is a no-go pathway, the suppression of action.
    0:44:45 And you said that action is metabolically costly, inaction is not costly.
    0:44:59 I’m not going to challenge that, but I have a question about that, which is, it seems what’s required in the despair step for it to be adaptive, functional, healing, is for that no-go to be converted into some new context.
    0:45:12 And as neuroscientists, we know that context-dependent decision-making, strategy setting is this prefrontal cortical activity that humans are so good at, but it requires effort.
    0:45:18 It’s like, oh, I can’t hand them the letter, but maybe I can do something else with the letter.
    0:45:18 Yes.
    0:45:22 Maybe I can tear it up and write to somebody else.
    0:45:33 So I’m fascinated by this word that largely comes through Eastern philosophy, but this notion of transmutation, that we can take the energy of something and transmute it into something else that’s functional.
    0:45:36 So this is the way that I see this divergent circuit.
    0:45:51 And now people are aware that I also indeed will never pass up the opportunity to weave in some additional neuroscience because I think that what you’re describing is grief as a natural and fundamental part of the attachment circuitry.
    0:45:54 We’re born into the world ready to attach.
    0:45:55 That’s what Bowlby and colleagues taught us.
    0:45:56 Yes.
    0:46:09 I’m also realizing, and I’m very excited about the fact, that we are born into the world also to grieve and to learn when and how to go to protest and when to despair, to transmute.
    0:46:09 Yes.
    0:46:18 And I will say there is even some proof of that, or I think of it as proof in the following way.
    0:46:24 So you are correct that the no-go, it’s not that there’s no cost with no-go.
    0:46:25 You are correct.
    0:46:31 So it does stop us from the type of go, which is searching.
    0:46:31 Right.
    0:46:36 So it stops maybe the cortisol or the adrenaline or something like that.
    0:46:48 But it comes with its own, I think, largely things like inflammation and things that enable the withdrawal, right?
    0:46:55 We know prolactin changes in grieving, oxytocin changes in grieving.
    0:46:56 But think about it this way.
    0:47:12 So in a sort of evolutionary way, if your mate is gone or your caregiver is gone, that withdrawal allows you to save resources because you don’t know when they’re coming back.
    0:47:22 And that’s important for your survival, but a transition through, oh, eventually I’m going to have to get my own food.
    0:47:24 I am going to have to move again.
    0:47:27 But not in the frantic searching way.
    0:47:33 I’m going to have to find meaningful activity to go on.
    0:47:41 So here is my theoretical reason why I believe we are set up to grieve.
    0:47:52 I know that you had attachment figures as a child because you survived to adulthood, right?
    0:47:52 Proof.
    0:47:54 Proof that someone loved you.
    0:48:02 Now, children have caregivers as their primary attachment figures.
    0:48:16 But now in your life, it is most likely that your primary attachment figure is a peer, like a spouse or boyfriend, girlfriend, etc., not your parent.
    0:48:19 So something had to change, right?
    0:48:25 And developmentally, we are prepared.
    0:48:37 We come into the world prepared with a neurobiological developmental program that at some point says, my parent is no longer the peak of my attachment hierarchy.
    0:48:39 I’m looking around.
    0:48:41 I’m motivated to see friends.
    0:48:42 And I’m motivated to date.
    0:48:48 And I’m motivated to create these enduring relationships with people my own age.
    0:49:05 And that means that our attachment hierarchy can shift, that we have the capacity in our neurobiology, in our hormones, to shift from a primary attachment to a parent, to a primary attachment to someone else.
    0:49:10 And the capacity to do that is innate.
    0:49:17 Now, I will say, of course, we are all programmed to do this at roughly the same period of our life.
    0:49:27 Parents know coming into the bargain that this is going to happen, although parents experience a lot of grief during the empty nest when it is actually occurring.
    0:49:48 When a loved one dies in, you know, a dear friend, 50 years old, her husband dies of a sudden heart attack right in front of her in the living room, there’s not a whole cohort of you going through this experience together, of transitioning to a different attachment hierarchy, right?
    0:50:00 And we set up whole cultures around sending kids to college or sending them on a mission or sending them through basic training as a way to get this whole cohort, you know, of young people through this transitional period.
    0:50:24 What we need is support for these individuals who are dealing with the death of a sibling or a parent or a spouse or a child who are all going through it on their own and trying to figure it out without that infrastructure to support them, to help them understand what is natural and normal during grieving.
    0:50:47 And because we know it is a medically risky time, much like college is a medically risky time in other ways, because it is a medically risky time, we need to be able to assess what’s going on with them physiologically and make sure we’re supporting their grieving body through this intensely, intensely stressful experience of transmuting.
    0:51:10 Yeah. And I don’t know if I’m using that term correctly, but, um, and I can’t say I’m the biggest Alan Watts fan that ever lived. I like some of his stuff, not others, but I’ve heard two things from him. One about transmutation, which I thought was beautiful and very apt. And from the perspective of neuroscience made a lot of sense because people talk about energy in the kind of, uh, new agey, whatever crystals and yeah.
    0:51:24 Yeah. Or even just the, the, the sort of non-scientific notion of, of energy tends to be rather vague. Yeah. And at the same time, it’s more intuitive for most people. Yeah. Um, whereas neuroscientists love to talk about neurochemical energy or physiologist caloric energy. Yeah.
    0:51:40 But when I think about the energy that we’re talking about, I think about it more as like neural circuit energy, like which, which pathway, the go pathway or the no go pathway, um, kind of requires our attention in order to move through this in the same way that kids learn action generation.
    0:51:52 And they learn to sit still during a lesson. Yeah. Some, some more slowly like myself than others. Um, you know, I, I blame my Y chromosome for that because there’s a known delay in the maturation of the prefrontal cortex.
    0:52:02 Sure. In those with Y chromosomes. Um, it eventually catches up in most, but not all, um, Y chromosome possessing individuals, a different podcast for another time.
    0:52:20 I am very struck by this idea that, uh, when an attachment is, um, hindered, like in grief, that having others that are there to support us is extremely important, especially nowadays in this crisis of isolation.
    0:52:32 Yeah. Um, and in this time where we can communicate about our experience, we can learn so much about others’ experiences, but we often don’t have the fundamentals of support like, um, uh, touch.
    0:52:57 Right. Just like, you know, touch, hug somebody sitting there. Yes. Eye contact, you know, um, holding your hand, no doubt. Um, smell is probably related to this. Just the smell of another person, even if you’re not aware of it consciously. Yeah. Signaling at, at a bodily level, there’s someone else here. Yes. You know, there are a lot of people that, um, really struggle to sleep after the loss of someone. Absolutely. And just having someone else in the room. Mm-hmm.
    0:53:04 Where a pet in the room. Yes. Can make a big difference. So, you know, in, in terms of addiction,
    0:53:04 Mm-hmm.
    0:53:13 There are, um, incredible, um, zero-cost programs all over the world in the form of 12-step and other recovery programs
    0:53:19 that allow people to work through their physiology and their psychology in, uh, through the support of
    0:53:25 others’ elders, as it were, or those more experienced with whatever it is, alcohol, drugs, or a process
    0:53:31 addiction. Mm-hmm. Is there something similar for those, um, uh, in grief? I mean, I’m aware that there
    0:53:37 are bereavement groups, but typically when I think of a bereavement group, I think of, like, what my
    0:53:41 grandfather went to and met his, like, last girlfriend before he died. Mm-hmm. I think he
    0:53:46 only had one girlfriend after my grandmother died. They’d been together since they were 13 years old.
    0:53:52 Yeah. Yeah. 13. Amazing. So 50-plus years. Yeah. But that bereavement group became a real source of,
    0:53:56 of support for him. Yes. And yes, he did find a girlfriend in a bereavement group. Yes. And,
    0:54:01 you know, family members have mixed feelings about that, but I was happy that he, he didn’t die without
    0:54:12 company. Um, so for people of all ages, are there zero-cost tools, um, in the form of groups to help
    0:54:18 people grieve different types of grief? Because I think for some people it’s, like, I think we’ve all
    0:54:25 heard that the ultimate stressor is the loss of a child. Mm-hmm. Um, and I can only think of one
    0:54:31 thing that might be equally stressful, if not more stressful, would be not knowing if your child is
    0:54:38 alive or dead. Yeah. That, to me, just seems like the ultimate form of agony. Yes. So, presumably,
    0:54:44 a bereavement group for that is very different than a bereavement group for someone who’s really,
    0:54:49 truly mourning the, the, um, I don’t know, the separation from a spouse, right? Two different
    0:54:54 scales of grief, but it’s hard to tell someone who’s really grieving deeply, like, your grief isn’t as
    0:55:01 bad as someone else’s grief. So, are there groups? Mm-hmm. And, um, and then I’ll also ask the question
    0:55:09 I just asked, which is, why is it that knowing other people suffer too only provides mild support for
    0:55:18 grieving? Yeah. There’s a, a fairly recent, um, movement that we might call the, the public health
    0:55:25 model of bereavement support. And so, the idea here is that, and this largely comes out of Europe, Canada,
    0:55:34 Australia, where they’re trying to actually develop health care around bereavement. Part of this is
    0:55:42 because we can talk about how we know that the physical cost of the loss of a loved one is so
    0:55:50 impactful on us. It can lead to dying of a heart attack, right? So, we know that, for example, the
    0:55:57 day that a loved one dies, you are 21 times more likely to have a heart attack than any other day of
    0:56:04 your life. 21 times. And we know that in the first three months after the death of his wife,
    0:56:12 a man is nearly twice as likely to have a fatal heart attack compared to a man who remains married
    0:56:18 during that same time. Wow. Even if he has other support? Yes. Isn’t that just crazy? For women,
    0:56:26 it’s about 1.8 times. So, still just an astronomical number for medical risk. So, what we know is this
    0:56:35 period of transformation is incredibly risky, right? So, we can have all this physiological change,
    0:56:42 but if, if our body isn’t resilient enough where it actually breaks during that time, this is something
    0:56:49 we need to get ahead of. So, thinking about this public health model of bereavement, we can think
    0:56:57 of sort of at the foundation, even just understanding in a grief literacy kind of way, what am I, what can
    0:57:06 I expect? What is happening to me? Why is this happening to me? That is a psychoeducation level that is vitally
    0:57:12 important to people, regardless of sort of how much support they have. Now, many people will go to
    0:57:18 bereavement support groups even just to get that, right? Even just to get good evidence-based
    0:57:26 information. Places that are no longer teaching the five stages of grieving, for example. And beyond that,
    0:57:34 we know how important support is. Social support, having loved ones around, just as you were describing.
    0:57:42 And I think one of the reasons, I mean, imagine in that first seven days after your spouse dies,
    0:57:49 if there is someone in your house sitting Shiva, they are going to notice if you have a heart attack, right?
    0:57:56 So, think about the idea that we might outsource our physiological regulation for a while.
    0:58:03 Think of it this way. When we bond with someone, when you fall in love with your partner, say, for example,
    0:58:13 they become your external pacemaker. Right? Think about co-regulation. If I go home now and I get a hug from my partner,
    0:58:18 just the way you were describing, I know that my blood pressure will drop a little bit. My heart rate will drop a little bit.
    0:58:24 Now, suddenly, I have to imagine walking into an empty house where that’s not going to happen.
    0:58:35 My cardiovascular system has to figure out, how am I going to walk into my home again and again and again and regulate my heart rate?
    0:58:38 And your brain is anticipating seeing the person that you lost.
    0:58:39 Yes, exactly.
    0:58:44 Like it doesn’t, you can know, but the action systems, the go circuitry, if it were.
    0:58:52 All the subconscious processing, I should be, I’m doing the same motion of turning the key in the lock that I’ve always done.
    0:58:57 And now, there’s a hole in the room when I enter it.
    0:58:59 And often, it still smells like them.
    0:59:00 Absolutely.
    0:59:03 I think people really underestimate this thing about smell.
    0:59:03 Yes.
    0:59:06 Because it’s operating at an unconscious level all the time.
    0:59:09 We’re like bathing in somebody else’s chemicals.
    0:59:09 Absolutely.
    0:59:12 And then they’re gone and then it starts dissipating.
    0:59:12 That’s right.
    0:59:13 But it’s still there for a while.
    0:59:14 Absolutely.
    0:59:26 So I think recognizing your grieving body has to figure out how to regulate again is one reason why support is so important.
    0:59:42 There’s a study of, we were talking about earlier, before the podcast started, there’s a study of primates where, you know, as with other primates, there’s a lot of infant mortality.
    0:59:49 And in this observational study, there are troops that are being observed by scientists.
    1:00:04 And with the death of an infant primate, the mother will often carry that deceased infant, that baby monkey, for a long time after their death and spend a lot of time looking at the infant.
    1:00:16 The mother doesn’t groom, she doesn’t groom, she’s not confused, but what’s interesting is she stops grooming herself during this time.
    1:00:24 Now, that’s actually medically risky for a primate because we know that grooming is so important to their health to get rid of parasites and such.
    1:00:28 And, you know, usually in these troops, there’s a really strict hierarchy.
    1:00:32 Who gets to groom who is, you know, the latest Kardashian show kind of thing.
    1:00:41 And during this time, when the mother is trying to understand what’s happened to this infant, the rules go out the window.
    1:00:45 Any member of the troop can groom this mother.
    1:00:54 Now, at some point, wide individual variation in how long the mother holds this infant, from days to months.
    1:01:00 Once she relinquishes the infant, the rules go back into effect.
    1:01:10 So she goes back to the troop and now she participates in social life, in medical social life, in the way that she did before.
    1:01:17 I think the analogy here, in addition to every time I think about it, it just rips my heart a little bit, right?
    1:01:31 But the idea here is that it is all of our jobs to groom the mourning person, to care for them, to say, hey, how long has it been since you saw your doctor for your regular checkup?
    1:01:34 How long has it been since you had your mammogram or got your teeth cleaned, right?
    1:01:39 Often we’ve been caring for a loved one who’s dying and we’re neglecting our own medical care.
    1:01:41 Because here’s the thing.
    1:01:44 Grief is the natural response.
    1:01:47 Our bodies are resilient.
    1:01:58 Many people are shocked by how much pain, physical pain, how they get a lump in their throat or they feel like their chest is on fire when they’re grieving.
    1:02:02 But actually our bodies are remarkably resilient.
    1:02:06 We do learn to re-regulate without this external pacemaker.
    1:02:15 But in those instances where the body isn’t resilient enough to be able to do that, we need people around us supporting us.
    1:02:27 In a study in my own lab, we thought, well, probably this risk for a broken heart, this risk of dying of a heart attack, isn’t, you know, 24-7 equally risky.
    1:02:35 So we brought people into the lab and had them experience a wave of grief while they were hooked up to ECG and blood pressure and so forth.
    1:02:43 And what we saw was everybody’s blood pressure goes up during a wave of grief.
    1:02:55 But what we saw was the people who, when they walked in the door, told us they were having the most intense grief, their blood pressure went up the most.
    1:03:00 And then in a replication study in Germany, we saw that their blood pressure didn’t recover.
    1:03:14 So you can see that these waves of grief that our body and our mind and our brain have to learn how to cope with and then eventually to adapt to.
    1:03:20 Those require a physical body that can sustain that.
    1:03:24 They require relationships that can support us and sustain that.
    1:03:33 And this is why I think support is so important, even though it doesn’t take away the pain of missing your person, right?
    1:03:38 Because we need every resource we can muster in the midst of this moment.
    1:03:53 Now, it does also mean that as much as we are missing our person and it feels so isolating to try and explain that there’s a hole in the room when no one else can see that hole,
    1:04:08 it does help at some level to talk to this other person who is seeing a different hole in the room who is also going through grief because we recognize grieving is a human experience.
    1:04:15 And that you’re not connected because you both miss the same person, but you are connected because you’re both missing, right?
    1:04:24 And so I think that bereavement support can be incredibly helpful to connect with others who are going through this same process.
    1:04:35 And frankly, you know, I don’t recommend and some bereavement support groups actually prohibit dating relationships from a grief support group.
    1:04:46 But the reality is the people that we connect with are also people potentially that we develop stronger attachment bonds with.
    1:04:49 That’s how community works, right?
    1:04:54 And so I think bereavement support can be incredibly important.
    1:05:10 We do know for the 1 out of 10 who develop disordered grieving, who really are not showing any changes over time, even though time is passing,
    1:05:23 those people might need a very specific evidence-based psychotherapy intervention because we know that those psychology interventions can get us back on a normal
    1:05:26 or typical grieving trajectory.
    1:05:31 I want to talk about the somatic, the bodily aspect of this.
    1:05:34 We’ve been talking about the brain, which of course is connected to the body and vice versa.
    1:05:42 But before I do that, I want to ask you a question about alcohol.
    1:05:43 Yeah.
    1:05:51 I did an episode about alcohol a couple of years ago, and I think I got a lot of people who wanted to stop drinking to stop drinking.
    1:05:57 I got some people who wanted to keep drinking, drinking a little less, and some people hate that episode and keep drinking.
    1:06:01 And my goal with that episode was not to change anyone’s behavior, just to give them information.
    1:06:02 Yeah.
    1:06:12 I will be the last person to promote drinking because we know it’s basically not good for us despite the headlines that it might be.
    1:06:18 The mere disruption in sleep in microbiome probably explains, in my opinion, about 50% of the detrimental effects.
    1:06:29 But with that said, it is very customary in a lot of traditions that close to the death, in the very early days and stages of grieving,
    1:06:31 to actually promote alcohol use.
    1:06:39 And if I take an open-minded perspective to this, we know that alcohol at a low dose disinhibits us.
    1:06:40 It’s why people start talking more.
    1:06:43 At a higher dose, it’s more of a sedative.
    1:06:52 And we can all agree, I believe, that chronic alcohol use or continuing to drink to avoid one’s feelings is just a bad idea.
    1:06:55 Anyone that disputes that is probably drinking while they do it.
    1:07:01 However, I am struck by the fact that so many traditions encourage the use of alcohol.
    1:07:04 And I wonder, based on what you told us about the risk of heart attack,
    1:07:11 whether or not this is some attempt to lower blood pressure in the short term and basically just keep the person from dying.
    1:07:18 Is a drink or two, assuming you’re of age and you’re not an alcoholic, upon hearing the devastating news,
    1:07:20 is it the worst thing in the world?
    1:07:26 I will tell you a story, which is that, so when my mother died,
    1:07:30 she was in our very tiny hometown in Montana.
    1:07:36 And in tiny towns, rural places like this, of course, everyone knows what’s going on.
    1:07:40 So the morning after my mom died, at about one in the morning,
    1:07:44 my best friend and I went downtown to a Mexican restaurant for breakfast.
    1:07:49 And the woman came by, who owned the place, came by the table and said,
    1:07:51 hey, I heard your mom was in the hospital.
    1:07:52 I’m so sorry.
    1:07:55 And I said, yeah, she died last night.
    1:07:58 And she said, oh, mija, what can I get you?
    1:07:59 Anything.
    1:08:00 What do you want?
    1:08:01 And I said, can I have a beer?
    1:08:04 And she said, of course you can.
    1:08:06 And I had a beer for breakfast.
    1:08:14 I like to think of us as meeting a big toolkit of strategies to deal with waves of grief.
    1:08:18 And that was the right tool in the toolkit at that moment.
    1:08:23 Now, if I had a beer for breakfast every day for the rest of my life,
    1:08:25 probably not so good for my liver, right?
    1:08:28 And potentially for my job retention.
    1:08:31 But in that moment, it was the right tool.
    1:08:33 Do you see what I mean?
    1:08:38 So it was also the right tool that I was sitting with my best friend, right?
    1:08:43 And that inhibition allowed me to cry right there in the middle of the restaurant.
    1:08:49 I think we have always found ways to interact with the body
    1:08:54 that may not make sense to us at some level,
    1:08:59 but probably when they are cultural ways, have come about for reasons.
    1:09:02 I don’t have evidence for the things you were just saying.
    1:09:08 But the idea that it can bring people together who are feeling a little less inhibited
    1:09:11 so that they can talk about emotions and difficulties.
    1:09:16 The fact that it brings people together just to watch each other is vital.
    1:09:22 The fact that it impacts our cardiovascular system is important.
    1:09:24 And here’s what I would say about this.
    1:09:28 So people think that dying of a broken heart is a metaphor.
    1:09:34 We look at, you know, when Carrie Fisher died, her mom, Debbie Reynolds, died the next day.
    1:09:37 And we think, oh, isn’t that a tragic, beautiful story?
    1:09:45 This is a piece of evidence that we have known about from huge epidemiological studies
    1:09:51 that the increased risk of all-cause mortality is much higher in newly bereaved people.
    1:09:56 And my question is, why do we keep just proving it over and over?
    1:09:59 What are we going to do about it?
    1:10:04 In my own lab and then replicated later in a study in Australia,
    1:10:08 we did a proof-of-concept study.
    1:10:12 Now, to be very, very clear, this was not a randomized clinical trial
    1:10:17 and not at a level that would be worthy of using it as medical advice.
    1:10:24 But we said, you know, when someone dies in the ICU, in the emergency department,
    1:10:31 in hospice, in a nursing home, the person standing next to them should become our patient.
    1:10:36 We know that their medical risk has just gone through the roof.
    1:10:43 So we gave aspirin, a baby aspirin, to people in the first two weeks after the death of their loved one
    1:10:50 and looked at whether that was cardioprotective, which, of course, it was because we understand how aspirin works.
    1:10:59 Now, the reason we need big studies is to make sure that there isn’t some negative side that we would want to bar against, right?
    1:11:04 But my point here is, if we know that bereavement is medically risky,
    1:11:12 if we know that we need to support the grieving body so that you can even get through those days and weeks and months
    1:11:17 so that you can start to restore a life again, what are we going to do about it?
    1:11:18 I think of it this way.
    1:11:21 Grief is not a disease.
    1:11:23 Grief is totally natural.
    1:11:26 But, you know, pregnancy is not a disease.
    1:11:30 Pregnancy is totally natural, but no one would say it’s not physiological.
    1:11:36 No one would say there aren’t huge hormone shifts and that it is medically risky.
    1:11:41 So that for the vast majority of people who are pregnant, they’re perfectly healthy.
    1:11:50 But we have whole systems of care in place to assess whether people are healthy during this period.
    1:11:55 And then if they’re not, if we find gestational diabetes or hypertension,
    1:12:02 we know how to treat that and intervene for that person so that they can get through this transition period.
    1:12:05 What if it was the same with bereavement?
    1:12:09 Why at our bereavement support groups do we not also take their blood pressure?
    1:12:18 To find out where they’re at physically, in addition to teaching them the many coping skills they might use in addition to having a beer,
    1:12:30 so that they can learn what grief is like and how to elicit support and ultimately how to adapt and develop a meaningful life that includes grief,
    1:12:33 but includes all the other wonderful things in life as well.
    1:12:34 Yeah.
    1:12:35 Amen to all of that.
    1:12:42 I was not aware of the medical risk of being in grief or even adjacent to somebody in grief,
    1:12:44 but it makes perfect sense.
    1:12:57 You know, I mean, I’ve heard stories of people attending funerals where the brother of the deceased died at the funeral weekend or even at the funeral.
    1:12:58 And you just go, oh my goodness.
    1:13:00 It’s almost like beyond comprehension.
    1:13:01 That’s right.
    1:13:04 But we now know there’s a logical medical basis for this.
    1:13:04 That’s right.
    1:13:05 Exactly.
    1:13:08 And here’s the thing that’s crazy, Andrew.
    1:13:14 Every time I do a podcast or I get interviewed by a reporter, everyone has a story like this.
    1:13:24 And so, I mean, honestly, insurance companies before the 1960s figured this into their actuarial tables.
    1:13:28 They knew that life expectancy in that time was short.
    1:13:37 And so, if we’ve known for this long, what stops us from really caring for grieving people?
    1:13:39 So important.
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    1:15:30 I’m curious about compartmentalization.
    1:15:34 It’s clear to me now that at least in this culture in the United States,
    1:15:39 we aren’t taught how to grieve unless it’s, you know, part of our family or part of our religion.
    1:15:42 We aren’t instructed how to grieve.
    1:15:49 There seems to be another set of contradictions in the world of psychology, health, self-help.
    1:15:57 It doesn’t matter if it’s the most woo sector of it or the most reductionist medical sector of it.
    1:16:00 And the conflicting message is this.
    1:16:03 On the one hand, feel your feelings.
    1:16:05 Bottling it up isn’t good.
    1:16:05 Yep.
    1:16:10 Raises your blood pressure, increases your risk of heart attack, aneurysm,
    1:16:14 makes you a miserable person to be around and to including with yourself, et cetera.
    1:16:17 But then we also know we have to be functional.
    1:16:24 We can’t dissolve into a puddle of our own tears 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
    1:16:26 Even if we’re not a caretaker, we just can’t.
    1:16:31 It’s just so I can recall when I was a kid getting really devastating news.
    1:16:36 Just it doesn’t matter what the news was, but just devastating news for any age.
    1:16:39 But I think at that point I was like 16.
    1:16:41 I was like.
    1:16:42 Yeah.
    1:16:45 And I remember like my chest hurt.
    1:16:45 Yeah.
    1:16:46 My heart hurt.
    1:16:46 Yes.
    1:16:49 And I remember actively pushing it down.
    1:16:50 Yeah.
    1:16:53 And I know how to do that, right?
    1:16:53 It’s a skill.
    1:16:54 Yeah.
    1:16:57 And there was a while where I thought that was a terrible thing to do.
    1:17:01 On the other hand, that’s how you get up and go to work the next day.
    1:17:02 Yep.
    1:17:05 That’s how you, when you run in a lab, you go to your lab.
    1:17:06 That’s how you deal with life.
    1:17:06 Yeah.
    1:17:11 But the key is, of course, to be able to pop that lid and let the emotions out when you
    1:17:11 need to.
    1:17:16 So in the context of the idea that emotions are in the head and emotions are in the body,
    1:17:18 something that I think everyone agrees on now.
    1:17:18 Yeah.
    1:17:24 What do we know about the way to let emotion out and through?
    1:17:30 And what do we know about healthy, adaptive compartmentalization as skills?
    1:17:36 And here I’m hoping that perhaps people can glean some tools like take an hour a day and
    1:17:37 let it wail.
    1:17:37 Mm-hmm.
    1:17:38 Mm-hmm.
    1:17:42 Take two hours a day and handle your stuff.
    1:17:42 Yeah.
    1:17:49 I think it is helpful to remember that emotions are actually the output.
    1:17:51 They’re the product.
    1:18:00 It isn’t so much that we have to figure out how to deal with emotions, although I will come
    1:18:02 back and say that differently in a moment.
    1:18:11 We have to figure out how to handle what physical and mental state resulted in those emotions.
    1:18:19 So what I mean by that is if you are in a moment where everything in your body is in protest,
    1:18:31 you are amped up and you can’t sit still, then working with your body, right, maybe you are
    1:18:37 the person who needs to go for a run every day where that hasn’t really been who you were
    1:18:39 before, right?
    1:18:47 On the other hand, maybe you’re the person who needs to develop a yoga practice to figure
    1:18:58 out how to breathe through that amped up feeling and soothe yourself, physically soothe yourself
    1:19:02 so that you can bring your heart rate down, right?
    1:19:08 So those are two entirely different behaviors, but I can tell you at the end of either of
    1:19:14 them, your body’s going to be in a different state and I bet your emotions are in a different
    1:19:15 state too, right?
    1:19:20 So there’s one way to think about it, which is coming at how do we handle the emotions, but
    1:19:26 there’s another way to come at it, which is how do I handle all of the demands and resources
    1:19:31 resources I have when demands and resources get out of balance, that stress?
    1:19:35 So how do I increase the resources in my life?
    1:19:37 How do I reduce the demands in my life?
    1:19:41 Because I am suddenly in a really difficult situation.
    1:19:43 So that’s one way to think about it.
    1:19:52 We did an intervention study in my lab with widows and widowers where one arm received mindfulness
    1:19:58 training, another arm received progressive muscle relaxation, which is sort of like learning
    1:20:00 a really fancy body scan.
    1:20:08 You contract and relax different muscle groups in your body and you become aware of what that
    1:20:11 feels like to really understand what relaxation feels like.
    1:20:14 And then there was a weightless control group.
    1:20:19 And we did it because the progressive muscle relaxation was the control group.
    1:20:22 We thought mindfulness training would be very helpful.
    1:20:29 Turns out mindfulness training was helpful, but progressive muscle relaxation was even more
    1:20:31 helpful for people’s grief.
    1:20:32 So what does this practice look like?
    1:20:35 It’s a, it’s a, you’re tensing your fists, then relaxing, then forearms.
    1:20:40 So working through head to toe, contracting for about how long?
    1:20:41 I’m just trying to get the rough contour.
    1:20:44 It’s a brief contraction.
    1:20:46 It’s, you know, you can go online.
    1:20:48 There’s really easy instructions.
    1:20:53 It’s often done with a sort of guided audio to help you figure out.
    1:20:59 But the important part is also feeling what, what’s the difference between my clenched fist
    1:21:00 and my relaxed fist.
    1:21:04 Oh gosh, I didn’t even realize I was, had so much muscle tension.
    1:21:11 So what’s fascinating is people told us, in any situation, I’m in the grocery store, I’m
    1:21:14 in a work meeting, I’m trying to fall asleep.
    1:21:29 Now, mindfulness training was effective, but not as effective as I said.
    1:21:33 And I think some of this is that we have, you know, grieving is a form of learning.
    1:21:35 I’m not kidding about that.
    1:21:38 Your brain is busy while you are grieving.
    1:21:44 And it might not be the right time to take up a new practice that requires a lot of concentration.
    1:21:46 If you do mindfulness, it can be very helpful.
    1:21:52 Anyway, the upshot of all that is, on the one hand, it’s not that we have to deal with
    1:21:54 emotions because they are an output.
    1:22:02 We have to deal with our demands and our resources and developing a whole toolkit of ways to think
    1:22:04 about adapting in our life now.
    1:22:12 On the other hand, even specifically for waves of grief, having a toolkit of what to do with
    1:22:19 those emotions, I think you described it beautifully, Andrew, that we do have the capacity for suppression.
    1:22:27 And if you are about to walk into a pitch meeting, suppression is probably the way to go in that
    1:22:34 moment where suddenly your deceased child has popped into your head and thinking, I am not going to think
    1:22:36 about this right now.
    1:22:41 I am completely going to pretend this has not happened and I’m going to do this pitch, right?
    1:22:49 But if it’s your only strategy, then you don’t have the learning process going on, right?
    1:22:56 That at another moment, you might be looking through a photo album and just be overcome with tears.
    1:23:02 But over time, realize, I can’t stay in that puddle either.
    1:23:12 When I’m doing this, I need to, you know, if it was me, I need to text my sister and tell her, you know,
    1:23:15 I’m looking at photos of mom and this is what I’m thinking about.
    1:23:22 And she’ll text me some funny story about mom or even just say, oh, man, I feel you.
    1:23:26 And if my sister isn’t available, then I’ll text my best friend, right?
    1:23:31 Because in that moment, it is important to have that puddle.
    1:23:35 It’s also important to know how to get out of the puddle again.
    1:23:39 And so this is really a process of learning.
    1:23:42 How do I cope with these waves of grief?
    1:23:43 It’s like being a basketball player.
    1:23:46 One possession after another, after another.
    1:23:48 How am I going to get through this possession?
    1:23:50 Each possession looks different.
    1:23:54 How am I going to get through this possession with this constellation?
    1:23:56 What’s the right skill to use right now?
    1:24:01 I think what you just said is so vitally important because I know for a number of years,
    1:24:09 the model was one in which grief progresses through some very standard stages of disbelief,
    1:24:13 anger, acceptance, and no disrespect to, was it?
    1:24:14 Elizabeth Kubler-Ross.
    1:24:15 Kubler-Ross.
    1:24:19 Is there a theme of hyphenated names in her field?
    1:24:19 Yeah, sorry.
    1:24:20 Yeah, that’s funny.
    1:24:27 Yeah, the incredibly important work because it cracked open the awareness of grief as a process,
    1:24:30 both psychological and to some extent biological.
    1:24:30 Yeah.
    1:24:34 So we want to, you know, pay respect to the people that opened up these fields.
    1:24:40 And yet, as an outsider to the field, I can safely say, because my grants and papers don’t rely on it,
    1:24:47 that I think work such as yours and your colleagues have really expanded on that model to really show us that,
    1:24:53 in many ways, it was important but not completely true in the sense that it’s not disbelief,
    1:24:54 then anger, then anger, then acceptance.
    1:24:59 It might be all three at once and then they get shuffled in a different order and then there’s a bunch of other things too.
    1:24:59 Yeah.
    1:25:06 And I think it’s important for people to hear because that disbelief, anger, acceptance trajectory got so much press
    1:25:16 that we were kind of taught in high school and elementary school and it needs some updating, just like the notion that dopamine is pleasure needs some updating.
    1:25:17 Absolutely.
    1:25:20 So she published on death and dying in 1969.
    1:25:21 And you’re right.
    1:25:24 It was groundbreaking, the idea that grief is more than sadness.
    1:25:28 And she did what all good scientists do initially.
    1:25:30 It was descriptive.
    1:25:32 She did clinical interviews and she described.
    1:25:36 But it became a prescription, didn’t it, right?
    1:25:37 Those stages.
    1:25:41 And we know now, think how far science has come, right?
    1:25:48 We know now with longitudinal studies where we’re looking at the same person over and over again, that we do see trajectory.
    1:25:51 So we see that acceptance increases over time.
    1:25:53 We see that yearning decreases over time.
    1:25:59 But that it’s not linear and that it’s not, just as you say, it’s not one stage and then you’re done with that.
    1:26:05 I’ve had people say to me, well, it’s been 20 years, but I haven’t felt anger yet, so I don’t think I’m done grieving.
    1:26:07 And I just, my heart goes out to them.
    1:26:08 It’s not a prescription.
    1:26:17 And modern grief research tells us so much more, not just about what happens, but why and how.
    1:26:28 Sometimes I wonder if, despite the incredibly devastating experience that grief can be, whether or not people don’t allow themselves to feel okay.
    1:26:29 Yeah.
    1:26:39 I mean, earlier when you were talking about this, this picture of this, this monkey holding its dead infant, I confess I, I’m like, have a, like a reaction.
    1:26:40 Yes.
    1:26:48 It’s, and I think that it is a universal, one would hope, human and animal reaction, the whale.
    1:26:49 Yes.
    1:26:51 Of a mother that’s lost her child.
    1:26:51 Absolutely.
    1:26:53 Just an animal, that whale.
    1:26:53 Yes.
    1:27:04 Whether or not it’s a human animal or a monkey or a dog, it’s just, it’s this, it’s like a, it’s gotta be some, forgive me for playing neuroanatomist here, but teach neuroanatomy.
    1:27:12 It’s gotta be some deep, deep, literally deep nerve path in the body because you just feel it everywhere.
    1:27:14 It’s not like over here or over there.
    1:27:15 You don’t hear it in your ears.
    1:27:16 You feel it down to your core.
    1:27:17 Yeah.
    1:27:29 And, um, and anything that deep is as, uh, primitive and ancient and important as hunger, thirst, reproduction or anger.
    1:27:29 Yes.
    1:27:36 So I think it’s so important that you placed grief right up there on the shelf next to those primary drives.
    1:27:37 Yeah.
    1:27:39 And mentioned homeostasis.
    1:27:39 Yeah.
    1:27:43 The desire to stay in some ground where we’re, the seesaw isn’t tilted.
    1:27:44 Yes.
    1:27:46 Toward just complete collapse.
    1:27:46 That’s right.
    1:28:00 And yet there are times when people are grieving and they find themselves laughing at something they hear maybe on a podcast or they find themselves attracted to a potentially new partner.
    1:28:00 Absolutely.
    1:28:03 Despite the fact that they adored their spouse.
    1:28:03 Yes.
    1:28:07 And what’s the permission piece?
    1:28:08 Yeah.
    1:28:09 Big time.
    1:28:14 You know, part of this is a cultural piece, right?
    1:28:29 Part of this is that we have, we joke about, you know, there’s apparently a big book of rules about grief that no one can get a hold of, but people have very strong feelings on, right?
    1:28:35 And people will talk about how, you know, I got hammered with the big book of grief rules today.
    1:28:39 Somebody told me I shouldn’t be or I should be fill in the blank.
    1:28:47 Believe me, it’s hard enough as it is without expectations around you of whether you’re doing it right, you know?
    1:28:51 At one level then, there’s the social expectations.
    1:29:03 A woman contacted me about 10 days after her husband died and she said, I just am not sad and I’m worried something’s deeply wrong with me.
    1:29:04 She was an older woman.
    1:29:08 We did, like, a neuropsych evaluation and I did a clinical interview and so forth.
    1:29:13 And I said, I think the reality is you’re just okay.
    1:29:23 And she said, okay, that’s what I thought, but I can’t tell any of my friends that I’m not sad because I’d be a pariah, you know?
    1:29:24 People think she’s a sociopath.
    1:29:25 People think she’s a sociopath.
    1:29:28 Instead, they had a wonderful relationship together.
    1:29:30 She knew that this was coming.
    1:29:36 She had a big full life and it was okay for her in that moment.
    1:29:41 So, I think on the one hand, there’s the social component about permission.
    1:29:45 It’s going to look different for each person.
    1:29:49 And most importantly, it’s going to look different than we think it will be.
    1:29:53 We try to anticipate what grief is going to feel like.
    1:30:06 But because so much of attachment is below the level of consciousness, because our physiology is below the level of consciousness, it’s not like we can know how we’re going to react.
    1:30:11 So, the natural response is just the reacting.
    1:30:18 And then grieving is over time, the way we react starts to feel more familiar.
    1:30:23 We start to develop better coping tools for the natural way we react.
    1:30:26 It’s not that the grief goes away.
    1:30:28 It’s that we come to understand it.
    1:30:31 We understand how to work with it.
    1:30:36 But the other piece is about permission, I think.
    1:30:42 Remember how I said you still have an ongoing internal relationship?
    1:30:59 I think people feel guilt about having joy, doing things that are fun, falling in love, connecting with people, going on a vacation.
    1:31:13 Because at some level, there is a piece of them that believes, my loved one is out there, is everlasting, and I’m choosing to do this instead of going to seek them out.
    1:31:17 I’m choosing to do this when they can’t.
    1:31:21 And you can understand how that comes about, right?
    1:31:33 You can understand this internal misgiving, but it’s because of that everlasting encoding of this relationship, but it’s not true.
    1:31:38 Your brain can believe it, and it can be not true.
    1:31:47 And so working on that internal relationship to say, hey, I’m going to do these things because you can’t.
    1:31:54 I’m going to do them through a body and eyes that were shaped by you so that you can come along with.
    1:31:59 Or, I mean, every interpretation is going to work differently for each person.
    1:32:03 Or you can say, you valued this so much.
    1:32:11 My mother would be so incredibly proud that I’ve written books, that I am a professor.
    1:32:14 Something that she couldn’t do.
    1:32:18 And I often think to myself, this one’s for you, mama, right?
    1:32:37 And so that way of changing the internal relationship, remembering that your internal relationship can evolve with them, and similarly, if they were a less than loved one, which happens as well, it’s okay to say, you know what?
    1:32:40 This chapter of my life is over.
    1:32:42 That was a tough chapter.
    1:32:47 And I’m going to wrap that up and put that in a box, and it’s done now.
    1:32:52 And maybe it will come back at another time, and I’ll deal with that relationship more later.
    1:32:55 But for right now, it’s okay to put that aside.
    1:32:58 So I think permission is such a great word.
    1:33:03 Think to yourself, who is judging me for going on vacation?
    1:33:07 Who is judging me for falling in love?
    1:33:08 Is it me?
    1:33:11 Is it in the internal relationship?
    1:33:12 Is it my neighbor?
    1:33:14 My pastor?
    1:33:16 Figure out who’s judging you.
    1:33:18 And then how do you get permission?
    1:33:28 It sounds like giving oneself permission to move through that protest stage at whatever rate it happens to be.
    1:33:28 Yes.
    1:33:31 And to move through that despair step.
    1:33:32 Mm-hmm.
    1:33:37 And just to stay with the word, because I don’t know a better one, to transmute that feeling of despair.
    1:33:38 Yeah.
    1:33:40 Like, you can’t get them back.
    1:33:40 No.
    1:33:41 They’re gone.
    1:33:42 They’re gone.
    1:33:43 Over curtains.
    1:33:44 Yeah.
    1:33:50 As a friend of mine who has suffered more loss than any human being ever should, he just goes, curtains.
    1:33:55 It was just, you know, but he learned to transmute that into new things.
    1:33:56 Yeah.
    1:34:04 I will tell you, Andrew, many people, you know, I teach a psychology of death and loss class at the University of Arizona.
    1:34:09 And my students will say to me, you are way too happy to be teaching this class.
    1:34:13 And I say to them, that’s not a mistake.
    1:34:15 That’s not incidental.
    1:34:20 It is because every single day I’m thinking about death and dying.
    1:34:22 I’m thinking about grief and loss.
    1:34:29 And so when they come to me and they got a B plus instead of an A minus, I’m sort of like, you know, big picture, right?
    1:34:32 Not the end of the world.
    1:34:41 And there’s a way in which I can say grieving is a form of learning, but I don’t know what you’re going to learn from this loss experience.
    1:34:50 But what I hope is that you learn good lessons, lessons like, wow, I am tougher than I thought I was.
    1:34:55 Or, wow, when I really need someone, people step up.
    1:35:02 Or, wow, that person utterly shaped my view of the world and I am so grateful.
    1:35:08 Other people learn, wow, the world is an unsafe place.
    1:35:13 Or, I can’t tell anyone how I really feel.
    1:35:17 These are very different lessons that some people learn.
    1:35:30 And my hope is that no one grieves alone because the risk of them thinking it’s my fault is so bad for society.
    1:35:42 That people walk around believing that, that we need to support others so that we come out learning better lessons about what it means that death is a part of life.
    1:35:47 I’m always amazed at how much life can hurt.
    1:35:52 And I’m always amazed at how resilient humans are.
    1:35:53 They really are.
    1:35:55 It’s like the two things are both true.
    1:35:56 Both are true.
    1:35:58 And often in the same people.
    1:35:58 Yeah.
    1:36:06 I’d like to talk about a very difficult aspect of grieving and death.
    1:36:06 Yeah.
    1:36:07 Which is suicide.
    1:36:08 Yeah.
    1:36:15 I think, sadly, nowadays, almost everyone is aware of somebody that died by suicide.
    1:36:15 Yeah.
    1:36:24 I certainly have known people that have died by suicide and we hear about it all too often in the public sphere.
    1:36:31 It seems that a human taking their own life defies all logic.
    1:36:49 And yet, having sat with the spouse of a really close friend of mine and mentor who took his own life, she came to this place where I think a lot of people close to people who die by suicide come to.
    1:36:56 Where she said to me, literally, he seemed to really need that.
    1:36:56 Yeah.
    1:37:03 Which brings us to this place where, like, you know, maybe they were hurting that badly.
    1:37:07 And then you kind of reason some sense of relief, et cetera.
    1:37:13 But I had the both fortune and misfortune of seeing this movie, The Bridge.
    1:37:16 It’s a movie that I can’t really recommend.
    1:37:19 It’s so intense.
    1:37:19 Yeah.
    1:37:22 But where they fixed cameras on the Golden Gate Bridge.
    1:37:23 Oh, yeah.
    1:37:27 Filmed people jumping and talked to the people that knew those people.
    1:37:33 And in one case, they were able to talk to the young man who jumped and survived.
    1:37:33 Mm-hmm.
    1:37:43 As I recall, he was diagnosed bipolar, high suicide rate in people with bipolar, and so on.
    1:37:50 And he describes moments after he jumped, his first thought was, he didn’t want to die.
    1:37:51 Yeah.
    1:38:01 So I think if for no other reason, that message and that movie plays a very important role because it argues against what I just talked about.
    1:38:01 Yeah.
    1:38:09 You know, and if some, you know, forgive me, but let’s just be direct here since we’re, let’s not, you know, let’s not, you know, hang out at the margins.
    1:38:11 And so let’s just take this face on.
    1:38:21 You know, if somebody kills themselves by gunshot, there isn’t usually a second opportunity to think, oops, I really don’t want this.
    1:38:21 Yeah.
    1:38:27 So what do we know about the research on suicide, if we could just start there?
    1:38:35 Like, do we know anything from studies of people who tried to commit suicide and were unsuccessful?
    1:38:40 Do we know whether or not that’s a typical experience?
    1:38:40 Mm-hmm.
    1:38:46 And what do we know about grieving suicide that’s different than grieving other forms of death?
    1:38:46 Yeah.
    1:39:03 I can say up front that I am not an expert in suicide, and there is so much that is known scientifically about the mental health surrounding suicide and suicide attempts and so forth.
    1:39:05 But I think about it this way.
    1:39:21 I think we can separate out a conversation that I’m not expert in that says, you know, suicide is a permanent solution to a probably temporary problem.
    1:39:29 And there are lots of reasons, mental health care and so forth, that suicide may happen.
    1:39:40 And it is a tragedy that this permanent solution seems the only one, given what might be a temporary situation.
    1:39:53 But I can put all of that a little bit on a shelf, honestly, and still tackle something that I think you’re getting at, which is, what about the person who’s grieving after a suicide?
    1:40:14 And I think about that in this way, because we do know that grief after a sudden death, grief after a violent death, grief after an unexpected death, and all of those often describe a suicide, is more challenging.
    1:40:18 It is more difficult to adapt.
    1:40:21 It is more difficult to restore a meaningful life.
    1:40:33 A friend of mine who used to come to the class that I teach, whose son died by suicide, helped me really see the insight into the grieving process there, though.
    1:40:45 And it’s something that actually probably applies even more broadly, but is very common in the thought patterns of people who are grieving, someone who died by suicide.
    1:40:51 And that is what he called the would’ve, could’ve, should’ve thoughts.
    1:40:55 So this is, if only I would’ve picked up the phone.
    1:40:58 If only I could’ve gotten them to the hospital sooner.
    1:41:01 The doctor should’ve known to check for.
    1:41:14 And the thing is that the brain, because it is a wonder, the brain can come up with an infinite number of stories.
    1:41:20 An infinite number of reasons why this loss is your fault.
    1:41:31 And the reality is there is no way through those questions because there is an infinite number of them.
    1:41:43 And what he taught me, and I think the research bears this out, is that the solution is not to find answers to an infinite number of questions.
    1:41:54 If you think about it, each of those stories, if only I would’ve picked up the phone, each of those stories ends in, and then my loved one would’ve lived.
    1:42:03 But the reality that we’re dealing with right now, today, here, in this room, is that they didn’t live.
    1:42:15 And so none of those things matter anymore because now the question is, how do I live, given that it is true that they are gone?
    1:42:18 It’s almost like those questions are another form of this protest.
    1:42:20 Yes, that’s exactly it.
    1:42:30 You know, I don’t want to hold the model that we talked about earlier up on a pedestal that implies it doesn’t have exceptions and nuance, et cetera.
    1:42:39 But this idea of a divergent circuit where you can protest to the end of time, like, no, I could’ve done this.
    1:42:40 No, I could’ve done that.
    1:42:40 Absolutely.
    1:42:44 You can see this in a much lesser example, if I may, in breakups.
    1:42:44 Yes.
    1:42:45 Right, if only.
    1:42:46 Exactly.
    1:42:51 I was once told that the two most dangerous words in the English language are if only.
    1:42:51 Yes, that’s right.
    1:42:54 Because everything that follows is a false narrative.
    1:42:55 It’s a false narrative.
    1:42:58 But the question is, why are we doing it, right?
    1:43:10 So if grieving is a form of learning and all of this rumination, as we would call it, these perseverative thoughts, what if, if only, why are we doing it then?
    1:43:12 And I think there’s a couple of possibilities.
    1:43:25 One is that it is unbearable to think that bad things happen for no reason.
    1:43:41 And that protest can be around, it is as painful as guilt is, it can make more sense to me than just abject, random, terrible events happening in the world.
    1:43:47 That at least there is a sense of control if I fail to do something, you know?
    1:43:57 So the question is, well, and the second possibility, I sometimes think about, well, what would you be doing if you weren’t ruminating right now?
    1:44:10 And the problem is that when we are going round and round and round in our head about these things that cannot be true, we’re not in the present moment, right?
    1:44:13 We’re in some other internal world.
    1:44:26 And that means that, you know, if your grandchild is telling you this hilarious story, you’re not really paying attention because you’re in this other world in your head.
    1:44:33 And so you don’t get to have all the joy in life that comes from being in that moment with your grandchild.
    1:44:44 And so we miss out by being stuck in this other guilt-ridden, infinite possible, terrible world.
    1:44:50 The question is then, we have to come to understand, these are thoughts.
    1:44:53 How do I deal with the thoughts?
    1:44:59 Not what is the answer to the thoughts, but how do I deal with the fact that I am having these repetitive thoughts?
    1:45:03 And we can learn a lot of skills around how to cope with our thoughts.
    1:45:07 For me, one of the things I had to learn was I need to shift my environment.
    1:45:15 If I realize, oh, I’m doing the rumination thing again, literally, I just need to get up and walk outside, right?
    1:45:18 Just that shift alone can help to change my thought patterns.
    1:45:20 So there’s lots of skills we can learn.
    1:45:22 But this is really the question.
    1:45:25 It isn’t, is this scenario true?
    1:45:32 It’s, is this thought helpful in my ongoing life?
    1:45:50 And so I think that the solution that your friend came to around maybe they needed that, we often have to find the story that may be true, it may not be true, but that quells the thoughts.
    1:45:52 It has to feel true to us.
    1:45:56 So there’s no point in debating the truthiness of it.
    1:46:04 But it is the thing that allows us to move past the repetitive thoughts and back into the present moment.
    1:46:06 Thank you for that.
    1:46:18 I don’t think there are any clear solutions or roadmap for this suicide issue, which unfortunately is more common now, as I understand, unless it’s more, just a better detection.
    1:46:22 I think it’s, I think the statistics tell us that suicide rates are increasing.
    1:46:28 And I can tell you, you know, I’ve taught psychology of death and loss since 1999.
    1:46:36 And when we talked about suicide in the class, I used to ask the students, do any of you know someone who died by suicide?
    1:46:37 And I’d get a few hands.
    1:46:42 And I will tell you, Andrew, a third of the class raises their hand now.
    1:46:51 And these are 20-year-olds, you know, who often had a friend in high school or a grandparent or an uncle.
    1:46:57 And so we have to talk about the epidemic itself.
    1:47:01 But we also have to talk about how do we cope with those losses.
    1:47:08 This increase in suicide rate cuts across all communities and level of academic prowess and athletic prowess.
    1:47:11 And it’s always just kind of baffling.
    1:47:11 Yeah.
    1:47:14 It’s just like, so I don’t think we’re going to solve it in this discussion.
    1:47:23 But thank you for shedding light on the importance of allowing oneself to grieve it in the way that feels right.
    1:47:23 Yeah.
    1:47:36 And that takes us back to this notion of taking oneself from the understandable response of protest and despair to a place of adaptive grieving.
    1:47:37 Yeah.
    1:47:41 I’m very curious about belief systems.
    1:47:41 Yeah.
    1:47:43 And moving through grief.
    1:47:57 And it’s sometimes challenging on a podcast where we emphasize science and health to bring up notions of faith and religion, belief in afterlife and God and so forth.
    1:48:05 But I think we can do it in a way that’s neither reducing any of that to neurons and neurochemicals.
    1:48:10 Because, yes, there are studies of, you know, where is God in the brain and these kinds of things.
    1:48:14 But those studies always leave me personally feeling pretty underwhelmed.
    1:48:17 That’s just my own response.
    1:48:25 But it’s very clear that for many, many of the 8 billion plus people on this planet,
    1:48:41 that they believe in something larger than the experience we can see, they have true faith in God, Christ, Allah, whatever particular religion they happen to orient toward,
    1:48:45 or some larger spirituality that’s not nested in any of those things.
    1:48:46 Yeah.
    1:48:54 And that it can provide an enormously powerful structure to their thinking around loss.
    1:48:54 Yeah.
    1:48:59 I don’t want to go too deeply into this because it’s fresh.
    1:49:05 But I have a family member that right now, this isn’t a, I won’t mention the relationship,
    1:49:12 but who’s dealing with arguably one of the worst losses I could possibly imagine.
    1:49:17 He lost his wife and the baby in childbirth.
    1:49:18 Oh.
    1:49:25 And I wrote them, he’s now, you know, living with my cousin and his wife.
    1:49:28 And I, you know, extended what I could.
    1:49:29 Yeah.
    1:49:29 Right.
    1:49:30 I mean, what are you going to say?
    1:49:31 Yes, exactly.
    1:49:32 So you attempt to say something.
    1:49:33 That’s right.
    1:49:37 And I got back two words, infinite grief.
    1:49:38 Yeah.
    1:49:39 Yeah.
    1:49:41 Like there’s just, there’s, you know.
    1:49:41 Yeah.
    1:49:45 Which is probably two words more than, you know, is needed to.
    1:49:46 Yeah.
    1:49:49 You know, to even attempt to capture that.
    1:49:49 Yeah.
    1:49:53 But he’s a very devout Catholic.
    1:49:53 Yeah.
    1:50:01 And I don’t know, but I would hope that provides some path.
    1:50:01 Mm-hmm.
    1:50:06 And I can also say that the absence of a path.
    1:50:06 Yeah.
    1:50:09 Is probably harder than having a path.
    1:50:09 Yeah.
    1:50:13 I think about this in a few different ways.
    1:50:24 I, I think about the idea that death is something we have to contemplate.
    1:50:28 We don’t get out of doing it.
    1:50:36 And a lot of really smart, really wonderful people have gone before us who’ve thought about
    1:50:43 it and come up with ideas around God and the afterlife and in, in multiple religions, in multiple
    1:50:47 cultures, in multiple times in history.
    1:50:56 I don’t need to know whether that’s true or not to be able to see whether it’s helpful or
    1:50:56 not.
    1:51:00 And I can say a couple of things.
    1:51:07 Religion often offers a community, a social support, which we’ve just been talking about,
    1:51:09 is so vitally important.
    1:51:15 So that’s one function that it serves outside of belief, really, to some degree.
    1:51:22 I mean, not outside of it, because obviously you fit with these people because you belong
    1:51:25 with them, because you have a shared belief, right?
    1:51:33 I think one of the things that’s really challenging, one of my graduate students now, a professor at
    1:51:40 Emory University named Roman Politsky, looks at this idea of spirituality and religion and notes
    1:51:45 that while it can be very supportive for people who are grieving, it can also be a moment where
    1:51:47 our beliefs are challenged.
    1:51:50 How could God let this happen?
    1:51:52 How could a benevolent God let this happen?
    1:51:53 Those sorts of things.
    1:52:00 And what he finds is, if you think about sort of spiritual quest or existential quest, that
    1:52:06 the loss of someone close to you is often this turning moment, and that that actually can be
    1:52:15 incredibly difficult and sort of add a whole layer of stress and disruption in grieving.
    1:52:24 So it isn’t universally good to have religious beliefs or community because we can find ourselves
    1:52:28 at odds suddenly with what we believed before.
    1:52:33 But I think about it in one other way as well.
    1:52:37 So, you know, I’m a dyed-in-the-wool neuroscientist.
    1:52:49 I think that when I fall head over heels for this person, that that becomes encoded in my neurons.
    1:52:54 I also think that that’s proof that they are everlasting.
    1:52:59 They are physiologically my…
    1:53:06 There is an epigenetic change that we know happens when prairie voles, those little rodents I was
    1:53:10 talking about, in the 24 hours after they mate for life.
    1:53:12 There’s epigenetic changes.
    1:53:19 The proteins around the genes in that nucleus accumbens region of the brain change because they
    1:53:34 fell in love, not because they fell in love with just anyone, but they fell in love with this vole and they will return to this vole and spend the majority of their time with this vole for the rest of their life.
    1:53:54 I cannot think of proof of something beyond the ordinary more than the idea that now two have literally become one, that literally those neurons will forever be embedded with the other.
    1:54:01 So, for me, I don’t need it to be organized religion.
    1:54:16 I am perfectly happy to see the beauty and transcendence in the neural understanding of what happens in attachment and then how that has to change during grieving.
    1:54:31 And for those that believe in an afterlife by virtue of religious belief, there must be data exploring whether they move through the grieving process in a more complete way.
    1:54:45 I mean, I could imagine that for people that have to accept the realities of biology without any real faith in an afterlife, that it’s pretty hard to shut down the protest.
    1:55:01 And for those that believe in an afterlife, the idea that somebody’s energy or maybe even reincarnation, depending on someone’s beliefs, that takes the whole process out of protest through despair.
    1:55:04 You don’t get to skip any steps.
    1:55:05 That’s what I’m learning from you today.
    1:55:07 No one gets to skip any steps.
    1:55:14 Through despair and to this process of transmutation that there’s a path.
    1:55:18 I mean, there’s a path laid out should they believe in it that they can follow.
    1:55:22 Whereas for people that don’t have faith, they have to find their own path.
    1:55:31 I think the research that speaks to this that I stick with, this is an older study now, but has always been remarkable to me.
    1:55:38 And the reason that it is remarkable is it is a truly prospective bereavement study, which is incredibly rare.
    1:55:43 So what that means, this was called the Changing Lives of Older Couples study.
    1:55:49 It was done in Michigan, funded by NIH, and it was a 10-year study.
    1:55:57 So to be accepted into the study, they looked for couples where one of the members of the couple was over 65.
    1:55:59 That was the entry criteria.
    1:56:00 You’re a couple.
    1:56:02 One of you is over 65.
    1:56:07 They interviewed both members of the couple about a host of different things.
    1:56:11 And then they followed the couples for 10 years.
    1:56:18 And when one of them died, they went back and re-interviewed the surviving spouse.
    1:56:27 So what it means is usually when we’re doing grief-related studies, we’re recruiting participants into the study after the death has happened
    1:56:30 or maybe shortly before the death happens.
    1:56:33 But in those cases, we know that there’s going to be a death, right?
    1:56:39 So this was how are people just functioning in their life and then later what happens?
    1:56:45 And there was a natural control sample where they re-interviewed couples where both remained alive during that time.
    1:56:54 All of this is to say, I mean, it’s a magnificent—I don’t think it will ever be funded again because it was such a large and long study.
    1:57:05 But what it allowed us to do was look at their religious beliefs, look at their understanding of life and death before anyone was sick,
    1:57:09 and then see how that predicted how they handled grief later.
    1:57:19 And what we learned from that study is for people who had a way of understanding the role of death in life,
    1:57:25 which for many people was a religious understanding, having a religious faith, a religious belief,
    1:57:32 but for some people was more of a philosophical or even sort of agricultural cycle of life kind of understanding.
    1:57:38 For those who had a way to understand these life and death type issues,
    1:57:44 it predicted less grief severity after the loss of this specific individual,
    1:57:49 as though having thought through some of these existential issues in advance
    1:57:56 enables us when one situation happens to kind of at least harken back to what we believed,
    1:58:00 with the caveat that it may throw your beliefs into disarray.
    1:58:06 But in this empirical study, at least, it offered a path, just as you said.
    1:58:13 And so that to me suggests, you know, if we take it out of just the empirical finding,
    1:58:18 that maybe we ought to be thinking about these things, you know?
    1:58:22 Maybe we need to contemplate what happens.
    1:58:26 How do we understand death and life and grief and illness?
    1:58:33 And how do we live our lives now knowing that that is a part of the future?
    1:58:38 I think thinking about death is incredibly useful.
    1:58:38 Yeah.
    1:58:40 And I think most people are terrified to do it.
    1:58:41 And I was for a long time.
    1:58:43 And then eventually enough friends of mine died.
    1:58:44 Yeah.
    1:58:47 Some of whom were my age or younger.
    1:58:47 Yeah.
    1:58:49 And I realized, I got to think about this one.
    1:58:50 I know.
    1:58:53 So I have a couple of questions about practices specifically.
    1:58:58 I have this practice that I do every day, which is more or less like yoga nidra,
    1:59:03 self-directed relaxation, long exhale breathing, which sort of coined non-sleep deep rest.
    1:59:03 Yeah.
    1:59:06 People who listen to this podcast have heard of it before.
    1:59:13 On the first long exhale, I like to, believe it or not, I like to imagine that at some point,
    1:59:20 and this is a very realistic thought, by the way, at some point I will take my last exhale.
    1:59:20 Yeah.
    1:59:23 And I want to be present for it.
    1:59:23 Yes.
    1:59:29 Hopefully I will be, unless I go in my sleep or by sudden accident or who knows, right?
    1:59:30 Yeah.
    1:59:35 It serves a particular role for me, which is to just really acknowledge that time is finite.
    1:59:38 And it allows me to lean into life more.
    1:59:38 Yes.
    1:59:40 I don’t exit that practice terrified.
    1:59:42 I exit that practice rejuvenated.
    1:59:42 Yes.
    1:59:44 And with the understanding that days are limited.
    1:59:45 Yes.
    1:59:54 The other thing is that I’m not such a huge fan of Hunter Thompson for any particular reason related to the drug taking or the wild stories.
    1:59:57 I mean, I’m amused by him.
    2:00:01 And certainly he did some interesting creative work.
    2:00:02 Mm-hmm.
    2:00:03 I love the stories about him.
    2:00:07 I have friends that live in Aspen and stories about Hunter are everywhere still.
    2:00:07 Mm-hmm.
    2:00:19 But I learned that his wish for his funeral was that his ashes be shot out of a cannon over Aspen and that there’d be a giant celebration.
    2:00:20 Mm-hmm.
    2:00:26 And when I learned about that, and this was some years ago, I decided to write out a document, which was not a will of assets.
    2:00:30 Yes, I have that separately, but just a note to people.
    2:00:30 Yeah.
    2:00:35 And it literally starts, if I die, here’s some things I’d like you to know.
    2:00:35 Mm-hmm.
    2:00:39 And I did that because I sort of wish people had done that for me.
    2:00:39 Yes.
    2:00:42 And for the other people in their lives because I see how much confusion.
    2:00:43 Yes.
    2:00:46 And sadness and time is lost of life.
    2:00:46 Yeah.
    2:00:56 In the relatives and friends and loved ones of people that I have to believe didn’t want that for the people they loved because I loved them.
    2:00:56 Right.
    2:00:59 So I thought, this is like a simple thing to do but very hard to do.
    2:01:00 Yes.
    2:01:05 And so if I went out on a limb here and I said, listen, I think everyone should do this.
    2:01:07 And by the way, I update this document quite often.
    2:01:07 Yeah.
    2:01:10 Sometimes I add people to it, add things to it.
    2:01:11 Some people get deleted.
    2:01:12 Mm-hmm.
    2:01:13 It’s true.
    2:01:20 I’m not a spiteful person, but some people just, they don’t belong on that page any longer.
    2:01:22 But I feel very good about having this document.
    2:01:22 Yeah.
    2:01:26 And I have a place where it’s password protected and it’s someone has the password.
    2:01:28 And why don’t we do this?
    2:01:30 I’m not saying we should do this in the second grade.
    2:01:32 That’s a lot to put on a second grader.
    2:01:32 Yeah.
    2:01:40 But why don’t we do this when we graduate high school or middle school and then just update that document?
    2:01:50 Are we so terrified of dying that we’re willing to shoulder the people we leave behind with immense amounts of grief that’s frankly unnecessary?
    2:01:53 Maybe I’m being too logical about this.
    2:01:53 Yeah.
    2:01:57 I mean, I can tell you, Andrew, your friends will still grieve.
    2:01:58 Well.
    2:01:59 Even with the document.
    2:01:59 All right.
    2:02:03 Well, hopefully they, I don’t know, they go adopt bulldogs while they do it.
    2:02:03 Exactly.
    2:02:07 You know, there’s things that for me, if they really want to know what they could do.
    2:02:07 Yeah.
    2:02:10 If the desire is to transmute my memory.
    2:02:11 Yeah.
    2:02:14 A lot of it just has to do with I wouldn’t want them to miss a moment.
    2:02:14 Yeah.
    2:02:14 I really wouldn’t.
    2:02:15 Absolutely.
    2:02:16 I mean, I wouldn’t want them necessarily to forget me.
    2:02:19 But the notion that people would lose life energy.
    2:02:20 Yeah.
    2:02:22 Trying to bring back what’s impossible.
    2:02:22 Mm-hmm.
    2:02:25 Like, to me, I understand that you can’t skip this process.
    2:02:26 No.
    2:02:28 But I don’t know.
    2:02:30 I just would want everyone, I think Hunter had it right.
    2:02:30 Yeah.
    2:02:31 Throw a big party.
    2:02:32 Absolutely.
    2:02:34 And I think you are right.
    2:02:38 And many cultures, you know, you think of the New Orleans jazz funeral, right?
    2:02:42 There are many cultures where it is very celebratory.
    2:02:44 And there is nothing wrong with wanting that.
    2:02:50 And there is nothing wrong with giving permission from beyond the grave to your friends and loved ones
    2:02:53 and family to feel that way.
    2:02:58 I will also say, you know, I also wish that childbirth wasn’t painful.
    2:02:59 But it is, you know.
    2:03:03 So they’re going to grieve because they are attached to you.
    2:03:06 It’s just how it works.
    2:03:07 They don’t get to pick.
    2:03:11 They don’t get to say, oh, Andrew wouldn’t want this to happen.
    2:03:13 And so I won’t grieve.
    2:03:13 Darn it.
    2:03:14 I’m sorry.
    2:03:17 But I still think that it is valuable for them.
    2:03:20 I also think it’s very valuable for you.
    2:03:23 So what you said was, are we all just so terrified?
    2:03:26 And yes, the answer is yes.
    2:03:35 Even research shows us something called terror management theory tells us that we are so terrified
    2:03:43 that we have all these psychological ways that we avoid the reality that we all know is true,
    2:03:49 that we do all sorts of things to keep it out of sight, keep it out of mind.
    2:03:52 And one of the ways we can do that is by not writing about it, right?
    2:03:53 Not talking about it.
    2:03:58 I had an experience when my mother was in the final stages of dying.
    2:04:04 I was flying back and forth to this little tiny mountainous hometown over and over again.
    2:04:12 And because I was in graduate school at the time, and whenever there was turbulence, I would
    2:04:13 have a panic attack.
    2:04:18 Whenever the plane took off, whenever the plane landed, I would have a panic attack.
    2:04:20 And I worked with that for a long time.
    2:04:22 I was studying clinical psychology.
    2:04:25 I knew the first and most important thing was not to avoid flying.
    2:04:32 The exposure of doing it again and again, as brutally painful as it was, was important.
    2:04:36 I never wanted to give up flying, give up that way of living.
    2:04:42 But at some point, as time went on, I realized I was terrified of dying.
    2:04:47 And I also realized that was going to happen.
    2:04:54 And I also developed a practice, partly through Buddhist training, as you yourself talked about.
    2:04:58 But I developed a practice of, whenever there was turbulence, saying to myself,
    2:05:00 yes, you are not wrong.
    2:05:01 This could be the day.
    2:05:04 Are you okay with that?
    2:05:10 And if you’re not okay with that, what do you need to do to get your life right so you
    2:05:11 are okay with it?
    2:05:20 And to live your life with the knowledge that we will die, and to prepare to say, I love you,
    2:05:24 I forgive you, please forgive me, and I’m grateful as often as we need to.
    2:05:27 But also to know that we might not die.
    2:05:30 And so, of course, we also have to plan for that too.
    2:05:35 But my point here is, that terror you’re talking about is real.
    2:05:37 It is physiological.
    2:05:45 And for many of us, I think learning how to deal with the terror around death is,
    2:05:52 in part, a way of learning how to live and understand and cope with and use a toolkit
    2:05:58 to think about the pain of grief, those waves of grief that come.
    2:06:05 All of these things teach us more about how our body reacts, our unique body.
    2:06:06 Only this one, right?
    2:06:11 This is the one time that this instance will happen that is Mary Frances.
    2:06:13 How does it respond to loss?
    2:06:14 How does it react?
    2:06:17 What soothes Mary Frances?
    2:06:21 What actually makes Mary Frances feel more connected?
    2:06:29 Learning all of those things, they teach us how to be more authentic in the world because
    2:06:33 we’re the only one that gets to do this instance, you know?
    2:06:40 I will say that in the book that I wrote recently, The Grieving Body, some of these lessons have
    2:06:45 come to me because I have multiple sclerosis.
    2:06:52 And so learning to live in a body that I don’t know when I wake up some mornings, will I be too
    2:06:54 fatigued to lecture standing up?
    2:06:57 Guess I’m going to have to, you know, change how I do today.
    2:07:01 Has meant I have a lot of empathy for people who are grieving.
    2:07:07 They don’t get to pick that today’s the day that they’re going to be a basket case or today’s
    2:07:11 the day they’re going to be so foggy they can’t remember where the heck they parked, even though
    2:07:15 they’re a perfectly normal, functional human being.
    2:07:20 Or today’s the day that really cereal is all they can muster for dinner, you know?
    2:07:25 I have a lot of empathy for that because that is just the natural reaction.
    2:07:27 You don’t get to pick.
    2:07:33 You do get to pick a little bit over time how you cope with it, how you adapt to it.
    2:07:40 But it gives me a lot of empathy for people who are listening right now who are in infinite
    2:07:45 grief, even though it won’t be infinite like it is today.
    2:07:47 Beautifully put.
    2:07:56 The thought that comes to mind is, you know, we hear about people, like say, going through
    2:08:00 a really rough cancer treatment or some other rough patch of life.
    2:08:01 Yeah.
    2:08:03 And there’s this will to live thing.
    2:08:10 The more I read about this in the neuroscience, there seems to be some relationship to this anterior
    2:08:13 mid-cingulate cortex, tenacity, willpower thing.
    2:08:15 You never want to boil things down to a single brain structure.
    2:08:23 But the anterior mid-cingulate cortex and structures within its network do seem to be related to this
    2:08:26 idea of I’m going to lean into the challenge.
    2:08:29 And that’s a beautiful notion.
    2:08:36 And I think it’s made even more beautiful by what I’m learning today, which is the understanding
    2:08:39 that we need to learn how to go from that.
    2:08:42 That sort of protest, no.
    2:08:46 It’s like I’m going to get up, shower, get dressed, even if it feels like running a marathon
    2:08:47 today.
    2:08:49 If you’ve grieved, you’ve been there.
    2:08:50 Yes.
    2:08:56 And then also to the, you know what, I’m just going to dissolve into a puddle of my own tears
    2:08:58 for a couple hours.
    2:08:59 Under a blanket.
    2:09:03 And then I know that I’ll be able to emerge from that and do it again.
    2:09:09 And for people that are responsible for kids or for anything, even taking a dog out for a
    2:09:15 walk, what I just described is, you know, truly a mental and physical marathon.
    2:09:17 It’s not just a mental emotional marathon.
    2:09:18 It’s not.
    2:09:23 So what I’m learning and realizing and talking to you and learning about your work a bit more
    2:09:29 here is that, you know, this is a process of learning to go back and forth from the accelerator
    2:09:33 to the break, to the just collapse, to repeat.
    2:09:34 Yes.
    2:09:36 And we don’t know how long it’s going to last.
    2:09:40 And we know from the literature on stress that not knowing how long something is going
    2:09:43 to last is one of the most stressful things about a stressor.
    2:09:44 It is.
    2:09:51 So for people that are navigating this grief process in the context of loss of life, or
    2:09:55 perhaps breakups, you know, we didn’t really get into this, but for some people, especially
    2:10:00 people that have never been through a major breakup before, it can be devastating.
    2:10:00 Absolutely.
    2:10:08 You talked about some of the steps, and we can put some more, you know, broad advice around
    2:10:14 it to just feel, but is there anything that you want people to make sure to remember?
    2:10:20 In the moments where it feels, like, too much overwhelming, they can’t remember if they’re
    2:10:25 in protest despair, they don’t give a damn about go or no go or transmutation, they’re
    2:10:26 just like, this sucks.
    2:10:27 Yeah.
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    2:11:15 I would say it does.
    2:11:19 And it is okay.
    2:11:26 There is no way to optimize your grieving.
    2:11:36 It is, you know, when people say, I say this jokingly, but, you know, I say to people sometimes,
    2:11:39 well, when did you get over your wedding day?
    2:11:43 Because that’s not a question that makes any sense.
    2:11:48 That’s like saying, when did you get over your loss, right?
    2:11:53 So I think it’s funny that you’ve really picked up on this.
    2:12:05 We talk about in the literature on grief and grieving this idea of oscillation, that mental health is really about oscillation.
    2:12:08 We call it the dual process model of bereavement.
    2:12:19 And the idea is that when people can have the loss, feelings, thoughts, behaviors, barely can make cereal,
    2:12:25 and also can have the restoration stressors they have to deal with.
    2:12:27 And I don’t mean this is a good thing.
    2:12:38 I mean, this is like, wait, I have to do the taxes, and I’ve never done the taxes, but I got to figure it out because apparently life goes on.
    2:12:49 So it is stressful, but the capacity to oscillate back and forth between dealing with the loss of this loved person and restoring a meaningful life.
    2:12:53 Being able to go back and forth is actually the sign of health.
    2:12:59 And I will give you an example that has always stuck with me.
    2:13:16 I think knowing that people, they cry a lot when they’re grieving, and it is hard to see until you get familiar with the idea that, nope, this is just what it is, right?
    2:13:28 And this older man that was in one of my research studies when I was at UCLA, I often will ask people, how did your loved one die at the beginning of a clinical interview?
    2:13:32 And I let them start wherever they interpret that as broadly as they want to.
    2:13:43 And he told me that he had fallen in love with this high school sweetheart, and they had gotten married and had two kids, and there was a picket fence in there somewhere.
    2:13:52 And he told me that she got breast cancer and that he cared for her while she was on hospice.
    2:13:58 And then he cried when he told me about her dying, which had been about two years ago.
    2:14:14 And then he told me that he had been going to dinner with this woman who was very different from his wife, but that she brought out, like, really different parts of his personality and that he was really enjoying having dinner with him.
    2:14:16 And he was very surprised by this.
    2:14:26 And then he looked at me and he said, the thing is, it was really good then, and it’s really good now.
    2:14:32 And to me, that was sort of the encapsulation, you know, of mental health.
    2:14:44 Not that he didn’t cry when he talked about her dying, but that he could go back and forth and fully participate in life now, too.
    2:14:46 It’s awesome.
    2:14:47 It’s a very warming story.
    2:14:55 And what you said before about, you know, that it’s okay and you need to just feel it and that there’s no way to optimize.
    2:14:56 Yeah.
    2:15:00 I realized that perhaps the only way to prolong the process is by trying to shorten it.
    2:15:00 Yeah.
    2:15:02 Oh, Andrew, that’s brilliant.
    2:15:03 I may have to borrow that.
    2:15:07 The only way to prolong the process is to try and shorten it.
    2:15:17 Well, having gone through different forms of loss and seen other people go through different forms of loss, it’s like the brain, especially the thinking brain, will do anything to try and get around the thing.
    2:15:17 Anything.
    2:15:29 And then, you know, there’s no easy way to jump in the cold water, take a gut punch, or at some point you just got to do it.
    2:15:36 I mean, I think it is true that along with rumination, that avoidance actually makes it harder.
    2:15:39 So, you know, sometimes people are avoiding a conversation.
    2:15:43 Sometimes people are avoiding driving by the hospital.
    2:15:48 You know, they’ll drive an hour out of the way so they don’t have to go by the place where it happened and be reminded.
    2:15:48 Oh, yeah.
    2:15:50 Makes sense when you say it, but yeah.
    2:15:50 Absolutely.
    2:15:54 Or they avoid dealing with the closet of the person, right?
    2:16:10 All of these methods of avoidance, which, as you said, in some way are partially protest, you know, it makes it harder for us to learn how to be in life now.
    2:16:25 Now, the classic example is the couple who used to go to dinner with their couple friends, you know, every Friday or whatever, and one of them dies, and she just can’t go to dinner with her friends anymore.
    2:16:28 You know, say that’s what she’s avoiding.
    2:16:34 We each have to, you know, have a come-to-ourselves moment and be honest with ourselves about what it is we’re avoiding.
    2:16:41 But if, let’s say, that’s the case, and let’s say she reaches out and she says, look, I don’t want to do this.
    2:16:47 It seems really painful, but I miss you guys, too, and so let’s try going to dinner.
    2:16:49 And I will tell you, it’s going to suck.
    2:17:00 She is going to feel awful, and she is going to be reminded of him the whole time, and she is going to think, I never want to do that again.
    2:17:05 And then when she does it again, she, it’s still going to suck.
    2:17:12 But maybe she also has a conversation with her friend about a book she hadn’t heard of, and she thinks, well, maybe I’ll get that book.
    2:17:27 And then there’s this slow, upward spiral, right, with the support of the people around us, where we start to figure out what is life like with this person not on this earthly plane.
    2:17:31 How do I do things?
    2:17:33 You do the things first.
    2:17:36 The motivation, the good feelings, they come much later.
    2:17:38 Like so many things in life.
    2:17:40 They told us it was the other way around.
    2:17:41 I know.
    2:17:41 They lied.
    2:17:42 They lied.
    2:17:43 They lied.
    2:17:48 There’s a great Simpsons episode where Lisa Simpson has a poem about her cat that died.
    2:17:50 They said that he was sleeping.
    2:17:50 They lied.
    2:17:51 They lied.
    2:17:52 And I lied.
    2:17:53 So true.
    2:17:53 It’s so true.
    2:17:54 Lisa’s very smart.
    2:17:55 She is very smart.
    2:17:55 She’s very smart.
    2:17:57 Maybe the only one in the family.
    2:18:06 You offered a really beautiful parallel to an anniversary, or we could say, or the birth of a child.
    2:18:10 We have memorials.
    2:18:13 We have the one upon death.
    2:18:18 We have the memorial usually on the year anniversary of someone’s passing.
    2:18:21 And over time, they become celebrations of life, not death.
    2:18:31 I’ve always been struck by this, despite everything we know about memory, the recency effect that we remember things that happened more recently more than we remember things that happened at the beginning.
    2:18:33 There’s also the primacy effect.
    2:18:33 Okay.
    2:18:34 We had an episode about this.
    2:18:35 People can look it up.
    2:18:41 But we remember things that are more recent in time than more distant in time, you know, obviously.
    2:18:54 And yet, if somebody has a long life or even a short life, and then there’s a really rough ending, at the time of the memorial, it’s hard to set that aside.
    2:18:54 Yeah.
    2:19:00 But it does seem to get erased without a lot of specific intention.
    2:19:01 Now, I guess there are exceptions.
    2:19:06 If somebody died a violent death or in cases of suicide, I realize there are exceptions.
    2:19:14 But having been a pallbearer at funerals and it felt the body roll in the casket, and you’re like, oh, you know, it’s just a rough feeling.
    2:19:15 It’s a really rough feeling.
    2:19:19 Or watching somebody really suffer.
    2:19:19 Yeah.
    2:19:23 You know, I’ll never forget seeing my grandfather, like, really trying to take breaths.
    2:19:26 And it was just awful to see.
    2:19:28 But that’s not what I think about when I think about it.
    2:19:33 With each passing year, you remember more of the life, not the death, in most cases.
    2:19:36 That’s a beautiful feature to all this.
    2:19:38 It’s like nature made all of this very, very difficult.
    2:19:39 Yeah.
    2:19:46 But then, like, scored us one, like, little twist in the whole thing that violates everything I understand about memory.
    2:19:46 Yeah.
    2:19:48 What do you think that is?
    2:19:53 I think that it’s a mystery.
    2:19:56 Why does it work this way?
    2:19:59 Except that it helps us to be more resilient, right?
    2:20:08 I think there’s a lot of things where around the time of the loss, we’re very zoomed in.
    2:20:11 People feel guilty.
    2:20:13 I should have done this, right?
    2:20:19 They’re zoomed in on the role that you played, you know, even though a hundred different people interacted.
    2:20:26 Or we’re zoomed in on how they felt during that last week instead of how they felt their whole life.
    2:20:30 You’re zoomed in on, I didn’t say goodbye.
    2:20:34 But think of all the times you said goodbye and I love you.
    2:20:37 And so, I mean, I think it makes sense, right?
    2:20:42 Our brain is trying to understand this very important thing that is happening.
    2:20:45 Of course you are zoomed in on it happening.
    2:20:58 But over time, as we adjust, we sort of are able to zoom out more and we’re able to see this in context of so many things.
    2:21:10 You know, I’m reminded that, you know, as we sleep, one of the functions of those dreams seems to be that we’ll go through events again and again.
    2:21:18 But it’s as though the brain is finding a way to detach some of the intensity of the emotion from the memory, right?
    2:21:23 And so maybe this is a similar process over many, many nights and many days, right?
    2:21:32 Where we’re able to gain a little more perspective over time and over experience.
    2:21:51 So if, for example, you won’t allow yourself to think about those lost moments, the moment that he was struggling to breathe or when you saw the car accident or whatever it is, if you won’t allow yourself to think about it, that has different implications for memory.
    2:22:02 And then often it does get more emotional so that the process of avoidance is actually sort of calling it up and then suppressing it.
    2:22:07 So you’re actually calling it up more often than you would if you would just let it come, right?
    2:22:10 So, I mean, I don’t want to make light of it.
    2:22:21 In some of those cases, it can be very helpful if people are having troubling memories and especially if the troubling memories are getting worse over time.
    2:22:29 This is an important time to seek out a psychologist because we have intervention strategies of how to navigate that.
    2:22:38 It is not normal for people to get worse over time and for that to persist.
    2:22:42 So it is understandable to feel worse on the anniversary.
    2:22:47 It’s understandable to feel worse on their birthday or something like that in time-limited ways.
    2:22:57 But if, in general, the stock market is getting worse consistently, that is a time to seek professional help.
    2:22:58 Thank you for that message.
    2:23:03 I have one last question, but it’s a kind of big one.
    2:23:06 So we can take as much time as we need to parse it.
    2:23:08 And that’s about time perception.
    2:23:17 So when we’re kids, you know, hopefully we don’t have a whole lot of notion of death,
    2:23:18 at least at the beginning.
    2:23:21 And it seems like life is going to go on forever.
    2:23:24 And that can last into one’s teens and 20s.
    2:23:27 It can be constructive in certain ways.
    2:23:28 It can be destructive in certain ways.
    2:23:34 I had the experience where my second advisor, my graduate advisor, all three of my advisors are dead, incidentally.
    2:23:38 But my graduate advisor was dying of breast cancer.
    2:23:39 And she was very close to the end.
    2:23:40 She died at 50.
    2:23:41 Incredible woman.
    2:23:48 And I did have the opportunity to have a call with her, which, you know, was an incredible experience.
    2:23:53 And I’m just going to talk about it superficially because I don’t want this to be about my experience.
    2:23:54 I’m using this by way of example.
    2:23:55 Yeah.
    2:23:57 I’ve cried before on this podcast and a few others.
    2:23:58 I don’t feel like crying today.
    2:23:59 And I’m just going to take that.
    2:24:01 And that’s good emotion regulation.
    2:24:02 And it’s my podcast.
    2:24:06 So I can decide when I – most of the time I can decide when I cry or not cry.
    2:24:12 So – but it was so interesting that in that conversation, you know, I wanted to know what I could do.
    2:24:14 Visit the girls.
    2:24:18 There was a course that I helped fundraise for in her name, et cetera, et cetera.
    2:24:28 But one thing that we talked about was the fact that there were these little moments that she had accrued in the weeks leading up to what – she knew she was going to die.
    2:24:28 Yeah.
    2:24:32 And she even said, you know, this is going to be our – I’ll stop.
    2:24:34 She said, this will be our last conversation.
    2:24:37 Okay, so – and it was like, whoa, she got it.
    2:24:38 Yeah.
    2:24:40 And she was describing these little moments.
    2:24:43 I’m saying this with joy even though I’m welling up a little bit.
    2:24:49 Like the little things like she had watched the Giants – she was a big Giants fan – watched the Giants game with the girls.
    2:24:53 They had gone to the House of Flowers.
    2:24:54 She was married there.
    2:24:56 And suddenly we did her memorial there as well.
    2:24:57 Like these little moments.
    2:25:03 And it almost seemed as if she was fine slicing time down to a – such narrow slices.
    2:25:08 Like I almost expected her to tell me that like, you know, like a bird flew past her window.
    2:25:09 Yeah.
    2:25:12 You know, like the things that we miss when we’re in the speed of life.
    2:25:13 Yeah.
    2:25:17 So it’s like not thinking about death allows us to think in these bigger bins.
    2:25:17 Yep.
    2:25:19 It’s very adaptive.
    2:25:19 Mm-hmm.
    2:25:26 And yet there was something really beautiful about, you know, what she was experiencing, this fine slicing of time.
    2:25:26 Yeah.
    2:25:32 And I’ve been motivated to read – there’s a wonderful book, The Secret Pulse of Time, that talks about this somewhat.
    2:25:37 You know, if you read The Denial of Death, you learn about this.
    2:25:41 So as people get closer and closer to the end, their time perception changes.
    2:25:42 Yeah.
    2:25:43 They’re in a high frame rate.
    2:25:43 Mm-hmm.
    2:25:47 And they’re gleaming tons of experience in short amounts of time.
    2:25:47 Yeah.
    2:25:51 Do we have any idea what this is – like I’m sure there’s a neural circuit.
    2:25:51 Mm-hmm.
    2:25:59 But I’m curious what you think about this in terms of our experience of life, dying, and grief.
    2:25:59 Mm-hmm.
    2:26:00 Like I said, small questions.
    2:26:01 Yes, small questions.
    2:26:14 I know that there is a scientific basis, although it is a very difficult time to do research during terminal illness and especially close to the end of life.
    2:26:17 But there is some research in this area.
    2:26:19 Not, again, an expert in it.
    2:26:32 But I will tell you that learning to regulate our attention is, of course, at the basis of learning to regulate a lot of things about our body, our mind, our emotions.
    2:26:36 And I think that – you know, I think of it this way.
    2:26:45 There are periods of my life where I have very little energy, where I can’t shower standing up, for example.
    2:26:46 I don’t have that kind of energy to spare.
    2:26:47 Because of the MS.
    2:26:48 Because of the MS.
    2:26:58 And what it teaches me is, first, the difference between motivation and energy.
    2:27:04 So I can be unmotivated to go to the gym.
    2:27:11 But if I can overcome the motivation problem, I often have the energy to work out.
    2:27:15 On the other hand, sometimes I don’t have the energy.
    2:27:18 And then it is important for me to stop.
    2:27:19 Right?
    2:27:22 Because I can do more damage than good.
    2:27:26 Some days I don’t have energy or motivation.
    2:27:28 And that is just the worst of despair.
    2:27:34 And then some days, magically, I have both.
    2:27:44 And it is only because I have known the deprivation that the days I have both motivation and energy are such gifts.
    2:27:56 So I think there’s a way in which until we can’t know abundance, we can’t know abundance either.
    2:28:02 And when we know loss, it takes smaller and smaller things for it to feel abundant.
    2:28:06 And it sounds a lot like that’s what she’s describing in many ways.
    2:28:25 And what’s interesting is the degree to which we can use practices like yoga nidra, like other religious or philosophical practices to teach us to regulate our emotions through shifting our attention.
    2:28:36 I, right now, I, right now, can learn to make this the most enjoyable moment of the whole day.
    2:28:37 Right now.
    2:28:40 But that takes a lot of practice, right?
    2:28:47 I have learned to do that over time because otherwise I couldn’t get through those periods of fatigue, you know?
    2:28:49 So I don’t know.
    2:28:57 I think there are ways, again, that we can learn to work with our mind, with our brain, with our body.
    2:29:09 We don’t get all, we don’t get to pick all the parameters, but we can learn about the parameters to sort of understand how to work with them instead of against them.
    2:29:23 I think both in terms of the length of our life, the losses and separations we have to endure, and just getting to have this one wild and crazy moment.
    2:29:25 I love it.
    2:29:36 Mary Frances, thank you so much for coming here today and sharing your wisdom and telling us about the incredible work you’re doing in your lab.
    2:29:54 You know, you’re not just talking about this stuff, you research this stuff in very controlled studies of humans, and you know the animal literature, and I marvel at your ability to pull from these different sources of scholarship, but also that you’re so grounded in the clinical practice, but also in the realities of daily life.
    2:30:12 Because if things get too scientific or too clinical, they can become a bit detached, and you clearly have all three, and I also appreciate your willingness to embrace the spiritual side, too, because many people think about that or arrive to these kinds of topics with that in mind.
    2:30:20 So thank you for the work you’re doing in your lab, thank you for educating us, and I learned so much, and I know everyone else did as well.
    2:30:35 Tons of things to put to practice here in the inevitable grief that everyone will experience, and hopefully the inevitable reflections that grief also highlights the good parts of life, too.
    2:30:39 So please do come back again and share with us your next steps in the lab.
    2:30:40 I absolutely will.
    2:30:44 And Andrew, thank you for bringing the science to people.
    2:30:45 My pleasure.
    2:30:45 Thank you.
    2:30:50 Thank you for joining me for today’s discussion with Dr. Mary Frances O’Connor.
    2:30:56 To find links to her laboratory’s research and to her two excellent books, please see the show note captions.
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    2:32:29 And on all those platforms, I discuss science and science-related tools, some of which overlaps with the content of the Huberman Lab podcast, but much of which is distinct from the information on the Huberman Lab podcast.
    2:32:33 Again, it’s Huberman Lab on all social media platforms.
    2:32:49 And if you haven’t already subscribed to our Neural Network newsletter, the Neural Network newsletter is a zero-cost monthly newsletter that includes podcast summaries, as well as what we call protocols in the form of one-to-three-page PDFs that cover everything from how to optimize your sleep, how to optimize dopamine, deliberate cold exposure.
    2:32:54 We have a foundational fitness protocol that covers cardiovascular training and resistance training.
    2:32:57 All of that is available completely zero cost.
    2:33:03 You simply go to HubermanLab.com, go to the menu tab in the top right corner, scroll down to newsletter, and enter your email.
    2:33:06 And I should emphasize that we do not share your email with anybody.
    2:33:11 Thank you once again for joining me for today’s discussion with Dr. Mary Frances O’Connor.
    2:33:16 And last, but certainly not least, thank you for your interest in science.
    Chào mừng đến với Podcast của Phòng thí nghiệm Huberman, nơi chúng ta thảo luận về khoa học và các công cụ dựa trên khoa học cho cuộc sống hàng ngày. Tôi là Andrew Huberman, và tôi là giáo sư sinh lý thần kinh và nhãn khoa tại Trường Y khoa Stanford. Khách mời hôm nay của tôi là Tiến sĩ Mary Frances O’Connor. Tiến sĩ O’Connor là giáo sư tâm lý học lâm sàng và tâm thần học tại Đại học Arizona, nơi cô điều hành Phòng thí nghiệm Nỗi đau, Mất mát và Căng thẳng xã hội.
    Hôm nay, chúng ta sẽ thảo luận về khoa học thần kinh của sự gắn bó và mất mát, và lý do tại sao nỗi buồn thực sự cảm thấy đau đớn trong cơ thể chúng ta. Chúng ta cũng bàn về những rủi ro sức khỏe rất nghiêm trọng khi ở trong trạng thái nỗi buồn. Trong suốt tập podcast này, chúng ta sẽ thảo luận về các cách để đối phó và phục hồi từ nỗi buồn, từ cái chết của một người, cái chết của một con vật, hoặc từ việc mất một mối quan hệ, công việc, hoặc vai trò khác trong cuộc sống của chúng ta. Như bạn sẽ sớm thấy, nghiên cứu của Tiến sĩ O’Connor thực sự rất thú vị và bất ngờ. Cô phát hiện, chẳng hạn, rằng nỗi buồn được hiểu tốt nhất qua lăng kính của sự gắn bó, và rằng dopamine, một phân tử mà chúng ta thường nghe nói trong bối cảnh động lực và niềm vui, tạo ra cảm giác thèm khát mà là trung tâm trong quá trình đau buồn.
    Cô giải thích cách thức để vượt qua nỗi buồn một cách hiệu quả. Chúng ta phải làm việc với cả cảm giác phản kháng và cảm giác tuyệt vọng của mình. Hai điều này, cảm giác phản kháng mà chúng ta từ chối buông tay, hoặc tâm trí và cơ thể của chúng ta không muốn buông tay, cũng như cảm giác tuyệt vọng mà chúng ta không biết phải làm gì, cảm giác như là một nỗi mất mát vô tận, cả hai cảm giác này cần phải được thừa nhận, và sau đó chúng ta phải chuyển hóa những cảm giác đó thành hành động và cảm xúc để duy trì kỷ niệm về người hoặc vai trò mà chúng ta đã chơi một cách tích cực, và vẫn tiến lên phía trước.
    Đến cuối cuộc trò chuyện hôm nay, bạn sẽ có một hiểu biết sâu sắc hơn về nỗi buồn, điều mà mọi người đều phải trải qua ở một thời điểm nào đó trong cuộc đời của họ, không chỉ như một cảm xúc, mà còn như một quá trình tâm lý và sinh lý đặc thù. Ý tưởng không phải là triết lý hóa nỗi buồn, mà là trang bị cho bạn những cách trực tiếp hơn để đối phó với nó, để bạn có thể tôn vinh sự mất mát một cách hoàn chỉnh hơn và có thể tiến lên sau khi đã trưởng thành từ kinh nghiệm đó.
    Trước khi bắt đầu, tôi muốn nhấn mạnh rằng podcast này tách biệt với vai trò giảng dạy và nghiên cứu của tôi tại Stanford. Tuy nhiên, nó là một phần trong mong muốn và nỗ lực của tôi để cung cấp thông tin miễn phí cho người tiêu dùng về khoa học và các công cụ liên quan đến khoa học cho công chúng. Trong tinh thần đó, tập podcast này có chứa các nhà tài trợ.
    Và bây giờ, hãy đến với cuộc trò chuyện của tôi với Tiến sĩ Mary Frances O’Connor. Tiến sĩ Mary Frances O’Connor, chào mừng bạn. Thật tuyệt vời khi có bạn ở đây. Tôi là một người hâm mộ lớn công việc của bạn. Đó là một công việc rất quan trọng. Mọi người đều trải qua nỗi buồn ở một thời điểm nào đó. Không ai tránh khỏi quá trình mà chúng ta gọi là nỗi buồn. Và chúng ta nhận được những thông điệp rất trái ngược từ khi còn nhỏ cho đến khi trưởng thành về cách tốt nhất để đau buồn, nỗi buồn là gì. Công việc của bạn đã làm nổi bật rằng đây là một quá trình không phải lúc nào cũng giống nhau cho mọi người. Nhưng nếu chúng ta cố gắng tập trung vào một số yếu tố cốt lõi của nỗi buồn, mà không quá đơn giản hóa, nếu bạn có thể cho chúng tôi biết nỗi buồn thực sự là gì như một quá trình, một số dấu hiệu của nỗi buồn là gì, có lẽ một số điều mà mọi người trải qua mà họ không nên ngạc nhiên.
    Tôi nghĩ rằng điều tốt là hiểu rằng nỗi buồn là phản ứng tự nhiên đối với mất mát. Nó là một phản ứng tự nhiên, thể chất, cảm xúc và tinh thần đối với cái chết của một người rất gần gũi với chúng ta. Và tôi nghĩ điều đó có thể rất hữu ích cho mọi người trong việc tháo gỡ một số huyền thoại này nếu nghĩ về ý tưởng rằng có sự khác biệt giữa nỗi buồn và việc đau buồn. Nỗi buồn là cái gì đó trong khoảnh khắc đó, bạn biết đấy, tôi có thể nói, Andrew, theo thang điểm từ 1 đến 10, bạn đang cảm thấy nỗi buồn bao nhiêu ngay bây giờ? Và bạn sẽ có thể cho tôi biết ngay bây giờ, trong cơn sóng nỗi buồn này, bạn đang cảm thấy như thế nào. Nhưng việc đau buồn là cách mà nỗi buồn thay đổi theo thời gian. Như bạn đã nói, đó là phần quá trình.
    Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ về nó như thể bạn có thể tưởng tượng thị trường chứng khoán, đúng không? Mỗi ngày, nó lên, nó xuống, nó lên, nó xuống. Một số ngày, nó thực sự xuống. Một số ngày, nó thực sự lên. Nhưng vào cuối năm, bạn vẫn có thể thấy rằng đã có một xu hướng, đúng không? Trong năm, thị trường chứng khoán có thể thực sự tăng, mặc dù bạn đã có một số ngày rất tồi tệ. Tôi nghĩ rằng việc biết điều đó giúp chúng ta nhận ra rằng nỗi buồn sẽ không bao giờ biến mất vì đó là một cảm xúc của con người. Bất cứ khi nào chúng ta nhận thức, bất cứ khi nào chúng ta nhớ rằng người mình yêu đã ra đi, chúng ta sẽ có một cơn sóng nỗi buồn. Và điều đó là bình thường ngay cả sau 25 năm. Nhưng điều đó không có nghĩa là không có quá trình đau buồn. Tôi coi việc đau buồn như một hình thức học hỏi, học cách sống với sự mất mát của người này.
    Vì vậy, tôi đang cố gắng đối chiếu hai điều mà chúng ta đều đã nghe. Một là thời gian chữa lành tất cả vết thương. Và điều khác là sự vắng mặt khiến trái tim trở nên gắn bó hơn. Một phần lý do tôi trở thành một nhà sinh học là vì những câu đố như thế này. Đúng vậy. Bạn biết đấy, bạn không cần phải có chỉ số IQ đặc biệt cao để nhận ra rằng thế giới đầy mâu thuẫn. Đúng vậy. Vậy thì đâu là sự thật? Tôi nghĩ rằng điều quan trọng là chúng ta phải tập trung vào ý tưởng rằng bạn không thể nói về nỗi buồn mà không nói về tình yêu và sự gắn bó. Bởi vì nếu bạn không hiểu điều bạn có, bạn sẽ không thực sự hiểu tác động của sự mất mát đó, đúng không? Vì vậy, sự vắng mặt khiến trái tim trở nên gắn bó hơn là một cách tuyệt vời để mô tả sự gắn bó, đúng không? Khi bạn yêu con của mình hoặc bạn yêu người trở thành vợ/chồng của bạn. Sợi dây kết nối giữa hai bạn khi bạn hình thành một “chúng ta,” đi kèm với niềm tin ngầm này. Và bây giờ chúng ta có tình huống độc đáo và kinh khủng của cái chết, nơi mà khi chúng ta có một người thân còn sống, phản ứng đúng đắn với sự vắng mặt là nghĩ về họ nhiều hơn.
    Hoặc để dồn nhiều năng lượng hơn vào việc đi tìm họ hoặc tạo ra nhiều tiếng ồn hơn để họ đến và tìm bạn. Nhưng trong cái chết, đột ngột chúng ta có hoàn cảnh mà bộ não thực sự sẽ vật lộn để chấp nhận, đó là ý tưởng rằng tôi sẽ không tìm thấy bạn dù có nỗ lực thế nào đi chăng nữa. Tôi nghĩ về điều này như là lý thuyết “đã mất nhưng cũng trường tồn”, đúng không? Vì vậy, dĩ nhiên, chúng ta biết rằng họ đã ra đi. Chúng ta biết rằng họ đã chết. Chúng ta có ký ức về việc ở bên giường bệnh của họ, có thể, hoặc nhận cuộc gọi điện thoại đó hoặc tham dự tang lễ hoặc bất kỳ điều gì đó trong ký ức của chúng ta. Chúng ta đã ghi lại nó. Chúng ta biết rằng họ đã ra đi. Nhưng thần kinh học về sự gắn bó có nghĩa là có một niềm tin ngầm rằng có thể họ vẫn ở đâu đó, đúng không? Và hai điều ấy, hai dòng thông tin ấy, chúng đã ra đi. Chúng tồn tại vĩnh cửu. Không thể đều đúng. Và khi chúng ta nhận thức được, khi chúng ta có khoảnh khắc mà chúng ta nhận ra rằng những điều đó xung đột, chúng ta sẽ cảm nhận được một làn sóng đau buồn.
    Tôi muốn tạm dừng một chút và ghi nhận một trong những nhà tài trợ của chúng tôi, Wealthfront. Tôi đã sử dụng Wealthfront cho việc tiết kiệm và đầu tư của mình trong gần một thập kỷ, và tôi hoàn toàn yêu thích nó. Đầu mỗi năm, tôi đặt ra những mục tiêu mới. Và một trong những mục tiêu của tôi cho năm 2025 là tập trung vào việc tiết kiệm tiền. Kể từ khi tôi có Wealthfront, tôi sẽ giữ tiền tiết kiệm đó trong tài khoản tiền mặt Wealthfront của mình, nơi tôi có thể kiếm được 4% lãi suất hàng năm trên các khoản gửi. Và bạn cũng có thể. Với Wealthfront, bạn có thể kiếm được 4% APY trên số tiền của mình từ các ngân hàng đối tác cho đến khi bạn sẵn sàng chi tiêu hoặc đầu tư số tiền đó. Với Wealthfront, bạn cũng nhận được sự rút tiền ngay lập tức miễn phí đến các tài khoản đủ điều kiện mỗi ngày, ngay cả vào cuối tuần và ngày lễ. Lãi suất 4% APY không phải là một mức lãi suất khuyến mãi, và không có giới hạn về số tiền bạn có thể gửi và kiếm được. Và bạn thậm chí có thể được bảo vệ lên đến 8 triệu USD thông qua bảo hiểm FDIC được cung cấp thông qua các ngân hàng đối tác của Wealthfront. Wealthfront mang đến cho bạn sự rút tiền ngay lập tức miễn phí, nơi bạn chỉ mất vài phút để chuyển tiền của mình đến các tài khoản bên ngoài đủ điều kiện. Nó cũng chỉ mất vài phút để chuyển tiền của bạn từ tài khoản tiền mặt sang bất kỳ tài khoản đầu tư tự động nào của Wealthfront khi bạn sẵn sàng để đầu tư. Đã có một triệu người sử dụng Wealthfront để tiết kiệm nhiều hơn, kiếm nhiều hơn và xây dựng tài sản lâu dài. Hãy kiếm 4% APY trên tiền mặt của bạn ngay hôm nay. Nếu bạn muốn thử Wealthfront, hãy truy cập Wealthfront.com slash Huberman để nhận được khoản tiền thưởng 50 đô la miễn phí với khoản gửi 500 đô la vào tài khoản tiền mặt đầu tiên của bạn. Đó là Wealthfront.com slash Huberman để bắt đầu ngay bây giờ. Đây là một lời chứng thực trả phí của Wealthfront. Wealthfront brokerage không phải là một ngân hàng. Lãi suất APY có thể thay đổi. Để biết thêm thông tin, hãy xem mô tả tập này.
    Tập hôm nay cũng được mang đến cho chúng ta bởi BetterHelp. BetterHelp cung cấp liệu pháp chuyên nghiệp với một nhà trị liệu có giấy phép thực hiện hoàn toàn trực tuyến. Tôi đã tham gia liệu pháp hàng tuần hơn 30 năm qua. Trên thực tế, tôi coi việc tham gia liệu pháp hàng tuần đều đặn quan trọng như việc tập thể dục thường xuyên mà, dĩ nhiên, tôi cũng thực hiện mỗi tuần. Về cơ bản, có ba điều mà liệu pháp tuyệt vời mang lại. Trước hết, liệu pháp tuyệt vời tạo ra mối quan hệ tốt với một người mà bạn có thể tin tưởng và nói về bất kỳ vấn đề nào. Thứ hai, liệu pháp tuyệt vời cung cấp sự hỗ trợ dưới dạng hỗ trợ cảm xúc hoặc hướng dẫn cụ thể. Và thứ ba, liệu pháp chuyên gia có thể cung cấp những hiểu biết hữu ích. Đôi khi những điều đó đến từ nhà trị liệu. Đôi khi bạn tự nhận ra những điều đó trong quá trình liệu pháp. Và đôi khi bạn đến những hiểu biết đó cùng nhau. Những hiểu biết đó có thể cho phép bạn thực hiện những thay đổi để cải thiện cuộc sống của bạn theo những cách không thể đo đếm được. Không chỉ cuộc sống cảm xúc và cuộc sống quan hệ của bạn, mà còn cả cuộc sống nghề nghiệp của bạn. Với BetterHelp, họ khiến việc tìm kiếm một nhà trị liệu chuyên gia mà bạn cảm thấy hòa hợp và có thể cung cấp cho bạn những lợi ích mà những liệu pháp hiệu quả mang lại trở nên rất dễ dàng. Thú vị là, trong một cuộc khảo sát gần đây, 72% thành viên của BetterHelp báo cáo giảm triệu chứng tiêu cực nhờ các buổi trị liệu tại BetterHelp của họ. Nếu bạn muốn thử BetterHelp, hãy truy cập betterhelp.com slash Huberman để nhận được 10% giảm giá cho tháng đầu tiên của bạn. Một lần nữa, đó là betterhelp.com slash Huberman.
    Theo những gì tôi hiểu về nghiên cứu về stress, rất nhiều khả năng chịu căng thẳng của chúng ta đến từ việc biết rằng nó có một điểm kết thúc xác định. Vì vậy, nếu chúng ta nhìn vào, hoặc nếu bạn nhìn từ góc độ công việc lâm sàng của bạn, vì bạn thực sự là một nhà tâm lý học lâm sàng, cũng như một nhà nghiên cứu, một nhà tâm lý học/khoa học thần kinh, bạn đóng nhiều vai trò. Có bằng chứng nào không? Dữ liệu về những người có một khoảng thời gian để dự đoán sự mất mát của ai đó hoặc một con vật cưng? Hoặc có thể thậm chí một khía cạnh nào đó của cuộc sống, như một công việc. Họ đã bị sa thải, nhưng họ có một khoảng thời gian trước khi ngày cuối cùng của họ đến. Hoặc là về hưu. Hoặc ai đó đang chết dần. Chao ôi. So với cái chết đột ngột, một cú sốc, một tai nạn ô tô, hoặc tệ hơn. Dữ liệu cho chúng ta biết điều gì về cách mà nỗi buồn đó được xử lý? Có dễ dàng hơn theo một nghĩa nào đó khi bạn biết có một điểm kết thúc vì bạn có thể dự đoán được kết thúc? Điều gì được biết đến về điều này? Tôi nghĩ có một vài điều mà tôi muốn nhấn mạnh. Chúng ta có thể nghĩ rằng điều gì đó là căng thẳng, và chúng ta có thể nghĩ đến việc đau buồn cho nó. Và những điều đó có thể hơi khác nhau, nhưng chúng ta có thể đạt được điều đó. Nhưng điều tôi muốn nói đến trực tiếp với câu hỏi của bạn là, vâng, điều đó đúng là mất mát đột ngột khó khăn hơn cho chúng ta để học tập, để hiểu những gì đã xảy ra. Bởi vì chúng ta thậm chí không có một ý thức, bạn biết không, chúng ta chưa bao giờ chạy qua kịch bản đó trong tâm trí của mình. Vì vậy, dĩ nhiên, chúng ta sẽ khó khăn hơn để tưởng tượng nó bây giờ. Nhưng còn có điều gì đó, có nhiều điều hơn thế. Chúng ta biết, ví dụ, những cuộc trò chuyện đóng lại với người đang được chăm sóc tại bệnh viện, thực sự là hữu ích, sau khi mất đi, bởi vì chúng ta có thể phản ánh về việc được nói tôi yêu bạn, và cảm ơn bạn, và tôi tha thứ cho bạn. Xin hãy tha thứ cho tôi để nói lời tạm biệt.
    Chúng ta biết rằng có một quá trình ý thức như vậy sẽ hữu ích sau này khi chúng ta phản ánh về sự mất mát. Nhưng tôi muốn nói rằng điều đó không nhất thiết thay đổi sinh học của sự gắn bó. Vì vậy, sự gắn bó là một niềm tin ngầm. Đó là một niềm tin vĩnh viễn. Và vì vậy, tôi nghĩ nó đang cố gắng ngăn cản chúng ta khỏi việc học rằng họ đã ra đi. Và vì vậy, những gì bạn thấy là một người, điều này sẽ xảy ra trong các nghiên cứu. Tôi hỏi một người tham gia, bạn biết đấy, hãy kể cho tôi về cái chết của người thân yêu của bạn. Và họ sẽ kể cho tôi câu chuyện về việc họ đã ở trong chăm sóc giảm nhẹ, và họ có chẩn đoán cuối cùng, và những thứ tương tự. Rồi tôi sẽ hỏi, cái chết có đột ngột không? Và họ sẽ nói, ôi, tuyệt đối rồi. Tôi không có ý tưởng gì. Bởi vì tôi nghĩ rằng niềm tin rằng họ sẽ luôn ở đó không đáp ứng với tư duy logic, bạn thấy đấy. Và vì vậy, bạn vẫn có thể cầm điện thoại để nhắn tin cho người thân yêu của bạn, ngay cả khi bạn đã biết họ sẽ ra đi, ngay cả khi bạn biết họ đã không còn ở đây. Bởi vì có một phần trong não bạn vẫn hoạt động dưới niềm tin rằng, họ không cần phải ở trong thời gian và không gian của tôi để tồn tại. Và vì vậy, tôi nghĩ rằng theo một số cách, việc học hỏi có thể thực sự là, làm thế nào tôi có thể biến đổi sự hiểu biết của mình về mối quan hệ này giờ đây mà họ không còn ở trên cõi nhân gian? Làm thế nào tôi có thể hiểu họ đang ở đâu hoặc điều đó có ý nghĩa như thế nào? Làm thế nào tôi có thể duy trì sợi dây liên kết này trong mối quan hệ nội tâm với họ, đúng không? Có thể tôi vẫn kể cho họ về ngày của tôi, hoặc có thể tôi, bạn biết đấy, khi nhìn thấy những thứ gì đó, tôi nghĩ, ôi, mẹ tôi sẽ thích điều đó, đúng không? Tôi có khoảnh khắc kết nối nội tâm với mẹ tôi. Bởi vì mối quan hệ nội tại đó vẫn tiếp diễn. Nó là vĩnh viễn. Cùng lúc đó, tôi biết, ôi, bà sẽ không có mặt tại đám cưới của tôi, hoặc bà sẽ không có mặt trong buổi tốt nghiệp, đúng không? Bạn có thể có cả hai cùng một lúc. Tôi nghĩ đó là một phần lý do tại sao nỗi buồn lại phức tạp và khiến mọi người cảm thấy như họ đang mất trí. Vâng. Câu hỏi ngay lập tức xuất hiện trong tâm trí là liệu có một số người gặp khó khăn trong quá trình vượt qua nỗi đau vì một loại từ chối có chủ đích để bước vào thực tại mới này. Rằng họ đều đã ra đi và có những yếu tố trong họ vẫn còn sống trong chúng ta, như bạn đã chỉ ra, dưới hình thức của sự gắn bó. Vâng. Sự gắn bó vẫn tiếp tục tồn tại. Đúng. Cơ thể không còn tồn tại nữa. Vâng, đúng. Và bạn biết đấy, thật khó để quyết định liệu các bộ phim như Ghost, tôi nghĩ đó là bộ phim, đúng không? Vâng. Nơi mà cô ấy mất đi chồng hoặc người thân yêu, tôi không nhớ liệu đó có phải là chồng hay không, và anh ấy thực chất vẫn ở đó với cô ấy. Đúng. Ý tôi là, những bộ phim như vậy, bạn có thể tưởng tượng, là một con dao hai lưỡi, vì một mặt, chúng mang đến cho mọi người cảm giác rằng người mà họ nhớ nhung và gắn bó rất nhiều vẫn còn ở đó. Nhưng, ý tôi là, đó là một bộ phim nơi họ có thể thực sự viết vào hình ảnh của người đó. Vâng. Và điều đó tạo ra một số phức tạp. Vậy liệu mọi người có trì hoãn quá trình đau buồn không? Họ có kéo dài nó và chỉ làm cho chính mình khó khăn hơn trong một kiểu từ chối kiên quyết để, nói một cách nào đó, “buông tay”? Tôi có thể hiểu tại sao điều đó lại như vậy. Tôi đã từng phạm phải điều này. Vâng. Trong quá khứ, điều đó có phổ biến không? Tôi nghĩ câu hỏi này đã bị lệch ở chỗ không có cách nào để buông bỏ phần gắn bó. Có việc chuyển đổi sự hiểu biết của chúng ta về điều đó có nghĩa là gì. Vì vậy, trong phần lớn các thời kỳ lịch sử, thời gian, và văn hóa, chúng ta thường có một hệ thống xã hội, thường là một tôn giáo, được thiết lập để giải thích cho chúng ta, họ đã đi đâu? Họ có ổn không? Liệu tôi có bao giờ gặp lại họ không? Hầu hết bọn chúng ta, qua hầu hết lịch sử, đã có một cách để hiểu, ah, tôi không thể thấy họ bây giờ. Tôi sẽ gặp họ vào một ngày nào đó. Ngày lễ Dia de los Muertos (Ngày của những người chết). Tôi sẽ gặp họ một lần mỗi năm. Đúng không? Hoặc họ đang ở trên thiên đường bây giờ. Hoặc họ đang ở những miền tinh khiết. Hoặc họ là tổ tiên của tôi. Có một mối quan hệ mà tôi có thể có với họ. Tôi có thể nhờ họ, bạn biết đấy, cầu nguyện cho tôi, nói cách khác, đúng không, cầu nguyện chuyển cầu trong Công giáo. Vì vậy, từ lâu chúng ta đã có cách hiểu về mối quan hệ nội tại này là rất thực, bạn có thể đặt nó lên phim. Nó đang thực sự diễn ra. Và họ cũng không có mặt. Vì vậy, khi tôi nghĩ về ý nghĩa của việc điều chỉnh, và tôi không nghĩ về nó như là hồi phục, tôi không nghĩ về nó như là buông tay, tôi nghĩ về nó như là sự tích hợp. Khi tôi suy nghĩ về những điều đó, tôi nghĩ, mối quan hệ của tôi là gì, mối quan hệ nội tại của tôi với người đã khuất này giờ đây ra sao? Vì vậy, mẹ tôi, mẹ tôi đã được chẩn đoán mắc ung thư vú giai đoạn 4 khi tôi 13 tuổi. Và có tế bào ung thư trong mọi hạch bạch huyết mà họ đã cắt ra khỏi bà, vì vậy họ biết rằng chúng đã di căn. Và tôi nghĩ họ đã nói với ba tôi rằng bà chỉ sống thêm một năm nữa. Thực tế thì bác sĩ ung thư của bà đã gọi bà là phép màu đầu tiên của ông. Bà thực sự đã sống thêm 13 năm. Wow. Điều đó thật kỳ diệu. Nhưng điều đó có nghĩa là chúng tôi đã học cách sống trong trạng thái chờ đợi cho điều tồi tệ tiếp theo xảy ra. Và tôi nghĩ vì điều đó, tôi đã trở nên rất thoải mái và quen thuộc với nỗi buồn. Nó không làm phiền tôi khi các người tham gia mà tôi đang phỏng vấn, bạn biết đấy, có phần khóc không kiểm soát được. Và sau đó họ xin lỗi. Và tôi nói, đây chính xác là nỗi buồn. Đây chính xác là cách mà nó hoạt động. Và vì vậy điều đó có nghĩa là bây giờ tôi có một mối quan hệ rất khác với mẹ tôi so với khi tôi 26 tuổi, khi bà qua đời. Khi 26 tuổi, tôi vẫn rất tức giận với bà. Bây giờ, bạn bè của tôi, bạn biết đấy, trong độ tuổi 40 của chúng tôi, đột nhiên bạn bè tôi dường như rất chấp nhận mẹ của họ, như mối quan hệ của họ với mẹ đã cải thiện. Họ đã như, tôi hiểu tại sao bà ấy đã làm những gì mà bà ấy đã làm. Hoặc bây giờ tôi rất biết ơn về blah, blah, blah. Và tôi đã có rất nhiều nỗi buồn vì tôi không có cơ hội để làm điều đó. Tôi không có cơ hội để có sự chuyển biến trong mối quan hệ của chúng tôi. Và sau đó tôi nhận ra, khoan đã, tôi vẫn có thể có tất cả những suy nghĩ đó. Tôi có thể nhìn vào gương bây giờ vì tôi trông rất giống bà. Tôi có thể nhìn vào gương bây giờ và nói, tôi đang làm điều này vì bà, mama.
    Hoặc là, bạn biết đấy, đó không phải là cách mà tôi sẽ làm mọi thứ. Nhưng tôi hiểu rằng bạn có lý do. Và hãy tha thứ cho cô ấy. Và việc làm đó với cách biểu hiện nội tâm có ý nghĩa với cách tôi hoạt động trong cuộc sống hàng ngày của tôi bây giờ. Nhưng nó không liên quan gì đến việc buông bỏ. Bạn có thấy ý tôi không? Bạn vẫn có thể thích nghi với một thế giới nơi người đó không còn nữa. Và điều đó thật sự đau đớn. Và cũng, họ vẫn sống tiếp vì họ đã được mã hóa sâu sắc trong tâm trí của bạn. Bạn không thể vứt bỏ họ. Họ luôn ở đó cùng bạn, về mặt sinh lý. Và bạn cũng có thể làm việc với mối quan hệ đó ngay bây giờ để tôi có thể dành thời gian với những người thân yêu còn sống. Tôi không dành nhiều thời gian cảm thấy tội lỗi về cách tôi đã xử lý cái chết của cô ấy hoặc điều gì đó tương tự. Tôi đang bận sống cuộc sống của mình bây giờ vì tôi đã tích hợp mối quan hệ của mình với cô ấy. Điều đó có hợp lý không? Điều đó thật sự hợp lý. Tôi đang tự hỏi liệu bạn có thể nói về một số công việc mà bạn đã làm liên quan đến cách nỗi buồn liên quan đến sự gắn bó. Và sự gắn bó liên quan đến việc muốn có điều gì đó. Bởi vì bạn đã phát hiện ra một điều đáng kinh ngạc rằng hệ thống dopamine, mà hầu hết mọi người liên kết với khoái cảm. Và nhờ vào công việc tuyệt vời của Anna Lemke và những người khác, hiện đã có nhiều giáo dục hơn. Và mọi người ngày càng nhận thức rõ hơn về thực tế rằng dopamine thực sự liên quan nhiều hơn đến việc muốn hơn là việc có được. Nhiều hơn về sự thèm muốn hơn là sự thích thú. Nhưng tôi và tôi nghĩ mọi người khác sẽ hơi sốc khi biết rằng dopamine và nỗi buồn có mối quan hệ rất gần gũi. Dấu hiệu đặc trưng của nỗi buồn là khao khát, nhớ mong, đúng không? Đây là những từ khác cho việc muốn, không phải sao? Và rằng dopamine, tôi đã nghe nó được mô tả là dopamine và hệ thống phần thưởng trên thực tế là bạn sẽ bỏ ra bao nhiêu công sức để đạt được điều bạn muốn, đúng không? Bạn sẽ bỏ ra bao nhiêu công sức? Bạn sẽ bỏ ra bao nhiêu công sức để gặp lại người thân yêu của mình một lần nữa, đúng không? Và điều đó cho tôi thấy, và thực sự điều này đến từ nghiên cứu thần kinh học. Vì vậy, tôi đã nói trước đó rằng bạn có thể nghĩ về căng thẳng và nỗi buồn là có phần khác biệt. Chúng tôi từng nghĩ rằng việc mất một người thân yêu giống như, bạn có thể hình dung bạn có một cái đĩa, đúng không? Bạn đã có mọi thứ chất đống lên cái đĩa của bạn mà bạn phải đối phó. Bạn có việc đưa trẻ em đến trường. Bạn có sếp của bạn. Bạn có blah, blah, blah. Và bây giờ bạn lại có một điều khác được chất đống lên cái đũa của bạn. Bạn có sự mất mát của người phối ngẫu hoặc sự mất mát của chị gái bạn. Đó là một cách để suy nghĩ về nó. Và trong sinh lý ngoại vi của chúng tôi, nhiều cách chúng tôi phản ứng có vẻ giống như phản ứng căng thẳng. Vì vậy, điều đó có lý. Đó là một cách tốt để suy nghĩ về nó vào những năm 80 và đầu những năm 90. Nhưng nghiên cứu hình ảnh thần kinh, khi chúng tôi hỏi mọi người, hãy cho tôi biết bạn đang khao khát người thân yêu của bạn nhiều như thế nào. Và sau đó chúng tôi cho họ vào máy quét và chúng tôi cho họ xem các bức ảnh của người thân yêu. So sánh với họ khi nhìn vào một người lạ. Vậy phần nào là độc đáo? Không phải là nhìn vào một người, mà là nhìn vào người mà bạn đang khao khát. Chúng tôi thấy rằng có một khu vực nhỏ sâu trong não gọi là nhân accumbens. Có lẽ từ các nghiên cứu khác, chúng tôi biết rằng nó nằm trong khu vực gọi là striatum ventral. Và những gì chúng tôi thấy là càng nhiều người nói, tôi đang khao khát người thân yêu của tôi. Có mối tương quan trực tiếp với mức độ hoạt động trong nhân accumbens. Trong khu vực học tập phần thưởng này của não bộ. Giờ đây, ở mọi người đã mất mát, bất kể mức độ nỗi buồn mà họ cảm nhận như thế nào, chúng tôi thấy các khu vực như khu vực trí nhớ. Tất nhiên, họ đang nhìn vào một bức ảnh của người thân yêu của họ. Họ đang trải qua đủ loại ký ức về thời điểm bức ảnh được chụp hoặc, bạn biết đấy, bất cứ điều gì. Chúng tôi có rất nhiều khu vực cảm xúc, khu vực điều chỉnh cảm xúc. Ngay cả một số khu vực có liên quan đến điều chỉnh sinh lý tự chủ. Nhưng điều khiến nó trở nên độc đáo là ý tưởng rằng khao khát là điều mà khác biệt giữa những người đang đau buồn. Và rằng nó có thể một phần được hình thành trong khu vực não đã được mã hóa này nói rằng, tôi đang nhìn vào bức ảnh này và điều đó khiến tôi muốn với tới bạn. Và tôi nghĩ đây là một cách rất mới để hiểu những gì đã mất. Nó không phải là điều gì mới được chất đống lên đĩa của bạn. Mà là một phần của chúng ta đã hình thành khi bạn gắn bó đã bị cắt cụt. Bạn không có nguồn lực. Bạn không thể hoạt động trong thế giới. Bạn không thể đi qua siêu thị mà không tìm ra cách để làm điều đó mà không có người khác. Và sau đó, thường thì, khao khát họ trở lại để bạn có thể đi qua thế giới theo cách bình thường một lần nữa. Không có gì sai khi khao khát. Chỉ là chúng ta hiểu rõ hơn bây giờ cách mà não bộ thực hiện điều đó. Và tôi có thể nói với bạn nếu bạn muốn, nhưng tôi đã nói hơi nhiều ở đây. Không, làm ơn. Tôi có thể nói với bạn nếu bạn muốn. Rất nhiều người đã chỉ ra rằng, khoan đã, đây là cùng một khu vực não có liên quan đến nghiện. Rất nhiều người đã nói về, liệu chúng ta có nghiện người thân của mình không? Và tôi mất một thời gian, tôi chưa bao giờ viết về điều đó trong bài báo năm 2008. Tôi chưa bao giờ viết về nó theo cách đó. Nhưng tôi đã tìm ra có thể là cách tốt hơn để truyền đạt, tôi nghĩ, những gì đang diễn ra. Vì vậy, tôi sống ở sa mạc phía tây nam tại Tucson, Arizona. Và tôi có thể nói với bạn, nếu bạn quên bình nước của mình và bạn đang đi bộ leo núi và bạn đang ở giữa chừng, bạn không thể nghĩ đến bất cứ điều gì khác ngoài nước, đúng không? Bạn đang bị ám ảnh bởi việc suy nghĩ về nó, lấy nó, tưởng tượng nó, và vân vân. Nhưng không ai sẽ nói bạn nghiện nước, đúng không? Nước là điều chúng ta cần. Và chúng ta có một chức năng homeostatic nói rằng bạn cần nhiều hơn. Và sau khi có nó, chúng ta cảm thấy mãn nguyện, đúng không? Khao khát một người thân yêu như là loại khát. Chúng ta cần những hình mẫu gắn bó như chúng ta cần thức ăn và nước uống. Chúng là điều cơ bản cho sự sống còn của chúng ta. Và tôi nghĩ chúng ta quên điều đó trong xã hội hiện đại nơi chúng ta có thể đáp ứng cho rất nhiều nhu cầu. Chúng ta cần bạn đời của mình. Chúng ta cần con cái, cha mẹ, anh chị em của mình. Và chúng ta không thể phát triển mạnh mẽ khi thiếu họ.
    Và vì vậy, tôi nghĩ rằng sự kích hoạt trong khu vực đó chính là dấu hiệu rằng bạn thật sự cần phải liên hệ với người này. Và quá trình thương tiếc là nếu tôi định liên hệ, nó sẽ trông khác với trước đây. Có thể tôi sẽ có một cuộc trò chuyện. Có thể tôi sẽ nói chuyện với em gái của mình. Nhưng bên cạnh đó, bạn cũng phải tìm một cách khác để đáp ứng nhu cầu gắn bó của mình. Phải có một người khác trong cuộc sống của bạn mà bạn nói rằng, tôi sẽ luôn ở đó vì bạn. Bạn sẽ luôn ở đó vì tôi. Vì người này đã rời bỏ thế giới vật chất không thể làm điều đó nữa. Thật thú vị. Tôi định nghĩa một cách lỏng lẻo về nghiện như là sự thu hẹp dần về những điều mang lại cho bạn niềm vui. Và bạn đã mô tả một cách đẹp đẽ rằng khi đang đi bộ đường dài ở sa mạc phía tây nam, khi bạn cần nước, sự thu hẹp những điều mang lại cho bạn niềm vui đến mức chỉ còn lại những gì bạn cần để sinh tồn. Chắc chắn rồi. Và có lẽ một khi bạn có nước, thì khái niệm của bạn về những gì mang lại niềm vui lại mở rộng ra lần nữa. Đúng vậy. Trong khi đó, nghiện, chẳng hạn như methamphetamine hoặc một số nghiện quá trình hoặc nghiện hành vi, thực sự trở thành như một cái đường hầm. Chỉ có một điều và chỉ điều đó thôi. Và thật đáng buồn, trong nghiện, những đặc tính thưởng mà điều đó mang lại cũng giảm dần theo thời gian. Cách bạn mô tả nỗi buồn như một loại nghiện, như quá trình thương tiếc có phần giống như nghiện theo nghĩa đó, khiến tôi đặt ra một câu hỏi. Bạn đã nói rằng vào một thời điểm nào đó để vượt qua, tôi không muốn nói là vượt qua vì bạn muốn tôi hiểu được điều đó. Có thể là tích hợp. Để tích hợp quá trình thương tiếc, người ta cần phải tìm một hình mẫu gắn bó thay thế. Ý tôi là, chúng ta không thích nghĩ về điều này khi mất đi một người nào đó, nhưng nếu đó là một người bạn đời, đôi khi mọi người tái hôn hoặc tìm kiếm một mối quan hệ mới và đôi khi thì không. Nhưng thực sự, đó là một điều đẹp đẽ để quan sát điều đó. Tôi đã thấy điều đó nhiều lần khi ai đó tìm được người bạn đời mới và hình như nhu cầu gắn bó đó ít nhất một phần nào đó được đáp ứng. Nó không giống nhau, nhưng lại được đáp ứng theo một cách khác. Đúng vậy. Nhưng đôi khi mọi người từ chối. Họ bám lấy gắn bó hoặc biến đổi gắn bó theo cách mà họ vẫn ở bên người đó mãi mãi mà không thay thế hình mẫu gắn bó đó. Có dữ liệu nào nói về việc cái nào hoạt động tốt hơn không hay đơn giản chỉ là tuỳ thuộc vào bạn đang ở đâu và từng giai đoạn trong cuộc đời? Và một số người thực sự cứng đầu với khía cạnh này của quá trình tích hợp nỗi buồn. Gần đây tôi suy nghĩ nhiều về điều gì là một kết quả tốt. Tôi đã dành nhiều thời gian trong sự nghiệp của mình để suy nghĩ về điều gì là một kết quả xấu khi chúng ta đang thương tiếc và bằng cách nào chúng ta có thể giúp những người không tích hợp điều này theo cách cho phép họ phục hồi một cuộc sống có ý nghĩa. Và tôi đã tránh xa rất nhiều câu hỏi về điều gì là một kết quả tốt vì tôi nghĩ rằng nó có một phẩm chất chuẩn mực. Nhưng tôi đã bắt đầu suy nghĩ về nó một cách rất cởi mở. Vì vậy, điều đầu tiên tôi muốn nói là tôi thật sự không nghĩ về điều đó như là giống nghiện. Nhu cầu của chúng ta về những người thân yêu, giống như thực phẩm và nước, là một quá trình duy trì sự cân bằng nội môi, đúng không? Bạn nghĩ, ồ, bạn biết đấy, như tôi đang thăm bạn, đúng không, cho podcast này. Và vào một thời điểm nào đó có một thông báo trong não tôi nói rằng bạn nên nhắn tin cho người bạn đời của bạn, đúng không? Và tôi lấy điện thoại ra và nhắn tin cho anh ấy và chờ vài phút sau thì anh ấy trả lời và tôi có cảm giác nhỏ, ôi, anh ấy đang ở đây. Anh ấy biết tôi đang ở đâu. Chúng ta ổn. Đó không phải là một nghiện, đúng không? Đó là một quá trình cân bằng nội môi bình thường, giống như tôi cũng đã dậy và ăn sáng vì tôi biết rằng tôi cần điều đó, đúng không? Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ rằng với nghiện, vấn đề là những loại ma túy gây nghiện đó đã vượt qua chính các mạch làm việc theo cách cân bằng nội môi này. Và bằng cách vượt qua chúng, chúng hoặc làm giảm số lượng thụ thể hoặc làm rối loạn độ ưu tiên của các thụ thể theo cách khiến nó thực sự thu hẹp những gì thưởng cho chỉ ma túy này vì chỉ có ma túy này có thể làm đầy các thụ thể đó một cách mạnh mẽ. Và bây giờ chúng ta có một tình huống mà chỉ có meth, đúng không, là điều làm cho chúng ta cảm thấy tốt hơn, nhưng không hẳn là điều đó với thực phẩm, nước và những người thân yêu sống. Vì vậy, về câu hỏi của bạn – và tôi nghĩ bạn thực sự đã chạm đến điều mà văn hóa của chúng ta đang vật lộn rất nhiều ngay bây giờ. Chúng ta đã mất đi trong văn hóa của chúng ta rất nhiều kiến thức về nỗi buồn dựa trên sự hiểu biết về những gì xảy ra trong thời gian tang chế, trong thời gian thương nhớ, mà rất tập trung vào tôn giáo, đúng không? Từ việc ngồi shiva đến việc tổ chức lễ thánh sau một năm, đúng không? Hay một buổi tang lễ. Hay một buổi tang lễ. Với xác chết ở đó. Với xác chết ngay ở đó. Tôi đã từng tham gia một buổi tang lễ. Mọi người đang cười. Mọi người đang nói đùa. Họ đang uống. Vâng. Và tôi nhớ lần đầu tiên tôi đến một buổi tang lễ đúng nghĩa của người Ireland. Vâng. Tôi đã nghĩ rằng, điều này thật điên rồ. Vâng. Tôi không biết phải hành xử như thế nào. Vâng. Và sau một thời gian, tôi đã hiểu ra. Ừm. Và điều đó thật đáng chú ý. Vâng. Nó – rõ ràng là hiệu quả. Vâng. Đối với những người tuân thủ buổi tang lễ của người Ireland như một – Đúng rồi. Xác chết ngay đó, chết thật rồi. Vâng. Và mọi người đang tổ chức một bữa tiệc. Đúng rồi. Với cái tên Mary Frances O’Connor, bạn sẽ không ngạc nhiên khi biết rằng tôi đã lớn lên trong một gia đình Công giáo Ireland lớn. Và chúng tôi thường nói rằng, vào mùa hè, chúng tôi gặp các anh chị em mình để dự đám cưới. Còn vào mùa đông, chúng tôi gặp các anh chị em mình để dự đám tang. Và chúng tôi đã có những buổi tang lễ này. Tôi đã thấy nhiều xác chết của những người thân trong gia đình khi còn nhỏ trong khi chạy nhảy chơi đuổi bắt với các anh chị em của mình. Và điều đó làm gì, đó là một cách văn hóa để nói rằng, nỗi buồn xảy ra, cái chết xảy ra, đây là những gì nó trông như thế nào. Và bạn có thể phản ứng theo nhiều cách khác nhau. Bởi vì tôi sẽ nói với bạn, trong khi có việc uống rượu và chơi đuổi bắt, vẫn có rất nhiều nước mắt và nhiều vai để dựa vào. Nó mang đến cho bạn một hình thức tổ chức để hiểu những cảm xúc mạnh mẽ mà bạn đang trải qua.
    Nhưng trong một nền văn hóa khác, bạn biết đấy, họ sẽ thuê những người hát trong tang lễ để có thể có âm nhạc trong khi mọi người đang khóc, phải không?
    Điều tôi muốn nói ở đây là chúng ta đang đứng trước một khoảnh khắc bất thường trong lịch sử và văn hóa, nơi mà chúng ta không chủ yếu tuân theo một hệ thống nào về cách xử lý cái chết và nỗi đau.
    Và điều đó có nghĩa là mọi người bị bỏ lại để tự xử lý những cảm xúc mãnh liệt mà không có nhiều mô hình hướng dẫn, không có nhiều hiểu biết triết lý về những gì đang xảy ra, và thường thì bị tách rời khỏi gia đình gốc của họ vì những điều đó không có ý nghĩa với chúng ta vào lúc này.
    Bây giờ, tôi không có ý kiến rằng chúng ta quay trở lại thời kỳ mà, bạn biết đấy, Công giáo là con đường hay Do Thái giáo là cách duy nhất hay, bạn biết đấy, tôi không có ý kiến như vậy.
    Điều tôi muốn nói là bất kỳ ai có sự gắn bó.
    Điều này có thể là những con chuột prairie, những động vật gặm nhấm nhỏ, bạn biết đấy, mà giao phối suốt đời.
    Điều này có thể là trẻ sơ sinh, điều này có thể là những người lớn có chức năng tốt như bạn và tôi.
    Khi có sự mất mát, khi hình mẫu gắn bó đó biến mất và đã qua đời, đó là điều mà bộ não, cơ thể, tâm trí của chúng ta sẽ phản ứng mãnh liệt.
    Và nếu không có cách nào để hiểu điều đó sẽ trông như thế nào và tôi phải quản lý điều này ra sao, chúng ta sẽ lạc lối.
    Và điều này có nghĩa là, John Bowlby, người đã phát triển lý thuyết gắn bó này, đúng không, khi ông xem xét trẻ sơ sinh và các đồng nghiệp của ông xem xét các loài động vật, đúng không, bạn thấy những sợi dây vô hình này, đúng không?
    Bạn nghĩ về, bạn biết đấy, hãy suy nghĩ về gấu Bắc Cực với những chú gấu con bé nhỏ, đúng không, đi theo phía sau.
    Bạn luôn thấy điều này.
    Những sợi dây vô hình đó, chúng không phải vô hình.
    Chúng hiện diện trong bộ não của những động vật và con người có gắn bó dưới dạng sinh học thần kinh của dopamine và oxytocin và cortisol và adrenaline và trong các vùng não cụ thể với các thụ thể.
    Những sợi dây đó giữ cho chúng ta tìm kiếm mẹ hay con hay vợ, đúng không?
    Và vì vậy, một mình với bản thân, mà không có cách nào để hiểu điều này, tất cả những gì chúng ta biết là chúng ta có những cảm xúc mãnh liệt, phản ứng, hành vi, suy nghĩ.
    Và John Bowlby đã chia các loại phản ứng mà chúng ta thấy thành hai loại: phản đối và tuyệt vọng.
    Bây giờ, phản đối là, bạn biết đấy, giả sử bạn ở trong cửa hàng tạp hóa và nhìn xuống và con bạn không ở bên cạnh bạn và bạn nghĩ, ôi không, chúng đã biến mất.
    Và bạn thậm chí có thể cảm nhận sự thể hiện của điều đó, đúng không?
    Tôi đang được chuẩn bị với mọi hormone và hóa chất thần kinh để tìm kiếm đứa trẻ đó, đúng không?
    Bạn có thể cảm nhận điều đó trong cơ thể của bạn.
    Đó là phản đối.
    Ôi không, chúng đã biến mất?
    Tuyệt vọng, mặt khác, tuyệt vọng là ngồi trong phòng khách và có một thứ gì đó đến qua thư cho vợ của bạn và bạn biết rằng họ sẽ không bao giờ mở nó.
    Và trong khoảnh khắc đó, bạn nghĩ, ôi không, họ đã biến mất.
    Và sức nặng của điều đó, đúng không?
    Bạn cũng có thể cảm nhận điều đó trong cơ thể của bạn.
    Việc buông bỏ, sự rút lui, chỉ là sự uể oải của nó, đúng không?
    Bây giờ, hãy chú ý rằng thông tin là giống nhau.
    Ôi không, họ đã biến mất là điều mà chúng ta phải học.
    Và một cách mà chúng ta học điều đó là phản đối và cố gắng chứng minh rằng họ không biến mất.
    Và việc thừa nhận, chấp nhận rằng họ đã biến mất.
    Bây giờ, chúng ta không thường nghĩ rằng tuyệt vọng có một mục đích.
    Nhưng điều thú vị là trong khoảnh khắc này, tuyệt vọng có chức năng ngăn cản chúng ta tìm kiếm.
    Và tìm kiếm thực sự rất tốn kém về mặt thể chất.
    Số năng lượng cần thiết để tạo ra huyết áp và cortisol để vươn tay ra như vậy.
    Và vì vậy, sự tuyệt vọng thực sự có một chức năng.
    Việc rút lui là có lý do chính đáng, nhưng nhiều người lại sợ hãi cảm thấy tuyệt vọng.
    Một số người cũng sợ hãi cảm giác phản đối và chỉ tránh bất kỳ suy nghĩ hay kỷ niệm nào theo bất kỳ cách nào.
    Nhưng đây là điều.
    Tuyệt vọng cũng không phải là kết thúc của câu chuyện.
    Và đây không phải là một mô hình giai đoạn.
    Đây là những phản ứng mà chúng ta có đi có lại khi chúng ta đang cố gắng hiểu thế giới mới này mà chúng ta đang sống.
    Nhưng tuyệt vọng loại bỏ hy vọng.
    Tuyệt vọng nói rằng họ thực sự đã biến mất.
    Và vì họ sẽ không bao giờ quay lại, tôi sẽ cảm thấy như thế này cho phần còn lại của cuộc đời mình.
    Và điều đó cũng không đúng, đúng không?
    Chúng ta biết rằng bạn có thể có nỗi đau.
    Bạn có thể phát triển một cuộc sống phục hồi ý nghĩa và bạn thực sự có những kết nối khác với mọi người.
    Tôi sẽ không nói thay thế, nhưng tôi sẽ nói thêm vào vì bây giờ bạn biết điều gì có nghĩa là yêu một người.
    Bạn biết điều gì có nghĩa là tha thứ và tất cả những điều mà bạn đã học cùng người thân yêu của bạn.
    Giờ đây, bạn cũng có thể yêu thương người khác.
    Hoặc với một số người, không phải là việc tạo ra các mối quan hệ mới.
    Mà là có một trải nghiệm vượt lên trên.
    Bây giờ tôi có thể yêu thiên nhiên hoặc tôi có thể yêu Chúa vì tôi đã được dạy cách làm điều đó bằng cách có kết nối với người rất quan trọng trong cuộc đời tôi.
    Hoặc thậm chí bây giờ tôi biết cách chăm sóc bản thân.
    Tôi biết cách yêu thương, chăm sóc, tha thứ và trân trọng bản thân vì người thân yêu của tôi đã dạy tôi cách làm điều đó.
    Đây là điều tôi muốn nói về việc không có kết quả chuẩn mực.
    Đó là bốn quỹ đạo cuộc sống rất khác nhau sau sự mất mát của một người mà có thể đều đáp ứng nhu cầu gắn bó của chúng ta.
    Như nhiều người trong số các bạn biết, tôi đã uống AG1 hàng ngày trong hơn 13 năm.
    Tuy nhiên, giờ đây tôi đã tìm thấy một loại đồ uống vitamin khoáng chất probiotic thậm chí còn tốt hơn.
    Đồ uống mới và tốt hơn đó là AG1 được cải tiến mới.
    Công thức thế hệ tiếp theo này của AG1 là một phiên bản tiên tiến hơn, được hỗ trợ lâm sàng của sản phẩm mà tôi đã uống hàng ngày trong nhiều năm.
    Nó bao gồm các chất dinh dưỡng có sẵn sinh học mới và các probiotic được cải tiến.
    Công thức thế hệ tiếp theo dựa trên nghiên cứu mới thú vị về tác động của probiotics đến hệ vi sinh vật đường ruột.
    Và giờ đây nó bao gồm một số chủng probiotic cụ thể đã được nghiên cứu lâm sàng cho thấy hỗ trợ cả sức khỏe tiêu hóa và sức khỏe hệ miễn dịch,
    cũng như cải thiện sự đều đặn của ruột và giảm sự đầy hơi.
    Với tư cách là một người đã làm việc trong khoa học nghiên cứu hơn ba thập kỷ và trong lĩnh vực sức khỏe và thể dục cũng lâu như vậy,
    tôi liên tục tìm kiếm những công cụ tốt nhất để cải thiện sức khỏe tâm thần, thể chất và hiệu suất của mình.
    Tôi đã phát hiện và bắt đầu sử dụng AG1 từ năm 2012, trước khi tôi có podcast, và tôi đã sử dụng nó hàng ngày kể từ đó. Tôi thấy rằng nó cải thiện rất nhiều khía cạnh sức khỏe của tôi. Tôi cảm thấy tốt hơn rất nhiều khi sử dụng nó. Theo từng năm trôi qua, và nhân tiện, tôi sẽ bước sang tuổi 50 vào tháng 9 này, tôi tiếp tục cảm thấy ngày càng tốt hơn, và tôi quy cho điều đó một phần lớn là nhờ AG1. AG1 sử dụng các nguyên liệu chất lượng cao nhất trong các sự kết hợp phù hợp, và họ liên tục cải tiến công thức mà không làm tăng chi phí. Vì vậy, tôi rất vinh dự khi có họ là nhà tài trợ cho podcast này. Nếu bạn muốn thử AG1, bạn có thể truy cập vào drinkag1.com slash Huberman để nhận một ưu đãi đặc biệt. Hiện tại, AG1 đang tặng một bộ quà chào mừng AG1 với năm gói du lịch miễn phí và một chai vitamin D3 K2 miễn phí. Một lần nữa, hãy truy cập vào drinkag1.com slash Huberman để nhận bộ quà chào mừng đặc biệt với năm gói du lịch miễn phí và một chai vitamin D3 K2 miễn phí.
    Tập hôm nay cũng được tài trợ bởi Helix Sleep. Helix Sleep sản xuất đệm và gối được tùy chỉnh dựa trên nhu cầu giấc ngủ riêng của bạn. Tôi đã nhiều lần nói về việc có được giấc ngủ ngon là nền tảng của sức khỏe tâm thần, sức khỏe thể chất và hiệu suất. Khi chúng ta không có giấc ngủ tốt liên tục, mọi thứ đều bị ảnh hưởng. Và khi chúng ta ngủ đủ và ngon, sức khỏe tâm thần, sức khỏe thể chất và hiệu suất của chúng ta trong mọi lĩnh vực đều cải thiện rõ rệt. Giờ đây, đệm mà bạn nằm ngủ có ảnh hưởng rất lớn đến chất lượng giấc ngủ của bạn mỗi đêm. Đệm mềm hay cứng, thoáng khí hay không, tất cả đều góp phần vào chất lượng giấc ngủ, lượng giấc ngủ sâu mà bạn có được, cũng như lượng giấc ngủ REM, và nó cần phải được điều chỉnh theo nhu cầu giấc ngủ riêng của bạn. Vì vậy, nếu bạn vào trang web Helix, bạn có thể làm một bài kiểm tra ngắn trong hai phút, và nó sẽ hỏi bạn các câu hỏi như, bạn ngủ nghiêng về bên nào, nằm ngửa hay nằm sấp? Bạn có thường cảm thấy nóng hay lạnh vào ban đêm không? Những điều như vậy. Có thể bạn biết câu trả lời cho những câu hỏi đó. Có thể bạn không biết. Dù sao đi nữa, Helix sẽ đưa ra cho bạn mẫu đệm lý tưởng. Đối với tôi, đó là mẫu đệm Dusk, D-U-S-K. Tôi bắt đầu ngủ trên đệm Dusk khoảng ba năm rưỡi trước, và đó là giấc ngủ tốt nhất mà tôi từng có. Vì vậy, nếu bạn muốn thử Helix, bạn có thể truy cập helixsleep.com slash Huberman, làm bài kiểm tra giấc ngủ dài hai phút, và Helix sẽ kết nối bạn với một chiếc đệm được tùy chỉnh cho nhu cầu giấc ngủ của bạn. Hiện tại, Helix đang cung cấp một ưu đãi đặc biệt cho người nghe podcast Huberman, với giảm giá lên đến 27% trên toàn bộ trang web, cộng thêm ga trải giường miễn phí với bất kỳ đơn hàng đệm Lux hoặc Elite nào.
    Những gì bạn vừa nói thực sự rất quan trọng, vì vậy nếu tôi có thể, tôi sẽ tóm tắt lại cho bản thân và cho những người đang nghe, và tôi sẽ không bao giờ bỏ lỡ cơ hội để kết hợp một bài học về khoa học thần kinh nhỏ. Và vì bạn cũng là một nhà khoa học thần kinh, hy vọng bạn sẽ hợp tác với tôi trong điều này. Vậy điều tôi nghe được là ít nhất hai phản ứng khác nhau đối với nỗi đau. Một là sự phản kháng. Cái còn lại là sự tuyệt vọng, nói một cách rộng rãi. Đúng vậy. Trong sự phản kháng, nó là “không, tôi không chấp nhận.” Đúng vậy. Nhưng có một bước hành động. Có một phản ứng “đi”. Đúng vậy. Và chúng ta biết rằng trong hạch nền, một cấu trúc quan trọng cho việc tạo ra hành động và ức chế hành động, chúng ta có thể nghĩ một cách rộng rãi về “đi” và “không đi” như những mạch riêng biệt, thực sự. Vì vậy, mạch phản kháng là một mạch “đi” được xây dựng dựa trên khái niệm hy vọng. Đúng vậy. Rằng nó có thể được giải quyết thông qua hành động. Đúng vậy. Mạch tuyệt vọng là kiểu, “ồ, tôi không thể hành động trong vấn đề này. Tôi không thể đưa bức thư này cho ai đó. Tôi không thể gọi cho họ. Tôi có thể nhắn tin cho họ, nhưng họ sẽ không thấy nó.” Đúng. Và đây là một con đường “không đi”, việc ức chế hành động. Và bạn đã nói rằng hành động là tốn kém về mặt trao đổi chất, trong khi không hành động thì không tốn kém. Tôi sẽ không thách thức điều đó, nhưng tôi có một câu hỏi về điều đó, đó là, dường như điều cần thiết ở bước tuyệt vọng để nó có thể thích ứng, có chức năng, và chữa lành, là cho “không đi” được chuyển đổi thành một bối cảnh mới nào đó. Và với tư cách là những nhà khoa học thần kinh, chúng ta biết rằng việc ra quyết định phụ thuộc vào bối cảnh, thiết lập chiến lược là hoạt động của vỏ não trước trán mà con người rất giỏi, nhưng điều đó cần nỗ lực. Nó giống như, “ồ, tôi không thể đưa bức thư cho họ, nhưng có thể tôi có thể làm điều gì đó khác với bức thư đó.” Đúng. Có thể tôi có thể xé nó và viết cho một người khác. Vì vậy, tôi rất tâm đắc với từ này chủ yếu đến từ triết lý phương Đông, nhưng quan niệm về chuyển hóa, rằng chúng ta có thể lấy năng lượng của một thứ gì đó và chuyển hóa nó thành một thứ khác có chức năng. Vì vậy, đây là cách mà tôi thấy mạch phân nhánh này. Và giờ đây mọi người đều biết rằng tôi chắc chắn sẽ không bao giờ bỏ lỡ cơ hội để đưa thêm một chút khoa học thần kinh vào, vì tôi nghĩ rằng những gì bạn mô tả là nỗi đau như một phần tự nhiên và cơ bản của mạch gắn bó. Chúng ta được sinh ra trong thế giới này với sẵn sàng gắn bó. Đó là những gì Bowlby và các đồng nghiệp đã dạy chúng ta. Đúng vậy. Tôi cũng nhận ra, và tôi rất phấn khích với thực tế rằng, chúng ta cũng được sinh ra vào thế giới để biết đau thương và học cách khi nào và như thế nào để phản kháng và khi nào để tuyệt vọng, để chuyển hóa. Đúng. Và tôi sẽ nói rằng thậm chí có một số bằng chứng về điều đó, hoặc tôi nghĩ về nó như một bằng chứng theo cách sau. Vì vậy, bạn đúng rằng “không đi”, không phải là không có chi phí với “không đi”. Bạn đúng. Nó thực sự làm chúng ta dừng lại trong loại “đi”, đó là tìm kiếm. Đúng. Vì vậy, nó có thể dừng lại cortisol hoặc adrenaline hay một cái gì đó như vậy. Nhưng nó đi kèm với những thứ khác, tôi nghĩ phần lớn là như viêm và những điều cho phép sự rút lui, đúng không? Chúng ta biết rằng prolactin thay đổi trong tình trạng đau thương, oxytocin thay đổi trong tình trạng đau thương. Nhưng hãy nghĩ xem theo cách này. Trong một cách nào đó tiến hóa, nếu bạn đời của bạn đã ra đi hoặc người chăm sóc của bạn đã ra đi, thì sự rút lui đó cho phép bạn tiết kiệm tài nguyên vì bạn không biết khi nào họ sẽ trở lại.
    Và điều đó rất quan trọng cho sự sống sót của bạn, nhưng một khó khăn mà bạn sẽ trải qua, ồ, cuối cùng tôi sẽ phải tự lo cho bữa ăn của mình. Tôi sẽ phải di chuyển một lần nữa. Nhưng không theo cách tìm kiếm hoảng loạn. Tôi sẽ phải tìm kiếm những hoạt động có ý nghĩa để tiếp tục. Vậy đây là lý do lý thuyết của tôi về việc tại sao tôi tin rằng chúng ta được sắp đặt để đau buồn. Tôi biết rằng bạn đã có những hình mẫu gắn bó khi còn là một đứa trẻ vì bạn đã sống sót đến tuổi trưởng thành, đúng chứ? Chứng minh. Chứng minh rằng có người đã yêu bạn. Bây giờ, trẻ em có những người chăm sóc làm hình mẫu gắn bó chính của chúng. Nhưng bây giờ trong cuộc sống của bạn, có khả năng rằng hình mẫu gắn bó chính của bạn là một người bạn đồng trang lứa, như một người phối ngẫu hoặc bạn trai, bạn gái, v.v., không phải là cha mẹ của bạn. Vậy thì điều gì phải thay đổi, đúng không? Về mặt phát triển, chúng ta đã chuẩn bị sẵn sàng. Chúng ta đến với thế giới với một chương trình phát triển sinh lý thần kinh, chương trình này đến một lúc nào đó sẽ nói, cha mẹ tôi không còn là đỉnh cao của hệ thống gắn bó của tôi nữa. Tôi đang nhìn quanh. Tôi có động lực để gặp bạn bè. Và tôi có động lực để hẹn hò. Và tôi có động lực để tạo ra những mối quan hệ bền vững với những người cùng độ tuổi với tôi. Và điều đó có nghĩa là hệ thống gắn bó của chúng ta có thể thay đổi, rằng chúng ta có khả năng trong sinh lý thần kinh của mình, trong hormone của chúng ta, để chuyển từ một gắn bó chính với một người mẹ, sang một gắn bó chính với một người khác. Và khả năng làm được điều đó là bẩm sinh. Bây giờ, tôi sẽ nói, tất nhiên, tất cả chúng ta đều được lập trình để làm điều này vào khoảng thời gian tương tự trong cuộc đời. Cha mẹ đều biết rằng điều này sẽ xảy ra, mặc dù cha mẹ phải trải qua rất nhiều nỗi đau khi tổ ấm trở nên trống vắng khi điều đó thực sự xảy ra. Khi một người thân yêu qua đời, như, bạn biết đấy, một người bạn quý, 50 tuổi, chồng cô ấy đột ngột chết vì một cơn đau tim ngay trước mặt cô ấy trong phòng khách, sẽ không có cả một nhóm người cùng trải qua trải nghiệm này, chuyển sang một hệ thống gắn bó khác, đúng không? Và chúng ta thiết lập cả những nền văn hóa xung quanh việc gửi trẻ đến đại học hoặc gửi chúng đi truyền giáo hoặc gửi chúng tham gia huấn luyện cơ bản như một cách để đưa toàn bộ nhóm, bạn biết đấy, những người trẻ tuổi qua giai đoạn chuyển tiếp này. Những gì chúng ta cần là hỗ trợ cho những cá nhân đang phải đối mặt với cái chết của một người anh chị em hoặc cha mẹ hoặc một người phối ngẫu hoặc một đứa trẻ, những người đều trải qua điều đó một mình và cố gắng tìm hiểu mà không có cơ sở hạ tầng để hỗ trợ họ, để giúp họ hiểu điều gì là tự nhiên và bình thường trong thời gian đau buồn. Và vì chúng ta biết rằng đó là một khoảng thời gian có nguy cơ về mặt y tế, tương tự như đại học là một thời gian có nguy cơ về mặt y tế theo cách khác, vì đây là một thời gian có nguy cơ về mặt y tế, chúng ta cần có khả năng đánh giá những gì đang diễn ra với họ về mặt sinh lý và đảm bảo rằng chúng ta đang hỗ trợ cơ thể đang đau buồn của họ qua trải nghiệm căng thẳng cực kỳ này của việc chuyển đổi.
    Vâng. Và tôi không biết liệu tôi có sử dụng thuật ngữ đó đúng không, nhưng, um, và tôi không thể nói mình là một fan hâm mộ lớn nhất của Alan Watts từng sống. Tôi thích một số tác phẩm của ông, không phải những tác phẩm khác, nhưng tôi đã nghe hai điều từ ông. Một điều về sự chuyển đổi, mà tôi nghĩ là đẹp và rất thích hợp. Và từ góc độ khoa học thần kinh, nó có rất nhiều ý nghĩa vì mọi người nói về năng lượng theo kiểu, ồ, thời đại mới, và những thứ tương tự như tinh thể, và vâng.
    Vâng. Hoặc thậm chí chỉ, những khái niệm không khoa học về năng lượng có xu hướng rất mơ hồ. Vâng. Và cùng một lúc, nó lại trở nên trực quan hơn đối với hầu hết mọi người. Vâng. Um, trong khi các nhà khoa học thần kinh thích nói về năng lượng hoá học thần kinh hoặc năng lượng calo của sinh lý học. Vâng.
    Nhưng khi tôi nghĩ về năng lượng mà chúng tôi đang nói đến, tôi nghĩ về nó nhiều hơn như là năng lượng mạch thần kinh, như con đường nào, con đường đi hoặc không đi, um, cần sự chú ý của chúng ta để tiến bộ qua điều này theo cùng một cách mà trẻ em học cách tạo ra hành động. Và chúng học cách ngồi yên trong một bài học. Vâng. Một số, chậm hơn như tôi, hơn những người khác. Um, bạn biết đấy, tôi quy trách nhiệm cho nhiễm sắc thể Y của mình bởi vì có một độ trễ đã biết trong sự trưởng thành của vỏ não trước trán.
    Chắc chắn rồi. Ở những người có nhiễm sắc thể Y. Um, nó cuối cùng sẽ bắt kịp ở hầu hết, nhưng không phải tất cả, um, những cá nhân sở hữu nhiễm sắc thể Y, một podcast khác cho một lần khác.
    Tôi rất ấn tượng với ý tưởng rằng, uh, khi một mối gắn bó bị cản trở, như trong đau buồn, thì việc có những người khác ở đó để hỗ trợ chúng ta là cực kỳ quan trọng, đặc biệt là ngày nay trong cuộc khủng hoảng cô đơn này.
    Vâng. Um, và trong thời gian này, nơi chúng ta có thể giao tiếp về trải nghiệm của mình, chúng ta có thể học hỏi rất nhiều về trải nghiệm của người khác, nhưng chúng ta thường không có những điều cơ bản của sự hỗ trợ như, um, uh, sự tiếp xúc.
    Đúng vậy. Giống như, bạn biết đấy, sự tiếp xúc, ôm ai đó ngồi bên cạnh. Vâng. Giao tiếp bằng mắt, bạn biết đấy, um, nắm tay bạn, không có nghi ngờ gì. Um, mùi hương có lẽ cũng liên quan đến điều này. Chỉ cần mùi của một người khác, ngay cả khi bạn không ý thức về điều đó một cách có ý thức. Vâng. Báo hiệu ở cấp độ cơ thể, có một người khác ở đây. Vâng. Bạn biết đấy, có rất nhiều người mà, um, thực sự gặp khó khăn trong việc ngủ sau khi mất đi một ai đó. Tuyệt đối. Và chỉ cần có một người khác trong phòng. Mm-hmm.
    Hay một con vật cưng trong phòng. Vâng. Có thể tạo ra sự khác biệt lớn. Vì vậy, bạn biết đấy, về mặt nghiện,
    Mm-hmm.
    Có rất nhiều chương trình tuyệt vời, um, không tốn kém trên toàn thế giới dưới dạng 12 bước và các chương trình hồi phục khác
    cho phép mọi người làm việc qua sinh lý và tâm lý của họ thông qua sự hỗ trợ của
    những người lớn tuổi khác, như một cách, hoặc những người có kinh nghiệm hơn với bất cứ điều gì, rượu, ma túy, hoặc một kiểu nghiện nào đó. Mm-hmm. Có điều gì tương tự cho những người, um, uh, đang trong đau buồn không? Ý tôi là, tôi biết rằng có các nhóm điều dưỡng, nhưng thông thường khi tôi nghĩ về một nhóm điều dưỡng, tôi nghĩ đến, như là những gì ông của tôi đã tham gia và gặp người bạn gái cuối cùng của ông trước khi ông qua đời. Mm-hmm. Tôi nghĩ ông chỉ có một bạn gái sau khi bà của tôi qua đời. Họ đã ở bên nhau kể từ khi họ 13 tuổi.
    Vâng. Vâng. 13 tuổi. Thật đáng kinh ngạc. Hơn 50 năm. Vâng. Nhưng nhóm điều dưỡng đó đã trở thành một nguồn hỗ trợ thực sự cho ông. Vâng.
    Và đúng vậy, anh ấy đã tìm được một cô bạn gái trong một nhóm hỗ trợ người đang chịu tang. Đúng vậy. Và, bạn biết đấy, các thành viên trong gia đình có những cảm xúc hỗn hợp về điều đó, nhưng tôi rất vui vì anh ấy đã không chết khi không có ai bên cạnh. Um, vậy cho những người ở mọi lứa tuổi, có những công cụ không tốn chi phí nào, dưới dạng các nhóm, để giúp mọi người xử lý nhiều loại đau buồn khác nhau không? Bởi vì tôi nghĩ rằng đối với một số người, giống như, tôi nghĩ tất cả chúng ta đều đã nghe rằng yếu tố gây căng thẳng tối thượng là sự mất mát của một đứa trẻ. Mm-hmm. Um, và tôi chỉ có thể nghĩ đến một điều có thể gây căng thẳng tương đương, nếu không muốn nói là nhiều hơn, đó là không biết con bạn còn sống hay đã chết. Vâng. Điều đó, đối với tôi, dường như là hình thức đau khổ tối thượng. Vâng. Vậy, có lẽ, một nhóm người đang chịu tang cho điều đó thì rất khác với một nhóm người chịu tang cho ai đó thực sự, chân thành đang chịu đựng sự, um, tôi không biết, sự chia ly với người bạn đời, đúng không? Hai mức độ đau buồn khác nhau, nhưng thật khó để nói với ai đó đang đau khổ sâu sắc rằng sự đau buồn của bạn không tệ bằng nỗi đau của người khác. Vậy có những nhóm nào không? Mm-hmm. Và, um, rồi tôi sẽ hỏi câu hỏi mà tôi vừa mới hỏi, đó là, tại sao việc biết rằng người khác cũng chịu đựng chỉ cung cấp hỗ trợ nhẹ nhàng cho việc đau buồn? Vâng. Có một phong trào khá gần đây mà chúng ta có thể gọi là mô hình hỗ trợ sức khỏe cộng đồng đối với việc chịu tang. Vì vậy, ý tưởng ở đây là, và điều này chủ yếu xuất phát từ châu Âu, Canada, Australia, nơi họ đang cố gắng phát triển chăm sóc sức khỏe xung quanh việc chịu tang. Một phần của điều này là bởi vì chúng ta có thể nói về cách mà chúng ta biết rằng chi phí thể chất của việc mất mát một người thân yêu thì rất có ảnh hưởng đến chúng ta. Nó có thể dẫn đến cái chết do cơn đau tim, đúng không? Vì vậy, chúng ta biết rằng, ví dụ, ngày mà một người thân yêu chết, bạn có khả năng mắc phải cơn đau tim cao gấp 21 lần so với bất kỳ ngày nào khác trong đời bạn. Gấp 21 lần. Và chúng ta biết rằng trong ba tháng đầu sau khi vợ anh ấy qua đời, một người đàn ông có khả năng gặp cơn đau tim nghiêm trọng cao gấp gần hai lần so với một người đàn ông vẫn còn kết hôn trong cùng khoảng thời gian đó. Wow. Ngay cả khi anh ấy có hỗ trợ khác? Vâng. Điều đó thật điên rồ, phải không? Đối với phụ nữ, con số đó khoảng 1.8 lần. Vậy vẫn là một con số rất khủng khiếp cho rủi ro y tế. Vậy nên, điều chúng ta biết là giai đoạn chuyển mình này cực kỳ rủi ro, đúng không? Chúng ta có thể có tất cả những thay đổi sinh lý đó, nhưng nếu, nếu cơ thể chúng ta không đủ mạnh mẽ để không bị tổn thương trong thời gian đó, đây là điều mà chúng ta cần phải chuẩn bị trước. Vì vậy, nghĩ về mô hình hỗ trợ sức khỏe cộng đồng đối với việc chịu tang, chúng ta có thể xem xét ở mức nền tảng, thậm chí chỉ đơn giản là hiểu theo cách nâng cao kiến thức về đau buồn, tôi mong đợi điều gì, điều gì đang xảy ra với tôi? Tại sao điều này lại xảy ra với tôi? Đó là một mức độ giáo dục tâm lý rất quan trọng đối với mọi người, bất kể họ có bao nhiêu hỗ trợ. Bây giờ, nhiều người sẽ đến các nhóm hỗ trợ người chịu tang thậm chí chỉ để nhận được điều đó, đúng không? Thậm chí chỉ để nhận được thông tin dựa trên bằng chứng tốt. Những nơi không còn dạy về năm giai đoạn của việc đau buồn, chẳng hạn. Và ngoài điều đó, chúng ta biết rằng sự hỗ trợ rất quan trọng. Hỗ trợ xã hội, có những người thân yêu xung quanh, đúng như bạn đã mô tả. Và tôi nghĩ một trong những lý do, có thể hình dung trong bảy ngày đầu tiên sau khi vợ bạn qua đời, nếu có ai đó trong nhà bạn đang ngồi Shiva, họ sẽ nhận ra nếu bạn gặp cơn đau tim, đúng không? Vì vậy, hãy nghĩ về ý tưởng rằng chúng ta có thể thuê ngoài việc điều chỉnh sinh lý của mình trong một thời gian. Hãy nghĩ theo cách này. Khi chúng ta gắn bó với ai đó, khi bạn yêu người bạn đời của mình, chẳng hạn, họ trở thành máy điều hòa nhịp tim bên ngoài của bạn. Đúng không? Hãy nghĩ về sự đồng điều chỉnh. Nếu tôi trở về nhà và tôi được ôm từ bạn đời của mình, chỉ như cách bạn đã mô tả, tôi biết rằng huyết áp của tôi sẽ giảm một chút. Nhịp tim của tôi sẽ giảm một chút. Bây giờ, đột nhiên, tôi phải hình dung việc bước vào một ngôi nhà trống rỗng nơi điều đó sẽ không xảy ra. Hệ thống tim mạch của tôi phải tìm ra, làm thế nào tôi sẽ bước vào nhà của mình nhiều lần và điều chỉnh nhịp tim của tôi? Và bộ não của bạn đang dự đoán việc nhìn thấy người mà bạn đã mất. Vâng, chính xác. Như là bạn không thể không biết, nhưng các hệ thống hành động, mạch đi, nếu có. Tất cả những xử lý tiềm thức, tôi nên, tôi đang thực hiện cùng một động tác xoay chìa khóa trong ổ khóa mà tôi luôn làm. Và bây giờ, có một khoảng trống trong căn phòng khi tôi bước vào. Và thường thì, nó vẫn còn mùi như họ. Chính xác. Tôi nghĩ mọi người thực sự đánh giá thấp điều này về mùi. Vâng. Bởi vì nó hoạt động ở một mức độ vô thức mọi lúc. Chúng ta như đang tắm trong hóa chất của người khác. Chính xác. Và sau đó, họ biến mất và rồi nó bắt đầu tan biến. Đúng vậy. Nhưng nó vẫn còn đó trong một thời gian. Chính xác. Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ nhận ra rằng cơ thể đang chịu tang của bạn phải tìm ra cách để điều chỉnh lại là một lý do mà sự hỗ trợ lại quan trọng như vậy. Có một nghiên cứu về, chúng ta đã nói về trước khi podcast bắt đầu, có một nghiên cứu về các loài linh trưởng, nơi mà, bạn biết đấy, như với các loài linh trưởng khác, có rất nhiều sự tử vong ở trẻ sơ sinh. Và trong nghiên cứu quan sát này, có những bầy đàn đang được các nhà khoa học quan sát. Và với cái chết của một con linh trưởng sơ sinh, người mẹ thường sẽ mang theo đứa trẻ đã chết, chú khỉ con đó, trong một thời gian dài sau khi chúng chết và dành nhiều thời gian để nhìn vào đứa trẻ. Người mẹ không chải chuốt, cô ấy không chải chuốt, cô ấy không bị nhầm lẫn, nhưng điều thú vị là cô ấy ngừng tự chăm sóc trong suốt thời gian này. Bây giờ, điều đó thật sự có rủi ro y tế đối với một loài linh trưởng bởi vì chúng ta biết rằng việc chăm sóc rất quan trọng đối với sức khỏe của chúng để loại bỏ ký sinh trùng và những thứ như vậy. Và, bạn biết đấy, thường thì trong những bầy đàn này, có một hệ thống thứ bậc rất nghiêm ngặt. Ai được chải chuốt ai, bạn biết đấy, giống như một chương trình Kardashian mới nhất. Và trong thời gian này, khi người mẹ đang cố gắng hiểu điều gì đã xảy ra với đứa trẻ này, các quy tắc bị bác bỏ. Bất kỳ thành viên nào trong bầy đàn đều có thể chải chuốt người mẹ này.
    Bây giờ, có một thời điểm nào đó, sự khác biệt cá nhân lớn về thời gian mà người mẹ giữ đứa trẻ này, từ vài ngày đến vài tháng. Khi cô ấy bỏ đứa trẻ, các quy tắc lại có hiệu lực trở lại. Cô ấy trở về nhóm và bây giờ cô ấy tham gia vào đời sống xã hội, vào đời sống xã hội y tế, theo cách mà cô ấy đã làm trước đây. Tôi nghĩ rằng phép ẩn dụ ở đây, bên cạnh việc mỗi lần tôi nghĩ về nó, nó chỉ làm tôi nhói đau một chút, đúng không? Nhưng ý tưởng ở đây là tất cả chúng ta đều có trách nhiệm chăm sóc người đau buồn, lo lắng cho họ, nói rằng, này, đã bao lâu rồi kể từ khi bạn gặp bác sĩ để kiểm tra sức khỏe định kỳ? Đã bao lâu rồi kể từ khi bạn làm siêu âm vú hoặc làm sạch răng, đúng không? Thường thì chúng ta đã chăm sóc cho người thân yêu đang hấp hối và chúng ta đang bỏ quên việc chăm sóc sức khỏe của chính mình. Bởi vì đây là điều quan trọng. Nỗi đau là phản ứng tự nhiên. Cơ thể của chúng ta rất đàn hồi. Nhiều người bị sốc bởi mức độ đau đớn, cơn đau thể xác, cảm giác như có một cục nghẹn trong cổ họng hoặc cảm thấy như ngực mình đang bốc cháy khi họ đang trong quá trình đau buồn. Nhưng thực sự, cơ thể của chúng ta rất đàn hồi. Chúng ta học cách tự điều chỉnh mà không cần đến cái máy điều hòa nhịp tim bên ngoài này. Nhưng trong những trường hợp mà cơ thể không đủ đàn hồi để làm như vậy, chúng ta cần có những người xung quanh hỗ trợ. Trong một nghiên cứu tại phòng thí nghiệm của mình, chúng tôi nghĩ, có lẽ nguy cơ mắc bệnh tim tan vỡ, nguy cơ chết do đau tim, không phải lúc nào cũng nguy hiểm như nhau 24-7. Vì vậy, chúng tôi đã đưa mọi người vào phòng thí nghiệm và để họ trải nghiệm một đợt đau buồn trong khi họ được kết nối với máy đo ECG và huyết áp. Và điều chúng tôi thấy là huyết áp của mọi người đều tăng lên trong một đợt đau buồn. Nhưng điều chúng tôi thấy là những người, khi họ bước vào cửa, nói với chúng tôi rằng họ đang trải qua nỗi đau buồn mãnh liệt nhất, huyết áp của họ đã tăng lên nhiều nhất. Và sau đó, trong một nghiên cứu tái lập ở Đức, chúng tôi thấy rằng huyết áp của họ không phục hồi. Vì vậy, bạn có thể thấy những đợt đau buồn này mà cơ thể, tâm trí và não bộ của chúng ta phải học cách đối phó và sau đó cuối cùng thích nghi với chúng. Điều đó đòi hỏi một cơ thể thể chất có thể duy trì điều đó. Nó đòi hỏi những mối quan hệ có thể hỗ trợ và duy trì điều đó. Và đó là lý do tại sao tôi nghĩ rằng sự hỗ trợ rất quan trọng, mặc dù nó không làm giảm nỗi đau khi bạn nhớ người đó, đúng không? Bởi vì chúng ta cần mọi nguồn lực mà chúng ta có thể huy động trong khoảnh khắc này. Bây giờ, điều đó cũng có nghĩa là, mặc dù chúng ta đang nhớ người đó và cảm thấy như bị cô lập khi cố gắng giải thích rằng có một cái lỗ trong phòng khi không ai khác có thể thấy cái lỗ đó, nhưng ở một cấp độ nào đó, việc nói chuyện với người khác đang ở trong hoàn cảnh tương tự cũng giúp ích, vì chúng ta nhận ra việc đau buồn là một trải nghiệm nhân văn. Và bạn không kết nối vì bạn cả hai đều nhớ cùng một người, mà bạn đang kết nối vì cả hai đều đang thiếu thốn, đúng không? Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ rằng sự hỗ trợ trong quá trình đau buồn có thể rất hữu ích để kết nối với những người khác đang trải qua cùng một quá trình. Và thành thật mà nói, tôi không khuyến khích và một số nhóm hỗ trợ đau buồn thực sự cấm các mối quan hệ hẹn hò từ một nhóm hỗ trợ đau buồn. Nhưng thực tế là những người mà chúng ta kết nối cũng có thể là những người mà chúng ta phát triển mối quan hệ gắn bó chặt chẽ hơn. Đó là cách mà cộng đồng hoạt động, đúng không? Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ rằng sự hỗ trợ trong quá trình đau buồn có thể rất quan trọng. Chúng ta biết rằng, đối với 1 trong 10 người phát triển căn bệnh đau buồn rối loạn, những người thực sự không cho thấy bất kỳ sự thay đổi nào theo thời gian, mặc dù thời gian vẫn trôi qua, những người này có thể cần một can thiệp liệu pháp tâm lý cụ thể và dựa trên bằng chứng vì chúng ta biết rằng những can thiệp tâm lý có thể đưa chúng ta trở lại một quỹ đạo đau buồn bình thường hoặc điển hình. Tôi muốn nói về khía cạnh thể chất của vấn đề này. Chúng ta đã nói về bộ não, mà tất nhiên có liên kết với cơ thể và ngược lại. Nhưng trước khi làm điều đó, tôi muốn hỏi bạn một câu hỏi về rượu. Vâng. Tôi đã làm một tập về rượu cách đây vài năm, và tôi nghĩ tôi đã thu hút được rất nhiều người muốn ngừng uống rượu để ngừng uống. Tôi đã có một số người muốn tiếp tục uống, uống ít đi, và một số người ghét tập đó và vẫn tiếp tục uống. Mục tiêu của tôi với tập đó không phải là thay đổi hành vi của ai đó, chỉ là cung cấp cho họ thông tin. Vâng. Tôi sẽ là người cuối cùng quảng bá việc uống rượu vì chúng ta biết rằng nó cơ bản không tốt cho chúng ta bất chấp những tiêu đề có thể như vậy. Sự gián đoạn trong giấc ngủ trong hệ vi sinh vật có lẽ giải thích, theo ý kiến của tôi, khoảng 50% những tác động có hại. Nhưng nói như vậy, nó rất thông thường trong nhiều truyền thống gần với cái chết, trong những ngày và giai đoạn đầu của nỗi đau buồn, thực sự khuyến khích việc sử dụng rượu. Và nếu tôi có quan điểm cởi mở về vấn đề này, chúng ta biết rằng rượu ở liều thấp có tác dụng giảm ức chế cho chúng ta. Đó là lý do tại sao mọi người bắt đầu nói nhiều hơn. Ở liều cao hơn, nó giống như một loại thuốc an thần hơn. Và tôi tin rằng tất cả chúng ta đều có thể đồng ý rằng việc sử dụng rượu mãn tính hoặc tiếp tục uống để tránh cảm xúc của mình là một ý tưởng xấu. Bất kỳ ai tranh luận về điều đó có lẽ đang uống trong khi họ làm điều đó. Tuy nhiên, tôi đã bị ấn tượng bởi thực tế rằng có rất nhiều truyền thống khuyến khích việc sử dụng rượu. Và tôi tự hỏi, dựa trên những gì bạn đã nói với chúng tôi về nguy cơ đau tim, liệu đây có phải là một nỗ lực nào đó để hạ huyết áp trong thời gian ngắn và cơ bản chỉ để giữ cho người đó không chết. Liệu việc uống một hoặc hai ly, giả sử bạn đã đủ tuổi và không phải là người say rượu, khi nghe tin dữ, có phải là điều tồi tệ nhất trên đời không? Tôi sẽ kể cho bạn một câu chuyện, đó là, khi mẹ tôi mất, bà ở trong thị trấn nhỏ bé của chúng tôi ở Montana. Và trong những thị trấn nhỏ, những nơi nông thôn như thế này, tất nhiên, mọi người đều biết chuyện gì đang xảy ra. Vì vậy, sáng hôm sau mẹ tôi mất, vào khoảng một giờ sáng, tôi và người bạn thân của tôi đã đi xuống trung tâm thành phố đến một nhà hàng Mexico để ăn sáng. Và người phụ nữ sở hữu quán ăn đó, đã đến bàn và nói, này, tôi nghe nói mẹ bạn đang ở trong bệnh viện. Tôi rất tiếc.
    Và tôi nói, đúng rồi, cô ấy đã chết tối qua.
    Và cô ấy nói, ôi, mija, tôi có thể lấy gì cho bạn?
    Bất cứ điều gì.
    Bạn muốn gì?
    Và tôi nói, có thể cho tôi một chai bia không?
    Và cô ấy nói, tất nhiên là được.
    Và tôi đã uống bia cho bữa sáng.
    Tôi thích nghĩ về chúng tôi như một bộ công cụ lớn các chiến lược để đối phó với những cơn sóng buồn bã.
    Và đó là công cụ đúng trong bộ công cụ vào lúc đó.
    Bây giờ, nếu mỗi ngày trong phần đời còn lại của tôi, tôi uống bia cho bữa sáng,
    có lẽ điều đó không tốt cho gan của tôi, phải không?
    Và có thể cho việc giữ công việc của tôi.
    Nhưng trong khoảnh khắc đó, nó là công cụ đúng.
    Bạn có hiểu ý tôi không?
    Vì vậy, đó cũng là công cụ đúng mà tôi đang ngồi bên bạn thân nhất của mình, đúng không?
    Và sự kiềm chế đó cho phép tôi khóc ngay tại đó giữa nhà hàng.
    Tôi nghĩ rằng chúng ta luôn tìm ra những cách tương tác với cơ thể
    mà có thể không có nghĩa ở một số cấp độ,
    nhưng có lẽ khi chúng là những cách văn hóa, đã xuất hiện vì những lý do.
    Tôi không có bằng chứng cho những điều bạn vừa nói.
    Nhưng ý tưởng rằng nó có thể đưa mọi người lại gần nhau, những người đang cảm thấy ít bị kiềm chế hơn
    để họ có thể nói về cảm xúc và khó khăn.
    Thực tế rằng nó đưa mọi người lại gần nhau chỉ để xem nhau là rất quan trọng.
    Thực tế rằng nó ảnh hưởng đến hệ thống tim mạch của chúng ta là điều quan trọng.
    Và đây là điều tôi muốn nói về điều này.
    Vì vậy, mọi người nghĩ rằng chết vì trái tim tan vỡ là một phép ẩn dụ.
    Chúng ta nhìn vào, bạn biết đấy, khi Carrie Fisher chết, mẹ cô, Debbie Reynolds, đã chết ngày hôm sau.
    Và chúng ta nghĩ, ồ, không phải đó là một câu chuyện bi thảm và đẹp đẽ sao?
    Đây là một bằng chứng mà chúng ta đã biết từ những nghiên cứu dịch tễ học lớn
    rằng nguy cơ tử vong vì bất kỳ nguyên nhân nào tăng cao hơn rất nhiều ở những người vừa mất.
    Và câu hỏi của tôi là, tại sao chúng ta cứ chứng minh điều đó lặp đi lặp lại?
    Chúng ta sẽ làm gì về điều này?
    Trong phòng thí nghiệm của riêng tôi và sau đó được lặp lại trong một nghiên cứu ở Úc,
    chúng tôi đã thực hiện một nghiên cứu chứng minh khái niệm.
    Bây giờ, để rất rõ ràng, đây không phải là một thử nghiệm lâm sàng ngẫu nhiên
    và không ở một cấp độ mà sẽ xứng đáng để sử dụng như lời khuyên y tế.
    Nhưng chúng tôi đã nói, bạn biết đấy, khi một người chết trong ICU, trong phòng cấp cứu,
    trong bệnh viện chăm sóc cuối đời, trong nhà dưỡng lão, người đứng cạnh họ nên trở thành bệnh nhân của chúng tôi.
    Chúng tôi biết rằng nguy cơ y tế của họ đã tăng mạnh.
    Vì vậy, chúng tôi đã cho những người trong hai tuần đầu sau khi cái chết của người thân của họ
    uống aspirin, một viên aspirin trẻ em,
    và xem liệu điều đó có bảo vệ tim hay không, điều mà tất nhiên là có vì chúng tôi hiểu cách hoạt động của aspirin.
    Bây giờ, lý do mà chúng tôi cần các nghiên cứu lớn là để đảm bảo rằng không có tác dụng phụ tiêu cực nào mà chúng tôi muốn ngăn chặn, phải không?
    Nhưng ý tôi ở đây là, nếu chúng ta biết rằng việc mất mát là có nguy cơ y tế,
    nếu chúng ta biết rằng chúng ta cần hỗ trợ cơ thể đang đau buồn để bạn thậm chí có thể vượt qua những ngày và tuần và tháng đó
    để bạn có thể bắt đầu khôi phục lại cuộc sống, chúng ta sẽ làm gì về điều đó?
    Tôi nghĩ về nó theo cách này.
    Nỗi buồn không phải là một bệnh.
    Nỗi buồn là hoàn toàn tự nhiên.
    Nhưng, bạn biết đấy, mang thai không phải là một bệnh.
    Mang thai hoàn toàn tự nhiên, nhưng không ai nói rằng nó không phải là sinh lý.
    Không ai nói rằng không có sự thay đổi hormone lớn và rằng nó có nguy cơ y tế.
    Vì vậy, đối với phần lớn những người đang mang thai, họ hoàn toàn khỏe mạnh.
    Nhưng chúng tôi có hệ thống chăm sóc toàn diện để đánh giá xem mọi người có khỏe mạnh trong thời gian này không.
    Và nếu họ không, nếu chúng tôi phát hiện bệnh tiểu đường thai kỳ hoặc huyết áp cao,
    chúng tôi biết cách điều trị và can thiệp cho người đó để họ có thể vượt qua giai đoạn chuyển tiếp này.
    Thế còn nếu nó cũng giống như vậy với việc mất mát thì sao?
    Tại sao trong các nhóm hỗ trợ việc mất mát, chúng ta không đo huyết áp của họ?
    Để tìm ra họ đang ở đâu về mặt thể chất, bên cạnh việc dạy họ nhiều kỹ năng ứng phó mà họ có thể sử dụng bên cạnh việc uống bia,
    để họ có thể học được cảm giác mất mát là như thế nào và làm thế nào để tìm kiếm sự hỗ trợ và cuối cùng làm thế nào để thích nghi và phát triển một cuộc sống có ý nghĩa bao gồm nỗi buồn,
    nhưng cũng bao gồm tất cả những điều tuyệt vời khác trong cuộc sống.
    Vâng.
    Amen cho tất cả những điều đó.
    Tôi đã không nhận thức được nguy cơ y tế khi ở trong nỗi buồn hoặc thậm chí gần gũi với ai đó trong nỗi buồn,
    nhưng điều đó thật hợp lý.
    Bạn biết đấy, tôi đã nghe những câu chuyện về những người tham dự tang lễ, nơi mà anh trai của người đã chết đã chết vào cuối tuần tang lễ hoặc thậm chí tại tang lễ.
    Và bạn chỉ cần nghĩ, ôi chao.
    Nó gần như không thể hiểu nổi.
    Đúng rồi.
    Nhưng giờ đây chúng ta biết có một cơ sở y tế hợp lý cho điều này.
    Đúng vậy.
    Chính xác.
    Và đây là điều điên rồ, Andrew.
    Mỗi khi tôi làm một podcast hoặc tôi được phỏng vấn bởi một phóng viên, mọi người đều có một câu chuyện như vậy.
    Và vì vậy, tôi nghĩ, thành thật mà nói, các công ty bảo hiểm trước những năm 1960 đã tính điều này vào bảng xác suất của họ.
    Họ biết rằng tuổi thọ vào thời điểm đó là ngắn.
    Và vì vậy, nếu chúng ta đã biết điều này lâu rồi, thì điều gì ngăn cản chúng ta thực sự quan tâm đến những người đang đau buồn?
    Điều này thật quan trọng.
    Tôi muốn nghỉ một chút và công nhận một trong những nhà tài trợ của chúng tôi, Function.
    Năm ngoái, tôi đã trở thành thành viên của Function sau khi tìm kiếm một cách tiếp cận toàn diện nhất đến việc xét nghiệm phòng thí nghiệm.
    Function cung cấp hơn 100 xét nghiệm phòng thí nghiệm tiên tiến cung cấp cho bạn một cái nhìn tổng quát về sức khỏe cơ thể của bạn.
    Cái nhìn này cung cấp cho bạn thông tin về sức khỏe tim mạch, sức khỏe hormone, chức năng miễn dịch, mức độ dinh dưỡng và nhiều điều khác.
    Họ cũng mới đây đã thêm các xét nghiệm cho độc tố, chẳng hạn như ô nhiễm BPA từ nhựa độc hại, và các xét nghiệm cho PFAS, hoặc các hóa chất mãi mãi.
    Function không chỉ cung cấp xét nghiệm cho hơn 100 chỉ số sinh học quan trọng cho sức khỏe thể chất và tâm thần của bạn,
    mà còn phân tích những kết quả này và cung cấp thông tin từ những bác sĩ hàng đầu chuyên gia trong các lĩnh vực liên quan.
    Ví dụ, trong một trong những xét nghiệm đầu tiên của tôi với Function, tôi đã biết rằng tôi có nồng độ thủy ngân cao trong máu.
    Chức năng không chỉ giúp tôi phát hiện ra điều đó, mà còn cung cấp những hiểu biết về cách tốt nhất để giảm mức thủy ngân của tôi, bao gồm việc hạn chế tiêu thụ cá ngừ, vì tôi đã ăn rất nhiều cá ngừ, trong khi cũng nỗ lực ăn nhiều rau lá xanh hơn và bổ sung NAC và acetylcysteine, cả hai đều có thể hỗ trợ sản xuất glutathione và giải độc. Và tôi nên nói rằng, bằng cách thực hiện một bài kiểm tra chức năng thứ hai, cách tiếp cận đó đã hiệu quả. Xét nghiệm máu toàn diện là vô cùng quan trọng. Có rất nhiều yếu tố liên quan đến sức khỏe tâm thần và thể chất của bạn chỉ có thể được phát hiện qua xét nghiệm máu. Vấn đề là, xét nghiệm máu luôn rất đắt đỏ và phức tạp. Ngược lại, tôi rất ấn tượng với sự đơn giản của Function và mức giá của nó. Nó rất phải chăng. Do đó, tôi đã quyết định tham gia vào hội đồng tư vấn khoa học của họ, và tôi rất vui mừng vì họ đang tài trợ cho podcast. Nếu bạn muốn thử Function, bạn có thể đến functionhealth.com slash Huberman. Function hiện có danh sách chờ hơn 250.000 người, nhưng họ đang cung cấp quyền truy cập sớm cho những người nghe podcast của Huberman. Một lần nữa, đó là functionhealth.com slash Huberman để có quyền truy cập sớm vào Function.
    Tôi rất tò mò về việc phân chia cảm xúc. Bây giờ tôi nhận ra rằng ít nhất trong văn hóa này ở Hoa Kỳ, chúng ta không được dạy cách để thương tiếc trừ khi đó là một phần trong gia đình hoặc tôn giáo của chúng ta. Chúng ta không được chỉ dẫn cách để thương tiếc. Dường như có một tập hợp những mâu thuẫn khác trong thế giới tâm lý học, sức khỏe, và tự lực. Không quan trọng nó nằm trong lĩnh vực nào, cho dù là lĩnh vực kỳ quặc nhất hay lĩnh vực y tế giảm thiểu nhất. Thông điệp mâu thuẫn là như thế này. Một mặt, hãy cảm nhận cảm xúc của bạn. Việc kìm nén nó không phải là tốt. Đúng. Nó làm tăng huyết áp của bạn, tăng nguy cơ đột quỵ, khiến bạn trở thành một người khó chịu khi ở bên cạnh và cũng với chính mình, v.v. Nhưng sau đó, chúng ta cũng biết rằng chúng ta phải hoạt động. Chúng ta không thể biến thành một vũng nước mắt của chính mình 24 giờ một ngày, bảy ngày một tuần. Ngay cả khi chúng ta không phải là người chăm sóc, chúng ta cũng không thể. Tôi có thể nhớ khi tôi còn là một đứa trẻ nhận được tin tức thật tồi tệ. Chỉ cần không quan tâm đó là tin gì, nhưng chỉ là tin tức tồi tệ cho bất kỳ độ tuổi nào. Nhưng tôi nghĩ ở thời điểm đó tôi khoảng 16 tuổi. Tôi như là. Vâng. Và tôi nhớ như tim của tôi đau. Vâng. Tôi nhớ rằng mình đã cố gắng kìm nén cảm xúc đó. Vâng. Và tôi biết làm điều đó, đúng không? Đó là một kỹ năng. Vâng. Và đã có một thời gian tôi nghĩ rằng đó là một điều rất tệ. Nhưng mặt khác, đó là cách bạn đứng dậy và đi làm vào ngày hôm sau. Đúng. Đó là cách bạn, khi bạn làm việc trong phòng thí nghiệm, bạn đến phòng thí nghiệm của bạn. Đó là cách bạn đối phó với cuộc sống. Vâng. Nhưng chìa khóa là, tất nhiên, phải có khả năng mở nắp và để cảm xúc tuôn ra khi bạn cần.
    Vì vậy, trong bối cảnh ý tưởng rằng cảm xúc nằm trên đầu và cảm xúc nằm trong cơ thể, điều mà tôi nghĩ mọi người đều đồng ý bây giờ. Vâng. Chúng ta biết gì về cách để giải phóng cảm xúc ra ngoài? Và chúng ta biết gì về việc phân chia cảm xúc một cách lành mạnh và thích nghi như là những kỹ năng? Và ở đây, tôi hy vọng rằng có thể mọi người có thể rút ra một số công cụ như dành một giờ mỗi ngày để cho phép bản thân than vãn. Mm-hmm. Mm-hmm. Dành hai giờ mỗi ngày để xử lý những thứ của bạn. Vâng. Tôi nghĩ thật hữu ích để nhớ rằng cảm xúc thực sự là đầu ra. Chúng là sản phẩm. Không phải là chúng ta phải tìm ra cách đối phó với cảm xúc, mặc dù tôi sẽ quay lại nói rằng khác đi ngay bây giờ. Chúng ta phải tìm ra cách xử lý trạng thái thể chất và tinh thần nào đã dẫn đến những cảm xúc đó.
    Vì vậy, ý tôi là nếu bạn đang trong một khoảnh khắc mà mọi thứ trong cơ thể bạn đang phản kháng, bạn cảm thấy hưng phấn và không thể ngồi yên, thì làm việc với cơ thể của bạn, đúng không, có thể bạn là người cần chạy mỗi ngày, nơi đó không thực sự là con người của bạn trước đây, đúng không? Mặt khác, có thể bạn là người cần phát triển một thực hành yoga để tìm ra cách thở qua cảm giác hưng phấn đó và làm dịu bản thân mình, làm dịu cơ thể để bạn có thể giảm nhịp tim, đúng không? Vì vậy, đó là hai hành vi hoàn toàn khác nhau, nhưng tôi có thể nói với bạn rằng vào cuối cả hai hành vi đó, cơ thể bạn sẽ ở trong một trạng thái khác và tôi cá rằng cảm xúc của bạn cũng ở một trạng thái khác, đúng không? Vì vậy, đó là một cách để nghĩ về nó, đó là tiếp cận vấn đề làm thế nào để chúng ta xử lý cảm xúc, nhưng có một cách khác để tiếp cận, đó là làm thế nào tôi xử lý tất cả các yêu cầu và tài nguyên tôi có khi các yêu cầu và tài nguyên mất cân bằng, đó là căng thẳng? Vậy làm thế nào tôi tăng cường tài nguyên trong cuộc sống của tôi? Làm thế nào tôi giảm bớt các yêu cầu trong cuộc sống của tôi? Bởi vì tôi bất ngờ đang ở trong một tình huống rất khó khăn. Vì vậy, đó là một cách để nghĩ về nó.
    Chúng tôi đã thực hiện một nghiên cứu can thiệp trong phòng thí nghiệm của tôi với những người góa vợ và góa chồng, nơi một nhóm nhận đào tạo về chánh niệm, nhóm khác nhận đào tạo về thư giãn cơ bắp tiến bộ, khá giống như học cách kiểm tra cơ thể thật tỉ mỉ. Bạn co và thư giãn các nhóm cơ khác nhau trong cơ thể của bạn và bạn trở nên nhận thức được cảm giác thư giãn thực sự như thế nào. Và sau đó có một nhóm đối chứng không can thiệp. Chúng tôi thực hiện nghiên cứu này vì chúng tôi nghĩ rằng đào tạo chánh niệm sẽ rất hữu ích. Hóa ra, đào tạo chánh niệm hữu ích thật, nhưng thư giãn cơ bắp tiến bộ còn hữu ích hơn cho sự thương tiếc của mọi người.
    Vậy thực hành này trông như thế nào? Đó là, bạn đang siết chặt các ngón tay của mình, sau đó thả lỏng, sau đó là cẳng tay. Vì vậy, làm việc từ đầu đến chân, co cơ khoảng bao lâu? Tôi chỉ cố gắng để có một cái nhìn tổng quát. Đó là một sự co cơ ngắn. Bạn biết đấy, bạn có thể tìm được hướng dẫn rất dễ dàng trên mạng. Thường thì nó được thực hiện với một âm thanh hướng dẫn để giúp bạn tìm ra. Nhưng điều quan trọng là cảm nhận sự khác biệt giữa bàn tay nắm chặt và bàn tay thả lỏng của tôi.
    Ôi trời, tôi thậm chí không nhận ra rằng mình đã có rất nhiều sự căng thẳng cơ bắp. Điều thú vị là mọi người đã nói với chúng tôi rằng, trong mọi tình huống, tôi đang ở trong siêu thị, tôi đang trong một cuộc họp công việc, tôi đang cố gắng đi vào giấc ngủ. Bây giờ, tập luyện chánh niệm đã hiệu quả, nhưng không hiệu quả như tôi đã nói. Và tôi nghĩ một phần là vì chúng ta có, bạn biết đấy, việc grieving (đau thương) là một hình thức học hỏi. Tôi không đùa đâu. Não của bạn đang bận rộn trong khi bạn đang đau thương. Và có thể đó không phải là thời điểm thích hợp để bắt đầu một thực hành mới đòi hỏi nhiều sự tập trung. Nếu bạn thực hành chánh niệm, điều đó có thể rất hữu ích. Dù sao, điểm chính của tất cả những điều đó là, một mặt, không phải chúng ta phải đối diện với cảm xúc vì chúng là đầu ra. Chúng ta phải đối diện với những yêu cầu và nguồn lực của mình và phát triển một bộ công cụ hoàn chỉnh về cách nghĩ để thích nghi trong cuộc sống của chúng ta bây giờ. Mặt khác, ngay cả khi cụ thể đối với các làn sóng của nỗi đau, việc có một bộ công cụ về những gì nên làm với những cảm xúc đó, tôi nghĩ bạn đã mô tả rất đẹp, Andrew, rằng chúng ta có khả năng kiểm soát. Và nếu bạn sắp bước vào một buổi thuyết trình, thì kiểm soát có lẽ là cách đi đúng trong khoảnh khắc khi bỗng nhiên đứa trẻ đã mất của bạn nảy ra trong đầu bạn và bạn nghĩ, tôi sẽ không nghĩ về điều này ngay bây giờ. Tôi sẽ hoàn toàn giả vờ rằng điều này chưa xảy ra và tôi sẽ thực hiện buổi thuyết trình này, đúng không? Nhưng nếu đó là chiến lược duy nhất của bạn, thì bạn sẽ không có quá trình học hỏi đang diễn ra, đúng không? Rằng ở một khoảnh khắc khác, bạn có thể nhìn qua một cuốn album ảnh và chỉ bị choáng ngợp với nước mắt. Nhưng theo thời gian, nhận ra rằng, tôi cũng không thể ở trong cơn mưa đó. Khi tôi đang làm điều này, tôi cần phải, bạn biết đấy, nếu là tôi, tôi cần nhắn tin cho em gái tôi và nói với cô ấy, bạn biết đấy, tôi đang nhìn những bức ảnh của mẹ và đây là những gì tôi đang nghĩ đến. Và cô ấy sẽ nhắn cho tôi một câu chuyện hài hước nào đó về mẹ hoặc thậm chí chỉ nói, ôi, tôi cảm thấy bạn. Và nếu em gái tôi không có sẵn, thì tôi sẽ nhắn tin cho người bạn tốt nhất của mình, đúng không? Bởi vì trong khoảnh khắc đó, điều quan trọng là có cơn mưa đó. Nó cũng quan trọng để biết cách thoát ra khỏi cơn mưa một lần nữa. Và vì vậy, đây thực sự là một quá trình học tập. Làm thế nào tôi đối phó với những làn sóng của nỗi đau? Nó giống như là một cầu thủ bóng rổ. Một sở hữu này sau một sở hữu khác, sau một sở hữu khác. Làm thế nào tôi sẽ vượt qua sở hữu này? Mỗi sở hữu trông khác nhau. Làm thế nào tôi sẽ vượt qua sở hữu này với cụm sao này? Kỹ năng gì là phù hợp để sử dụng ngay bây giờ? Tôi nghĩ những gì bạn vừa nói là rất quan trọng vì tôi biết trong nhiều năm qua, mô hình là một mô hình mà nỗi đau tiến triển qua một số giai đoạn rất tiêu chuẩn của sự không tin tưởng, tức giận, chấp nhận, và không có sự thiếu tôn trọng nào cả, là Elizabeth Kubler-Ross. Kubler-Ross. Liệu có một chủ đề về những cái tên có dấu gạch nối trong lĩnh vực của cô ấy không? Ừ, xin lỗi. Vâng, điều đó thật buồn cười. Vâng, công việc vô cùng quan trọng vì nó đã khai mở nhận thức về nỗi đau như một quá trình, cả về tâm lý và đến một mức độ nào đó là sinh học. Vâng. Vì vậy, chúng ta muốn, bạn biết đấy, tôn trọng những người đã mở ra những lĩnh vực này. Và tuy nhiên, với tư cách là người ngoài cuộc trong lĩnh vực này, tôi có thể nói một cách an toàn, vì các khoản tài trợ và tài liệu của tôi không dựa vào nó, rằng tôi nghĩ công việc như của bạn và các đồng nghiệp thực sự đã mở rộng mô hình đó để thực sự cho chúng ta thấy rằng, theo nhiều cách, nó là quan trọng nhưng không hoàn toàn đúng theo nghĩa rằng không phải là sự không tin tưởng, rồi tức giận, rồi tức giận, rồi chấp nhận. Nó có thể là cả ba cùng một lúc và sau đó chúng bị xáo trộn theo một thứ tự khác và sau đó còn nhiều điều khác nữa. Vâng. Và tôi nghĩ điều đó rất quan trọng cho mọi người nghe vì con đường không tin tưởng, tức giận, chấp nhận đã nhận được rất nhiều sự chú ý mà chúng ta đã được dạy trong trường trung học và tiểu học và cần phải cập nhật, giống như khái niệm rằng dopamine là khoái cảm cũng cần phải cập nhật. Chắc chắn rồi. Vì vậy, cô ấy đã công bố về cái chết và sự chết vào năm 1969. Và bạn đúng. Điều đó đã mang tính đột phá, ý tưởng rằng nỗi đau hơn cả nỗi buồn. Và cô ấy đã làm những gì mà tất cả các nhà khoa học giỏi làm ban đầu. Nó là mô tả. Cô ấy đã thực hiện các cuộc phỏng vấn lâm sàng và cô ấy đã mô tả. Nhưng nó đã trở thành một bản kê khai, phải không? Những giai đoạn đó. Và giờ đây, chúng ta biết, hãy nghĩ xem khoa học đã tiến xa đến đâu, phải không? Chúng ta biết bây giờ với các nghiên cứu theo chiều dọc nơi chúng ta nhìn vào cùng một người nhiều lần, rằng chúng ta thực sự thấy sự tiến triển. Vì vậy, chúng ta thấy rằng sự chấp nhận tăng lên theo thời gian. Chúng ta thấy rằng nỗi khao khát giảm đi theo thời gian. Nhưng điều đó không phải là tuyến tính và rằng không, như bạn đã nói, không phải là một giai đoạn và sau đó bạn đã xong với điều đó. Tôi đã có những người nói với tôi, ồ, đã 20 năm trôi qua, nhưng tôi vẫn chưa cảm thấy tức giận, vì vậy tôi không nghĩ rằng tôi đã kết thúc việc đau thương. Và tôi chỉ, trái tim tôi cũng cảm thấy cho họ. Đây không phải là một bản kê khai. Và nghiên cứu về nỗi đau hiện đại cho chúng ta biết nhiều hơn nữa, không chỉ về những gì xảy ra, mà còn tại sao và như thế nào. Đôi khi tôi tự hỏi liệu, mặc dù trải nghiệm tàn khốc mà nỗi đau có thể mang lại, có phải mọi người không cho phép bản thân cảm thấy ổn không. Vâng. Ý tôi là, trước đây khi bạn nói về bức tranh của con khỉ này đang ôm đứa con đã chết của nó, tôi thú nhận tôi có một phản ứng. Vâng. Nó là, và tôi nghĩ rằng đó là một phản ứng phổ quát, hy vọng rằng, của con người và động vật, con cá voi. Vâng. Của một người mẹ đã mất con. Chắc chắn rồi. Chỉ là một động vật, con cá voi đó. Vâng. Dù đó là một động vật con người hay một con khỉ hay một con chó, nó chỉ là, nó giống như, phải có một cái gì đó, tha lỗi cho tôi khi nói về giải phẫu thần kinh ở đây, nhưng dạy về giải phẫu thần kinh. Phải có một con đường thần kinh sâu, sâu, thật sự sâu trong cơ thể vì bạn cảm nhận nó ở khắp mọi nơi. Nó không chỉ nằm ở đây hay ở đó. Bạn không nghe thấy nó trong tai của bạn. Bạn cảm thấy nó từ tận đáy lòng. Vâng. Và, ừm, và bất cứ điều gì sâu đến mức đó đều nguyên thủy và cổ xưa như đói, khát, sinh sản hoặc tức giận. Vâng. Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ điều đó thật quan trọng khi bạn đã đặt nỗi đau lên kệ bên cạnh những động lực chính đó. Vâng. Và đề cập đến sự cân bằng nội môi. Vâng.
    Mong muốn ở lại một chỗ nào đó, nơi mà cái bập bênh không bị nghiêng.
    Đúng vậy.
    Về phía chỉ dẫn đến sự sụp đổ hoàn toàn.
    Đúng vậy.
    Thế nhưng vẫn có những lúc mà mọi người đang trong giai đoạn đau thương lại tìm thấy bản thân đang cười trước một cái gì đó họ nghe trên podcast, hoặc họ cảm thấy mình bị thu hút bởi một đối tác tiềm năng mới.
    Hoàn toàn đúng.
    Bất chấp thực tế là họ rất yêu thương bạn đời của mình.
    Đúng.
    Vậy phần cho phép ở đây là gì?
    Vâng.
    Thực sự là rất quan trọng.
    Bạn biết đấy, một phần trong vấn đề này là vấn đề văn hóa, đúng không?
    Một phần trong vấn đề này là chúng ta có những quy tắc về sự đau thương mà có vẻ như không ai có thể nắm bắt được, nhưng mọi người lại có những cảm xúc rất mạnh mẽ về nó, đúng không?
    Và người ta sẽ nói về việc, bạn biết đấy, tôi đã bị đè nén bởi quyển sách quy tắc đau thương lớn đó hôm nay.
    Ai đó đã nói với tôi rằng tôi không nên hoặc tôi nên làm fill in the blank.
    Tin tôi đi, đã khó lắm rồi mà còn có những kỳ vọng xung quanh bạn về việc bạn có đang làm đúng không, bạn biết không?
    Mặt khác, có những kỳ vọng xã hội.
    Một người phụ nữ đã liên hệ với tôi khoảng 10 ngày sau khi chồng cô ấy qua đời và cô ấy nói, tôi không thấy buồn, và tôi lo lắng rằng có điều gì đó sâu sắc không ổn với tôi.
    Cô ấy là một người phụ nữ lớn tuổi.
    Chúng tôi đã thực hiện một đánh giá thần kinh tâm lý và tôi đã thực hiện một cuộc phỏng vấn lâm sàng và vân vân.
    Và tôi nói, tôi nghĩ thực tế là bạn chỉ đơn giản là ổn.
    Cô ấy nói, được rồi, đó là điều tôi đã nghĩ, nhưng tôi không thể nói với bất kỳ người bạn nào rằng tôi không buồn vì tôi sẽ trở thành một kẻ bị ruồng bỏ, bạn biết không?
    Mọi người nghĩ cô ấy là một kẻ tâm thần.
    Thay vào đó, họ đã có một mối quan hệ tuyệt vời với nhau.
    Cô ấy biết rằng điều này sẽ đến.
    Cô ấy đã có một cuộc sống đầy đủ và điều đó không sao với cô ấy trong khoảnh khắc đó.
    Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ rằng, một mặt, có yếu tố xã hội về việc cho phép.
    Nó sẽ khác nhau cho từng người.
    Và quan trọng nhất, nó sẽ khác với những gì chúng ta nghĩ rằng nó sẽ như thế nào.
    Chúng ta cố gắng dự đoán cảm giác đau thương sẽ như thế nào.
    Nhưng bởi vì rất nhiều sự gắn bó ở dưới mức ý thức, vì sinh lý của chúng ta cũng ở dưới mức ý thức, nên không phải là chúng ta có thể biết chúng ta sẽ phản ứng như thế nào.
    Vì vậy, phản ứng tự nhiên chỉ đơn giản là phản ứng.
    Và sau đó, việc đau thương theo thời gian, cách chúng ta phản ứng bắt đầu cảm thấy quen thuộc hơn.
    Chúng ta bắt đầu phát triển các công cụ ứng phó tốt hơn cho cách chúng ta phản ứng tự nhiên.
    Không phải là nỗi đau thương biến mất.
    Mà là chúng ta bắt đầu hiểu nó.
    Chúng ta hiểu cách làm việc với nó.
    Nhưng phần khác là về sự cho phép, tôi nghĩ vậy.
    Hãy nhớ cách tôi đã nói rằng bạn vẫn có một mối quan hệ nội tâm đang tiếp diễn?
    Tôi nghĩ mọi người cảm thấy tội lỗi vì có niềm vui, làm những điều thú vị, yêu đương, kết nối với mọi người, đi du lịch.
    Vì ở một mức độ nào đó, có một phần trong họ tin rằng, người mình yêu đang ở ngoài kia, là vĩnh cửu, và tôi đang chọn làm điều này thay vì đi tìm họ.
    Tôi chọn làm điều này khi họ không thể.
    Và bạn có thể hiểu cách điều đó xảy ra, đúng không?
    Bạn có thể hiểu sự ngờ vực nội tâm này, nhưng đó là vì mãi mãi gắn bó của mối quan hệ này, nhưng nó không đúng.
    Bộ não của bạn có thể tin điều đó, và nó có thể không đúng.
    Vì vậy, làm việc về mối quan hệ nội tâm đó để nói rằng, này, tôi sẽ làm những điều này vì bạn không thể.
    Tôi sẽ làm chúng qua một cơ thể và đôi mắt được hình thành bởi bạn để bạn có thể cùng đi.
    Hoặc, tôi có nghĩa là, mọi cách diễn giải sẽ hoạt động khác nhau cho từng người.
    Hoặc bạn có thể nói, bạn đã đánh giá điều này rất nhiều.
    Mẹ tôi sẽ rất tự hào khi tôi đã viết sách, rằng tôi là một giáo sư.
    Một điều mà bà không thể làm.
    Và tôi thường tự nghĩ, điều này là dành cho bạn, mẹ.
    Và vì vậy cách thay đổi mối quan hệ nội tâm, nhớ rằng mối quan hệ nội tâm của bạn có thể phát triển cùng họ, và tương tự, nếu họ là một người không được yêu thương, điều đó cũng xảy ra, thì nói, bạn biết không?
    Chương này trong cuộc đời tôi đã kết thúc.
    Đó là một chương khó khăn.
    Và tôi sẽ đóng lại và bỏ vào một cái hộp, và giờ thì nó đã xong rồi.
    Và có thể nó sẽ quay lại vào một lúc khác, và tôi sẽ xử lý mối quan hệ đó sau.
    Nhưng ngay bây giờ, không sao khi đặt nó sang một bên.
    Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ cho phép là một từ tuyệt vời.
    Hãy tự hỏi bản thân, ai đang phán xét tôi vì đi nghỉ?
    Ai đang phán xét tôi vì yêu?
    Có phải là tôi không?
    Có phải trong mối quan hệ nội tâm không?
    Có phải là hàng xóm của tôi không?
    Mục sư của tôi?
    Tìm ra ai đang phán xét bạn.
    Và sau đó bạn nhận được sự cho phép như thế nào?
    Nghe có vẻ như là cho phép bản thân trải qua giai đoạn phản kháng đó ở bất kỳ tốc độ nào nó xảy ra.
    Vâng.
    Và để vượt qua bước tuyệt vọng đó.
    Mm-hmm.
    Và chỉ cần ở lại với từ đó, vì tôi không biết từ nào tốt hơn, để biến đổi cảm giác tuyệt vọng đó.
    Vâng.
    Kiểu như, bạn không thể lấy lại chúng.
    Không.
    Họ đã đi.
    Họ đã đi.
    Qua màn.
    Vâng.
    Như một người bạn của tôi đã chịu đựng nhiều mất mát hơn bất kỳ con người nào khác nên phải, anh ấy chỉ nói, màn.
    Chỉ đơn giản là, bạn biết đấy, nhưng anh ấy đã học cách biến đổi điều đó thành những điều mới.
    Vâng.
    Tôi sẽ nói với bạn, Andrew, nhiều người, bạn biết đấy, tôi dạy một lớp về tâm lý học cái chết và mất mát tại Đại học Arizona.
    Và sinh viên của tôi sẽ nói với tôi, bạn thật sự quá hạnh phúc để dạy lớp này.
    Và tôi nói với họ, điều đó không phải là ngẫu nhiên.
    Điều đó không phải là tình cờ.
    Đó là vì mỗi ngày tôi đều nghĩ về cái chết và cái chết.
    Tôi đang nghĩ về sự đau thương và mất mát.
    Và vì vậy khi họ đến với tôi và họ được B cộng thay vì A trừ, tôi sort of như, bạn biết đấy, bức tranh lớn, đúng không?
    Không phải là tận thế.
    Và có một cách nào đó mà tôi có thể nói rằng đau thương là một hình thức học hỏi, nhưng tôi không biết bạn sẽ học gì từ trải nghiệm mất mát này.
    Nhưng điều tôi hy vọng là bạn học được những bài học tốt, những bài học như, wow, tôi mạnh mẽ hơn tôi nghĩ.
    Hoặc, wow, khi tôi thực sự cần ai đó, mọi người sẽ xuất hiện.
    Hoặc, wow, người đó đã hoàn toàn hình thành quan điểm của tôi về thế giới và tôi rất biết ơn.
    Người khác học được, wow, thế giới là một nơi không an toàn.
    Hoặc, tôi không thể nói với ai cảm xúc thật của tôi.
    Đây là những bài học rất khác nhau mà một số người học được.
    Và hi vọng của tôi là không ai phải chịu nỗi đau một mình vì rủi ro họ nghĩ rằng đó là lỗi của tôi thì rất có hại cho xã hội.
    Rằng mọi người đi khắp nơi tin rằng, rằng chúng ta cần hỗ trợ người khác để chúng ta có thể hiểu rõ hơn về những bài học mà cái chết là một phần của cuộc sống.
    Tôi luôn cảm thấy ngạc nhiên trước việc cuộc sống có thể gây đau đớn đến mức nào.
    Và tôi cũng luôn cảm thấy ngạc nhiên trước độ kiên cường của con người.
    Họ thực sự như vậy.
    Đó như thể hai điều này đều đúng.
    Cả hai đều đúng.
    Và thường là ở cùng một người.
    Đúng vậy.
    Tôi muốn nói về một khía cạnh rất khó khăn của sự đau buồn và cái chết.
    Đúng vậy.
    Đó là tự sát.
    Đúng vậy.
    Tôi nghĩ, thật buồn, hiện nay, gần như ai cũng biết về một người đã chết vì tự sát.
    Đúng vậy.
    Tôi chắc chắn đã biết những người đã chết vì tự sát và chúng ta nghe về điều này quá nhiều trong lĩnh vực công cộng.
    Có vẻ như một con người tự kết liễu cuộc đời mình thì trái ngược với mọi lý trí.
    Và yet, khi ngồi với người phối ngẫu của một người bạn thân thiết và là người thầy của tôi, người đã tự sát, cô ấy đã đến một nơi mà tôi nghĩ rằng nhiều người thân gần gũi với những người đã tự sát cũng đến.
    Ở đó cô ấy nói với tôi, thật sự, anh ấy dường như thực sự cần điều đó.
    Đúng vậy.
    Điều này đưa chúng ta đến một nơi mà, như bạn biết đấy, có thể họ đã đau khổ đến mức đó.
    Và sau đó bạn tự lý giải một chút sự nhẹ nhõm, v.v.
    Nhưng tôi đã có cả vận may và vận xui khi xem bộ phim này, The Bridge.
    Đó là một bộ phim mà tôi không thể thực sự khuyên bạn xem.
    Nó rất mãnh liệt.
    Đúng vậy.
    Nhưng nơi họ gắn camera ở Cầu Cổng Vàng.
    Ôi đúng vậy.
    Quay phim những người nhảy xuống và nói chuyện với những người biết những người đó.
    Và trong một trường hợp, họ đã đủ điều kiện để trò chuyện với một chàng trai trẻ đã nhảy và sống sót.
    Mm-hmm.
    Theo tôi nhớ, anh ấy được chẩn đoán là người lưỡng cực, tỷ lệ tự sát cao ở những người lưỡng cực, và v.v.
    Và anh ấy mô tả những khoảnh khắc sau khi anh ấy nhảy xuống, suy nghĩ đầu tiên của anh ấy là, anh ấy không muốn chết.
    Đúng vậy.
    Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ nếu không vì lý do nào khác, thông điệp đó và bộ phim đó đóng một vai trò rất quan trọng vì nó phản đối những gì tôi vừa nói.
    Đúng vậy.
    Bạn biết đấy, và nếu ai đó, bạn biết đấy, hãy tha lỗi cho tôi, nhưng hãy để chúng ta thẳng thắn ở đây vì chúng ta, hãy không nằm ngoài lề.
    Vì vậy, hãy để chúng ta đối mặt với điều này.
    Bạn biết đấy, nếu ai đó tự sát bằng súng, thường không có cơ hội thứ hai để nghĩ, ôi, tôi thực sự không muốn điều này.
    Đúng vậy.
    Vì vậy, chúng ta biết gì về nghiên cứu về tự sát, nếu chúng ta có thể bắt đầu từ đó?
    Chúng ta có biết gì từ các nghiên cứu về những người đã cố gắng tự sát mà không thành công không?
    Chúng ta có biết liệu đó có phải là một trải nghiệm điển hình hay không?
    Mm-hmm.
    Và chúng ta biết gì về sự đau buồn do tự sát khác với sự đau buồn do những hình thức chết khác?
    Đúng vậy.
    Tôi có thể nói ngay rằng tôi không phải là chuyên gia về tự sát, và có rất nhiều điều được biết một cách khoa học về sức khỏe tâm thần xung quanh tự sát và các nỗ lực tự sát và vân vân.
    Nhưng tôi nghĩ về điều đó theo cách này.
    Tôi nghĩ chúng ta có thể tách ra một cuộc trò chuyện mà tôi không phải là chuyên gia, nói rằng, bạn biết đấy, tự sát là một giải pháp vĩnh viễn cho một vấn đề có thể là tạm thời.
    Và có rất nhiều lý do, chăm sóc sức khỏe tâm thần và vân vân, mà tự sát có thể xảy ra.
    Và đó là một bi kịch khi giải pháp vĩnh viễn này dường như là giải pháp duy nhất, xét đến một tình huống có thể chỉ là tạm thời.
    Nhưng tôi có thể để tất cả những điều đó sang một bên, thật lòng, và vẫn giải quyết một điều mà tôi nghĩ bạn đang nhắm đến, đó là, còn người đang đau buồn sau một sự tự sát thì sao?
    Và tôi nghĩ về điều đó theo cách này, bởi vì chúng ta biết rằng nỗi đau buồn sau cái chết đột ngột, đau buồn sau cái chết bạo lực, đau buồn sau cái chết bất ngờ, và tất cả những điều đó thường mô tả một vụ tự sát, thì khó hơn.
    Thật khó khăn hơn để thích nghi.
    Thật khó khăn hơn để phục hồi một cuộc sống có ý nghĩa.
    Một người bạn của tôi, người đã từng đến lớp mà tôi dạy, có con trai chết vì tự sát, đã giúp tôi thực sự thấy cái nhìn sâu sắc vào quá trình đau buồn ở đây.
    Và đó là điều thực sự có thể áp dụng một cách rộng rãi hơn, nhưng rất phổ biến trong cách suy nghĩ của những người đang đau buồn, người đã chết vì tự sát.
    Và đó là những gì anh ấy gọi là những suy nghĩ ‘đáng lẽ, có thể, nên’ (would’ve, could’ve, should’ve).
    Vì vậy, đây là, giá như tôi đã nhấc điện thoại lên.
    Giá như tôi có thể đưa họ đến bệnh viện sớm hơn.
    Bác sĩ đáng lẽ phải biết để kiểm tra.
    Và điều quan trọng là cái não, vì nó là một điều kỳ diệu, có thể nghĩ ra vô số câu chuyện.
    Vô số lý do tại sao sự mất mát này là lỗi của bạn.
    Và thực tế là không có cách nào để vượt qua những câu hỏi đó vì có vô số câu hỏi.
    Và những gì anh ấy đã dạy tôi, và tôi nghĩ nghiên cứu này cũng xác nhận, là giải pháp không phải là tìm câu trả lời cho vô số câu hỏi.
    Nếu bạn nghĩ về nó, mỗi câu chuyện đó, giá như tôi đã nhấc điện thoại lên, mỗi câu chuyện đó kết thúc với việc, và rồi người thân của tôi đã sống.
    Nhưng thực tế mà chúng ta đang đối mặt ngay bây giờ, hôm nay, ở đây, trong căn phòng này, là họ đã không sống.
    Và vì vậy không còn gì trong số những điều đó có ý nghĩa nữa vì giờ câu hỏi là, tôi sống như thế nào, khi điều đó là đúng rằng họ đã ra đi?
    Nó gần như giống như những câu hỏi đó là một hình thức phản kháng khác.
    Vâng, đúng vậy.
    Bạn biết đấy, tôi không muốn giữ mô hình mà chúng ta đã nói trước đó như một cái bệ cao mà hàm ý nó không có ngoại lệ hay sắc thái, v.v.
    Nhưng ý tưởng về một mạch phân kỳ nơi bạn có thể phản kháng đến tận cùng thời gian, như, không, tôi có thể đã làm điều này.
    Không, tôi có thể đã làm điều đó.
    Chắc chắn rồi.
    Bạn có thể thấy điều này trong một ví dụ nhỏ hơn nhiều, nếu tôi có thể, trong việc chia tay.
    Đúng vậy.
    Đúng vậy, giá như.
    Chính xác.
    Tôi đã từng được nói rằng hai từ nguy hiểm nhất trong tiếng Anh là “giá như.”
    Vâng, đúng vậy.
    Bởi vì mọi thứ theo sau đều là một câu chuyện sai lệch.
    Đó là một câu chuyện sai lệch.
    Nhưng câu hỏi là, tại sao chúng ta lại làm điều đó, đúng không?
    Nếu như việc đau buồn là một hình thức học hỏi và tất cả những suy nghĩ lặp đi lặp lại, như chúng ta thường gọi, những suy nghĩ suy tư, nếu như, giá mà, tại sao chúng ta lại làm điều đó?
    Và tôi nghĩ có một vài khả năng.
    Một là, thật không thể chịu đựng nổi khi nghĩ rằng những điều xấu xảy ra mà không lý do gì.
    Và cuộc phản kháng có thể là, nó đau đớn như cảm giác tội lỗi, nó có thể khiến tôi cảm thấy có lý hơn là chỉ những sự kiện khủng khiếp, ngẫu nhiên, đáng sợ xảy ra trong thế giới.
    Ít nhất có một cảm giác kiểm soát nếu tôi không làm được điều gì đó, biết không?
    Vậy câu hỏi là, và khả năng thứ hai, tôi đôi khi nghĩ, vậy bạn sẽ làm gì nếu bạn không đang suy tư ngay bây giờ?
    Và vấn đề là khi chúng ta cứ đi lòng vòng trong đầu về những điều không thể đúng, chúng ta không ở trong khoảnh khắc hiện tại, đúng không?
    Chúng ta đang ở một thế giới nội tâm khác.
    Và điều đó có nghĩa là, bạn biết đó, nếu cháu bạn đang kể cho bạn nghe một câu chuyện hài hước này, bạn không thực sự chú ý vì bạn đang ở trong một thế giới khác trong đầu mình.
    Và vì vậy bạn không thể tận hưởng tất cả những niềm vui trong cuộc sống đến từ việc ở trong khoảnh khắc với cháu của bạn.
    Và vì vậy chúng ta bỏ lỡ khi mắc kẹt trong thế giới đầy tội lỗi, vô tận, khủng khiếp này.
    Câu hỏi là, thì chúng ta phải hiểu rằng, đó chỉ là những suy nghĩ.
    Tôi sẽ xử lý những suy nghĩ này như thế nào?
    Không phải câu trả lời cho những suy nghĩ là gì, mà là tôi sẽ xử lý thực tế rằng tôi đang có những suy nghĩ lặp lại này như thế nào?
    Và chúng ta có thể học rất nhiều kỹ năng để đối phó với những suy nghĩ của mình.
    Đối với tôi, một trong những điều tôi cần học là tôi cần phải thay đổi môi trường của mình.
    Nếu tôi nhận ra, ôi, tôi lại đang làm cái việc suy tư này một lần nữa, thực sự, tôi cần phải đứng dậy và đi ra ngoài, đúng không?
    Chỉ một sự thay đổi đơn giản đó cũng có thể giúp thay đổi những mẫu suy nghĩ của tôi.
    Vì vậy có rất nhiều kỹ năng mà chúng ta có thể học.
    Nhưng đây thực sự là câu hỏi.
    Không phải, liệu kịch bản này có đúng không?
    Mà là, liệu suy nghĩ này có hữu ích cho cuộc sống của tôi không?
    Và vì vậy tôi nghĩ rằng giải pháp mà người bạn của bạn tìm ra có thể là họ cần điều đó, chúng ta thường phải tìm ra câu chuyện có thể là đúng, có thể không đúng, nhưng làm dịu những suy nghĩ.
    Nó phải cảm thấy đúng với chúng ta.
    Vì vậy không có lý do gì để tranh luận về tính chân thực của nó.
    Nhưng đó là điều cho phép chúng ta vượt qua những suy nghĩ lặp đi lặp lại và quay lại khoảnh khắc hiện tại.
    Cảm ơn bạn về điều đó.
    Tôi không nghĩ có bất kỳ giải pháp rõ ràng nào hay lộ trình nào cho vấn đề tự tử này, mà không may đang trở nên phổ biến hơn bây giờ, theo như tôi hiểu, trừ khi đó chỉ là phát hiện tốt hơn.
    Tôi nghĩ rằng, tôi nghĩ các thống kê cho chúng ta biết rằng tỷ lệ tự tử đang gia tăng.
    Và tôi có thể nói với bạn, bạn biết đó, tôi đã dạy về tâm lý học cái chết và mất mát từ năm 1999.
    Và khi chúng tôi nói về vấn đề tự tử trong lớp học, tôi thường hỏi các sinh viên, có ai trong số các bạn biết ai đó đã chết do tự tử không?
    Và tôi nhận được một vài cánh tay giơ lên.
    Và tôi sẽ nói với bạn, Andrew, bây giờ một phần ba lớp giơ tay.
    Và đây là những người 20 tuổi, bạn biết đó, những người thường có một người bạn đã mất ở trường trung học hoặc một ông bà hoặc một chú.
    Vì vậy, chúng tôi phải nói về chính dịch bệnh này.
    Nhưng chúng tôi cũng phải nói về cách làm thế nào chúng ta đối phó với những mất mát đó.
    Sự gia tăng tỷ lệ tự tử cắt ngang tất cả các cộng đồng và mức độ học vấn cũng như khả năng thể thao.
    Và điều đó luôn khiến tôi cảm thấy bối rối.
    Vâng.
    Chỉ như thế thôi, vì vậy tôi không nghĩ chúng ta sẽ giải quyết được vấn đề này trong cuộc thảo luận này.
    Nhưng cảm ơn bạn đã làm sáng tỏ tầm quan trọng của việc cho phép bản thân đau buồn theo cách mà cảm thấy đúng.
    Vâng.
    Và điều đó đưa chúng ta quay trở lại khái niệm đưa bản thân ra khỏi phản ứng hợp lý của sự phản kháng và tuyệt vọng đến một nơi của việc đau buồn thích ứng.
    Vâng.
    Tôi rất tò mò về các hệ thống niềm tin.
    Vâng.
    Và việc vượt qua nỗi đau.
    Và đôi khi điều đó rất khó khăn trong một podcast nơi chúng ta nhấn mạnh vào khoa học và sức khỏe để đưa ra những ý tưởng về đức tin và tôn giáo, niềm tin vào đời sống sau khi chết, Chúa và vân vân.
    Nhưng tôi nghĩ rằng chúng ta có thể làm điều đó theo cách không làm giảm bất kỳ điều gì trong số đó xuống thành nơron và hóa chất thần kinh.
    Bởi vì, có, có những nghiên cứu về, bạn biết đó, Chúa ở đâu trong não và những điều như vậy.
    Nhưng những nghiên cứu đó luôn để lại cho tôi cảm giác cá nhân khá nhàm chán.
    Đó chỉ là phản ứng của riêng tôi.
    Nhưng rất rõ ràng rằng đối với rất nhiều, rất nhiều người trong số 8 tỷ người trên hành tinh này,
    họ tin vào một điều gì đó lớn hơn trải nghiệm mà chúng ta có thể thấy, họ có niềm tin chân thật vào Chúa, Chúa Kitô, Allah, hoặc bất kỳ tôn giáo cụ thể nào mà họ nghiêng về,
    hoặc một tâm linh lớn hơn không gắn liền với bất kỳ điều gì trong số đó.
    Vâng.
    Và điều đó có thể cung cấp một cấu trúc vô cùng mạnh mẽ cho suy nghĩ của họ xung quanh sự mất mát.
    Vâng.
    Tôi không muốn đi quá sâu vào điều này vì nó còn mới mẻ.
    Nhưng tôi có một thành viên trong gia đình, hiện tại, đây không phải là, tôi sẽ không đề cập đến mối quan hệ,
    nhưng người đó đang phải đối mặt với một trong những mất mát tồi tệ nhất mà tôi có thể tưởng tượng.
    Anh ấy đã mất vợ và đứa con trong khi sinh.
    Ôi.
    Và tôi đã viết cho họ, hiện tại, anh ấy đang sống với người anh họ và vợ của người anh đó.
    Và tôi, bạn biết đó, đã mở rộng những gì tôi có thể.
    Vâng.
    Đúng. Ý tôi là, bạn sẽ nói gì?
    Vâng, chính xác.
    Vì vậy bạn cố gắng nói một cái gì đó.
    Đúng vậy.
    Và tôi nhận lại được hai từ, nỗi đau vô tận.
    Vâng.
    Vâng.
    Giống như có, bạn biết đó, kiểu như.
    Vâng.
    Điều đó có lẽ là hai từ nhiều hơn những gì cần thiết để.
    Vâng.
    Bạn biết đó, thậm chí để cố gắng nắm bắt điều đó.
    Vâng.
    Nhưng anh ấy là một người Công giáo rất sùng đạo.
    Vâng.
    Và tôi không biết, nhưng tôi hy vọng điều đó sẽ cung cấp một con đường.
    Mm-hmm.
    Và tôi cũng có thể nói rằng sự thiếu vắng một con đường.
    Vâng.
    Có thể khó khăn hơn việc có một con đường.
    Vâng.
    Tôi nghĩ về điều này theo một vài cách khác nhau.
    Tôi, tôi nghĩ về ý tưởng rằng cái chết là một điều gì đó chúng ta phải suy ngẫm.
    Chúng ta không thể tránh được việc phải làm điều đó.
    Và rất nhiều người thật sự thông minh và tuyệt vời đã đi trước chúng ta, những người đã suy nghĩ về điều này và đưa ra các ý tưởng về Chúa và cuộc sống sau khi chết trong nhiều tôn giáo, nhiều nền văn hóa và nhiều thời kỳ trong lịch sử.
    Tôi không cần biết điều đó có đúng hay không để có thể thấy liệu nó có hữu ích hay không.
    Và tôi có thể nói một vài điều.
    Tôn giáo thường cung cấp một cộng đồng, một sự hỗ trợ xã hội, điều mà chúng ta vừa mới đề cập, là vô cùng quan trọng.
    Đó là một chức năng mà nó phục vụ ngoài đức tin, thực sự, ở một mức độ nào đó.
    Tôi có nghĩa là, không hoàn toàn là bên ngoài, vì rõ ràng là bạn hòa nhập với những người này vì bạn thuộc về họ, vì bạn có một niềm tin chung, đúng không?
    Tôi nghĩ rằng một trong những điều thật sự thách thức, một trong những sinh viên cao học của tôi hiện tại, một giáo sư tại Đại học Emory tên là Roman Politsky, xem xét ý tưởng về tâm linh và tôn giáo và nhận thấy rằng trong khi nó có thể rất hỗ trợ cho những người đang đau buồn, nó cũng có thể là một khoảnh khắc mà niềm tin của chúng ta bị thách thức.
    Làm thế nào mà Chúa có thể để điều này xảy ra?
    Làm thế nào mà một vị thần nhân từ có thể để điều này xảy ra?
    Những kiểu vấn đề như vậy.
    Và những gì anh ấy phát hiện ra là, nếu bạn nghĩ về loại hành trình tâm linh hoặc hành trình tồn tại, thì sự mất mát của một người thân thiết với bạn thường là khoảnh khắc chuyển mình, và điều đó thực sự có thể rất khó khăn và thêm một lớp căng thẳng cùng sự rối loạn trong quá trình đau buồn.
    Vì vậy, không phải lúc nào cũng tốt khi có đức tin hoặc cộng đồng tôn giáo, vì chúng ta có thể đột nhiên thấy mình mâu thuẫn với những gì chúng ta đã tin tưởng trước đó.
    Nhưng tôi cũng nghĩ về nó theo một cách khác.
    Vậy bạn biết đấy, tôi là một nhà thần kinh học chính hiệu.
    Tôi nghĩ rằng khi tôi yêu thích một người nào đó, điều đó sẽ được mã hóa trong các nơron của tôi.
    Tôi cũng nghĩ rằng đó là bằng chứng rằng họ là mãi mãi.
    Họ chính là… Về mặt sinh lý, họ là…
    Có một sự thay đổi di truyền biểu sinh mà chúng ta biết đã xảy ra khi những con chuột prairie, những loài gặm nhấm nhỏ mà tôi đã nói đến, trong 24 giờ sau khi chúng kết đôi trọn đời.
    Có những thay đổi di truyền biểu sinh.
    Các protein xung quanh các gen trong vùng nhân đuôi của não thay đổi vì chúng đã yêu nhau, không phải vì chúng yêu ai đó, mà vì chúng yêu chính con chuột này và chúng sẽ quay lại với con chuột này và dành phần lớn thời gian của mình với con chuột này cho phần còn lại của cuộc đời.
    Tôi không thể nghĩ ra bằng chứng gì vượt xa bình thường hơn ý tưởng rằng bây giờ hai cái đã trở thành một, rằng thực sự những nơron đó sẽ mãi mãi gắn liền với nhau.
    Vì vậy, đối với tôi, tôi không cần nó phải là tôn giáo có tổ chức.
    Tôi hoàn toàn hạnh phúc khi thấy vẻ đẹp và sự vươn lên trong hiểu biết thần kinh về những gì xảy ra trong sự gắn bó và sau đó cách mà điều đó phải thay đổi trong quá trình đau buồn.
    Và đối với những người tin vào cuộc sống sau cái chết nhờ vào đức tin tôn giáo, chắc chắn phải có dữ liệu khám phá xem liệu họ có trải qua quá trình đau buồn theo cách đầy đủ hơn không.
    Ý tôi là, tôi có thể tưởng tượng rằng đối với những người phải chấp nhận thực tế sinh học mà không có niềm tin thực sự vào cuộc sống sau cái chết, thì thật khó để tắt được sự phản đối.
    Và đối với những người tin vào cuộc sống sau cái chết, ý tưởng rằng năng lượng của ai đó hoặc có thể là đầu thai, tùy thuộc vào niềm tin của một người, sẽ đưa toàn bộ quá trình ra khỏi sự phản đối qua tuyệt vọng.
    Bạn không được phép bỏ qua bất kỳ bước nào.
    Đó là điều tôi học được từ bạn hôm nay.
    Không ai được phép bỏ qua bất kỳ bước nào.
    Thông qua tuyệt vọng và đến với quá trình chuyển hóa mà có một con đường.
    Ý tôi là, có một con đường được vạch ra nếu họ tin vào điều đó mà họ có thể theo đuổi.
    Trong khi đối với những người không có đức tin, họ phải tìm ra con đường riêng của mình.
    Tôi nghĩ rằng nghiên cứu mà nói về điều này mà tôi vẫn kiên trì, đây là một nghiên cứu cũ bây giờ, nhưng luôn làm tôi ngạc nhiên.
    Và lý do mà nó đáng chú ý là đây thực sự là một nghiên cứu về nỗi buồn theo chiều hướng tiến triển, điều này rất hiếm.
    Vì vậy, ý nghĩa của điều đó, nghiên cứu này được gọi là Nghiên cứu Thay Đổi Cuộc Sống của Các Cặp Đôi Lớn Tuổi.
    Nó được thực hiện tại Michigan, được tài trợ bởi NIH, và là một nghiên cứu kéo dài 10 năm.
    Vì vậy, để được chấp nhận vào nghiên cứu này, họ tìm kiếm những cặp đôi mà một trong hai người trong cặp đôi đó trên 65 tuổi.
    Đó là tiêu chí vào cửa.
    Bạn là một cặp đôi.
    Một trong hai bạn trên 65 tuổi.
    Họ đã phỏng vấn cả hai thành viên trong cặp đôi về nhiều điều khác nhau.
    Và sau đó họ theo dõi các cặp đôi trong 10 năm.
    Và khi một trong hai người qua đời, họ quay lại và phỏng vấn lại người còn sống sót.
    Vì vậy, điều này có nghĩa là thường thì khi chúng ta thực hiện các nghiên cứu liên quan đến nỗi buồn, chúng ta tuyển dụng người tham gia vào nghiên cứu sau khi cái chết xảy ra hoặc có thể là ngay trước khi cái chết xảy ra.
    Nhưng trong những trường hợp đó, chúng ta biết rằng sẽ có một cái chết, đúng không?
    Vì vậy, đây là cách mọi người chỉ đang hoạt động trong cuộc sống của họ và sau đó sau đó điều gì xảy ra?
    Và có một mẫu kiểm soát tự nhiên nơi họ phỏng vấn lại các cặp đôi mà cả hai vẫn còn sống trong khoảng thời gian đó.
    Tất cả những điều này để nói rằng, ý tôi là, đó là một nghiên cứu tuyệt vời—tôi không nghĩ nó sẽ bao giờ được tài trợ lại vì đó là một nghiên cứu lớn và dài.
    Nhưng điều mà nó cho phép chúng tôi làm là nhìn vào các niềm tin tôn giáo của họ, nhìn vào sự hiểu biết của họ về cuộc sống và cái chết trước khi bất kỳ ai ốm yếu,
    và sau đó xem điều đó dự đoán cách mà họ xử lý nỗi buồn sau này.
    Và những gì chúng tôi học được từ nghiên cứu đó là đối với những người có cách hiểu về vai trò của cái chết trong cuộc sống,
    cho nhiều người, đó là một sự hiểu biết tôn giáo, có một đức tin tôn giáo, một niềm tin tôn giáo,
    nhưng đối với một số người thì đó lại là cách hiểu triết học hoặc thậm chí là một kiểu hiểu biết về chu trình của cuộc sống trong nông nghiệp.
    Đối với những ai có cách để hiểu những loại vấn đề sống và chết này,
    điều đó dự đoán sự nghiêm trọng của nỗi buồn sẽ ít hơn sau khi mất đi cá nhân cụ thể này,
    giống như việc đã nghĩ kỹ về một số vấn đề tồn tại này trước đó giúp chúng ta khi một tình huống xảy ra có thể ít nhất là nghĩ lại về những gì chúng ta đã tin,
    với điều kiện rằng điều đó có thể khiến niềm tin của bạn bị rối tung lên.
    Nhưng trong nghiên cứu thực nghiệm này, ít nhất, nó đã đưa ra một con đường, như bạn đã nói.
    Và điều đó gợi ý cho tôi, bạn biết đấy, nếu chúng ta xem xét điều này ngoài những phát hiện thực nghiệm,
    có lẽ chúng ta nên suy nghĩ về những điều này, bạn không nghĩ sao?
    Có thể chúng ta cần suy ngẫm về những gì sẽ xảy ra.
    Chúng ta hiểu cái chết, sự sống, nỗi đau thương và bệnh tật như thế nào?
    Và chúng ta sống cuộc sống của mình như thế nào bây giờ khi biết rằng điều đó là một phần của tương lai?
    Tôi nghĩ rằng suy nghĩ về cái chết là điều vô cùng hữu ích.
    Vâng.
    Và tôi nghĩ hầu hết mọi người đều sợ làm điều đó.
    Tôi cũng đã từng như vậy trong một thời gian dài.
    Và rồi cuối cùng, nhiều người bạn của tôi đã qua đời.
    Vâng.
    Một số trong số họ bằng tuổi tôi hoặc trẻ hơn.
    Vâng.
    Và tôi nhận ra, tôi cần phải suy nghĩ về điều này.
    Tôi biết.
    Vì vậy, tôi có một vài câu hỏi về các thực hành cụ thể.
    Tôi có một thực hành mà tôi làm mỗi ngày, tương tự như yoga nidra,
    thư giãn tự hướng dẫn, thở dài lâu, cái mà được gọi là nghỉ ngơi sâu không ngủ.
    Vâng.
    Những người nghe podcast này đã từng nghe về nó trước đây.
    Khi thở ra dài lần đầu tiên, tôi thích tưởng tượng, dù bạn có tin hay không, tôi thích tưởng tượng rằng
    vào một lúc nào đó, và đây là một suy nghĩ rất thực tế, rằng vào một lúc nào đó tôi sẽ thở ra lần cuối cùng.
    Vâng.
    Và tôi muốn hiện diện cho khoảnh khắc đó.
    Vâng.
    Hy vọng rằng tôi sẽ làm như vậy, trừ khi tôi ra đi trong giấc ngủ hoặc do tai nạn bất ngờ hoặc ai biết được, phải không?
    Vâng.
    Nó phục vụ một vai trò nhất định cho tôi, đó là chỉ đơn giản công nhận rằng thời gian là hữu hạn.
    Và nó cho phép tôi tham gia vào cuộc sống nhiều hơn.
    Vâng.
    Tôi không rời khỏi thực hành đó với tâm trạng sợ hãi.
    Tôi rời khỏi thực hành đó với cảm giác trẻ trung.
    Vâng.
    Và với sự hiểu biết rằng những ngày là có hạn.
    Vâng.
    Điều khác là tôi không phải là một người hâm mộ lớn của Hunter Thompson vì bất kỳ lý do đặc biệt nào liên quan đến việc sử dụng thuốc hoặc những câu chuyện hoang dã.
    Tôi có nghĩa là, tôi thấy anh ta thú vị.
    Và chắc chắn anh đã làm một số công việc sáng tạo thú vị.
    Mm-hmm.
    Tôi yêu những câu chuyện về anh ta.
    Tôi có những người bạn sống ở Aspen và những câu chuyện về Hunter vẫn ở khắp nơi.
    Mm-hmm.
    Nhưng tôi đã học được rằng ước nguyện của anh cho lễ tang của mình là tro của anh sẽ được bắn ra từ một khẩu canon trên Aspen và sẽ có một buổi lễ lớn.
    Mm-hmm.
    Và khi tôi tìm hiểu điều đó, và đây là một vài năm trước, tôi quyết định viết ra một tài liệu, không phải là một di chúc về tài sản.
    Vâng, tôi có cái đó riêng, nhưng chỉ là một ghi chú gửi đến mọi người.
    Vâng.
    Và nó thực sự bắt đầu bằng câu: nếu tôi chết, đây là một số điều tôi muốn bạn biết.
    Mm-hmm.
    Tôi đã làm điều đó vì tôi sort ước rằng mọi người đã làm điều đó cho tôi.
    Vâng.
    Và cho những người khác trong cuộc sống của họ vì tôi thấy có rất nhiều nhầm lẫn.
    Vâng.
    Và nỗi buồn và thời gian bị mất trong cuộc sống.
    Vâng.
    Trong những người thân và bạn bè và người yêu của những người mà tôi phải tin rằng họ không muốn điều đó cho những người họ yêu thương vì tôi yêu thương họ.
    Đúng.
    Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ, đây là một điều đơn giản để thực hiện nhưng rất khó để làm.
    Vâng.
    Vì vậy, nếu tôi liều mình ở đây và tôi nói, hãy nhìn xem, tôi nghĩ mọi người nên làm điều này.
    Và nhân tiện, tôi cập nhật tài liệu này khá thường xuyên.
    Vâng.
    Đôi khi tôi thêm người vào đó, thêm những điều vào đó.
    Một số người bị xóa.
    Mm-hmm.
    Điều đó là sự thật.
    Tôi không phải là một người có ác cảm, nhưng một số người thì họ không còn thuộc về trang đó nữa.
    Nhưng tôi cảm thấy rất tốt khi có tài liệu này.
    Vâng.
    Và tôi có một nơi được bảo vệ bằng mật khẩu và có ai đó sở hữu mật khẩu.
    Và tại sao chúng ta không làm điều này?
    Tôi không nói rằng chúng ta nên làm điều này ở lớp hai.
    Đó là điều quá nhiều để đặt lên vai một học sinh lớp hai.
    Vâng.
    Nhưng tại sao chúng ta không làm điều này khi tốt nghiệp trung học hoặc trung học cơ sở và sau đó chỉ cập nhật tài liệu đó?
    Chúng ta có quá sợ cái chết đến mức sẵn lòng để lại cho những người mà mình bỏ lại một lượng lớn nỗi buồn mà thực sự là không cần thiết?
    Có thể tôi đang quá lý trí về điều này.
    Vâng.
    Có nghĩa là tôi có thể nói với bạn, Andrew, bạn bè của bạn vẫn sẽ buồn.
    Chà.
    Ngay cả khi có tài liệu đó.
    Được rồi.
    Hy vọng rằng họ, tôi không biết, sẽ nuôi chó bulldog trong khi họ làm điều đó.
    Đúng vậy.
    Bạn biết đấy, có những điều mà đối với tôi, nếu họ thực sự muốn biết họ có thể làm gì.
    Vâng.
    Nếu mong muốn là chuyển hóa ký ức của tôi.
    Vâng.
    Nhiều phần của điều đó chỉ liên quan đến việc tôi không muốn họ bỏ lỡ một khoảnh khắc nào.
    Vâng.
    Tôi thực sự không muốn.
    Tuyệt đối.
    Tôi có nghĩa là, tôi không muốn họ nhất thiết quên tôi.
    Nhưng ý tưởng rằng mọi người sẽ mất đi năng lượng sống.
    Vâng.
    Cố gắng mang lại những điều không thể.
    Mm-hmm.
    Đối với tôi, tôi hiểu rằng bạn không thể bỏ qua quá trình này.
    Không.
    Nhưng tôi không biết.
    Tôi chỉ muốn mọi người, tôi nghĩ Hunter đã nói đúng.
    Vâng.
    Tổ chức một bữa tiệc lớn.
    Tuyệt đối.
    Và tôi nghĩ bạn đúng.
    Và nhiều nền văn hóa, bạn biết đấy, bạn nghĩ về tang lễ nhạc jazz New Orleans, đúng không?
    Có nhiều nền văn hóa mà ở đó rất lễ hội.
    Và không có gì sai khi mong muốn điều đó.
    Và không có gì sai khi cho phép từ bên kia mồ mã cho bạn bè, người thân và gia đình của bạn cảm thấy như vậy.
    Tôi cũng sẽ nói, bạn biết đấy, tôi cũng ước rằng việc sinh con không đau đớn.
    Nhưng mà nó đau đấy, bạn biết mà.
    Vì vậy, họ sẽ buồn vì họ gắn bó với bạn.
    Đó là cách mà mọi thứ hoạt động.
    Họ không được phép chọn.
    Họ không được phép nói, ôi, Andrew không muốn điều này xảy ra.
    Và vì vậy tôi sẽ không buồn.
    Ôi, tôi xin lỗi.
    Nhưng tôi vẫn nghĩ rằng điều đó có giá trị cho họ.
    Tôi cũng nghĩ rằng điều đó rất có giá trị cho bạn.
    Vì vậy, điều bạn đã nói là, liệu chúng ta đều chỉ đang rất sợ?
    Và vâng, câu trả lời là có.
    Ngay cả nghiên cứu cho thấy một cái gì đó gọi là lý thuyết quản lý nỗi sợ hãi cho chúng ta biết rằng chúng ta sợ hãi đến mức nào
    mà chúng ta có rất nhiều cách tâm lý để tránh né thực tế mà tất cả chúng ta đều biết là đúng,
    rằng chúng ta làm đủ thứ để giữ nó ra khỏi tầm nhìn, giữ nó ra khỏi tâm trí.
    Và một trong những cách mà chúng ta có thể làm điều đó là không viết về nó, đúng không?
    Không nói về nó.
    Tôi đã có một trải nghiệm khi mẹ tôi ở giai đoạn cuối của cuộc đời.
    Tôi đã bay qua bay lại về thị trấn nhỏ bé miền núi này nhiều lần.
    Và vì tôi đang học ở trường cao học vào thời điểm đó, mỗi khi có sự xóc nảy, tôi lại bị cơn hoảng loạn.
    Mỗi khi máy bay cất cánh, mỗi khi máy bay hạ cánh, tôi lại bị cơn hoảng loạn.
    Tôi đã sống với điều đó trong một thời gian dài.
    Tôi đang học tâm lý học lâm sàng.
    Tôi biết điều đầu tiên và quan trọng nhất là không nên tránh bay.
    Việc tiếp xúc với trải nghiệm này lần này qua lần khác, dù đau đớn đến đâu, là điều quan trọng.
    Tôi không bao giờ muốn từ bỏ việc bay, từ bỏ cách sống đó.
    Nhưng vào một thời điểm nào đó, theo thời gian trôi qua, tôi nhận ra rằng tôi rất sợ cái chết.
    Và tôi cũng nhận ra điều đó sẽ xảy ra.
    Tôi đã phát triển một phương pháp, một phần nhờ vào sự huấn luyện Phật giáo, như bạn đã đề cập.
    Tôi đã phát triển một cách thực hành, mỗi khi có sự xóc nảy, tôi tự nhủ,
    “Phải, bạn không sai.
    Có thể đây sẽ là ngày đó.
    Bạn có ổn với điều đó không?
    Và nếu bạn không ổn với điều đó, bạn cần làm gì để cuộc sống của bạn trở nên đúng đắn để bạn ổn với điều đó?”
    Và sống cuộc sống của bạn với nhận thức rằng chúng ta sẽ chết, và chuẩn bị để nói, “Tôi yêu bạn, tôi tha thứ cho bạn, làm ơn tha thứ cho tôi, và tôi biết ơn mỗi khi cần thiết.”
    Nhưng cũng cần biết rằng chúng ta có thể không chết.
    Và vì vậy, dĩ nhiên, chúng ta cũng cần lên kế hoạch cho điều đó.
    Điều tôi muốn nói ở đây là sự terror mà bạn đang nói đến là có thật.
    Nó có tính sinh lý.
    Và đối với nhiều người trong chúng ta, tôi nghĩ việc học cách đối phó với nỗi sợ hãi xung quanh cái chết là, một phần, một cách để học cách sống, hiểu và đối phó với nỗi đau của sự mất mát, những cơn sóng đau buồn đó.
    Tất cả những điều này dạy chúng ta nhiều hơn về cách cơ thể chúng ta phản ứng, cơ thể độc nhất của chúng ta.
    Chỉ có một cái này thôi, đúng không?
    Đây là lần duy nhất mà trường hợp này xảy ra, đó là Mary Frances.
    Làm thế nào nó phản ứng với sự mất mát?
    Làm thế nào nó phản ứng?
    Điều gì làm Mary Frances thấy dễ chịu?
    Điều gì thực sự khiến Mary Frances cảm thấy gắn kết hơn?
    Việc học tất cả những điều đó, chúng dạy chúng ta cách sống chân thực hơn trong thế giới vì chúng ta là người duy nhất được trải nghiệm trường hợp này, bạn biết không?
    Tôi sẽ nói rằng trong cuốn sách tôi vừa viết gần đây, “Cơ Thể Đang Đau Buồn”, một số bài học này đến với tôi vì tôi mắc bệnh đa xơ cứng.
    Và vì vậy, việc học cách sống trong một cơ thể mà tôi không biết khi tôi thức dậy một số buổi sáng, liệu tôi có quá mệt để giảng bài đứng lên không?
    Tôi đoán tôi sẽ phải, bạn biết đấy, thay đổi cách tôi làm trong ngày hôm đó.
    Điều đó có nghĩa là tôi có rất nhiều lòng đồng cảm với những người đang đau buồn.
    Họ không thể quyết định rằng hôm nay là ngày họ sẽ trở thành một người không thể chịu nổi hay hôm nay là ngày họ sẽ mơ hồ đến nỗi không thể nhớ họ đã đậu xe ở đâu, dù họ là một con người bình thường, hoạt động tốt.
    Hoặc hôm nay là ngày mà thật sự chỉ dành cho ngũ cốc cho bữa tối, bạn biết đấy?
    Tôi có rất nhiều lòng đồng cảm vì điều đó bởi vì đó là phản ứng tự nhiên.
    Bạn không thể quyết định.
    Bạn có thể quyết định một chút theo thời gian cách bạn đối phó với điều đó, cách bạn thích nghi với nó.
    Nhưng điều đó khiến tôi có rất nhiều lòng đồng cảm với những người đang lắng nghe ngay bây giờ, những người đang trong nỗi đau vô tận, mặc dù nó sẽ không vô tận như hôm nay.
    Tuyệt vời.
    Suy nghĩ lóe lên trong tôi là, bạn biết đấy, chúng ta nghe về những người, như nói, đang trải qua một quá trình điều trị ung thư rất khó khăn hay một giai đoạn khó khăn khác trong cuộc sống.
    Ừ.
    Và có điều gọi là ý chí sống.
    Càng đọc nhiều về điều này trong thần kinh học, dường như có một mối quan hệ nào đó với vùng vỏ não giữa phía trước, tính kiên trì, sức mạnh ý chí.
    Bạn không bao giờ muốn giảm thiểu mọi thứ xuống chỉ còn một cấu trúc não duy nhất.
    Nhưng vùng vỏ não giữa phía trước và các cấu trúc trong mạng lưới của nó dường như liên quan đến ý tưởng rằng, “Tôi sẽ đối mặt với thử thách.”
    Và đó là một khái niệm tuyệt vời.
    Và tôi nghĩ điều đó càng trở nên đẹp hơn khi tôi học được hôm nay, đó là sự hiểu biết rằng chúng ta cần học cách đi từ điều đó.
    Đó kiểu phản kháng, không.
    Nó giống như tôi sẽ đứng dậy, tắm vòi sen, mặc đồ, ngay cả khi điều đó cảm giác như chạy marathon hôm nay.
    Nếu bạn đã chịu đựng, bạn đã ở đó.
    Ừ.
    Và sau đó cũng đến, bạn biết đấy, tôi chỉ muốn tan chảy thành một vũng nước mắt của chính mình trong vài giờ.
    Dưới một cái chăn.
    Và sau đó tôi biết rằng tôi sẽ có thể xuất hiện từ điều đó và làm lại.
    Và đối với những người có trách nhiệm với trẻ em hoặc bất cứ điều gì, ngay cả việc dắt chó đi dạo, những gì tôi vừa mô tả là, bạn biết đấy, thực sự là một marathon tinh thần và thể chất.
    Nó không chỉ là một marathon tinh thần cảm xúc.
    Nó không phải thế.
    Vì vậy, những gì tôi đang học và nhận ra và nói chuyện với bạn và học thêm về công việc của bạn ở đây là, bạn biết không, đây là một quá trình học cách đi qua lại từ ga tăng tốc đến ga phanh, đến sự sụp đổ, để lặp lại.
    Ừ.
    Và chúng ta không biết điều đó sẽ kéo dài bao lâu.
    Và chúng ta biết từ tài liệu về căng thẳng rằng không biết một điều gì đó kéo dài bao lâu là một trong những điều căng thẳng nhất về một yếu tố gây căng thẳng.
    Đúng vậy.
    Vì vậy, đối với những người đang điều hướng quá trình đau buồn này trong bối cảnh mất mát về sự sống, hay có thể chia tay, bạn biết đấy, chúng ta chưa thực sự đi sâu vào điều này, nhưng đối với một số người, đặc biệt là những người chưa từng trải qua một cuộc chia tay lớn trước đây, điều đó có thể tàn phá.
    Chắc chắn rồi.
    Bạn đã nói về một số bước, và chúng ta có thể đưa ra một số lời khuyên rộng rãi hơn để chỉ cảm nhận, nhưng có điều gì bạn muốn mọi người nhớ không?
    Trong những khoảnh khắc mà cảm giác, như là, quá nhiều, áp đảo, họ không thể nhớ mình có đang trong tình trạng phản kháng hay tuyệt vọng, họ không quan tâm đến việc đi hay không đi hay chuyển đổi, họ chỉ như, “Điều này thật tồi tàn.”
    Ừ.
    Điều gì tốt hơn một miếng ribeye mỡ tốt đang xèo xèo trên lửa nướng?
    Một miếng ribeye mỡ tốt đang xèo xèo trên lửa nướng mà đã được lựa chọn cẩn thận bởi một người mua hàng Instacart và giao đến cửa nhà bạn.
    Một miếng ribeye mỡ tốt mà bạn đã đặt hàng mà không cần rời khỏi bể bơi cho trẻ em.
    Dù bạn cần mua sắm gì cho mùa hè của mình, Instacart sẽ giúp bạn.
    Tải ứng dụng Instacart và tận hưởng phí giao hàng 0 đô la cho ba đơn hàng đầu tiên của bạn.
    Áp dụng phí dịch vụ, các trường hợp ngoại lệ và điều khoản.
    Instacart.
    Thực phẩm mà bạn sẽ nhận được nhiều hơn.
    Hành trình đến sở hữu nhà cửa đầy rẫy những khúc quanh.
    Houseful.ca cung cấp công cụ và hướng dẫn bạn cần để thực hiện điều đó một cách tự tin.
    Tại Houseful.ca, bạn có thể tìm, tài trợ và sở hữu ngôi nhà của mình tất cả trong một chỗ.
    Hãy thực hiện bước tiếp theo của bạn tại Houseful.ca.
    Tôi sẽ nói là có.
    Và điều đó không sao cả.
    Không có cách nào để tối ưu hóa quá trình thương tiếc của bạn.
    Thì, bạn biết đấy, khi mọi người nói, tôi nói điều này một cách đùa vui, nhưng, bạn biết đấy, đôi khi tôi nói với mọi người,
    Ừ, khi nào bạn vượt qua được ngày cưới của mình?
    Bởi vì đó không phải là một câu hỏi có ý nghĩa.
    Đó giống như hỏi, khi nào bạn vượt qua được mất mát của mình, đúng không?
    Và tôi nghĩ thật thú vị khi bạn đã thực sự nhận ra điều này.
    Chúng ta nói về trong tài liệu về nỗi đau và sự thương tiếc về ý tưởng dao động, rằng sức khỏe tâm thần thực sự là về dao động.
    Chúng tôi gọi đó là mô hình quy trình kép của sự thương tiếc.
    Và ý tưởng là khi mọi người có thể trải nghiệm nỗi mất mát, cảm xúc, suy nghĩ, hành vi, gần như không thể làm được việc gì, và cũng có thể trải qua những căng thẳng mà họ phải đối mặt.
    Và tôi không có ý nghĩa rằng đây là một điều tốt.
    Tôi có ý nói, này, tôi phải làm thuế, và tôi chưa bao giờ làm thuế, nhưng tôi phải tìm cách vì cuộc sống vẫn tiếp diễn.
    Vì vậy, thật căng thẳng, nhưng khả năng dao động qua lại giữa việc đối phó với sự mất mát của người thân yêu này và khôi phục một cuộc sống có ý nghĩa.
    Có thể quay lại và đi tới đi lui thực sự là dấu hiệu của sức khỏe.
    Và tôi sẽ cho bạn một ví dụ mà tôi luôn nhớ.
    Tôi nghĩ biết rằng mọi người thường khóc rất nhiều khi họ đang buồn, và thật khó để thấy điều đó cho đến khi bạn quen với ý tưởng rằng, không, đây chỉ là như vậy, đúng không?
    Và một người đàn ông lớn tuổi mà đã tham gia một trong những nghiên cứu của tôi khi tôi ở UCLA, tôi thường sẽ hỏi mọi người, người thân của bạn đã chết như thế nào vào đầu một cuộc phỏng vấn lâm sàng?
    Và tôi để cho họ bắt đầu ở bất cứ đâu mà họ muốn giải thích rộng rãi.
    Và ông nói với tôi rằng ông đã yêu một cô bạn gái từ thời trung học, và họ đã kết hôn và có hai đứa trẻ, và có một hàng rào picket ở đó đâu đó.
    Và ông nói với tôi rằng cô ấy đã bị ung thư vú và rằng ông đã chăm sóc cô ấy khi đã vào nhà hospice.
    Và ông đã khóc khi nói về cái chết của cô ấy, mà cách đây khoảng hai năm.
    Sau đó, ông nói với tôi rằng ông đã đi ăn tối với một người phụ nữ rất khác với vợ mình, nhưng mà cô ấy đã mang ra những phần tính cách rất khác của ông và ông thực sự vui vẻ khi ăn tối với cô ấy.
    Và ông rất ngạc nhiên về điều này.
    Sau đó, ông nhìn tôi và ông nói, vấn đề là, điều đó thật tuyệt vời lúc đó, và bây giờ cũng thật tuyệt.
    Và với tôi, đó như là một sự tóm gọn, bạn biết đấy, của sức khỏe tâm thần.
    Không phải là ông không khóc khi nói về cái chết của cô ấy, mà là ông có thể dao động qua lại và tham gia đầy đủ vào cuộc sống bây giờ.
    Thật tuyệt vời.
    Đó là một câu chuyện rất ấm áp.
    Và những gì bạn đã nói trước đây về việc, bạn biết đấy, rằng không sao cả và bạn chỉ cần cảm nhận nó và không có cách nào để tối ưu hóa.
    Ừ.
    Tôi nhận ra rằng có thể cách duy nhất để kéo dài quá trình là cố gắng rút ngắn nó.
    Ừ.
    Ôi, Andrew, điều đó thật xuất sắc.
    Có lẽ tôi phải mượn điều đó.
    Cách duy nhất để kéo dài quá trình là cố gắng rút ngắn nó.
    Thì, đã trải qua nhiều hình thức mất mát khác nhau và thấy những người khác trải qua các hình thức mất mát khác nhau, giống như bộ não, đặc biệt là bộ não đang suy nghĩ, sẽ làm bất cứ điều gì để cố gắng tránh né điều đó.
    Bất cứ điều gì.
    Và rồi, bạn biết đấy, không có cách dễ dàng nào để nhảy vào nước lạnh, bị đánh mạnh vào bụng, hay vào một thời điểm nào đó bạn chỉ cần thực hiện nó.
    Ý tôi là, tôi nghĩ rằng đúng là cùng với việc trăn trở, việc né tránh thực sự làm cho điều đó khó khăn hơn.
    Vì vậy, đôi khi mọi người đang tránh một cuộc trò chuyện.
    Đôi khi mọi người đang tránh việc lái xe qua bệnh viện.
    Bạn biết đấy, họ sẽ lái xe một giờ để tránh nơi mà điều đó đã xảy ra và bị nhắc nhở.
    Ôi, vâng.
    Rất hợp lý khi bạn nói như vậy, nhưng đúng.
    Hoàn toàn.
    Hay họ tránh né việc đối diện với tủ đồ của người đó, đúng không?
    Tất cả những phương pháp tránh né này, mà như bạn đã nói, theo một cách nào đó là một phần phản kháng, bạn biết đấy, khiến chúng ta càng khó học cách sống trong cuộc sống hiện tại.
    Bây giờ, ví dụ điển hình là cặp đôi từng đi ăn tối với bạn bè vào mỗi thứ Sáu, hoặc gì đó và một trong số họ chết, và cô ấy không thể đi ăn tối với bạn bè nữa.
    Bạn biết đấy, giả sử đó là điều cô ấy đang tránh né.
    Chúng ta mỗi người đều phải, bạn biết đấy, có một khoảnh khắc tự nhận thức và thành thật với bản thân về những gì chúng ta đang cố tránh.
    Nhưng nếu, giả sử, đó là trường hợp, và giả sử cô ấy liên lạc và cô ấy nói, nhìn, tôi không muốn làm điều này.
    Nó có vẻ thật đau đớn, nhưng tôi cũng nhớ các bạn và vì vậy hãy thử đi ăn tối.
    Và tôi sẽ nói với bạn, sẽ rất tệ.
    Cô ấy sẽ cảm thấy khủng khiếp, và cô ấy sẽ bị nhắc nhở về ông ấy suốt thời gian, và cô ấy sẽ nghĩ, tôi không bao giờ muốn làm điều đó một lần nữa.
    Và khi cô ấy làm lại lần nữa, thì nó vẫn sẽ tệ.
    Nhưng có thể cô ấy cũng có một cuộc trò chuyện với người bạn về một cuốn sách mà cô ấy chưa từng nghe nói đến, và cô ấy nghĩ, ừ, có lẽ tôi sẽ mua cuốn sách đó.
    Và sau đó có một vòng xoáy chậm mà đi lên, đúng không, với sự hỗ trợ từ những người xung quanh, nơi chúng ta bắt đầu tìm ra cuộc sống như thế nào khi người này không còn trên thế gian này nữa.
    Tôi phải làm những điều đó trước.
    Động lực, cảm giác tốt, chúng đến muộn hơn rất nhiều.
    Giống như nhiều điều trong cuộc sống.
    Họ đã nói với chúng ta điều ngược lại.
    Tôi biết.
    Họ đã nói dối.
    Họ đã nói dối.
    Họ đã nói dối.
    Có một tập phim tuyệt vời của Simpsons, nơi Lisa Simpson có một bài thơ về con mèo của cô ấy đã chết.
    Họ nói rằng nó đang ngủ.
    Họ đã nói dối.
    Họ đã nói dối.
    Và tôi đã nói dối.
    Thật sự đúng.
    Nó thật sự đúng.
    Lisa rất thông minh.
    Cô ấy rất thông minh.
    Cô ấy rất thông minh.
    Có lẽ chỉ có một người trong gia đình.
    Bạn đã đưa ra một sự so sánh rất đẹp cho một buổi kỷ niệm, hay chúng ta có thể nói, hay việc sinh ra một đứa trẻ.
    Chúng ta có những buổi tưởng niệm.
    Chúng ta có buổi tưởng niệm khi một người qua đời.
    Chúng ta có tưởng niệm thường diễn ra vào năm ngày mất của ai đó.
    Và theo thời gian, chúng trở thành những buổi ăn mừng cuộc sống, chứ không phải cái chết.
    Tôi luôn bị ấn tượng bởi điều này, bất chấp mọi thứ chúng ta biết về trí nhớ, hiệu ứng gần gũi mà chúng ta ghi nhớ những điều xảy ra gần đây hơn là những điều xảy ra ở đầu.
    Cũng có hiệu ứng ưu tiên.
    Được rồi.
    Chúng ta đã có một tập về điều này.
    Mọi người có thể tìm kiếm nó.
    Nhưng chúng ta nhớ những điều xảy ra gần đây hơn là những điều xảy ra xa xôi trong thời gian, bạn biết đấy, rõ ràng rồi.
    Và tuy nhiên, nếu ai đó có một cuộc sống dài hoặc thậm chí một cuộc sống ngắn, và rồi có một cái kết thực sự tồi tệ, vào thời điểm buổi tưởng niệm, thật khó để gạt điều đó sang một bên.
    Ừ.
    Nhưng có vẻ như nó bị xóa bỏ mà không có nhiều sự chú ý cụ thể.
    Bây giờ, tôi đoán có những ngoại lệ.
    Nếu ai đó chết một cách bạo lực hoặc trong các trường hợp tự sát, tôi nhận ra có những ngoại lệ.
    Nhưng khi đã từng là người khiêng quan tài tại các đám tang và cảm thấy cơ thể lăn trong quan tài, bạn biết đấy, đó là một cảm giác rất tồi tệ.
    Đó là một cảm giác thực sự tồi tệ.
    Hoặc khi chứng kiến ai đó thực sự đau khổ.
    Ừ.
    Bạn biết đấy, tôi sẽ không bao giờ quên việc nhìn thấy ông của mình, thật sự cố gắng để thở.
    Và thật khủng khiếp khi chứng kiến.
    Nhưng đó không phải là điều tôi nghĩ đến khi tôi nhớ về ông.
    Với mỗi năm trôi qua, bạn nhớ nhiều hơn về cuộc sống, không phải cái chết, trong hầu hết các trường hợp.
    Đó là một yếu tố đẹp đẽ trong tất cả điều này.
    Nó như thể thiên nhiên đã làm cho tất cả điều này trở nên rất, rất khó khăn.
    Ừ.
    Nhưng rồi, như thể, đã cho chúng ta một, như, một tia sáng nhỏ trong cả quá trình này mà vi phạm tất cả những gì tôi hiểu về trí nhớ.
    Ừ.
    Bạn nghĩ đó là gì?
    Tôi nghĩ đó là một điều bí ẩn.
    Tại sao nó lại hoạt động theo cách này?
    Ngoại trừ điều đó giúp chúng ta trở nên kiên cường hơn, đúng không?
    Tôi nghĩ có rất nhiều điều mà xung quanh thời điểm mất mát, chúng ta rất tập trung.
    Mọi người cảm thấy có tội.
    Tôi lẽ ra nên làm điều này, đúng không?
    Họ tập trung vào vai trò mà bạn đã chơi, bạn biết đấy, mặc dù có hàng trăm người khác đã tương tác.
    Hoặc chúng ta tập trung vào cảm giác của họ trong tuần cuối cùng thay vì cảm giác trong suốt cuộc đời họ.
    Bạn tập trung vào việc, tôi đã không nói lời tạm biệt.
    Nhưng hãy nghĩ về tất cả những lần bạn đã nói lời tạm biệt và tôi yêu bạn.
    Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ điều đó có lý, đúng không?
    Não của chúng ta đang cố gắng để hiểu điều này là điều rất quan trọng đang diễn ra.
    Tất nhiên bạn đang tập trung vào nó đang xảy ra.
    Nhưng theo thời gian, khi chúng ta điều chỉnh, chúng ta có thể zoom ra hơn và chúng ta có thể nhìn thấy điều này trong bối cảnh của rất nhiều điều.
    Bạn biết đấy, tôi nhớ rằng, bạn biết đấy, khi chúng ta ngủ, một trong những chức năng của những giấc mơ đó dường như là để chúng ta trải qua các sự kiện này một lần nữa và một lần nữa.
    Nhưng giống như bộ não đang tìm cách để tách rời một phần nào đó của cường độ cảm xúc khỏi trí nhớ, đúng không?
    Và có thể đây là một quá trình tương tự qua nhiều, nhiều đêm và nhiều ngày, đúng không?
    Nơi chúng ta có thể có một chút quan điểm hơn theo thời gian và qua trải nghiệm.
    Vì vậy, nếu, chẳng hạn, bạn không cho phép mình nghĩ về những khoảnh khắc đã mất, khoảnh khắc mà anh ấy đang vật lộn để thở hoặc khi bạn thấy tai nạn xe hơi hoặc bất cứ điều gì, nếu bạn không cho phép mình suy nghĩ về nó, điều đó có những hệ quả khác nhau cho trí nhớ.
    Và sau đó thường nó trở nên cảm xúc hơn, đến nỗi quá trình tránh né thực sự như thể đang gọi nó lên và rồi đàn áp nó.
    Vì vậy, bạn thực sự đang gọi nó lên thường xuyên hơn là nếu bạn chỉ để nó đến, đúng không?
    Vì vậy, tôi không muốn làm nhẹ đi điều đó.
    Trong một số trường hợp đó, điều đó có thể rất hữu ích nếu mọi người đang gặp phải những ký ức rắc rối và đặc biệt là nếu những ký ức rắc rối đang trở nên tồi tệ hơn theo thời gian.
    Đây là một thời điểm quan trọng để tìm kiếm một nhà tâm lý học vì chúng tôi có chiến lược can thiệp về cách điều hướng điều đó.
    Không bình thường cho mọi người trở nên tồi tệ hơn theo thời gian và điều đó kéo dài.
    Vì vậy, thật dễ hiểu nếu cảm thấy tồi tệ hơn vào ngày kỷ niệm.
    Thật dễ hiểu nếu cảm thấy tồi tệ hơn vào ngày sinh nhật của họ hoặc điều gì đó như vậy theo cách có thời hạn.
    Nhưng nếu, nhìn chung, thị trường chứng khoán đang trở nên tồi tệ hơn một cách nhất quán, đó là thời điểm để tìm kiếm sự giúp đỡ chuyên nghiệp.
    Cảm ơn bạn về thông điệp đó.
    Tôi có một câu hỏi cuối cùng, nhưng đó là một câu hỏi lớn.
    Vì vậy, chúng ta có thể dành nhiều thời gian như chúng ta cần để phân tích nó.
    Và đó là về nhận thức về thời gian.
    Vì vậy, khi chúng ta còn nhỏ, bạn biết đấy, hy vọng chúng ta không có nhiều khái niệm về cái chết,
    ít nhất là vào lúc bắt đầu.
    Và có vẻ như cuộc sống sẽ kéo dài mãi mãi.
    Và điều đó có thể kéo dài vào tuổi vị thành niên và 20 của một người.
    Điều đó có thể là xây dựng theo một số cách.
    Nó có thể phá hoại theo một số cách.
    Tôi đã có trải nghiệm khi người cố vấn thứ hai của tôi, cố vấn cao học của tôi, cả ba người cố vấn của tôi đều đã chết, nhân tiện.
    Nhưng cố vấn cao học của tôi đang chết vì ung thư vú.
    Và bà ấy rất gần với lúc kết thúc.
    Bà ấy qua đời ở tuổi 50.
    Một người phụ nữ tuyệt vời.
    Và tôi đã có cơ hội để gọi cho bà ấy, điều đó, bạn biết đấy, là một trải nghiệm tuyệt vời.
    Và tôi chỉ muốn nói về điều đó một cách surface vì tôi không muốn điều này trở thành về trải nghiệm của tôi.
    Tôi sử dụng điều này như một ví dụ.
    Ừ.
    Tôi đã khóc trước đây trên podcast này và một vài cái khác.
    Hôm nay tôi không cảm thấy muốn khóc.
    Và tôi sẽ chỉ nhận điều đó.
    Và đó là một cách điều chỉnh cảm xúc tốt.
    Và đây là podcast của tôi.
    Vì vậy, tôi có thể quyết định khi nào tôi – hầu hết thời gian tôi có thể quyết định khi nào tôi khóc hoặc không khóc.
    Vì vậy – nhưng thật thú vị rằng trong cuộc trò chuyện đó, bạn biết đấy, tôi muốn biết tôi có thể làm gì.
    Thăm các cô gái.
    Có một khóa học mà tôi đã giúp gây quỹ cho tên bà ấy, v.v., v.v.
    Nhưng một điều mà chúng tôi đã nói đến là thực tế là có những khoảnh khắc nhỏ mà bà đã tích lũy được trong những tuần dẫn đến điều gì – bà biết bà sẽ qua đời.
    Ừ.
    Và bà ấy thậm chí đã nói, bạn biết đấy, đây sẽ là – tôi sẽ dừng lại.
    Cô ấy đã nói, đây sẽ là cuộc trò chuyện cuối cùng của chúng ta.
    Được rồi, vì vậy – và cảm giác như, ôi, cô ấy đã hiểu.
    Đúng vậy.
    Và cô ấy mô tả những khoảnh khắc nhỏ bé này.
    Tôi nói điều này với niềm vui mặc dù tôi đang thấy hơi nghẹn ngào một chút.
    Như những điều nhỏ nhặt như cô ấy đã xem trận đấu của đội Giants – cô ấy là một fan hâm mộ lớn của đội Giants – đã xem trận đấu của đội Giants với các cô gái.
    Họ đã đến Nhà Hoa.
    Cô ấy đã kết hôn ở đó.
    Và đột nhiên chúng tôi cũng đã tổ chức lễ tưởng niệm cho cô ấy ở đó.
    Như những khoảnh khắc nhỏ bé này.
    Và dường như cô ấy đang cắt nhỏ thời gian thành những lát rất mỏng.
    Như tôi gần như mong đợi cô ấy sẽ nói với tôi rằng, bạn biết đấy, có một con chim bay qua cửa sổ của cô ấy.
    Đúng vậy.
    Bạn biết đấy, như những điều mà chúng ta đã bỏ lỡ khi chúng ta sống trong tốc độ của cuộc sống.
    Đúng.
    Vì vậy, việc không nghĩ đến cái chết cho phép chúng ta suy nghĩ trong những khuôn khổ lớn hơn.
    Ừ.
    Điều này rất thích ứng.
    Mm-hmm.
    Và nhưng có điều gì đó thật sự đẹp đẽ về, bạn biết đấy, những gì cô ấy đang trải qua, việc cắt nhỏ thời gian này.
    Đúng vậy.
    Và tôi đã có động lực để đọc – có một cuốn sách tuyệt vời, Nhịp Đập Bí Mật của Thời Gian, nói về điều này một cách nào đó.
    Bạn biết đấy, nếu bạn đọc Cuộc Từ Chối Cái Chết, bạn sẽ biết về điều này.
    Vì vậy, khi mọi người tiến gần đến cuối đời, nhận thức về thời gian của họ thay đổi.
    Đúng vậy.
    Họ ở trong một khung hình cao.
    Mm-hmm.
    Và họ nắm bắt được rất nhiều kinh nghiệm trong khoảng thời gian ngắn.
    Đúng.
    Chúng ta có ý tưởng nào về điều này không – như tôi chắc chắn có một mạch thần kinh.
    Mm-hmm.
    Nhưng tôi tò mò về những gì bạn nghĩ về điều này trong bối cảnh trải nghiệm cuộc sống, cái chết và nỗi đau.
    Mm-hmm.
    Như tôi đã nói, đó là những câu hỏi nhỏ.
    Vâng, những câu hỏi nhỏ.
    Tôi biết rằng có một nền tảng khoa học, mặc dù đây là một khoảng thời gian rất khó khăn để làm nghiên cứu trong bệnh lý cuối cùng và đặc biệt là gần với cuối đời.
    Nhưng có một số nghiên cứu trong lĩnh vực này.
    Một lần nữa, tôi không phải là chuyên gia trong lĩnh vực này.
    Nhưng tôi sẽ nói với bạn rằng việc học cách điều chỉnh sự chú ý của chúng ta là, tất nhiên, nền tảng của việc học cách điều chỉnh nhiều điều về cơ thể, tâm trí, và cảm xúc của chúng ta.
    Và tôi nghĩ rằng – bạn biết đấy, tôi nghĩ về điều này theo cách như thế.
    Có những giai đoạn trong cuộc sống của tôi khi tôi có rất ít năng lượng, khi tôi không thể tắm đứng lên, ví dụ.
    Tôi không có loại năng lượng đó để nhường lại.
    Bởi vì bệnh MS.
    Bởi vì bệnh MS.
    Và điều mà nó dạy tôi là, trước tiên, sự khác biệt giữa động lực và năng lượng.
    Vì vậy, tôi có thể không có động lực để đến phòng gym.
    Nhưng nếu tôi có thể vượt qua vấn đề động lực, tôi thường có đủ năng lượng để tập luyện.
    Mặt khác, đôi khi tôi không có năng lượng.
    Và sau đó điều quan trọng với tôi là phải dừng lại.
    Đúng không?
    Bởi vì tôi có thể gây ra nhiều thiệt hại hơn là tốt.
    Có những ngày tôi không có năng lượng hoặc động lực.
    Và đó là điều tồi tệ nhất của sự tuyệt vọng.
    Và sau đó có những ngày, kỳ diệu thay, tôi có cả hai.
    Và chỉ bởi vì tôi đã biết đến sự thiếu thốn mà những ngày tôi có cả động lực và năng lượng là những món quà.
    Vì vậy, tôi nghĩ rằng có một cách mà cho đến khi chúng ta không thể biết đến sự phong phú, chúng ta cũng không thể biết đến sự phong phú.
    Và khi chúng ta biết đến mất mát, chỉ cần những điều nhỏ bé hơn để cảm thấy phong phú.
    Và có vẻ như đó là những gì cô ấy đang mô tả theo nhiều cách.
    Và điều thú vị là mức độ mà chúng ta có thể sử dụng những thực hành như yoga nidra, như những thực hành tôn giáo hoặc triết học khác để dạy chúng ta điều chỉnh cảm xúc thông qua việc chuyển sự chú ý của mình.
    Bây giờ, ngay lúc này, tôi có thể học cách biến khoảnh khắc này thành khoảnh khắc thú vị nhất trong cả ngày.
    Ngay bây giờ.
    Nhưng điều đó cần rất nhiều thực hành, đúng không?
    Tôi đã học cách làm điều này theo thời gian vì nếu không tôi không thể vượt qua những giai đoạn mệt mỏi đó, bạn biết không?
    Vì vậy, tôi không biết.
    Tôi nghĩ rằng có những cách, lại một lần nữa, mà chúng ta có thể học để làm việc với tâm trí, với bộ não, với cơ thể của mình.
    Chúng ta không thể chọn tất cả các tham số, nhưng chúng ta có thể học về các tham số để hiểu cách làm việc với chúng thay vì chống lại chúng.
    Tôi nghĩ cả về độ dài cuộc sống của chúng ta, những mất mát và sự chia ly mà chúng ta phải chịu đựng, và chỉ đơn giản là có được khoảnh khắc duy nhất và điên rồ này.
    Tôi yêu điều đó.
    Mary Frances, cảm ơn bạn rất nhiều vì đã đến đây hôm nay và chia sẻ sự khôn ngoan của bạn và cho chúng tôi biết về công việc đáng kinh ngạc mà bạn đang làm trong phòng thí nghiệm của mình.
    Bạn biết đấy, bạn không chỉ nói về những điều này, bạn nghiên cứu những điều này trong các nghiên cứu có kiểm soát rất tốt về con người, và bạn biết về tài liệu động vật, và tôi rất ngưỡng mộ khả năng của bạn trong việc kết nối từ những nguồn học thuật khác nhau, nhưng cũng vì bạn rất kiên định trong thực hành lâm sàng, nhưng cũng trong những thực tế của cuộc sống hàng ngày.
    Bởi vì nếu mọi thứ trở nên quá khoa học hoặc quá lâm sàng, chúng có thể trở nên một chút tách biệt, và bạn rõ ràng có cả ba yếu tố đó, và tôi cũng đánh giá cao sự sẵn lòng của bạn trong việc chấp nhận khía cạnh tinh thần, bởi vì nhiều người nghĩ về điều đó hoặc đến với những chủ đề như vậy với điều đó trong tâm trí.
    Vì vậy, cảm ơn bạn vì công việc bạn đang làm trong phòng thí nghiệm của mình, cảm ơn bạn đã giáo dục chúng tôi, và tôi đã học được rất nhiều, và tôi biết mọi người khác cũng vậy.
    Có rất nhiều điều để áp dụng ở đây trong nỗi đau không thể tránh khỏi mà mọi người sẽ trải qua, và hy vọng rằng những phản ánh không thể tránh khỏi này cũng làm nổi bật những điều tốt đẹp của cuộc sống.
    Vì vậy, hãy trở lại và chia sẻ với chúng tôi bước tiếp theo của bạn trong phòng thí nghiệm.
    Tôi chắc chắn sẽ trở lại.
    Và Andrew, cảm ơn bạn đã mang khoa học đến với mọi người.
    Tôi rất vui.
    Cảm ơn.
    Cảm ơn bạn đã tham gia cuộc trò chuyện hôm nay với Tiến sĩ Mary Frances O’Connor.
    Để tìm liên kết đến nghiên cứu của phòng thí nghiệm của cô ấy và hai cuốn sách xuất sắc của cô ấy, vui lòng xem các mô tả trong ghi chú chương trình.
    Nếu bạn đang học hỏi từ và hoặc thích podcast này, vui lòng đăng ký kênh YouTube của chúng tôi.
    Đó là một cách tuyệt vời không tốn chi phí để hỗ trợ chúng tôi.
    Ngoài ra, vui lòng theo dõi podcast bằng cách nhấp vào nút theo dõi trên cả Spotify và Apple.
    Và trên cả Spotify và Apple, bạn có thể để lại cho chúng tôi đánh giá lên đến năm sao, và bạn hiện có thể để lại nhận xét cho chúng tôi trên cả Spotify và Apple.
    Xin vui lòng kiểm tra các nhà tài trợ được đề cập ở phần đầu và trong suốt tập hôm nay.
    Đó là cách tốt nhất để hỗ trợ podcast này. Nếu bạn có câu hỏi cho tôi hoặc ý kiến về podcast, khách mời hoặc các chủ đề mà bạn muốn tôi xem xét cho podcast Huberman Lab, xin hãy để lại các câu hỏi đó trong phần bình luận trên YouTube. Tôi đọc tất cả các bình luận. Đối với những ai chưa biết, tôi có một cuốn sách mới sắp phát hành. Đây là cuốn sách đầu tiên của tôi. Nó có tựa đề là “Protocols: an Operating Manual for the Human Body” (Các giao thức: Một tài liệu hướng dẫn cho cơ thể con người). Đây là một cuốn sách mà tôi đã làm việc trong hơn năm năm, và dựa trên hơn 30 năm nghiên cứu và kinh nghiệm. Nó bao gồm các giao thức cho mọi thứ, từ giấc ngủ đến tập thể dục và kiểm soát căng thẳng, các giao thức liên quan đến sự tập trung và động lực. Và tất nhiên, tôi cung cấp các bằng chứng khoa học cho các giao thức được bao gồm. Cuốn sách hiện đã có thể đặt trước tại protocolsbook.com. Tại đó, bạn có thể tìm các liên kết đến những nhà cung cấp khác nhau. Bạn có thể chọn nhà cung cấp mà bạn thích nhất. Một lần nữa, cuốn sách có tên là “Protocols: an Operating Manual for the Human Body”. Nếu bạn chưa theo dõi tôi trên mạng xã hội, tôi là Huberman Lab trên tất cả các nền tảng mạng xã hội. Đây là Instagram, X, Threads, Facebook và LinkedIn. Trên tất cả các nền tảng đó, tôi thảo luận về khoa học và các công cụ liên quan đến khoa học, một số trong đó có phần trùng lặp với nội dung của podcast Huberman Lab, nhưng nhiều nội dung khác thì khác biệt với thông tin trên podcast Huberman Lab. Một lần nữa, đó là Huberman Lab trên tất cả các nền tảng mạng xã hội. Và nếu bạn chưa đăng ký nhận bản tin Neural Network của chúng tôi, bản tin Neural Network là một bản tin hàng tháng miễn phí hoàn toàn, bao gồm các tóm tắt podcast, cũng như những gì chúng tôi gọi là các giao thức dưới dạng các PDF dài từ một đến ba trang, bao gồm mọi thứ từ cách tối ưu hóa giấc ngủ của bạn, cách tối ưu hóa dopamine, đến việc tiếp xúc với lạnh có chủ đích. Chúng tôi có một giao thức thể dục cơ bản bao gồm đào tạo tim mạch và tập sức bền. Tất cả những điều đó hoàn toàn miễn phí. Bạn chỉ cần truy cập HubermanLab.com, đi đến menu ở góc trên bên phải, cuộn xuống bản tin và nhập email của bạn. Và tôi muốn nhấn mạnh rằng chúng tôi không chia sẻ email của bạn với bất kỳ ai. Xin cảm ơn một lần nữa vì đã đồng hành cùng tôi trong cuộc thảo luận hôm nay với Tiến sĩ Mary Frances O’Connor. Cuối cùng, nhưng chắc chắn không kém phần quan trọng, cảm ơn bạn vì sự quan tâm đến khoa học.
    歡迎來到胡伯曼實驗室播客,在這裡我們討論科學以及基於科學的日常生活工具。我是安德魯·胡伯曼,我是史丹佛醫學院的神經生物學與眼科教授。今天的嘉賓是瑪麗·弗朗西斯·奧康諾博士。奧康諾博士是亞利桑那大學臨床心理學和精神科的教授,並且負責悲傷、損失與社會壓力實驗室的運作。今天我們將討論依戀和失落的神經科學,以及為什麼悲傷在身體上實際上會感到痛苦。我們還將討論陷入悲傷狀態所面臨的非常真實且嚴重的健康風險。在整個節目中,我們將探討如何駕馭與克服悲傷,包括因為失去親人、失去寵物,或者失去人際關係、工作或生活中其他角色而產生的悲傷。正如你將很快了解到的,奧康諾博士的研究既迷人又令人驚訝。舉例來說,她發現悲傷最好通過人類依戀的視角來理解,而多巴胺,一種我們通常在動機和快樂的情境中聽到的分子,會創造出一種對於失去的渴望,這在悲傷過程中是核心的。她解釋了如何有效地渡過悲傷。我們必須同時面對我們的抗拒感和絕望感。這兩者,即我們拒絕放手的抗拒感,或者我們的心靈與身體不想放手的感受,以及我們不知所措的絕望感,感覺永無止境的損失,這些感受都必須被承認,然後我們必須將這些感受轉化為行動和情感,以積極的方式維持對那個人或我們曾扮演的角色的記憶,同時向前邁進。在今天的對話結束時,你將對悲傷有更深入的理解,這是每個人在生命中某個時刻都會經歷的過程,不僅僅是一種情感,而是一個具體的心理和生理過程。其目的是不去知識化悲傷,而是讓你更好地準備以更直接的方式去應對它,以便更完整地紀念損失,並能夠在從中成長的過程中向前邁進。在我們開始之前,我想強調這個播客與我在史丹佛的教學和研究角色是分開的。然而,它是我渴望和努力的一部分,旨在向公眾提供零成本的科學信息和與科學相關的工具。與此主題相符,這一集確實包含了贊助商。現在讓我們開始與奧康諾博士的討論。瑪麗·弗朗西斯·奧康諾博士,歡迎你。能在這裡真是太好了。我是你工作的忠實粉絲。這是如此重要的工作。每個人在某個時候都會經歷悲傷,沒有人能免於這個我們稱之為悲傷的過程。從小到大,我們都收到關於如何最好地悲傷的混合訊息,悲傷到底是什麼。你的研究真正突顯了這是一個不會以相同方式展開的過程。但如果我們試圖深入一些悲傷的核心要素,而不過分簡化,你能為我們突出悲傷作為一個過程到底是什麼嗎?悲傷的一些標誌是什麼?或許有一些每個人都會經歷的事情,而不應該讓人感到驚訝。然後我們可以進入你的研究所教導我們的有關悲傷的知識。我認為了解悲傷是對損失的自然反應是很好的。這是對於非常親近的人的死亡的自然、身體、情感和心理反應。我認為對於人們解除一些這些神話,考慮悲傷和悲痛之間的區別是非常有幫助的。所以悲傷就是在那一刻,你可以說,安德魯,依照1到10的尺度,你現在感受到的悲傷有多少?而你能夠告訴我在這波悲傷中你現在的感覺。但悲痛是隨著時間推移而改變的悲傷。所以我把它視為一種過程。你可以想像股市,它每天都是漲漲跌跌。有些日子真的很低,有些日子有點高。但是在年末,你仍然可以看到它有一個趨勢,對吧?在一年結束時,股市可能實際上是上升的,即使你有過一些非常糟糕的日子。我認為知道這一點有助於讓我們明白悲傷永遠不會消失,因為它是一種人類情感。每當我們意識到,當我們記得我們的摯愛已經不在了,我們都會有一波悲傷。這在25年後也是可以的。但這並不意味著沒有經歷過悲痛的過程。我將悲痛視為一種學習,學會如何與這個人失去的事實共存。所以我嘗試調和我們都聽過的兩件事情。一是時間會治愈所有的傷口。另一件是缺席使心靈更加渴望。成為生物學家的一部分原因是因為像這樣的難題。是的。你知道,你不必有特別高的智商就能意識到世界充滿了矛盾。是的。那到底是哪一個?我認為這確實幫助我們聚焦在你不能在談論悲傷的時候不談論愛與依戀的觀念上。因為除非你理解你擁有的東西,否則你真的無法理解失去它的影響,對吧?因此“缺席使心靈更加渴望”是一種絕妙的方式來描述依戀,對吧?當你愛上你的嬰兒或你愛上成為你配偶的人時。在你們之間形成的那種聯結,當你們形成“我們”時,它帶來了這種隱含的信念。因此現在我們面臨著這種獨特又可怕的死亡情況,當我們擁有一位生存的摯愛時,對缺席的正確反應是更多地想起他們。
    或者說,把更多的精力放在去尋找他們,或者發出更多的聲音讓他們來找到你。
    但在死亡面前,突然間我們面臨這種情況,腦袋真的很難適應,那就是:不管我多麼努力,我也找不到你。
    我把這種情況稱為「逝去但又永恆」的理論,對吧?
    所以,當然,我們知道他們已經不在了。
    我們知道他們已經去世了。
    我們可能記得曾經在他們的床邊,或接到那個電話,或在葬禮上,或在我們的記憶中其他的事情。
    我們有這些記錄。
    我們知道他們已經不在了。
    但依附神經生物學意味著還有這種隱性的信念。
    但也許他們還在外面,對吧?
    而這兩件事,這兩種信息流,他們已經不在了。
    他們是永恆的。
    兩者不能同時成立。
    當我們意識到,當我們有那一刻認識到這兩者是相互矛盾的時候,我們就會感受到一波悲傷。
    我想稍作休息,並介紹我們的一位贊助商,Wealthfront。
    我已經使用Wealthfront來進行儲蓄和投資將近十年,我真的很喜歡它。
    每年開始時,我會設定新的目標。
    而我2025年的目標之一就是專注於儲蓄。
    自從我使用Wealthfront以來,我將把這些儲蓄存放在我的Wealthfront現金賬戶中,我可以在我的存款上獲得4%的年百分比收益。
    你也可以。
    在Wealthfront,你可以從合作銀行獲得4%的APY,直到你準備花那筆錢或投資它為止。
    使用Wealthfront,你每天都可以從合格賬戶中免費進行即時提款,即使在周末和節假日也是如此。
    4%的APY不是促銷利率,存款和收益沒有限制。
    你甚至可以通過Wealthfront的合作銀行獲得最高800萬美元的FDIC保險保障。
    Wealthfront讓你可以免費即時提款,將你的資金轉入合格的外部賬戶只需幾分鐘。
    當你準備投資時,將你的資金從現金賬戶轉入任何一個Wealthfront的自動化投資賬戶同樣只需幾分鐘。
    目前已經有一百萬人使用Wealthfront來儲蓄更多、賺取更多並建立長期財富。
    今天就開始在你的現金上賺取4%的APY。
    如果你想嘗試Wealthfront,請訪問Wealthfront.com/Huberman,在首次現金賬戶存入500美元即可獲得50美元的免費獎金。
    那就是Wealthfront.com/Huberman,現在就開始吧。
    這是一則付費的Wealthfront證言。
    Wealthfront經紀商不是銀行。
    APY會受到市場變化的影響。
    更多資訊,請參閱本集的描述。
    今天的節目還由BetterHelp贊助。
    BetterHelp提供由持牌治療師在線進行的專業心理治療。
    我已經每週接受治療超過30年。
    事實上,我認為定期的每週治療和定期鍛煉一樣重要,當然,我每週也會進行鍛煉。
    出色的治療基本上提供三樣東西。
    首先,出色的治療提供和你可以信任並且可以談論任何問題的人的良好關係。
    其次,出色的治療提供情感支持或有針對性的指導。
    第三,專家的治療能提供有用的見解。
    有時這些見解來自治療師。
    有時你會在治療過程中自己意識到這些。
    而有時你們會一起達成這些見解。
    這些見解可以讓你在不可量化的方式上改變你的生活。
    不僅是你的情感生活和人際關係,還有你的職業生活。
    借助BetterHelp,他們讓你很容易找到與你有共鳴的專家治療師,並且可以通過有效的治療提供這些益處。
    有趣的是,在最近的一項調查中,72%的BetterHelp會員報告說因為接受BetterHelp的治療而減少了負面症狀。
    如果你想嘗試BetterHelp,請訪問betterhelp.com/Huberman,首次月份優惠10%。
    再次提示,betterhelp.com/Huberman。
    根據我對壓力研究的理解,我們耐受壓力的能力與知道它有一個明確的終點有很大關係。
    所以如果我們從你的臨床工作角度來看,因為你確實是一位臨床心理學家,同時也是一位研究者,心理學家/神經科學家,你身兼數職。
    有沒有證據?
    比如說面對有人或寵物即將失去的情況,不同的人有多少時間可以預見這種損失?
    或者甚至生活中的某個特定方面,比如一份工作。
    比如他們被裁員了,但在最後一天之前還有一些時間。
    或者退休。
    或者某人正在慢慢去世。
    嗯哼。
    與突發死亡相比,像是一次意外事故或更糟糕的情況,數據告訴我們這種悲傷如何處理?
    當你知道有一個終點時,為什麼覺得會更容易一些,因為你可以預見結束?
    對此,有哪些已知的事實?
    我認為這裡有幾個點我想強調。
    我們可以認為某事會帶來壓力,並且我們也可以認為為此悲傷。
    這兩者可能稍有不同,但我們可以理解。
    但我想對你的問題最直接的回答是,是的,突發的損失對我們來說更難去理解和學習發生了什麼。
    因為我們甚至沒有一個意識上的,就是我們從未在心裡運行過這個場景。
    所以,當然,現在想像它會更難。
    但這還不止於此。
    例如,我們確實知道,與住進安寧之家的人進行完結的對話,在損失之後其實是有幫助的,因為我們可以反思,說我愛你,謝謝你,我原諒你。
    請原諒我,來說再見。
    我們知道,擁有這樣的意識過程對於後來反思失去是有幫助的。但我想說,這並不一定改變依附的生物學。因此,依附是一種信念,是一種永恆的信念。我認為這種信念實際上在努力防止我們認識到他們已經不在了。因此,你會看到一個人,這在研究中會發生。當我請參加者告訴我他們摯愛之人的去世情況時,他們會告訴我,他們在緩和醫療中,並且被診斷為末期疾病,等等。然後我會問,死亡是否突然?他們會說,哦,絕對是的。我完全沒有想到。因為我認為,那種“他們總會在那裡”的信念並不會響應邏輯思考,你看。所以,即使你已經知道他們會離開,甚至知道他們已經不在了,你還是會撥通電話給摯愛之人,因為你腦中的一部分仍然在運作著這個信念:他們不必存在於我的時間和空間中也能存在。因此,我認為在某種程度上,學習可能實際上是如何轉變我對這段關係的理解,現在他們不再在這個世俗的平面上。我要如何理解他們在哪裡,或者這如何有意義?我該如何在內心與他們保持這種持續的聯繫,對吧?也許我仍然會告訴他們我今天的生活,或者當我看到東西時,我會想,哦,我媽會喜歡這個,對吧?我與我媽媽有這種內心的連結時刻。因為那種內心的關係持續存在。它是永恆的。同時,我知道,哦,她不會出席我的婚禮,或者她不會出席畢業典禮,對吧?你可以同時擁有這兩樣東西。我想這就是為什麼哀悼是如此困惑,讓人感覺像是失去了理智的原因。是的。立刻跳入腦海中的問題是,有些人是否因為某種故意拒絕進入這種新現實,而在面對哀悼過程中遇到困難。他們的確已經不在,但正如你所指出的那樣,他們的某些部分仍然在我們之內活著,以依附的形式。是的。依附生活在我們之中。是的。身體不再存活。對的,沒錯。而且,你知道,決定像《鬼魂》這樣的電影是否真的能幫助哀悼過程,這很困難,我想那是那部電影,對嗎?是的。在那部電影中,她失去了配偶或摯愛之人,我不記得是否是配偶,而他基本上仍然與她同在。你是對的。我是說,像這樣的電影,你可以想象,它們是一把雙刃劍,因為一方面,它們讓人們感覺到他們懷念和非常依戀的人仍然在那裡。但,這是一部他們實際上可以在裡面描繪人像的電影。是的。這造成了一些複雜性。所以,人們是否延遲了哀悼過程?他們是否拖延,並以某種固執的拒絕,來讓自己更難過,所謂的“放手”嗎?我可以理解為什麼會這樣。我也曾有過這樣的經歷。是的。這種情況在過去是否普遍?我認為這個問題是錯位的,因為依附這部分並不存在放手的事情。這是轉變我們對這種關係的理解。因此,在大多數歷史、時間和文化的時期,我們通常有一個社會系統,通常是宗教,用來解釋,「他們去哪了?」、「他們現在還好嗎?」、「我能再見到他們嗎?」大多數人,在歷史上大多數時間,都有一種理解方式,啊,我現在看不見他們。我最終會再見到他們。亡靈節。我每年會見到他們一次,對吧?或者他們現在在天國,或者他們在極樂世界,或者他們是我的祖先。我可以與他們有一種關係。我可以請他們代我發言,這麼說吧,對吧,這在天主教裡的代禱。所以歷史上,我們已經有這種理解與他們的內心關係的方式是如此真實,以至於可以拍成電影。它真的在發生。他們也不在場。因此,當我思考什麼意味著調整時,我並不把它視為恢復,我不把它視為放手,我把它視為整合。當我想到這些事情時,我在想,我與這位已故者的關係,現在是什麼樣的內心關係呢?所以我的母親,我的母親在我13歲時被診斷為第四期乳腺癌。他們切除的每一個淋巴結裡都有癌細胞,所以他們知道它已經轉移。我想他們告訴我爸爸,她只能再活一年。事實上,她的腫瘤科醫生稱她為他的第一個奇蹟。她實際上又活了13年。哇。這真是奇蹟。但這意味著我們學會了在等待第二隻鞋落地的狀態中生活。我想正因如此,我變得對哀悼非常熟悉和舒適。當我面對我的參與者,他們在面試中無法控制地哭泣,而然後他們道歉時,我並不在意。我會說,這就是哀悼。這就是它的運作方式。因此,這意味著我現在與我的母親有著非常不同的關係,與她在26歲時去世時相比。在26歲時,我對她仍然非常生氣。現在,我的朋友們,你知道的,到了40歲,我的朋友們似乎突然很能接受他們的母親,就像他們與母親的關係改善了。他們會說,哦,我理解她當時為什麼會這樣做。或者,現在我很感激 blah, blah, blah。而我卻有很多的哀悼,因為我沒能做到那一點。我沒有享受到我們關係的變化。然後我意識到,等等,我仍然可以擁有所有那些想法。我現在可以在鏡子前面看,因為我長得很像她。我可以現在在鏡子前對自己說,我在為你而做,媽媽。
    或者,你知道,这並不是我會做事的方式。
    但我明白你有你的理由。
    並且要原諒她。
    而這種內部表徵對我現在的日常生活運作有很大的影響。
    但這與放手無關。
    你明白我的意思嗎?
    你仍然可以適應一個那個人已經不在的世界。
    而這是非常痛苦的。
    而且,他們在你腦中深深編碼,因而持續存在。
    你無法擺脫他們。
    他們在你身邊,生理上與你同在。
    而你現在也可以與這個關係一起工作,這樣我就能與活著的摯愛共度時光。
    我不會在如何處理她的死亡上花太多時間感到內疚。
    我現在忙著過我的生活,因為我已經融入了與她的關係。
    這樣有道理嗎?
    這非常有道理。
    我想知道你能否談談你在哀傷與依附之間的關係方面所做的一些工作。
    以及依附與渴望之間的關係。
    因為你發現了這個令人難以置信的真相,眾所周知的多巴胺系統,通常與快樂相關聯。
    而多虧了安娜·倫克和其他人的精彩工作,現在對於多巴胺的教育也變得更加普及。
    人們現在更清楚多巴胺與擁有的關係,更多的是關於渴望而非擁有。
    它更偏向渴望而非喜悅。
    但我以及我想任何人都會感到震驚的是,多巴胺和哀傷之間的關係非常緊密。
    哀傷的特徵就是渴望和思念,對吧?
    這些都是渴望的其他表述,不是嗎?
    而多巴胺的描述是,它與獎勵系統的關係實際上是你為了獲得你想要的東西會投入多少努力,對吧?
    你會投入多少努力?
    你會投入多少努力去再次見到你的摯愛,對吧?
    這告訴我,實際上這是來自神經科學的研究。
    所以我之前提到,你可以將壓力和哀傷視為有些區別。
    我們過去會將失去摯愛的人想像成,你可以想像一下,你有一個盤子,對吧?
    你有很多事情堆在盤子上要處理。
    你要讓孩子上學。
    你要面對老闆。
    你有各種瑣事。
    現在又有這件事堆在你的盤子上。
    你失去了配偶或失去了姐妹。
    這是一種思考方式。
    而在我們的周邊生理中,我們的應對方式看起來像是壓力反應。
    所以這是有道理的。
    在80年代和90年代初,這是一種不錯的思考方式。
    但在神經影像研究中,當我們要求人們告訴我你有多渴望你的摯愛時。
    然後我們把他們放進掃描儀,給他們看摯愛的照片。
    與他們看陌生人的照片做了比較。
    那部分是獨特的?
    並不是看一個人,而是看你渴望的人。
    我們看到大腦深處有一個小區域叫做腹側被蓋核。
    從其他研究中我們知道,這大概位於腹側紋狀體的附近。
    而我們看到的情況是,越多的人說,我渴望我的摯愛,
    在腹側被蓋核的活動程度與之有直接的相關性。
    在這個大腦獎勵學習區域中。
    現在,在所有失去親人的人中,無論他們的哀傷程度如何,我們看到了一些與記憶區域有關的特徵。
    當然,他們在看摯愛的照片時,會想起照片拍攝時的各種回憶,或者任何其他事情。
    我們還看到許多情緒區域、情緒調節區域,甚至一些與自主生理調節有關的區域。
    但讓它如此獨特的是,這種渴望在哀傷的人中各有不同。
    而這在某種程度上可能是體現在這一大腦編碼區域中,表示我正在看這張照片,而這讓我想去接觸你。
    我認為這是一種新的理解所失去之物的方式。
    它不是堆在你的盤子上的新事物。
    而是當你建立連結時,形成的那部分已經被截去。
    你沒有資源。
    你無法在這個世界上正常運作。
    你無法在雜貨店裡走過去而不想著怎麼做才能沒有這個人。
    然後,經常地,渴望把他們帶回來,以便你可以再次以正常的方式走過這個世界。
    渴望並沒有錯。
    只是我們現在更理解大腦是如何運作的。
    如果你想,我可以告訴你,但我在這方面已經說得有點多了。
    不,請繼續。
    如果你想我可以告訴你。
    很多人提出問題,等等,這是與成癮相關的大腦區域。
    很多人討論,我們是否對摯愛的人上癮?
    我想了很久,我在2008年的那篇論文中從未這樣寫過。
    但我想出了可能更好地溝通的方式,去解釋正在發生的事情。
    我住在亞利桑那州的西南部,圖森市。
    我可以告訴你,如果你忘了水瓶,正在徒步旅行,而你已經走了一半,你無法想其他的,只能想到水,對吧?
    你對它的思考著迷,想要獲取,想像等等。
    但沒有人會說你是對水上癮,對吧?
    水是我們需要的東西。
    我們有一種體內平衡的功能,告訴你需要更多的水。
    然後一旦我們獲得水,就會感到滿足,對吧?
    對摯愛的渴望就像那種渴望。
    我們像需要食物和水一樣需要依附的人物。
    他們對於我們的生存至關重要。
    而我認為我們在現代社會中會忘記這一點,因為我們可以在很多需求上自行填補。
    我們需要配偶。
    我們需要孩子,我們的父母,我們的兄弟姐妹。
    當我們沒有他們時,我們無法茁壯成長。
    因此,我認為在那個區域的啟動只是你真的需要去接觸這個人的提示。悲傷的過程是,如果我要去接觸,那看起來會和以前不同。也許我會進行一次對話。也許我會和我的姐妹談談。但同時,你必須找到另一種方式來滿足你的依附需求。生活中必須有其他人,是你會說的,我會永遠支持你。你也會永遠支持我。因為這位已經離開人世的人已經不能再這樣了。這很有趣。我大致將成癮定義為帶來快樂的事物逐漸變得狹窄。你美麗地描繪了在西南沙漠徒步旅行時,當你需要水的時候,帶給你快樂的事物的狹窄歸結於你生存所需的東西。完全正確。可以推測一旦你有了水,那麼你對什麼是愉快的概念又會擴展開來。是的。而對於如甲基安非他命或一些過程成癮或行為成癮,真正變成了像隧道一樣。只有一件事,僅此而已。可悲的是,在成癮中,那件事的獎勵屬性隨著時間的推移也會減弱。你所描述的悲傷像是一種成癮,像是悲傷的過程在某種程度上與成癮相似,讓我有一個問題。你說某個時刻,為了度過這一切,我不想說“克服”,因為你希望我能理解。或許是“整合”。要整合悲傷過程,一個人需要找到一個替代的依附對象。我是說,當我們失去某個人時,我們不喜歡這樣想,但是如果是配偶,有時人們會再婚或重新組合,而有時則不會。但這真是一件美妙的事情,能在觀察中看到這一點。我見過好幾次當某人重新組合時,他們似乎那個依附需求至少部分得到了滿足。雖然不一樣,但以不同的方式得到了滿足。是的。但有時人們拒絕。他們抓住那個依附,或者以某種方式扭曲依附,使得他們與那個人永遠在一起,而不願取代那個依附對象。是否有數據指出哪一種方式更有效,還是這取決於你當前的狀況和生活階段?而有些人在這種悲傷整合的過程中非常固執。我最近常在想什麼是好的結果。我在我的職業生涯中花了很多時間思考,在我們悲傷時什麼是糟糕的結果,以及我們如何可以最有效地幫助那些未能以允許他們恢復有意義生活的方式進行整合的人。我對於什麼是好的結果這個問題退縮了很多,因為我認為它具有規範的特質。但我開始以非常開放的方式去思考這個問題。所以我想說的第一件事是,我真的不認為它像成癮一樣。因此,我們對摯愛的需求,就像食物和水一樣,這是一個內穩定的過程,對吧?你會想,哦,你知道,我是來拜訪你,對吧,為這個播客。而某個時刻,我大腦中會出現一個推播通知,說你應該給你的伴侶發短信,對吧?我拿出我的手機,發短信給他,然後等了幾分鐘,他回覆了,我感受到那種小小的,哦,他在那裡。他知道我在哪裡。我們很好。這不是成癮,對吧?這是正常的內穩定過程,就像我早上起來吃早餐一樣,因為我知道我需要這個,對吧?所以我認為,成癮的問題在於那些濫用的藥物完全壓過了這些以內穩定的方式運作的神經迴路。通過壓過它們,它們要麼減少接收器的數量,要麼以這種方式擾亂接收器的親和性,這樣真的將我們的獎勵狀況縮窄到只有這種藥物,因為只有這種藥物能強有力地充滿那些接收器。而現在我們面臨的情況是,只有甲基安非他命是讓我們感覺更好的東西,但與食物、水和摯愛的人不太一樣。至於你的問題——而我認為你實際上觸及到了一個我們當前文化正在掙扎的事情。我們在文化中失去了許多圍繞悲傷識字的理解,這些理解基於對於在失親、喪亡期間發生什麼的認識,這在宗教上非常專注、導向,對吧?所以一切從坐七日到一周年後舉行彌撒,對吧?或一個守夜。或一個守夜。在那裡有遺體。身體就在那裡。 我去過一個守夜。人們在笑。人們在講笑話。他們在喝酒。是的。我記得第一次去正統的愛爾蘭守夜時。是的。我想,這太瘋狂了。是的。我不知道該怎麼做。是的。經過一段時間,我領悟到了。嗯哼。這真的很非凡。是的。這明顯是有效的。是的。對於遵循愛爾蘭守夜的人來說——沒錯。遺體就在那裡,死得透透的。是的。每個人都在開派對。沒錯。以“瑪麗·弗朗西斯·奧康納”這個名字,你可能不會驚訝我是在一個大家庭長大的愛爾蘭天主教家庭。我們常說,夏天我們因為婚禮見到表兄弟姊妹,而冬天我們因為葬禮見到表兄弟姊妹。我們有這些守夜。在小時候,我在和表兄弟姊妹玩捉迷藏的時候看到了很多家庭成員的遺體。這所做的事情是一種文化方式來說,悲傷發生,死亡發生,這就是它的樣子。而你可以以許多不同的方式作出反應。因為我將告訴你,雖然人們在喝酒和玩捉迷藏,但也有很多人哭泣和依靠彼此的肩膀。這為你提供了一種組織方式,來理解你所感受到的強烈情感。
    但在不同的文化中,你知道,他們會聘請葬禮歌唱者,以便在大家哭泣的同時能有歌聲,對吧?所以我的觀點是,我們正處於一個歷史與文化中不尋常的時刻,在這個時刻,我們大多不遵循某種處理死亡和悲傷的系統。這意味著人們被迫在缺乏很多模範和哲學理解的情況下管理那些強烈的情感,並且往往與他們的原生家庭脫節,因為這些在當下對我們來說是無法理解的。
    現在,我並不是建議我們回到那個時期,您知道,天主教是唯一的方式,或猶太教是唯一的方式,我不這樣建議。我的建議是任何有依附關係的存在。因此,這可以是草原田鼠,這些小型嚙齒動物,您知道,它們終身配對。這可以是嬰兒,也可以是像你我這樣的良好功能的人類成人。
    當失去發生時,當那個依附的對象缺失並去世時,我們的大腦、身體和心靈會對此強烈反應。在缺乏某種理解這應該看起來怎麼樣以及我該如何應對的情況下,我們就會感到無所依據。這意味著,約翰·鮑比(John Bowlby)在發展依附理論時,對嬰兒進行研究,他的同事則在研究動物,他們看到了這些無形的聯繫。你會想到,比如北極熊和小北極熊跟在後面。你總是可以看到那個跟隨。那些無形的聯繫,實際上並非無形。它們存在於那些依附的動物和人類的大腦中,形成的神經生物學包括多巴胺、催產素、皮質醇和腎上腺素,以及特定的大腦區域中的受體。這些聯繫不斷促使我們尋找媽媽、寶寶或配偶。因此,如果我們任由自己而不理解這一點,我們所知道的只是我們正在經歷這些強烈的情感、反應、行為和思想。
    約翰·鮑比將我們所見的反應分為兩類:抗議和絕望。抗議就是,例如,當你在雜貨店時,低頭一看,發現你的幼兒不在你身邊,你會想,「哦不,他們不見了。」你甚至可以感受到這種身體的體現,對吧?我被每種荷爾蒙和神經化學物質激活去尋找那個孩子。你能在身體中感受到這一點。這就是抗議。「哦不,他們不見了?」而絕望,則是你坐在客廳裡,收到一封寄給你配偶的郵件,你知道他們永遠不會打開它。在那一刻,你想,「哦不,他們不見了。」而這重大的感受,你也能在身體中感受到。那種放棄、退縮,還有那種無所適從,對吧?
    現在,請注意,這些信息是相同的。「哦不,他們不見了」是我們需要學會的。學習的方式之一就是抗議,試圖證明他們沒有不見。而承認、接受他們已經不見了。現在,我們通常不認為絕望有什麼目的。但有趣的是,在這一時刻,絕望的功能是阻止我們繼續尋找。而尋找在生理上是非常耗費精力的。創造血壓和皮質醇以進行這樣的尋找所需的能量是巨大的。因此,這種絕望確實有其功能。這種撤退是有充分理由的,但很多人都害怕感受到絕望。有些人也非常害怕感受抗議,並且會儘量避免任何的想法或記憶。但有一點就是,絕望也不是故事的結束。這不是一個階段模型。這些是我們一遍又一遍地面對的反應,努力理解我們所生活的新世界。但絕望排除了希望。絕望說他們真的不見了,而因為他們永遠不會回來,我將會這樣感覺一輩子。這也不是真的,對吧?我們知道,您可以感到悲傷。您可以培養一種恢復意義的生活,而且您還可以擁有與他人的其他聯繫。我不會說取代,而是說增加,因為現在你明白愛一個人意味著什麼。你知道寬恕意味著什麼,以及你與摯愛的人學到的所有事情。你現在也可以愛其他人。或者對某些人來說,這與創造新的關係無關,而是關於擁有一種超然的體驗。現在我可以愛大自然,或者我可以愛上帝,因為我通過與我生活中這個至關重要的人建立聯繫而學會了如何做到這一點。甚至現在我知道如何照顧自己。我知道如何去愛、關心、寬恕並欣賞自己,因為我的摯愛教會了我如何做到這一點。這就是我所說的沒有規範結果的意思。這四條在失去某人之後非常不同的生命軌跡,都可以滿足我們的依附需求。
    如許多人所知,我已經每天服用AG1超過13年。然而,我現在發現了一種更好的維他命礦物質益生菌飲品。這種新且改良的飲品就是全新的AG1。這個AG1的下一代配方是一個更先進、經過臨床驗證的版本,相較於我多年前每天服用的產品。它包含了新的可生物利用的營養素和增強的益生菌。這個下一代配方是基於關於益生菌對腸道微生物組影響的新研究。它還包括幾種具有臨床研究證實的特定益生菌菌株,這些菌株已被證明能夠支持消化健康和免疫系統健康,並改善腸道規律性和減少腹脹。作為一位從事研究科學超過三十年的人,以及同樣從事健康和健身的人,我不斷尋找最好的工具來改善我的心理健康、身體健康和表現。
    我早在2012年便發現並開始服用AG1,那時我還沒有開始做播客,自那以後我每天都在服用它。我發現這對我的健康的各個方面都有很大改善。當我服用它時,我覺得自己好很多。每一年過去,我感覺越來越好,順便提一下,我今年九月就滿50歲了,我把這一切歸因於AG1。AG1使用最高品質的成分,並以合適的配比進行組合,並且他們不斷改進配方而不提高價格。因此,我很榮幸能將他們作為這檔播客的贊助商。如果你想試試AG1,可以訪問drinkag1.com/Huberman來申請特別優惠。目前,AG1正在提供一個包含五個免費旅行包和一瓶免費的維生素D3 K2的AG1歡迎套件。再次提醒,請訪問drinkag1.com/Huberman以申請這個包含五個免費旅行包和一瓶免費的維生素D3 K2的特別歡迎套件。
    今天的節目也得到了Helix Sleep的贊助。Helix Sleep製造的床墊和枕頭是根據你的獨特睡眠需求量身定製的。之前我在這檔播客中多次提到,良好的睡眠是心理健康、身體健康和表現的基礎。當我們無法持續獲得良好的睡眠時,一切都會受到影響。而當我們睡得好且充足時,我們的心理健康、身體健康以及在所有方面的表現都會顯著改善。你所睡的床墊對於你每晚獲得的睡眠質量影響巨大。床墊的柔軟度、硬度、透氣性等,都會影響到你的睡眠質量、深度睡眠和快速眼動睡眠的時間,而且它需要根據你的獨特睡眠需求進行調整。因此,如果你訪問Helix的網站,你可以進行一個簡短的兩分鐘測驗,它會問你一些問題,例如:你是仰睡、側睡還是趴睡?你在夜裡是偏熱還是偏冷?等等。也許你知道這些問題的答案,也許不知道。無論如何,Helix都會幫你匹配到適合你的床墊。對我而言,理想的床墊是Dusk床墊,大約在三年半前,我開始使用Dusk床墊,自那以來的睡眠質量絕對無與倫比。因此,如果你想試試Helix,請訪問helixsleep.com/Huberman,進行兩分鐘的睡眠測驗,Helix將根據你的獨特睡眠需求為你匹配到一款定制床墊。目前,Helix正在為Huberman播客的聽眾提供全站最高27%的特別折扣,並在任何Lux或Elite床墊的訂單中附送免費床單。
    你剛才說的事情是極其重要的,因此如果可以,我想為我自己和聽眾簡單概述一下,我也不會錯過機會插入一些神經科學的課程。此外,既然你也是一位神經科學家,希望你能和我協作。據我所聽到的,對於哀傷,至少存在兩種不同的反應。一種是抗議,另一種則是絕望,廣義上來說。是的。在抗議中,這是一種拒絕,我不接受。但是這裡有一個行動步驟。沒錯,這是一個積極的回應。我們知道在基底神經節中,這是一個對於行動生成和行動抑制的關鍵結構,我們可以將“去”和“不去”看作是從字面上區分的兩個獨立迴路。因此,抗議迴路是以希望為基礎的去進行。是的,這可以通過行動來解決。絕望迴路則是,我無法對此採取行動。我不能將這封信交給任何人。我無法給他們打電話。我可以發短信,但他們不會看到。這是一條不去的通道,即行動的抑制。你說行動在代謝上是有成本的,而不行動則沒有成本。我不會挑戰這一點,但我有一個關於這個的問題:似乎在絕望的步驟中,為了讓它具有適應性、功能性和治癒性,需要將這種不去轉化為某種新的背景。作為神經科學家,我們知道背景依賴的決策和策略設定是人類非常擅長的前額皮質活動,但這需要努力。就像,我無法將信交給他們,但也許我可以用這封信做些別的事情。是的,也許我可以將它撕掉,然後寫給其他人。因此,我對這個詞深感著迷,這個詞主要來自於東方哲學,但這種轉化的概念,即我們可以利用某種事物的能量並將其轉化為其他有用的事物。這就是我對這一不同迴路的看法。現在人們意識到,我也確實會不錯過融入額外神經科學的機會,因為我認為你所描述的哀傷是依附系統的一個自然且基本的部分。我們出生於這個世界,準備好依附。這是博爾比及其同事教給我們的。是的。我還意識到,我很興奮地發現,我們出生於這個世界,也是為了哀傷,並學習何時以及如何去抗議、何時絕望、轉化。是的。我想說的是,甚至有一些證據,我認為它以以下的方式而成立。所以你是對的,這種不去並不是沒有成本的。你是對的。因此,它確實阻止了我們去搜尋的那種行為。是的。所以它可能會阻止皮質醇或腎上腺素之類的物質。但它會帶來自身的成本,我認為主要是一些像炎症這樣的東西,以及允許撤回的東西,對吧?我們知道在哀傷期間,催乳素會改變,催產素也會變化。但是這樣看待它,在某種進化的意義上,如果你的伴侶失踪或護理者失踪,這種撤回使你能夠節省資源,因為你不知道他們何時會回來。
    這對你的生存非常重要,但轉變的過程中,哦,最終我將不得不自己找食物。我將不得不再移動。但不是那種狂亂尋找的方式。我將需要找到有意義的活動來繼續下去。因此,這是我理論上認為我們在悲傷時的設定原因。我知道你在兒時有依附對象,因為你活到了成年,對吧?證明,證明有人愛過你。現在,孩子們有看護者作為他們的主要依附對象。但在你的生活中,你的主要依附對象很可能是一位同齡人,像是配偶、男朋友或女朋友等,而不是你的父母。所以必須有些事情改變了,對吧?而在發展上,我們是有準備的。我們出生時擁有一種神經生物學的發展程序,在某個時點上會說,我的父母不再是我依附層級的頂端。我在四處張望。我有動力去見朋友。有動力去約會。有動力去和同年齡的人建立持久的關係。這意味著我們的依附層級可以改變,我們在神經生物學上、在荷爾蒙中具備從對父母的主要依附轉變為對他人的主要依附的能力。而這種能力是與生俱來的。
    當然,我會說,我們所有人都被設計成在大約同一時期經歷這一過程。父母進入這個過程時知道這會發生,儘管他們在空巢期經歷了很多悲痛。在一位摯友去世的時候,比如一位50歲的朋友,她的丈夫在客廳裡突然心臟病發作,就在她面前這樣去世,並沒有整個同齡人群體在一起經歷這個轉變到不同的依附層級的過程,對吧?我們建立了整個文化來送孩子上大學,或送他們去任務,或進行基本訓練,來幫助這整個年輕人群體度過這一過渡時期。我們需要的是支持那些正在面對兄弟姐妹、父母、配偶或孩子去世的個體,因為他們都是獨自經歷這一切,並試著在沒有系統支持的情況下理解在悲傷中什麼是自然和正常的。因為我們知道這是一個醫學風險較高的時期,就像上大學在其他方面也是醫學風險較高的時期一樣,我們需要能夠評估他們生理上的情況,並確保我們在這極度、極度壓力的轉變經歷中支持他們的悲傷身體。
    是的,我不知道我是否正確地使用了這個術語,但,我不能說我是有史以來最大的艾倫·瓦茨(Alan Watts)粉絲。我喜歡他的一些作品,但對其他的則不然,但我聽到過他講的兩件事。一件是關於轉變的,我覺得這很美麗也很恰當,從神經科學的角度來看,這也很有道理,因為人們談論能量時,通常會提到一些新時代的事物,比如水晶等等。甚至只是那種非科學的能量的觀念往往相當模糊。是的,同時,這對大多數人來說更直觀。是的。而神經科學家喜歡談論神經化學能量或生理學家的卡路里能量。
    但當我想到我們正在談的能量時,我將它看作是神經回路能量,像是哪一條通路,去或不去的通路,有點需要我們注意以便穿過這一切,就像孩子們學習行動生成。他們學會在課程中保持靜止。是的,有的人像我一樣稍慢一些。你知道,我把這怪罪於我的Y染色體,因為有已知的延遲在前額皮質的成熟上。當然,在擁有Y染色體的個體中,最終會趕上大多數,但不是所有,這是另一個節目的話題。
    這個想法令我印象深刻:當依附受阻時,比如在悲傷中,擁有支持我們的其他人是極其重要的,尤其是在當前這個孤立危機的時期。是的。在這段我們可以交流自身經歷的時間裡,我們可以學習很多其他人的經歷,但我們常常沒有基本的支持,比如觸摸。對,就像,觸摸、擁抱那裡坐著的人。是的,眼神接觸,你知道,握住你的手,毫無疑問。嗅覺可能也與此有關。僅僅是另一個人的氣味,即使你並不自覺地意識到。是的,在身體層面上發出信號,有其他人在這裡。是的,你知道,有很多人在失去某人的時候,很難入睡。絕對如此。僅僅是房間裡有另一個人,嗯,或者房間裡有一隻寵物。是的,可以帶來很大的不同。
    因此,在成癮的問題上,有世界各地形式各異的、零成本的卓越計劃,比如12步及其他恢復計劃,讓人們能夠在他人的支持下處理他們的生理學和心理學,就像一些資深者或在無論是酒精、毒品或過程性成癮等方面更有經驗的人。那麼,針對那些正在悲傷的人,有沒有類似的東西?我是知道有失落小組的,但通常當我想到失落小組時,我想到的就像我祖父參加的那個,他在那裡遇到了他去世前的最後一位女友。嗯,我想他在我奶奶去世後只交過一位女友。他們自13歲以來就在一起。是的,是的,13歲。太驚人了。所以50多年。是的。但那個失落小組實際上成為了他支持的真正來源。是的。
    是的,他確實在一個失喪支持小組裡找到了女友。是的。你知道,家人對此有著複雜的感情,但我很高興他在去世前不孤單。嗯,對於所有年齡層的人來說,有零成本的工具以群體的形式幫助人們處理各種不同類型的哀悼嗎?因為我認為對於某些人來說,我們都聽過,失去孩子的壓力是最終的壓力來源。嗯哼。而我能想到的唯一一件事情,可能同樣是壓力重重的,甚至更糟的,就是不知道你的孩子是生是死。是的。對我來說,這似乎就是痛苦的終極形式。是的。因此,對於這種情況的失喪小組,顯然和真正為配偶的分離而哀悼的人們的失喪小組是非常不同的,對吧?兩種不同的哀悼程度,但很難告訴一個真正在深度哀悼中的人,「你的哀悼沒有別人的那麼嚴重」。那麼,有這樣的團體嗎?嗯哼。另外,我還想問我剛才問的問題,那就是,為什麼知道其他人也在受苦,對於哀悼來說只提供了輕微的支持呢?是的。有一個相當近期的運動,我們可以稱之為公共衛生模式的失喪支持。因此,這裡的想法是,這主要來自於歐洲、加拿大、澳大利亞等地,他們試圖實際上圍繞失喪開發醫療保健。其中一部分原因是,我們可以談論我們知道失去摯愛的身體成本對我們影響是如此巨大。這可能導致心臟病發作,對吧?所以,我們知道,例如,摯愛去世的那一天,你比生命中的其他任何一天更可能有21倍的心臟病發作。21倍。我們知道,在妻子去世後的前三個月,一個男人發生致命心臟病發作的可能性幾乎是同時期內仍然結婚的男人的兩倍。哇。即使他有其他支持呢?是的。這不是很瘋狂嗎?女性的風險約為1.8倍。因此,仍然是一個天文數字的醫療風險。我們知道這個轉變的時期是非常危險的,對吧?所以,我們可能會有所有這些生理變化,但如果我們的身體在那段時間內不夠韌性,實際上崩潰了,這是我們需要提前預防的。因此,考慮這個公共衛生模式的失喪,我們可以認為,在基礎上,甚至僅僅是在悲傷素養方面理解,我可以期待什麼?我正在經歷什麼?為什麼會發生這樣的事情?這是一個心理教育的層面,對於人們來說至關重要,無論他們擁有多少支持。現在,許多人會去失喪支持小組,即便只是為了獲取這些資訊,對吧?即使僅僅是為了得到基於證據的好資訊。例如,現在有些地方不再教授五個悲傷的階段。除此之外,我們知道支持的重要性。社會支持、身邊有摯愛的人,就像你描述的那樣。我認為原因之一是,想像在配偶去世後的那七天內,如果家裡有人坐著進行哀悼,他們會注意到你是否心臟病發作,對吧?所以,想一想,我們可能會暫時把生理調節外包給別人。這樣想:當我們與某人建立情感聯繫時,例如,當你愛上你的伴侶時,他們成為你的外部節拍器。對吧?想想共調節。如果我現在回家,從伴侶那裡得到一個擁抱,正如你描述的那樣,我知道我的血壓會稍微下降一點。我的心率會稍微下降一點。現在,突然之間,我要想像走進一個空房子,那裡是不會發生這種情況的。我的心血管系統必須想辦法,怎麼樣才能一次又一次地走進我的家,並調節我的心率?而你的大腦在期待看到你失去的人。是的,正是這樣。雖然你知道,但行動系統,表達行為的神經循環都要等著被觸發。所有的潛意識處理,我應該做同樣的動作,轉動鎖匙像我一直做的那樣。現在,當我進入房間時,它卻有一個空洞。而且通常仍然能嗅到他們的味道。絕對是這樣。我認為人們真的低估了嗅覺這件事。是的。因為它在潛意識水平上一直運作。我們就像在浸泡在別人的化學物質中。絕對是這樣。然後他們走了,然後這種氣味開始消散。沒錯。但它在一段時間內仍然存在。絕對是這樣。因此,我認為意識到你悲傷的身體必須重新學會如何調節,是支持如此重要的原因之一。有一項研究,之前我們在播客開始前談到過,這是一項針對靈長類動物的研究,與其他靈長類一樣,這裡有很多幼兒死亡。在這項觀察性研究中,科學家觀察到了許多這樣的群體。在一個幼年靈長類死亡之後,母親經常會在幼子去世後長時間抱著已故的幼子,花費大量時間注視著這個嬰兒。母親並不是因為困惑而不進行梳理,而有趣的是,她在這段時間裡停止了對自己的梳理。對靈長類來說,這在醫學上是有風險的,因為我們知道,梳理對它們的健康至關重要,能去除寄生蟲等。你知道,通常這些群體中有著非常嚴格的等級制度。誰能給誰梳理,就像最新的卡戴珊秀一樣。在這段時間裡,當母親試圖理解這個幼子發生了什麼時,這些規則就消失了。任何成員都可以為這位母親梳理。
    現在,在某個時刻,母親抱著這個嬰兒的時間存在著很大的個體差異,從幾天到幾個月不等。一旦她放棄了這個嬰兒,規則又會重新生效。於是她回到了部落,並且像以前一樣參加社交生活、醫療社交生活。我覺得這裡的類比,除了每次想到它都讓我心痛之外,還有一個想法,就是我們所有人的工作都是去照顧哀悼者、關心他們,問他們,嘿,你上次去看醫生進行常規檢查已經多久了?你上次接受乳腺檢查或清洗牙齒已經多久了?往往我們一直在照顧一位即將去世的摯愛,卻忽視了自己的醫療護理。因為這是事實。悲傷是自然的反應。我們的身體是有韌性的。許多人對於在哀悼時感受到的劇烈身體痛苦感到震驚,比如喉嚨有顆塊、胸口感到火燒般的痛苦。但其實我們的身體是極其韌性的。我們學會了在沒有這個外部起搏器的情況下重新調節。然而在那些身體無法足夠韌性以做到這一點的情況下,我們需要周圍的人來支持我們。在我自己實驗室的一項研究中,我們認為,心碎的風險、心臟病的死亡風險並不是全天候24小時都一樣危險的。所以我們邀請人們進入實驗室,讓他們在接上心電圖和血壓等設備的情況下體驗一波悲傷。結果顯示,每個人在悲傷的浪潮中血壓都上升。但我們發現,當他們走進門時,告訴我們他們正經歷最強烈的悲傷,他們的血壓上升得最明顯。在德國的一項重複研究中,我們發現他們的血壓並未恢復。因此,你可以看到,這些悲傷的浪潮是我們的身體和心智需要學會應對的,並最終適應的。這需要一個可以持續承受的身體。它需要能夠支持和維持的關係。這就是為什麼我認為支持如此重要,即使它不能消除失去你心愛之人的痛苦。因為在這一時刻,我們需要能夠集中所能動員的所有資源。現在,這也意味著,儘管我們思念我們心愛的人,並且感受到嘗試解釋當房間中有一個洞而其他人卻看不到這個洞的孤獨感,但在某種程度上,與另一個正在經歷悲傷的人交談是有幫助的,因為我們認識到悲傷是一種人類經歷。你們之所以連結,不是因為你們都思念同一個人,而是因為你們都在失去。這樣,我認為喪親支持可以非常有助於與正在經歷相同過程的他人建立聯繫。坦白說,我不推薦喪親支持小組,甚至有一些喪親支持小組禁止成員之間形成約會關係。但現實是,我們所聯結的人可能也是我們發展更強附著關係的人。這就是社區的運作方式。因此,我認為喪親支持可以極其重要。我們知道,每10個人中就有1人會發展出混亂的悲傷,真的不會隨著時間的推移而改變,即使時間在流逝,這些人可能需要一種非常具體的基於證據的心理治療介入,因為我們知道這些心理介入可以幫助我們回到正常或典型的悲傷軌道。我想談談這一切的身體層面。 我們已經在談論大腦,當然這與身體息息相關,反之亦然。但在此之前,我想問你一個有關酒精的問題。是的。我幾年前做了一期關於酒精的節目,我認為我讓很多想停止飲酒的人得以停止。我也讓一些想繼續飲酒的人稍微減少飲酒,還有一些人討厭那期節目,照樣繼續飲酒。我做那期節目的目標並不是想改變任何人的行為,只是給他們提供信息。是的。我會是最後一個推廣飲酒的人,因為我們知道,無論頭條新聞如何,飲酒基本上對我們並不好。僅僅是睡眠和微生物群的破壞就足以解釋我認為約50%的有害影響。 不過,話雖如此,在許多傳統中,在即將面臨死亡的時刻,在悲傷的初始幾天和階段,實際上是習慣性地鼓勵飲酒。如果我以開放的心態來看這件事,我們知道低劑量的酒精可以使我們變得更放鬆,這就是為什麼人們開始多說話。在較高劑量下,酒精則更像是一種鎮靜劑。我們都可以同意,我相信,長期使用酒精或繼續飲酒以避免自己的感受只是一個壞主意。任何反對這一觀點的人可能是在飲酒的同時這麼想。然而,我被許多傳統鼓勵使用酒精的事實所震驚。我在想,根據你告訴我們的心臟病風險,這是否是在短期內試圖降低血壓的一種嘗試,從而簡單地讓這個人避免死亡。在聽到壞消息後,喝一兩杯(假設你已成年並且不是酗酒者),這是世界上最糟糕的事情嗎?我想告訴你一個故事,就是我母親去世的時候。她在我們小小的蒙大拿故鄉。在這樣的小鎮,農村地方,當然,大家都知道發生了什麼。因此,我媽媽去世的第二天早上,大約凌晨一點,我和我最好的朋友去市中心的一家墨西哥餐廳吃早餐。那位擁有這家餐廳的女士來到我們的桌旁,說,嘿,我聽說你媽媽進了醫院。我很抱歉。
    我說,是的,她昨晚去世了。
    她說,哦,親愛的,我能為你做些什麼?
    任何東西。
    你想要什麼?
    我說,我可以喝啤酒嗎?
    她說,當然可以。
    於是我早餐喝了一瓶啤酒。
    我喜歡把我們的相遇視為一個應對悲傷波浪的大工具箱中的一個策略。
    而那一刻這正是合適的工具。
    現在,如果我接下來的每一天早上都喝啤酒,
    可能對我的肝臟不太好,對吧?
    而且可能對我的工作穩定性也不太好。
    但在那一刻,這是合適的工具。
    你明白我的意思嗎?
    所以我和我最好的朋友在一起,這也是合適的工具,對吧?
    那種抑制感讓我能在餐廳中間哭出來。
    我認為我們一直在尋找與身體互動的方法,
    這些方法在某種程度上可能對我們來說不太有意義,但當它們是文化方式時,必然是出於某些原因。
    我對你剛才說的事情並沒有證據。
    但這個想法能讓那些稍微減少抑制感的人聚在一起,
    以便他們能談論情感和困難。
    它讓人們聚在一起只是為了彼此觀察,這是至關重要的。
    它對我們的心血管系統的影響也很重要。
    關於這一點我想說的是,
    人們認為死於心碎只是一種隱喻。
    我們看到了,當凱莉·費雪去世時,她的母親黛比·雷諾茲第二天就去世了。
    我們都在想,哦,這不是一個悲劇而美麗的故事嗎?
    這是一個我們從大型流行病學研究中了解過的證據,
    新近喪失親人的人群中總體死亡風險顯著增加。
    我的問題是,為什麼我們不斷地證實這一點?
    我們要怎麼辦?
    在我自己的實驗室,以及在澳大利亞稍後的研究中,我們進行了一項概念驗證研究。
    非常清楚地說,這並不是一項隨機臨床試驗,
    也不在一個足以作為醫療建議的水平上。
    但我們說,當有人在加護病房、急診室、安寧療護或護理院去世時,
    站在他們旁邊的人應該成為我們的病人。
    我們知道他們的醫療風險剛剛飆升。
    因此,我們給予那些在親人去世後前兩週的人服用小劑量阿司匹林,
    並觀察這是否有心臟保護作用,這當然是有的,因為我們了解阿司匹林的作用原理。
    現在,我們需要大型研究是為了確保沒有什麼負面副作用我們要避免,對吧?
    但我在這裡的觀點是,如果我們知道喪失親人是醫療風險,
    如果我們知道我們需要支持正在悲傷的身體,
    讓你能度過那些日子、幾個星期甚至幾個月,
    讓你能恢復正常的生活,那麼我們要怎麼辦呢?
    我這樣思考。
    悲傷不是一種疾病。
    悲傷是完全自然的。
    但你知道,懷孕也不是一種疾病。
    懷孕是完全自然的,但沒有人會說它不是生理性的。
    沒有人會說沒有巨大的荷爾蒙變化,也不是醫療上有風險的。
    所以對於絕大多數懷孕的人來說,他們是完全健康的。
    但我們有完整的護理系統來評估人們在這個時期是否健康。
    然後如果他們不健康,譬如如果發現妊娠糖尿病或高血壓,
    我們知道如何治療和干預,以便他們能渡過這個過渡期。
    那麼如果喪失親人也是這樣呢?
    為什麼在我們的悲傷支持小組中,我們不也測量他們的血壓?
    除了教他們可能使用的許多應對技能外,
    還讓他們了解他們的身體狀況,
    這樣他們就能知道悲傷是什麼樣子,如何引發支持,最終如何適應並發展一個有意義的生活,
    這個生活中包含悲傷,但也包含生活中其他美好的事物。
    是的。
    對這一切,我表示贊同。
    我並不了解處於悲傷中或甚至與悲傷中的人相近的醫療風險,
    但這完全合情合理。
    我聽過有關參加葬禮的故事,
    其中死者的兄弟在葬禮週末或甚至在葬禮上去世。
    你只能驚呼,哦,天哪。
    這幾乎讓人無法理解。
    沒錯。
    但我們現在知道,這是有邏輯的醫療基礎。
    沒錯。
    正是如此。
    而事實是,安德魯,每次我做播客或被記者採訪時,
    每個人都有這樣的故事。
    因此,老實說,保險公司在1960年代之前就已經將此考慮進了他們的精算表中。
    他們知道那個時候的壽命是短暫的。
    所以,如果我們已經知道這麼久,
    那麼什麼阻止我們真正去關心悲傷中的人呢?
    這是多麼重要。
    我想快速休息一下,感謝我們的一個贊助商,Function。
    去年,我成為了Function的會員,因為我在尋找最全面的實驗室測試方法。
    Function提供了超過100項先進的實驗室測試,給你身體健康的關鍵快照。
    這個快照為你提供了心臟健康、荷爾蒙健康、免疫功能、營養水平等的見解。
    他們最近還新增了毒素測試,比如有害塑料的BPA暴露,以及PFASs或永遠化學物質的測試。
    Function不僅提供了超過100個對身體和心理健康關鍵的生物標記進行測試,
    還分析這些結果並提供來自各相關領域專家的見解。
    例如,在我第一次與Function的測試中,我發現自己在血液中有升高的汞水平。
    功能不僅幫助我檢測出這一點,還提供了如何最佳降低我體內汞含量的見解,這包括限制我對金槍魚的攝入量,因為我之前吃了很多金槍魚,並努力增加葉綠蔬菜的攝取,同時補充NAC和乙醯半胱氨酸,這兩者都能支持穀胱甘肽的生成和排毒。我得說,透過再次進行功能測試,這個方法是有效的。全面的血液檢測是至關重要的。與心理和身體健康相關的許多事物只能通過血液檢測來檢測出來。問題是,血液檢測一直都非常昂貴和複雜。相比之下,我對功能的簡單性和成本水平印象深刻。它非常實惠。因此,我決定加入他們的科學顧問委員會,我很高興他們能贊助這個播客。如果你想嘗試功能,你可以訪問functionhealth.com/huberman。功能目前有超過250,000人的候補名單,但他們正在為Huberman播客的聽眾提供提前訪問。再次重申,訪問functionhealth.com/huberman以獲得提前訪問功能。我對情感的區隔感到好奇。現在我明白在美國這個文化中,至少我們並沒有被教導如何悲傷,除非它是我們家庭的一部分或宗教的一部分。我們並沒有被指導如何悲傷。在心理學、健康、自助的世界中似乎存在另一組矛盾。無論它是最“玄”的領域還是最還原主義的醫療領域,其中的矛盾信息是這樣的。一方面,感受你的感受。壓抑情感是不好的。是的。會提高你的血壓,增加你心臟病和動脈瘤的風險,讓你變得讓人不快,甚至讓自己也不愉快,等等。但我們也知道我們必須功能正常。我們不能每星期七天、每天二十四小時都淹沒在自己的眼淚中。即使我們不是照顧者,我們也不能這樣。就我而言,我能回想起小時候收到非常令人沮喪的消息。無論那條消息是什麼,對任何年齡來說都是毀滅性的消息。但我當時大約十六歲。是的,我記得我的胸口痛。是的,我的心痛。是的。我記得我努力去壓抑它。是的。我知道怎麼做,對吧?這是一種技能。是的。曾經有一段時間我認為這是件可怕的事情。另一方面,這就是你第二天起床去工作的方式。是的。這就是當你在實驗室工作時,你如何去你的實驗室。這就是你如何面對生活。是的。但關鍵當然是能夠在需要的時候打開那個蓋子,讓情感流出來。因此,在情感在頭腦和身體中的想法背景下,現在大家似乎都同意的事情。是的。我們對於如何讓情感釋放有什麼了解?對於健康的、適應性的區隔作為技能又有什麼了解?在這裡,我希望人們或許能收集到一些工具,比如每天花一小時來發泄。嗯哼。嗯哼。每天花兩小時處理你的事情。是的。我認為記住情感實際上是產出這一點是有幫助的。它們是產品。我們不必太在意如何處理情感,儘管稍後我會以不同的方式來說這一點。我們必須弄清楚哪些身心狀態導致了這些情感。因此,我所指的是如果你正處在一個身體一切都在抗議的時刻,你非常亢奮,無法靜坐,那麼可能你是那種每天需要去跑步的人,而這其實並不是你之前的樣子,對吧?另一方面,或許你是需要發展瑜伽練習的人,以了解如何在亢奮的感覺中呼吸並安撫自己,實際上安撫自己,以便能降低心率,對吧?所以這兩種行為是完全不同的,但我可以告訴你,無論結束了哪一種,等你結束後,你的身體狀態都會有所改變,我打賭你的情緒也會有所改變,對吧?所以有一種思維方式是如何處理這些情感,而另一種思維方式則是如何處理我所有的需求和資源,當需求和資源失衡時,帶來壓力。那麼,我如何增加我生活中的資源?我如何減少生活中的需求?因為我突然陷入了一個非常困難的境地。這是思考這一點的一種方式。我們在我的實驗室對寡婦和鰥夫進行了干預研究,其中一組接受了正念訓練,另一組則接受了漸進性肌肉放鬆,這有點像學習一種非常高級的身體掃描。你收縮和放鬆身體的不同肌肉群,並意識到這樣做的感覺,以真正理解放鬆的感覺。然後還有一組無處置對照組。我們這麼做是因為我們認為正念訓練會非常有幫助。結果證明正念訓練確實有幫助,但漸進性肌肉放鬆對人們的悲傷幫助更大。那麼這個練習是什麼樣子的?你緊握拳頭,然後放鬆,然後緊繃前臂。從頭到腳進行這樣的練習,收縮大約多久?我只是想了解大致的輪廓。這是一個短暫的收縮。你知道的,網上有非常簡單的指導。這通常是通過一種引導音頻進行的幫助你釐清。但是重要的部分也是感受一下,我的緊握拳頭和放鬆拳頭之間的區別是什麼。
    哦,天啊,我甚至沒有意識到我有那麼多肌肉緊張。
    有趣的是,人們告訴我們,無論在什麼情況下,我在雜貨店、在工作會議中、我試著入睡。
    現在,正念訓練是有效的,但如我所說的那樣並不十分有效。
    我認為這其中的一部分原因是,我們知道,悲傷是一種學習的形式。
    我不是在開玩笑。
    你在悲傷的時候,大腦是在忙碌的。
    這可能不是開始新的需要大量集中注意力的練習的合適時機。
    如果你進行正念練習,這會非常有幫助。
    無論如何,所有這些的結論是,一方面,我們並不需要處理情緒,因為它們是輸出。
    我們必須處理我們的需求和資源,並發展出一整套思考如何適應我們現在生活的工具包。
    另一方面,即使是對於悲傷的浪潮,掌握如何處理這些情緒的工具包,我認為你所描述得非常美妙,安德魯,我們確實有壓抑的能力。
    如果你正要進入一個推介會,當你的已故孩子突然出現在你的腦海中,想著「我現在不會思考這件事」,壓抑可能是那一刻的最佳選擇。
    我完全會假裝這沒有發生,我會進行這次推介,是吧?
    但如果這是你唯一的策略,那麼你就沒有學習過程,而在另一個時刻,也許你會翻閱相冊,突然淚流滿面。
    但隨著時間的推移,你會意識到,我也不能一直待在那個水坑裡。
    當我這樣做的時候,我需要,如果是我,我需要發消息給我姐姐,告訴她,你知道的,我在看媽媽的照片,這是我在想的。
    然後她會給我發一個有關媽媽的搞笑故事,甚至只是說,哦,我懂你的感受。
    如果我姐姐不在那裡,我就會發消息給我最好的朋友,是吧?
    因為在那一刻,待在那個水坑中是重要的。
    同樣,知道如何走出那個水坑也是重要的。
    所以這真的是一個學習的過程。
    我該如何應對這些悲傷的浪潮?就像一名籃球運動員,接著一個回合又一個回合。
    我該如何通過這個回合?每個回合看起來都不同。
    我該如何用這個星座來度過這個回合?此時使用哪個技巧是正確的?
    我覺得你剛才說的非常重要,因為我知道在許多年裡,這種模式是基於悲傷經歷某些非常標準的階段,它們是懷疑、憤怒、接受,而這對於,是否是?
    伊麗莎白·庫布勒-羅斯。
    庫布勒-羅斯。在她的領域中有沒有帶連字符的名字主題?
    對不起。
    是的,這很有趣。
    她的工作是極其重要的,因為它揭示了悲傷作為一個過程的認知,既是心理上的,某種程度上也反映了生物學的。
    所以我們希望,對於那些開創這些領域的人們表示尊重。
    然而,作為該領域的外行,我可以坦率地說,因為我的資助和論文不依賴於此,我認為像你和你的同事這樣的工作確實擴展了這一模式,讓我們真正意識到,在很多方面,它是重要的,但並不完全正確,因為它不是懷疑,然後是憤怒,然後是接受。
    它可能是同時出現的三者,然後以不同的順序重新排列,還有很多其他的情緒。
    是的。
    我認為這一點人們需要聽到,因為那條懷疑、憤怒、接受的軌跡得到了如此多的報導,以至於我們在高中和小學中都被教導,這需要一些更新,就像多巴胺是快樂的概念也需要更新一樣。
    絕對如此。
    她在1969年發表了關於死亡和臨終的研究。
    你是對的。
    這是開創性的,悲傷不僅僅是悲傷的觀念。
    她做了所有優秀科學家開始時所做的。
    那是描述性的。
    她進行了臨床訪談,並進行了描述。
    但這成為了一種處方,是不是?對嗎?
    那些階段。
    我們現在知道,想想科學已經進步了多少,對吧?
    我們現在知道通過縱向研究,我們重複觀察相同的人,確實可以看到其軌跡。
    我們看到,接受隨著時間的推移而增加。
    我們看到,渴望隨著時間的推移而減少。
    但這不是線性的,並且正如你所說的,這不是一個階段,然後你就完成了。
    我曾經有過人跟我說,好吧,已經20年了,但我還沒有感受到憤怒,所以我認為我還沒有結束悲傷。
    我真的很同情他們。
    這不是一個處方。
    而現代悲傷研究告訴我們遠不止於此,不僅是發生了什麼,還有為什麼和如何。
    有時我在想,儘管悲傷的經歷是如此毀滅性,但人們是否不允許自己感到好一些?
    是的。
    我指的是,當你談到這隻猴子抱著死去幼崽的畫面時,我承認我有一種反應。
    是的。
    我認為這是一種普遍的——希望如此——人類和動物的反應。
    是的,失去孩子的母親的鯨魚。
    是的。
    不論是人還是動物,無論是猴子還是狗,這都是,這是一種,我不知道怎麼說,原始、古老且重要的情感,就像饑餓、口渴、生殖或憤怒一樣。
    所以我認為你將悲傷擺在那麼重要的位置上,是非常重要的。
    是的。
    還提到了內穩態。
    是的。
    渴望待在某個平衡的地方,盪鞦韆不會傾斜。
    是的。
    不會朝向完全崩潰的方向。
    沒錯。
    然而,當人們在悲哀中,有時會發現自己因聽到某些播客而笑,或者對一個潛在的新伴侶產生吸引。
    絕對是。
    儘管他們非常愛自己的配偶。
    是的。
    那麼,這裡涉及的許可問題是什麼呢?
    是的。
    非常重要。
    你知道,這部分是文化層面的問題,對吧?
    部分原因是,我們會開玩笑地說,顯然有一本關於悲傷的大書,沒有人能找到,但人們對此有非常強烈的感受,對吧?
    人們會談論,比如說,今天我被悲傷規則的大書重擊了。
    有人告訴我,我不應該是或我應該是填空。
    相信我,周圍對於你是否做對了的期望已經夠困難的了,你知道嗎?
    在某種程度上,這是社會期望的問題。
    在她的丈夫去世後大約十天,一位女士聯繫了我,說我就是不悲傷,我擔心自己有什麼深層的問題。
    她是一位年長的女性。我們進行了一次神經心理評估,並且我進行了臨床面談等等。
    我告訴她,我認為實際情況是你其實很好。
    她說,好吧,我也是這樣想的,但我不能告訴任何朋友我不悲傷,因為我會成為寄生蟲,你知道嗎?
    人們會覺得她是一個社會病態者。
    人們會這樣想。
    反而她與丈夫之間有著美好的關係。
    她知道這一切會來臨。
    她的生活充實而完整,這在那一刻對她來說是可以的。
    所以,我認為一方面,社會對於許可的需求存在著。
    對每個人來說,它看起來會有所不同。
    而最重要的是,它的樣子會與我們想像的不同。
    我們試圖預測悲傷會是什麼樣的感受。
    但由於依附的許多部分都在意識水平之下,因為我們的生理反應在意識水平之下,所以我們不能預測自己會如何反應。
    因此,自然的反應就是反應。
    然後,隨著時間的推移,悲傷的反應開始變得更熟悉。
    我們開始為我們自然地反應發展更好的應對工具。
    這並不是說悲傷會消失。
    而是我們開始理解它。
    我們學會如何與之相處。
    但我認為,另一個層面也是關於許可的。
    記得我說過你依然有一段持續的內心關係嗎?
    我認為人們對於擁有快樂、做有趣的事情、戀愛、與人建立聯繫、去度假感到內疚。
    因為在某種程度上,他們內心相信,我所愛的人仍然存在,永恆不變,而我選擇這樣做而不是去尋找他們。
    我選擇這樣做而他們無法。
    你能理解這種情感是怎麼來的,對嗎?
    你可以理解這種內心的不安,但這是由於這段關係的永恆編碼,但這並不是真的。
    你的大腦可以相信它,但它並不是真的。
    因此,處理這種內心關係,說,嘿,我會做這些事情因為你無法。
    我會通過一個由你塑造的身體和眼睛來做這些事情,讓你也能陪伴。
    或者,我的意思是,每個人的解讀都會有所不同。
    或者你可以說,你非常重視這些。
    我母親會為我寫書、成為教授而感到無比驕傲。
    這是她不能做到的事情。
    我經常告訴自己,這是為你寫的,媽媽,對吧?
    因此,這樣改變內心的關係,記住你的內心關係可以隨著他們而發展,同樣地,如果他們是一位不那麼受愛的人,也可以說,你知道嗎?
    我生活中的這一章結束了。
    那一章很艱難。
    我會把它包裝起來放進一個盒子裡,然後就完成了。
    或許它會在其他時候回來,我會稍後再處理那段關係。
    但現在,將它擺在一邊是可以的。
    所以,我認為「許可」是一個很好的詞。
    想想看,誰在評判我去度假?
    誰在評判我戀愛?
    是我嗎?
    是我的內心關係嗎?
    是我的鄰居嗎?
    我的牧師嗎?
    搞清楚誰在評判你。
    然後,你怎麼能獲得許可呢?
    這聽起來就像是給自己許可,以任何速率經歷那個抗議的階段。
    是的。
    並且進入絕望的階段。
    嗯哼。
    然後,僅僅停留在這個詞上,因為我不知道更好的詞,去轉化那種絕望的感覺。
    是的。
    就像,你無法再把他們找回來。
    不。
    他們已經走了。
    他們已經走了。
    就像布簾落下。
    是的。
    我有一位朋友,他遭受的失去超出任何人應該承受的,他總是說,布簾。
    這只是,嗯,但他學會了將其轉化為新的事物。
    是的。
    我告訴你,安德魯,很多人,你知道,我在亞利桑那大學教授死亡與失落的心理學課程。
    我的學生們會對我說,你教這門課時實在太快樂了。
    我對他們說,這並不是錯誤。
    這並非偶然。
    因為我每天都在思考死亡與死亡。
    我在思考悲傷與失落。
    所以當他們來找我,然後他們得了B+而不是A-的時候,我就會想,哦,從整體來看,對吧?
    這不是世界末日。
    而在某種程度上,我可以說悲傷是一種學習的形式,但我不知道你會從這次失去經歷中學到什麼。
    但我希望你能學到良好的課程,比如,哇,我比我想像中更堅強。
    或者,哇,當我真的需要某人的時候,人們會站出來。
    或者,哇,那個人完全塑造了我對世界的看法,我非常感激。
    其他人則學到,哇,這個世界是一個不安全的地方。
    或者,我無法告訴任何人我真的感受到的。
    這些是一些人學到的非常不同的教訓。我的希望是沒有任何人必須獨自悲傷,因為他們認為這是我的錯的風險對社會來說是非常糟糕的。我們需要支持他人,使我們能夠更好地理解死亡是生命的一部分的教訓。我常常對生活的痛苦有多深感到驚訝。我也常常驚訝於人類的韌性。他們的確是這樣的。這就像這兩個事實都是正確的,兩者都是正確的,並且通常存在於同一個人身上。是的。我想談談悲傷和死亡的一個非常困難的方面。是的,就是自殺。是的。我想,悲傷地說,如今幾乎每個人都認識某個因自殺而死的人。是的。我當然認識一些因自殺而死的人,並且我們在公共領域中聽到這樣的消息實在太頻繁了。似乎一個人選擇結束自己的生命違背了所有的邏輯。然而,當我與一位非常親密朋友和導師的配偶交談時,她來到了這樣一個地方,我認為很多與自殺者親密的人會到達這樣的地方。她直截了當地對我說,他似乎真的需要這樣。是的。這使我們來到了這樣一個地方,像是,你知道,也許他們真的痛苦到了這種程度。然後你就可以推理出某種放心等等。但是,我既有幸又不幸地看到了這部電影《橋》。這是一部我真的無法推薦的電影。它太過激烈了。是的。他們在金門大橋上安裝了攝影機。哦,對。他們拍攝了跳橋的人,並與認識這些人的人談話。在一個案例中,他們能夠與那位跳橋並活下來的年輕人交談。嗯。我記得他被診斷為躁鬱症,躁鬱症患者的自殺率很高等等。他描述了他跳下去後的瞬間,他的第一個想法是,他其實不想死。是的。所以,我認為如果沒有其他原因,這個信息和這部電影扮演著非常重要的角色,因為它反駁了我剛剛所談的觀點。是的。你知道,如果有人用槍自殺,通常並沒有第二次機會去想,喔,我真的不想這樣。是的。那么,我們對自殺的研究了解了多少呢?如果我們可以從這裡開始?我們是否知道從試圖自殺但未能成功的人的研究中得到了什麼信息?我們是否知道這是否是一種典型的經歷?嗯。那麼,對於自殺的悲傷,我們知道的有什麼不同於其他形式的死亡?是的。我可以先說,我在自殺方面不是專家,對於圍繞自殺和自殺嘗試的心理健康,有很多科學知識。但我這樣來想。我認為我們可以分開一個我不擅長的對話,這樣說,自殺是對一個可能是臨時問題的永久解決方案。自殺可能發生的原因有很多,包括心理健康護理等等。更悲劇的是,這種永久性的解決方案似乎是唯一的,考慮到可能只是暫時的情況。但誠實地說,我可以把這些暫時放在一邊,並仍然處理我認為你想要觸及的問題,也就是自殺後傷痛的人。 我這麼想,是因為我們知道,突發性死亡的悲傷、暴力死亡的悲傷和意外死亡的悲傷,以及所有這些通常描述自殺的情況,都是更具挑戰性的。適應起來更困難。恢復有意義的生活更困難。一位曾經來我教的課的朋友,他的兒子因自殺去世,幫助我真正看到那裡悲傷過程的洞察。這其實可能更廣泛地適用,但在悲傷自殺者死亡的人們的思維模式中非常常見。他稱之為“若是、能夠、應該”的想法。這就是說,如果我當初接起了電話。如果我能夠更早把他們送到醫院。醫生應該知道檢查。實際上,大腦因為其奇妙,能夠編造無數個故事。編造無數理由讓你覺得這種損失是你的錯。而實際上,沒有辦法解決那些問題,因為問題的數量是無限的。他教會我的,以及我認為研究所證明的,是解決方案不是在無限問題中尋找答案。如果你想想,每個故事,如果我當初打了電話,每個故事的結局都是,那麼我的摯愛就會活下來。但我們現在所面對的現實是,他們並沒有活下來。因此,這些事情現在都不再重要,因為問題是,考慮到他們已經不在,我該如何生活?這幾乎就像那些問題是另一種抗議形式。 是的,正是如此。你知道,我不想把我們之前談到的模型高高舉起,暗示它沒有例外和細微的差別等等。但這個“分歧電路”的觀念是,你可以抗議地抗爭到永遠,比如,不,我本可以這樣做。不,我本可以那樣做。完全可以。你可以在一個更小的例子中看到這一點,如果我可以的話,在分手中。是的。對,就是這樣。如果我當初。沒錯。我曾經被告知,英語中最危險的兩個詞是“如果我當初”。是的,正是如此。因為隨後的一切都是一種虛假的敘述。這是一種虛假的敘述。
    但問題是,我們為什麼要這樣做,對吧?所以如果悲傷是一種學習的形式,所有這些反思,正如我們所稱的,這些持續的思維能力,如果……如果只有,為什麼我們要這樣做呢?我認為有幾種可能性。一種是,認為壞事沒有任何原因而發生是難以忍受的。這種抗議感覺和內疚一樣痛苦,對我來說,比單純地看待世界上隨機且可怕的事件更有意義。如果我無法做某件事情,至少我還能感受到某種控制感,你知道嗎?所以問題是,第二種可能性,我有時在想,如果你現在不再反思,那麼你會在做什麼?問題在於,當我們在腦中反覆思考這些不可能是真的事情時,我們並不在當下,對吧?我們在某個其他的內心世界裡。這意味著,如果你的孫子告訴你一個有趣的故事,而你真的沒有在聆聽,因為你正在那個腦中的其他世界裡。所以你錯過了與孫子一起享受生命中的所有快樂。因此,我們因被困在這個充滿內疚的、無限可能可怕的世界而失去很多。問題是,我們必須理解,這些都是思想。我該如何處理這些思想?不是這些思想的答案是什麼,而是我該如何處理我有這些重複性思維的事實?我們可以學到很多應對思維的技巧。對我來說,我必須學習到的一件事是,我需要改變我的環境。如果我意識到,哦,我又在反思了,實際上,我只需要起身走到外面去,對吧?僅僅這個轉變就可以幫助改變我的思維模式。所以我們可以學到很多技能。但這真的是問題所在。問題不是這個情境是否真實,而是這個思想對我持續的生活是否有幫助?因此,我認為你朋友的解決方案是,也許他們需要這樣的故事,我們常常必須找到那個可能會真實的故事,它可能真實,也可能不真實,但能夠平息思維。它必須對我們來說感覺真實。所以,沒有必要爭論它的真實性。但它是讓我們能夠超越重複性思維,回到當下的重要事物。謝謝你。我不認為這個自殺問題有任何明確的解決方案或道路圖,根據我所了解,這個問題不幸地變得更加普遍,除非只是一個更好的檢測。我認為,統計數據告訴我們,自殺率在上升。從1999年以來,我一直教授死亡與失落的心理學。當我們在課堂上討論自殺時,我曾經問學生們,你們中有沒有人認識自殺的人?我能舉起幾隻手。而我告訴你,安德魯,現在三分之一的班級會舉手。這些是20歲的人,他們經常在高中就有一位朋友、祖父母或叔叔。所以我們必須談論這個流行病本身。但我們也必須談論如何應對這些失落。自殺率的上升影響所有社區和不同的學術水平和運動能力。這始終讓人感到困惑。是的。就像,嗯,我不認為我們能在這次討論中解決它。但謝謝你讓人看到在以自己感到正確的方式哀悼中的重要性。是的。這讓我們回到從可理解的抗議和絕望的反應轉向適應性哀悼的這一概念。是的。我對信仰體系非常好奇。是的。以及如何應對悲傷。而在一個強調科學和健康的播客中,有時提及信仰和宗教、對來世和上帝的信仰等概念是挑戰性的。但我認為我們可以以一種不將任何東西簡化為神經元和神經化學的方式來進行。因此,是的,這裡有研究,比如,上帝在大腦中的位置以及這類事情。但是這些研究總是讓我本人感到有些乏味。這只是我個人的反應。但對於這個星球上超過80億的人來說,對於許多人來說,他們相信一些比我們可以看到的經驗更大的東西,他們真的對上帝、基督、真主或任何他們所信仰的宗教或任何不屬於這些的更大靈性生活有信仰。是的。這可以為他們圍繞失落的思維提供一個極其強大的結構。是的。我不想在這個話題上深入探討,因為它是新鮮的。但我有一位家庭成員,現在他正在經歷一個我想像中最慘痛的損失之一。他失去了妻子和新生兒。哦。我寫給他,他現在和我的表弟及其妻子一起生活。而我,也盡我所能地伸出援手。是的。對吧?我能說什麼?是的,確實如此。於是你試圖說些什麼。正是如此。而我得到了兩個字,無限的悲傷。是的。是的。就這樣,對吧。這可能比你知道的要多兩個字。是的。你知道,要試圖捕捉那種情緒可能連這些都不夠。是的。但他是一位非常虔誠的天主教徒。是的。我不知道,但我希望這能提供一些出路。嗯。我也可以說,缺乏一條道路。是的。可能比有一條道路更難。我以幾種不同的方式思考這個問題。我認為死亡是我們必須反思的事情。我們無法逃避這個責任。
    許多非常聰明、非常出色的人曾在我們之前思考這些問題,並提出關於上帝和來世的想法,涉及多個宗教、多種文化,跨越歷史的不同時期。我不需要知道這些想法是否真實,才能看出它們是否有幫助。我可以說幾件事情。宗教常常提供一個社群,一種社會支持,我們剛才也在討論,這是非常重要的。因此,這是它在信仰之外所扮演的功能之一,實際上在某種程度上是這樣。我是說,並不是完全在信念之外,因為顯然你會和這些人契合,因為你們之間有共同的信仰,對吧?我認為有一件事情是非常具有挑戰性的——我一位現在在埃默里大學的研究生,名叫Roman Politsky的教授,關注靈性和宗教這一思想,並指出儘管這對於悲傷中的人來說可能非常支持,但它也可能是我們信仰受到挑戰的時刻。上帝怎麼能讓這發生?一位仁慈的上帝怎麼能讓這發生?這類問題。他發現,如果你思考靈性追尋或存在主義的追尋,失去至親的經歷常常是這個轉折點,而這也可能是非常困難的,並在悲傷中增添了整個壓力和擾動的層面。因此,擁有宗教信仰或社群並不一定是好事,因為我們突然可以發現與之前信仰的對立。但我也以另一種方式思考它。你知道,我是一位根深蒂固的神經科學家。我認為當我深深愛上這個人的時候,這將會在我的神經元中被編碼。我也認為這是他們永恆存在的證明。他們在生理上是我的……我們知道,當草原田鼠在終生交配後的24小時內會出現表觀遺傳變化。這些小囓齒動物,我剛提到的,因為他們墮入愛河,所以腦中那個對於基因的核苷酸區域周圍的蛋白質發生變化,不是因為他們隨便愛上了什麼人,而是因為他們愛上了這隻田鼠,接下來他們會回到這隻田鼠身邊,並把一生的大部分時間都花在這隻田鼠身上。我無法想像比兩者實際上成為一體的概念更具證明效力,即這些神經元將永遠與對方交織在一起。因此,對我而言,我不需要它成為有組織的宗教。我完全樂於在神經學理解中看到依附關係中發生的美和超越,以及在悲傷中必須改變的事情。對於那些因宗教信仰而相信來世的人,必須有數據來探討他們是否能更完整地經歷悲傷過程。我的意思是,我可以想像,對於那些必須接受生物學現實而對來世沒有真實信仰的人來說,關閉抗議是相當困難的。而對於那些相信來世的人來說,某個人的能量或甚至是輪迴的概念,根據某人的信念,則把整個過程從絕望的抗議中抽離出來。你無法跳過任何步驟。這就是我今天從你那裡學到的。沒有人能跳過任何步驟。透過絕望前進,並進入這個轉變的過程,將有一條路徑。我是說,若他們相信的話,會有條路可以遵循。而對於那些沒有信仰的人,他們必須找到自己的道路。我認為與這有關的研究,我一直堅持的是,這是一項較早的研究,但對我而言始終是非常顯著的。它之所以顯著的原因是,這是一項真正前瞻性的喪親研究,這是極為罕見的。這意味著,這個研究被稱為《改變年長伴侶生活的研究》。它在密歇根州進行,由國立衛生研究院資助,並且這是一項為期10年的研究。為了被接受進入研究,他們尋找的伴侶中有一位成員年滿65歲。那是入選的標準。你們是一對伴侶,你們中有一位年滿65歲。他們對這對伴侶的兩位成員進行了一系列訪談。然後,他們跟踪這對伴侶長達10年。當其中一人去世後,他們會回去重新訪問存活的配偶。因此這意味著,通常在我們進行與悲傷相關的研究時,我們是在死亡發生之後或死亡即將發生時招募參與者。但在這些情況下,我們知道將會有死亡,對吧?所以這是人們在生活中是如何運作的,然後後來會發生什麼?而且有一個自然的對照樣本,在這段時間內重新訪問了兩位成員均存活的伴侶。這一切都是在說,這是個宏偉的——我不認為它會再獲得資助,因為這是一個如此規模和長期的研究。但它讓我們能夠查看他們的宗教信仰,查看他們對生與死的理解,在誰也沒有生病之前,然後看這如何預測他們後來如何處理悲傷。我們從這項研究中學到的是,對於那些能夠理解死亡在生活中角色的人,對於許多人而言這是一種宗教理解,擁有宗教信仰,一種信仰,但對於一些人來說,則更偏向於哲學或甚至某種農業生命週期的理解。對於那些能理解生死類型問題的人,這預測了在失去這位特定個體後的悲傷程度較輕,彷彿在面對這種情況之前,提前思考過一些存在的問題,能讓我們在某一情況發生時,至少能喚起我們的信仰,附帶的警告是,這可能會使你的信仰陷入混亂。
    但在這項實證研究中,至少它提供了一條路徑,就像你所說的那樣。因此,這讓我想到,如果我們不單單專注於實證的發現,或許我們應該好好思考這些問題,是吧?也許我們需要沉思一下會發生什麼事情。我們如何理解死亡、生命、悲傷和疾病?而且在知道這是未來的一部分的情況下,我們應該如何過我們的生活?我認為思考死亡是非常有用的。是的。我想大多數人都害怕這麼做。我曾經也害怕,這種感覺持續了很長一段時間。然後最終我的一些朋友相繼去世,對,有些甚至是和我一樣大或更年輕。我明白,我必須思考這個問題。我知道。所以我有幾個關於具體實踐的問題。我每天都有在做的一個實踐,這基本上類似於瑜伽尼德拉、自我引導的放鬆、長時間的呼氣,這基本上被稱為非睡眠深度休息。是的,聽這個播客的人以前聽過。當我第一次長時間呼氣的時候,我喜歡,不管你信不信,我喜歡想像在某個時刻,這是一個非常現實的想法,順便提一下,在某個時刻我會進行我的最後一次呼氣。是的,我想陪伴這一刻。希望我能在場,除非我在夢中去世或因為突然的意外,或是誰知道的,對吧?是的。這對我來說有一個特定的角色,就是要真正認識到時間是有限的。它讓我能更投入生活。是的。我在這個實踐中並不是懼怕的結束。我是在這個實踐中感受到重生。是的,並且理解到日子是有限的。是的。另一件事是,我不是特別喜歡亨特·湯姆森,沒有任何與吸毒或瘋狂故事有關的理由。我是覺得他有趣,並且他確實做了一些有趣的創作工作。嗯,我喜歡關於他的故事。我有朋友住在阿斯本,關於亨特的故事仍無處不在。嗯,但我了解到他對葬禮的願望是希望他的骨灰能從炮裡射出,然後在阿斯本舉行盛大的慶祝活動。嗯,當我知道這一點時,這是幾年前的事,我決定寫一份文件,這並不是資產的遺囑。是的,我有另一份,但只是給人們的一個說明。是的,它實際上開始於「如果我死了,這裡有一些我想讓你們知道的事情。」嗯,我這樣做是因為我有點希望人們能為我做這樣的事。是的,還有其他人,也許他們的生活中也能這樣做,因為我看到多少混亂。是的,悲傷,還有生命的時光在失去。我相信那些我所愛的人並不想讓他們所愛的人有這樣的困惑。對。所以我想,這是一個簡單的事情,但又是非常難做到的。是的。如果我在這裡賭一把,說「聽著,我認為每個人都應該這麼做。」對了,順便提一下,我常常更新這份文件。是的,有時我會在上面添加一些人或事物,有些人會被刪除。嗯,這是真的。我不是一個心懷怨恨的人,但有些人不再屬於這個頁面了。但我非常高興擁有這份文件。是的,我有一個密碼保護的地方,並且有人有這個密碼。我們為什麼不這樣做呢?我不是說我們應該在二年級時就這樣做。對二年級的學生來說這太多了。是的。但是,為什麼我們不在高中或初中畢業時這樣做,然後不斷更新那份文件呢?我們是否如此害怕死亡,以至於願意讓我們留下的人承受無法承受的悲傷,這很明顯是不必要的?也許我這樣想有些太過理性了。是的。我是說,我可以告訴你,安德魯,你的朋友仍然會悲傷。好吧。即使有這份文件。好吧,希望他們,我不知道,他們一邊做的時候去領養鬥牛犬。正是如此。你知道,對我來說,如果他們真的想知道能做什麼。是的。如果希望是轉化我的記憶。是的,很多事情都與我不希望他們錯過每一刻有關。是的,我真的不希望。絕對如此。我是說,我不希望他們真的忘記我。但人們失去生命的能量的想法。是的,試圖尋找不可能的東西。嗯,對我來說,我明白你無法跳過這個過程。不。 但我不知道。我只希望每個人,我認為亨特是對的。是的,舉辦一個大派對。絕對如此。我認為你是對的。在許多文化中,你知道,你想想新奧爾良的爵士葬禮,對吧?有很多文化非常慶祝。而想要這樣是沒有錯的。而且從墳墓那邊給你的朋友和摯愛的人、家人允許他們這樣感受也是沒有錯的。我還想說,你知道,我也希望生孩子不是那麼痛苦。但它就是這樣,所以他們會悲傷,因為他們對你有依戀。這就是運作的方式。他們無法選擇。他們無法說,「哦,安德魯不希望發生這種事情,所以我就不會悲傷。」該死,我很抱歉。但我仍然認為這對他們來說是有價值的。我還認為對你來說也是非常有價值的。所以你所說的,是不是我們都如此害怕?答案是肯定的,是的。即使研究也告訴我們一種稱為恐懼管理理論的東西,告訴我們我們是如此害怕,以至於我們擁有所有這些心理方式來避開我們都知道的現實,我們做著各種事情來保持它不在視線中、不在記憶中。而其中一種方式就是不寫下它,是吧?不談論它。我在我母親快去世的最後階段有過一段經歷。我不斷飛回這個小小的山區家鄉。
    因為我當時在研究所,每當遇到颠簸時,我就會發作恐慌症。無論飛機何時起飛,無論飛機何時降落,我都會恐慌。我為此掙扎了很長一段時間。當時我在研究臨床心理學。我知道最重要的事情就是不要避開飛行。重複暴露在這種情況下,儘管是非常痛苦的,但這是重要的。我從來不想放棄飛行,放棄這種生活方式。但隨著時間的推移,我意識到我對死亡感到恐懼。我也意識到這是必然會發生的。我還透過部分佛教訓練發展了一種練習,就如你自己所提到的。每當遇到颠簸時,我會告訴自己,是的,你沒有錯。這可能就是那一天。你能接受嗎?如果你不能接受,你需要做些什麼來調整自己的生活,讓自己能夠接受呢?我們要以會死亡的認知來生活,並準備好說,我愛你,我原諒你,請原諒我,並在需要的時候表達感恩。但也要知道,我們也可能不會死亡。因此,當然,我們也必須為此做計劃。但我想表達的是,你所談論的那種恐懼是實在的。這是生理上的。對於我們中的許多人來說,我認為學會應對死亡周圍的恐懼,部分是學會如何生活、理解、應對和使用工具來思考悲傷的痛苦,應對隨之而來的悲傷波動。所有這些事情都教會我們更多關於我們身體反應的內容,我們獨特的身體。只有這一具,對吧?這是這一時刻獨特的瑪麗·法蘭西斯。它對失落的反應如何?它是如何反應的?什麼能安撫瑪麗·法蘭西斯?什麼實際上使瑪麗·法蘭西斯感到更加聯結?了解這些事情會教我們如何在世界上更加真實,因為我們是唯一能夠經歷這一時刻的人,你知道嗎?我要說的是,在我最近寫的書《悲傷的身體》中,這些教訓部分是因為我有多發性硬化症而來的。因此,學會生活在一具我不知道某些早晨醒來時會不會過於疲憊而無法站著授課的身體裡,意味著我對正在悲傷的人有很多同理心。他們無法選擇今天就是他們情緒崩潰的一天,或今天就是他們因為太恍惚而不記得停車的地方的一天,即使他們是一個完全正常、功能健全的人。或者今天是,他們簡直只能給自己準備一碗穀類食品作為晚餐,你知道嗎?我對此有很多同理心,因為這只是自然的反應。你無法選擇。你確實可以隨著時間的推移稍微選擇一下你如何應對,如何適應這種情況。但這讓我對現在正在經歷無窮悲傷的人有很多同理心,即使這悲傷不會永遠像現在這樣。這表達得真好。讓我想到的是,我們聽說一些人在經歷非常艱難的癌症治療或生活中的其他艱難時期。而有一種求生的意志。越是閱讀有關這方面的神經科學,我越覺得這似乎與前中扣帶皮層、韌性和意志力有某種關係。你永遠不想將事情簡化到僅僅一個大腦結構。但前中扣帶皮層及其網絡中的結構似乎確實與我要迎接挑戰的想法有關。這是一種美好的概念。我認為今天我所學的東西讓它變得更加美好,那就是要學習如何從這個狀態過渡。那種抗拒的,說不……就像我是要起床、洗澡、穿衣服,即使今天感覺像是在跑馬拉松。如果你經歷過悲傷,你明白這種感覺。是的。然後,我也會想說,知道嗎,我只是想在自己淚水的水窪裡融化幾個小時。在毯子下。然後我知道,我能夠從中走出來,重新再來一次。對於那些負責照顧孩子或其他任何的人,甚至帶狗去散步,我剛描述的,確實是一場身心的馬拉松。這不僅僅是一場心理情感的馬拉松。不是的。所以我所學到的、意識到的,與你交談,對你的工作有更多了解,就是,這是一個來回過程,從油門到剎車,再到崩潰,再到重複。是的。我們不知道這會持續多長時間。我們知道從有關壓力的文獻中,不知道某件事會持續多長時間是壓力來源中最具壓力的事情之一。是的。因此,對於在失去生命背景下經歷悲傷過程的人,或者可能的分手,我們並沒有真正深入探討這一點,但對於某些人,尤其是從未經歷過重大分手的人,這可能是毀滅性的。當然。你提到了一些步驟,我們也可以提供一些更廣泛的建議,來感受,但你希望人們記住的有什麼嗎?在那些感覺過於壓倒的時刻,他們記不得自己是不是在抗拒絕望,對去或不去或轉化不再在乎,他們只是覺得,這真是糟糕。是的。有什麼比一塊在燒烤架上滋滋作響的優質肋眼牛排更好的嗎?一塊由 Instacart 購物者精心挑選並送到你門口的在燒烤架上滋滋作響的優質肋眼牛排。不用離開兒童泳池就能訂購到的優質肋眼牛排。無論你的夏季需要什麼食材,Instacart 都能滿足你的需求。
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    我會說這是的。
    這是可以的。
    您無法優化您的悲傷。
    這就像人們常說的,我開玩笑地說,但您知道,我有時對人們說,
    好吧,當您過了您的婚禮那天時是什麼時候?
    因為這不是一個合乎邏輯的問題。
    這就像在問,您何時克服了您的損失,對吧?
    所以我覺得您真的很有洞察力。
    我們在悲傷和悼念的文獻中討論到這個振盪的概念,心理健康實際上與振盪密切相關。
    我們稱之為雙重過程模型的悲傷。
    這個概念是,當人們能夠面對損失,感受、想法、行為,甚至連簡單的吃早餐都變得困難,
    同時也能面對他們必須處理的恢復壓力。
    我的意思並不是這是一件好事。
    我的意思是,等等,我必須報稅,而我從未報過稅,但我必須想辦法,因為顯然生活還要繼續。
    所以這是壓力很大的,但能夠在面對失去這位摯愛的人和恢復有意義的生活之間來回振盪,
    實際上是健康的一種標誌。
    我會給您一個我一直記得的例子。
    我覺得人們在悲傷時會哭泣很多,這很難看到,直到您習慣了“這就是現實”這個想法,對吧?
    在我於 UCLA 的研究中的一位老先生,我經常會在臨床面談的開始詢問他們,您的摯愛是怎麼去世的?
    我讓他們可以任意解釋這個問題。
    他告訴我,他愛上了一位高中女友,他們結婚並育有兩個孩子,還有一個白色的柵欄。
    他告訴我,她得了乳腺癌,在她接受安寧緩和醫療時,他照顧了她。
    當他告訴我她去世的事時,他哭了,這事已經是大約兩年前的事情了。
    然後他告訴我,他和一位與他妻子截然不同的女性一起共進晚餐,但這位女性激發了他個性中非常不同的部分,他非常享受與她共進晚餐。
    他對此感到非常驚訝。
    然後他看著我說,問題是,那時候很好,現在也很好。
    對我來說,這就是心理健康的本質。
    並不是說他談到她去世的時候沒有哭,而是他能夠在生活中來回交替地充分參與。
    這太棒了。
    這是一個非常溫暖的故事。
    而您之前所說的,您知道,這是可以的,您需要感受它,並且沒有辦法去優化。
    是的。
    我意識到或許延長這個過程的唯一方法就是試圖縮短它。
    是的。
    哦,Andrew,這真是太聰明了。
    我可能要借用一下。
    延長這個過程的唯一方法就是試圖縮短它。
    好吧,經歷過不同形式的損失,並看到其他人經歷不同形式的損失,我覺得,身體,尤其是思考的腦袋,會想盡辦法繞過這件事。
    任何辦法。
    然後,您知道,沒有簡單的方法可以跳入冰冷的水中,接受衝擊,或者有時候您只能這麼做。
    我是說,事實上,如果伴隨著反芻,避免行為實際上會使事情變得更加困難。
    所以,您知道,有時候人們在避免一個對話。
    有時候人們會避免經過醫院。
    您知道,他們會繞路開一小時,這樣他們就不必經過那個發生過事情的地方,並被提醒。
    哦,對。
    說出來的時候感覺合理,但確實。
    絕對如此。
    或者他們避免處理已故者的衣櫥,對吧?
    所有這些回避的方法,如您所說,某種程度上是部分的抗議,
    使我們更難學會如何在現在的生活中生存。
    現在,經典的例子是這對情侶,他們過去每週五都會和朋友一起共進晚餐,然後其中一個去世了,她再也無法和朋友們一起共進晚餐了。
    您知道,假設那是她在回避的事情。
    我們每個人都必須有一個重新認識自我的時刻,並誠實地面對自己所回避的事物。
    但如果,假設情況如此,假設她主動聯繫並說,看,我不想這麼做,這真的很痛苦,但我也想念你們,所以我們試著一起吃晚餐吧。
    我告訴您,這將會很糟糕。
    她會感覺糟糕,並且在整個過程中都會想起他,並且會想到,我再也不想這麼做了。
    當她再次這麼做時,她還是會覺得很糟糕。
    但也許她還和朋友聊起了一本她沒聽過的書,她想,嗯,也許我會去看看那本書。
    然後這是這麼一個慢慢上升的螺旋,對吧?有了周圍人們的支持,我們開始弄清楚,沒有這個人後的生活是什麼樣的。
    我該怎麼做?
    您先做那些事情。
    動力、良好的感覺,都是隨之而來的。
    就像生活中的許多事情一樣。
    他們告訴我們,這完全是另外一回事。
    我知道。
    他們騙了我們。
    他們騙了我們。
    他們騙了我們。
    有一集偉大的《辛普森家庭》,莉莎·辛普森寫了一首詩,講她死去的貓。
    他們說牠在睡覺。
    他們騙了我們。
    他們騙了我們。
    而我也騙了我自己。
    太真實了。
    真的是這樣。
    莉莎太聰明了。
    她真的很聰明。
    她真的很聰明。
    也許是家裡唯一的一個人。
    你對週年紀念提供了一個非常美麗的對比,或者我們可以說,或者孩子的誕生。
    我們有紀念活動。
    我們有死亡的紀念。
    我們通常在某人去世一周年時舉辦的紀念活動。
    隨著時間的推移,這些紀念活動變成了生命的慶祝,而不是死亡。
    我一直對這點印象深刻,儘管我們對記憶了解頗深,最近效應使我們更容易記住最近發生的事情,而不是最早發生的事情。
    還有第一印象效應。
    好的,我們討論過這個話題。
    人們可以查閱。
    但我們顯然是記住更接近時間的事情,而不是更遙遠的事情。
    然而,如果某人有著漫長的生命,甚至是短暫的生命,然後有一個非常艱難的結局,在紀念活動的時候,很難將這一點撇開。
    嗯。
    但似乎在沒有太多特定意圖的情況下,這種情感會被淡化。
    現在,我想可能有例外。
    如果某人遭遇了暴力死亡或自殺的情況,我明白會有例外。
    但是作為喪葬的擔架手,感受到棺材中屍體的移動,你會發現,哦,你知道,這真的是一種艱難的感覺。
    這是一種非常艱難的感覺。
    或者看著某人真正受苦。
    嗯。
    你知道,我永遠不會忘記看到我的祖父,像是努力地呼吸。
    看到這一切真是太可怕了。
    但我在想到他時,並不會想到這些。
    隨著每一年的流逝,通常你會記得更多關於生活的事情,而不是死亡。
    這是這一切的一個美好特徵。
    就像大自然讓這一切變得非常非常困難。
    嗯。
    但隨之而來的,就像給我們的一點小降調,違反了我對記憶的所有理解。
    嗯。
    你認為那是什麼?
    我認為這是一個謎。
    為什麼會這樣運作?
    只是因為這幫助我們更加堅韌,對吧?
    我認為在面對失去的時候,我們的思維非常集中。
    人們會感到內疚。
    我應該這樣做的,對吧?
    他們專注於你所扮演的角色,儘管有一百個不同的人和你互動。
    或者我們專注於他們在最後一周的感受,而不是他們整個生命的感受。
    你專注於,我沒有道別。
    但想想所有你道別和我愛你過的時刻。
    所以,我的意思是,我認為這是有道理的,對吧?
    我們的大腦正試圖理解這個正在發生的非常重要的事情。
    當然,你會專注於它的發生。
    但隨著時間的推移,隨著我們的調整,我們能夠逐漸放開視角,並且能夠在許多事情的背景下看到這一點。
    你知道,我想起,當我們睡覺時,夢的功能之一似乎是我們會一遍又一遍地經歷事件。
    但就好像大腦在找尋一種方法,將情感的強度與記憶分開,對吧?
    所以也許這是一個在無數個夜晚和日子中相似的過程,對吧?
    在那段時間中,我們能夠隨著時間和經驗獲得更多的視角。
    所以,例如,如果你不允許自己去思考那些失去的時刻,例如他掙扎著呼吸的那一刻,或是你目睹的車禍,或任何事情,如果你不允許自己去思考它,那對記憶有不同的影響。
    然後,通常這會變得更加情緒化,避開的過程實際上是調動了它,然後將其壓抑。
    所以你實際上會調動它的頻率比你放任它來得更頻繁,對吧?
    所以,我的意思是,我並不想輕描淡寫。
    在某些情況下,如果人們有困擾的記憶,尤其是那些困擾的記憶隨著時間的推移而變得更糟,這個時候尋求心理學家的幫助是很重要的,因為我們有干預策略來應對這種情況。
    人們隨著時間的推移而變得更糟且持續下去並不是正常的。
    所以在周年紀念日感到更糟是可以理解的。
    在他們的生日或其他類似的時間受到情緒影響也是可以理解的。
    但如果總體而言,股市持續下滑,那就是尋求專業幫助的時候。
    謝謝你傳遞這個信息。
    我有一個最後的問題,但這是一個相對大的問題。
    所以我們可以花盡可能多的時間來解析它。
    那就是關於時間感知的問題。
    所以當我們還是小孩的時候,你知道,希望我們不會對死亡有太多的認知,至少在開始的時候。
    而且生活似乎會永遠持續下去。
    這種感覺可以持續到青少年和二十多歲的時候。
    這在某些方面是有建設性的。
    在某些方面是有破壞性的。
    我有過一個經歷,我的第二位指導老師,我的研究生指導老師,我的三位指導老師都去世了,碰巧的是。
    但我的研究生指導老師當時正因乳腺癌而奄奄一息。
    她已經快到生命的盡頭了。
    她五十歲時去世。
    真是一位了不起的女性。
    我曾有機會與她通話,這是一個令人難以置信的體驗。
    我只想淺談這次通話,因為我不想這次對話聚焦在我的經歷上。
    我以此作為例子。
    嗯。
    我之前在這個播客和其他幾個播客中哭過。我今天不想哭。
    我只會這麼做,這是良好的情緒調節。
    而且是我的播客。
    所以我可以決定我什麼時候哭或不哭。
    所以 – 但在那次對話中真的很有趣,你知道,我想知道我能做些什麼。
    拜訪孩子們。有一個我幫助籌款的課程,是以她的名字命名的,等等,等等。
    但我們討論的一件事是,她在去世前幾週所積累的那些小瞬間。
    是的。
    而且她甚至說,你知道,這將是我們的 – 我會停下來。
    她說,這將是我們最後一次對話。
    好吧,所以——感覺就像,哇,她明白了。
    是的。
    她在描述這些小瞬間。
    我帶著快樂說這些,即使我有點含淚。
    就像那些小事,她看了巨人隊的比賽——她是個巨人隊的鐵粉——和女孩們一起觀看的。
    她們去了花之屋。
    她在那裡結婚。
    突然間我們也在那裡為她舉行了紀念儀式。
    就這些小片刻。
    似乎就像她把時間切割得如此細微。
    我甚至幾乎期待她告訴我,有一隻鳥從她的窗前飛過。
    是的。
    你知道的,像這樣的事情,當我們在生活的快速節奏中時常常錯過。
    是的。
    所以不去思考死亡讓我們能思考這些更大的範疇。
    嗯。
    這非常適應性強。
    嗯。
    然而,對於她所經歷的這些細膩的時間切割有著某種美好之處。
    是的。
    我一直被激勵去閱讀——有一本很棒的書,叫做《時間的秘密脈動》,大致談論了這些。
    你知道的,如果你讀《死亡的否認》,你就會了解這些。
    所以當人們越來越接近生命的終點時,他們的時間知覺會改變。
    是的。
    他們處於一種高幀速率之中。
    嗯。
    他們在短時間內獲得大量的經驗。
    是的。
    我們對這個現象有什麼想法嗎——我相信有一個神經迴路。
    嗯。
    但我很好奇你對於我們的生命、死亡和悲傷經驗的看法。
    嗯。
    就像我說的,小問題。
    是的,小問題。
    我知道這有科學基礎,雖然在臨終病和尤其是接近生命末端的時候進行研究非常困難。
    但是這個領域有一些研究。
    再說,我並不是專家。
    但我可以告訴你,學習調節我們的注意力,當然是學習調節我們身體、心靈和情感許多事物的基礎。
    我想——你知道,我這樣想。
    我生活中有過一些時期,我幾乎沒有精力,例如我無法站著洗澡。
    我沒有那種多餘的精力。
    因為多發性硬化症。
    對,因為多發性硬化症。
    這教會我的是,首先,動機和能量之間的區別。
    所以我可能沒有去健身房的動機。
    但如果我能克服這個動機的問題,我通常有精力去運動。
    另一方面,有時我沒有精力。
    然後對我來說,停下來是重要的。
    對吧?
    因為我可能造成的傷害比好處更多。
    有些日子我沒有能量或動機。
    那真是最糟的絕望。
    然後有些日子,神奇地,我同時擁有這兩樣。
    而這只有在我經歷過匱乏之後,擁有動機和能量的那幾天才是如此珍貴。
    所以我認為,直到我們無法體會豐富,我們也無法體會繁榮。
    當我們知道失落時,感到豐富需要的事物越來越小。
    這聽起來在很多方面與她所描述的非常相似。
    有趣的是,我們可以利用瑜伽冥想、其他宗教或哲學實踐來教我們通過改變注意力來調節情緒的程度。
    我,現在,我,現在,可以學會把這當作一天中最愉快的時刻。
    就在現在。
    但這需要很多練習,對吧?
    我隨著時間的推移學會了這樣做,因為否則我無法度過那些疲勞的時期,你知道嗎?
    所以我不知道。
    我認為,還有其他的方法,我們可以學會與我們的思維、大腦和身體合作。
    我們不能選擇所有的參數,但我們可以學習參數,從而理解如何與它們合作,而不是對抗它們。
    我認為,無論是在我們生命的長度,還是我們必須忍受的失落和分離,以及僅僅擁有這一刻的瘋狂和狂野。
    我喜歡這一點。
    瑪麗·弗朗西斯,非常感謝你今天來到這裡,分享你的智慧,告訴我們你在實驗室裡的驚人工作。
    你知道,你不僅僅在談論這些東西,你在對人類進行非常嚴謹的研究,你了解動物文獻,我對你能從這些不同的學術來源中提取出來感到驚訝,但你也深入診療實踐,並且也關注日常生活的現實。
    因為如果事情變得過於科學或過於臨床,它們可能會變得有些脫節,而你顯然具備這三者,我也很感激你願意接納精神層面,因為許多人會以這樣的方式思考或接觸這類話題。
    所以感謝你在實驗室裡所做的工作,感謝你教育我們,我學到了很多,我知道其他人也一樣。
    有很多事情可以在每個人都會經歷的不可避免的悲傷中付諸實踐,並且希望這種不可避免的悲傷也突顯了生活中美好的部分。
    所以請繼續回來,與我們分享你在實驗室的下一步計劃。
    我一定會的。
    而安德魯,感謝你把科學帶給人們。
    我的榮幸。
    謝謝。
    感謝你參加今天與瑪麗·弗朗西斯·奧康諾博士的討論。
    要找到她實驗室研究的鏈接以及她的兩本優秀書籍,請參見節目說明的標題。
    如果你在學習或享受這個播客,請訂閱我們的YouTube頻道。
    這是一種完全免費的支持我們的好方法。
    另外,請通過在Spotify和Apple上點擊跟隨按鈕來關注播客。
    在Spotify和Apple上,你可以給我們留下最高五顆星的評價,現在你也可以在Spotify和Apple上給我們留下評論。
    請檢查一下在今天節目開始和過程中提到的贊助商。
    這是支持這個播客的最佳方式。如果你對我或這個播客、嘉賓或你希望我考慮在Huberman Lab播客中討論的主題有任何問題或評論,請在YouTube的評論區留言。我會閱讀所有的評論。對於尚未聽說的人,我有一本新書即將出版。這是我第一本書,名為《協議:人體操作手冊》。這本書是我花了超過五年時間所撰寫的,基於超過三十年的研究和經驗。它涵蓋了從睡眠到運動,到壓力控制的各種協議,以及與專注和動機相關的協議。當然,我會提供所包含協議的科學依據。這本書目前可以在protocolsbook.com預購。在那裡你可以找到各種賣家的鏈接,選擇你最喜歡的那一個。再次重申,這本書名為《協議:人體操作手冊》。如果你還沒有在社交媒體上關注我,我在所有社交平台上的名稱是Huberman Lab,包括Instagram、X、Threads、Facebook和LinkedIn。在這些平台上,我討論科學及與科學相關的工具,其中一些與Huberman Lab播客的內容重疊,但許多部分與Huberman Lab播客的信息是不同的。再次重申,所有社交媒體平台上都是Huberman Lab。如果你還沒有訂閱我們的神經網路電子報,神經網路電子報是一份零成本的每月電子報,包含播客摘要,以及我們所稱的協議,這些協議以一到三頁的PDF形式提供,涵蓋從如何優化你的睡眠、如何優化多巴胺、故意冷暴露等主題。我們有一個基礎健身協議,涵蓋心血管訓練和抗阻訓練。所有這些完全免費。你只需訪問HubermanLab.com,在右上角的菜單選項中,向下滾動到電子報,並輸入你的電子郵件。我必須強調,我們不會與任何人分享你的電子郵件。再次感謝你參加我今天與Mary Frances O’Connor博士的討論。最後,但同樣重要的是,謝謝你對科學的興趣。

    My guest is Dr. Mary-Frances O’Connor, PhD, Professor of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry at the University of Arizona and a world expert on the science of grief and loss. We discuss what happens in the brain and body when we grieve, the role of dopamine and yearning in the grieving process, the health risks of getting stuck at particular stages of grief and how to move through loss while also deeply honoring the person, animal or thing that is no longer with us. Dr. O’Connor explains that grief involves cycling back and forth between protest and despair (often guilt and anger too) and explains science-supported ways to move through that process in the healthiest possible way. Everyone experiences grief and loss at some point. Dr. O’Connor provides valuable knowledge and tools to help you navigate grief under any circumstance.

    Read the episode show notes at hubermanlab.com.

    Thank you to our sponsors

    AG1: https://drinkag1.com/huberman

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    **This experience may not be representative of the experience of other clients of Wealthfront, and there is no guarantee that all clients will have similar experiences. Cash Account is offered by Wealthfront Brokerage LLC, Member FINRA/SIPC. The Annual Percentage Yield (“APY”) on cash deposits as of December 27,‬ 2024, is representative, subject to change, and requires no minimum. Funds in the Cash Account are swept to partner banks where they earn the variable‭ APY. Promo terms and FDIC coverage conditions apply. Same-day withdrawal or instant payment transfers may be limited by destination institutions, daily transaction caps, and by participating entities such as Wells Fargo, the RTP® Network, and FedNow® Service. New Cash Account deposits are subject to a 2-4 day holding period before becoming available for transfer.

    Timestamps

    00:00:00 Mary-Frances O’Connor

    00:02:22 Grief vs Grieving; Love & Bonding, Gone Yet Everlasting

    00:07:42 Sponsors: Wealthfront & BetterHelp

    00:10:29 Sudden vs Slow Death, Attachment, Reframing Relationship

    00:14:52 Religion, Integrating the New Relationship

    00:20:46 Yearning, Dopamine, Brain, Addiction

    00:27:58 Culture & Grief Literacy; Protest, Despair & Hope, New Relationships

    00:40:09 Sponsors: AG1 & Helix Sleep

    00:43:21 Protest, Despair & Transmutation; Changing Attachment Hierarchy

    00:52:04 Bereavement Support, Medical Risk

    01:05:27 Culture, Alcohol & Death; Dying of a Broken Heart, Medical Risk

    01:13:40 Sponsor: Function

    01:15:28 Navigating Grief, Emotions & Body, Tool: Progressive Muscle Relaxation

    01:23:57 Grief Stages; Permission & Coping, Judgment & Guilt; Lessons from Grief

    01:35:44 Grieving Suicide, Rumination, Tool: Shifting Environment

    01:47:24 Belief Systems, Religion & Grief

    01:54:17 Afterlife, Contemplating Death

    01:58:35 Tools: Contemplating Death; Life Celebration, Terror Management, Empathy

    02:07:46 Mental Oscillation, Dual Model of Bereavement

    02:14:00 Avoidance; Remembering a Loved One, Resilience; Getting Worse & Seeking Professional Help

    02:22:15 Time Perception & End of Life, Motivation & Energy

    02:30:01 Zero-Cost Support, YouTube, Spotify & Apple Follow & Reviews, Sponsors, YouTube Feedback, Protocols Book, Social Media, Neural Network Newsletter

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  • Jimmy Fallon: I Wasn’t Prepared For The Hate… It Was Brutal. I Was Starving, Living on $7.25!

    What if the price of every laugh was your own happiness? Jimmy Fallon reveals the shocking toll of his comedy empire. 

    Jimmy Fallon is host of ‘The Tonight Show’, Emmy-winning comedian and television personality, and former host of ‘Saturday Night Live’ (SNL). He is also the author of children’s and comedy books such as, ‘Papa Doesn’t Do Anything!’ and is set to launch a new innovative marketing show called ‘On Brand with Jimmy Fallon’ this Fall.

    Jimmy discusses:

    • How he didn’t expect the entertainment industry to be so brutal.

    • Why his sense of humour became his secret weapon.

    • How he navigated receiving hate after achieving massive success in comedy.

    • How his strict Catholic upbringing shaped his relentless need to please others.

    • How his mother’s support gave him the confidence to chase his dreams.

      00:00 Intro

      02:24 What Made Jimmy the Way He Is Nowadays

      03:37 The Earliest Memory of Jimmy Wanting to Please Others

      04:52 Jimmy’s Parents

      07:33 Jimmy’s Mother

      13:02 Who Was Jimmy Trying to Impress More: His Mother or His Father?

      14:28 Jimmy’s Relationship With Money

      17:05 Jimmy’s Anecdote With Jerry Seinfeld

      21:11 Was Jimmy a Confident Young Man?

      22:11 Principles for Achieving Your Childhood Dream

      25:51 How Did Jimmy’s Parents React to His Career Plans?

      28:10 Did Jimmy Ever Doubt Himself While Trying to Break Into Show Business?

      33:51 Where Does Jimmy’s Passion for SNL Come From?

      37:58 Jimmy’s Mental Health During the Auditioning Phase

      40:41 What Would Jimmy Say to His Younger Self?

      45:09 What Life Would Have Been Like If Jimmy Hadn’t Got on SNL

      47:32 Jimmy’s First SNL Audition

      52:00 Getting on SNL Before Turning 25 – A Non-Negotiable Goal

      53:32 Ads

      57:36 Finally Getting SNL

      01:02:01 Was There an Anticlimax When Jimmy Got on SNL?

      01:02:50 Struggles With Public Criticism

      01:05:55 How Did Jimmy Cope With Fame?

      01:09:48 How Meeting Influential People Changed Jimmy’s Perspective

      01:12:20 How to Never Get Bored of Hosting a Show

      01:14:12 How Does Jimmy Keep Himself Challenged?

      01:14:52 Dada and “Mama” Books

      01:16:23 How Jimmy’s Mother’s Death Changed Him

      01:19:01 What Jimmy Misses About His Mother

      01:20:39 Jimmy’s Grief After His Mother’s Death

      01:21:35 Would Jimmy Have Followed His Passion Without His Mother?

      01:22:33 When Did Jimmy Start Being Concerned With Longevity?

      01:26:50 Is There Another Chapter Beyond TV for Jimmy?

      01:29:04 How Is Jimmy Misunderstood?

      01:29:31 Jimmy’s Pursuits Outside of TV

      01:32:31 What Would Jimmy’s Gravestone Say?

      01:34:02 How Becoming a Father Shifted Jimmy’s Meaning of Life

      01:34:44 Life Advice Jimmy Would Give to His Daughters

      01:36:39 Question From the Previous Guest

    Follow Jimmy:

    Instagram – https://bit.ly/3HiDAs1 

    X – https://bit.ly/3Su5zrd 

    TikTok – https://bit.ly/3Hk24Bu 

    You can purchase Jimmy’s book, Papa Doesn’t Do Anything!, here: https://amzn.to/3HgeQkc 

    The 1% Diary is back – limited time only:

    https://bit.ly/3YFbJbt 

    The Diary Of A CEO Conversation Cards (Second Edition):

    https://g2ul0.app.link/f31dsUttKKb 

    Get email updates: https://bit.ly/diary-of-a-ceo-yt 

    Follow Steven: https://g2ul0.app.link/gnGqL4IsKKb 

    Sponsors: 

    Shopify – https://shopify.com/bartlett  
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